بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم
”وقل أعملوا فسيري هللا عملكم ورسوله والمؤمنون“
صدق هللا العظيم
Mechanical Drawing
Lecture (3)
Dr. Ahmed Ibrahim Abdel-Aziz
Fits and Tolerances
Why tolerances and fits are required?
Examples of Interchangeable
Manufacture
Advantages For Interchangeable Manufacture
Replacement: One such part can freely replace another,
without any custom fitting (such as filling).
Easy to Assembly: This interchangeability allows easy
assembly of new devices
Repairing: Easier repair of existing devices.
Minimizing time and cost: Minimizing both the time
and skill required of the person doing the assembly or
repair.
Rapid Manufacturing: Machine tool enables the
components to be manufactured more rapidly
How to decide tolerance?
• Functional requirements of mating parts
• Cost of production
• Available manufacturing process
Choose as coarse tolerance as possible without
compromising functional requirements.
Proper balance between cost and quality of parts.
Dimensional Tolerances
Some of the dimensional tolerances
terms are defined as follows:
Dimension
(A dimension is "a numerical value
expressed in appropriate units of measure
and indicated on a drawing and in other
documents along with lines, symbols, and
notes to define the size or geometric
characteristic, or both, of a part or part
feature")
Size
• (It is a number expressed in a particular unit in the
measurement of length)
Basic size
(the theoretical size used as a starting point
for the application of tolerances)
Actual size (of a part)
• (the measured size of the finished part
after machining)
Design size
• (The ideal size for each component (shaft
and hole) based upon a selected fit)
Limits of size
• (the maximum and minimum sizes shown by the
tolerance dimension)
Maximum limit of size
(Is the maximum size permitted for the part)
Minimum limit of size
(it is the minimum size permitted for the part
limit of size)
Maximum material limit
(condition)
(is the condition of a part when it contains the
most amount of material. The MMC of an
external feature (such as a shaft) is the upper
limit. The MMC of an internal feature(such as a
hole) is the lower limit)
Minimum material limit
(condition)
(is the condition of a part when it contains the
least amount of material possible. The LMC of
an external feature is the lower limit of the part.
The LMC of an internal feature is the upper limit
of the part.)
Tolerance
(Tolerance is the difference between maximum
limit of size and minimum limit of size)
Zero line (Basic size)
(it represents the basic size)
Upper deviation
(It is the algebraic difference between maximum
limit of size and its corresponding basic size)
Lower deviation
(It is the algebraic difference between minimum
limit of size and its corresponding basic size)
Tolerance zone
(a region representing the difference between the
upper and the lower limits)
Unilateral tolerance
(In this method of presenting the limits, variation
is allowed only on one side of the zero line)
Bilateral tolerance
(Here the limits variation is allowed on either
sides of the zero line)
Shaft
(it refers to any external feature of a part,
including any non cylindrical features as well)
Hole
(the term used for any internal feature of a part
including any non cylindrical as well)
Basic shaft
(the shaft chosen as a basis for the shaft basis
system of fit)
Basic hole
(the hole chosen as a basis for the hole basis
system of fit)
Fit
(Fit is the relationship that exists between two
mating parts, a hole and shaft with respect to
their dimensional difference )
Basic size of a fit
(common value of the basic size of the two parts
of a fit)
Clearance fit
Interference fit
Transition fit
Minimum clearance
Maximum clearance
Minimum interference
Maximum interference
An interference fit results in an interference
between two mating parts under all tolerance
conditions.
A clearance fit results in a clearance between the
two mating parts under all tolerance conditions.
A transition fit results in either a clearance or an
interference condition between two assembled
parts.
Examples of holes and shafts
Basic Shaft System of fits
In this system the size of the shaft remains the same and
the hole size is varied to get the required fit. Maximum
shaft size is taken as the basic size, an allowance is
assigned, and tolerances are applied on both sides of
and away from this allowance.
Basic Hole System of fits
In this system the size of the hole remains the same and
shaft size is varied to get the required fit. Minimum hole
is taken as the basic size, an allowance is assigned, and
tolerances are applied on both sides of and away from
this allowance.
Some Definitions
Some Definitions
The hole-basis system of preferred fits is a system in
which the basic diameter is the minimum size of the
hole. For the generally preferred hole-basis system, the
fundamental deviation is specified by the upper-case
letter.
The shaft-basis system of preferred fits is a system in
which the basic diameter is the maximum size of the
shaft. The fundamental deviation is given by the
lowercase letter.
Symbols for Tolerances and Deviation
and Symbols for Fits
Symbols for Tolerances and Deviation
and Symbols for Fits
Position of the various tolerance zones for a
given diameter in the ISO system
Position of the various tolerance zones for a given
diameter in the ISO system
Metric Preferred Hole Based System of
fit
Metric Preferred Hole Based System of
fit
Example
65
