Comparative Models in Policing
Course Overview
This course focuses on the policing models implemented in the different countries. It
includes the historical development of policing systems in dealing with different social crimes.
The course will examine and compare the different policing models in the world. It includes
analysis of the policing system of the international law enforcement organization.
In order for learners to gain competency in this course, this course pack has been structured
into three modules as follows:
Module 1: Introduction to Policing
Module 2: Law Enforcement in Global Perspective
Module 3: Policing of Selected Countries and International Policing
At the completion of this course pack, learners should be able to:
gain overview and understanding of Comparative Police Systems;
understand the concept and importance of Globalization in policing;
understand what Globalization brings about in the different field of law enforcement;
compare different selected police models in the world, their similarities and
differences;
explain the general overview of Interpol and its historical background;
understand the role of Interpol as the leading global police agency in the world.
Students in this course are encouraged to go through each lesson in every module
sequentially to maximize their learning. They should work on all exercises as they build on the
concepts of each topic introduced in each lesson.
So to make this learning experience rewarding for you, study this course pack with your
co-learners at your own pace. You can also ask the help and support of your peers, tutor and
friends.
Good luck!
Table of Contents
Module 1: Introduction to Policing
Module Overview………………………………………………………………...........4
Lesson 1: Comparative Policing: its Law Enforcement and Theories……….............5
Lesson 2: Types of Police System…………………………………………...............10
Lesson 3: Model police system and the three types of policing models……………..13
Module Summary…………………………………………………………………….16
Module 2: Law Enforcement in Global Perspective
Module Overview…………………………………………………………………….18
Lesson 1: Sample Result of Comparative Police Research…………………………..19
Lesson 2: Globalization and its effects to Law Enforcement………………...............22
Lesson 3: Threats and opportunities brought about globalization to law
enforcement and the functions of law enforcement in Global Arena………………..28
Module Summary…………………………………………………………………….31
Module 3: Policing on Selected Countries and International Policing
Module Overview…………………………………………………………………….32
Lesson 1: Selected Police (Law Enforcement Models)………………………………33
Lesson 2: Police Rank of Selected Model Countries Enforcement…………………..37
Lesson 3: Types of Law Enforcement………………………………………………..41
Lesson 4: History and Overview of Interpol…………………………………………48
Lesson 5: Some of the Leading International Police Organizations
in the World……………...…………………………………………...58
Lesson 6: Interpol’s Member Countries……………………………………………..63
Module Summary…………………………………………………………………….67
Module 1
Module Overview
Introduction to Policing
In this Module
Comparative policing its law enforcement and theories
Types of police system
Model police system and the three types of policing models
Hey students! welcome to module 1 which is the Introduction to Police Comparative
System. In this module you will learn what is the concept and importance of comparative model
in terms of policing in dealing with your study towards what policing system used by other
countries and the theories behind.
At the completion of this module, you should be able to:
Explain what is police comparative system and its theories;
Understand what is policing and why is it undertaken by the government;
Review the types of police system and the policing models; and
Discuss the origin of law enforcement.
Let’s begin!
Lesson
1
Comparative policing: its law
enforcement and theories
Objectives
At the end of this topic, the student will be expected to learn and summarize the various theories
under this lesson.
Introduction
Hi student! Welcome to lesson 1 which is comparative policing its theories and law
enforcement. This lesson presents police practices in different perspective which currently exist in
different countries in the world. In addition, you will be expected to learn what are the theories
related to comparative policing and the law enforcement.
S D C R O M E E X S Y S D W M
ACTIVITY
D D E O P O L I C I N G B E E
Encircle the words
you will be seen in
D P Y T M Q R O E D H I E R R
the table
S O N S H P D C J H I P N O M
Encircle the words that you will P L T O O E A S R B Y X X E D
found inside the box.
L I M I L I O R P S S S S D D
Y C A S R C S R A A M Y D D S
B E C S D F A C Y T S S D A X
C O M P A R A T I V E D X D N
Analysis
What is your idea about terms you found in the table?
What would be the role of comparative research in law enforcement?
Abstraction
Police
In democratic country like Philippines, law enforcement or police it is the civilian arm that
are task to implement criminal laws to protect the civilian from criminals. While in non-
democratic countries the power of policing is in the hand of military for the protection of
ruling class.
Comparative
Is using a comparison as a method of study, or founded on something using it
Comparative research
Simply it is the act of comparing two or more things with a view to discovering something
about one or all of the things being compared.
Policing
An approach of fighting crime through community service and problem solving method. It
requires a holistic approach in dealing with crime, taking into account the problems that
plague a community and working with the people within the community to solve problem.
Policing versus Law Enforcement
According to Depayso (2017), Policing is one of the most important functions undertaken
by every sovereign government. For the state machinery, police are inevitable organ which
would ensure maintenance of law and order, and also the first link in the criminal justice
system.
Law enforcement- with its core concept, law enforcement simply means enforcing the law
and implies compulsory compliance, using the rule of law and the threat of punishment to
enforce obedience while policing is the basis on how the police deal with the people in
terms of solving crimes, community service and public relationship.
Basic goals of policing
Enforce laws
Preserve peace
Prevent crimes
Protect civil rights, liberties
Provide service
Crime Prevention – crime prevention involves any activity by an individual or group, public or
private, which attempts to eliminate crime prior to it occurring or before any additional activity
results. By drawing on the public health model, some theorists have distinguished between primary
crime prevention (universal), secondary crime prevention (at-risk) and tertiary crime prevention
(known offenders).
Societal Types of Police System
These are the societies in the world prescribed different perspective of police system which will
match to their interest and motivations.
A. Folk-communal Society
Has little codification of law, no specialization among the police, and a system of punishment
that just let things go for a while without attention until things become too much and the harsh,
barbaric punishment resorted to.
These are the classic example Folk-communal society
Roman Gentiles
African
Middle eastern tribe
Puritan settlements in North America
B. Urban-commercial Society
Has civil law, the police force is specialized (some for religious offices), and others is task
to enforce King’s law, and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, and sometimes
lenient. Most kind of this society found in the Continental Europe.
C. Urban-Industrial Society
Not only has codified laws but there is also laws prescribed good behavior, police become
specialized on how to handle property crimes, and the system of punishment is run on
market of creating insensitive and disincentive. Example of this kind of society is England
and US.
D. Bureaucratic Society
As a system of laws, police are tended to busy in handling political crime and terrorism.
Eight nations of US fit the Bureaucratic pattern.
Theories of Comparative system
A. Alertness to Crime Theory
As the nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened. They report more crime
to police and demand the police to become more effective in solving crime problems.
B. Migration Theory
Means that the crime is everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and
overpopulation in urban areas.
C. Opportunity Theory
Is that long with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their
belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
D. Demographic Theory
Is based on the event that when a greater number of children are being born. As these baby
booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identify crisis
E. Deprivation Theory
Holds that progress comes along with rising expectation. People at the bottom develop
unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast enough.
F. Modernization Theory
Sees the problem as society becoming too complex.
G. Anomie and Synomie
The former term was introduced by Emile Durkheim referring the social cohesion while
the latter was introduced by Freda Adler to describe the condition of social soliditary
prevalent in the societies with low crime rates. Synnomie is the opposite of Anomie.
Application
Write and reflect
What is the importance of comparative policing systems between countries?
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How does the system of policing run in democratic countries?
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Well done! You have just finished Lesson 1 of this module. Should there be some parts
of the lesson which you need clarification, please ask your tutor during your face-to-face
interactions.
Lesson Types of Police System
2
Objectives
At the end of this lesson the student will able to determine the types of police
system running globally and its deference to criminal justice system.
Introduction
Hello student! Welcome to lesson 2 the types of police system. In this lesson you will
determine the types of police system around the global and how these system
function.
ACTIVITY
T (topic)- the subject of our activity
K (know)- state what you have known prior to the topic
W (what)- state what do you want to learn about the topic
L (learn)- write down anything you found about the topic; this would be the result or the
knowledge and understanding you acquired after you research the topic.
T K W L
Common Law System
Civil Law System
Analysis
1. What type of police system practice found throughout the European union? They
are distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less right granted to the
accused.
2. What type of police system has strong adversarial system where the accused is
innocent until its proven guilty?
Abstraction
Types of Police System
Common law system
Also known as Anglo-American justice, this mostly exist in English speaking country such
as; England, Australia and New Zealand. This type of police systems are distinguished by
strong adversarial system where the accused is innocent until proven guilty.
Civil law system
Also known as Continental justice or Roman-Germanic justice, this system mostly found
throughout the European Union such as Germany, Sweden, and France. This type of police
system has strong Inquisitorial system where the accuse is guilty until proven innocent.
Socialist system
Also known as Marxist-Leninist justice, and exists in many places, such as Africa and Asia,
where there had been Communist revolution or the remnants of one. They are distinguished
by procedures designed to rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities
to the state.
Islamic system
Also known as Muslim or Arabic justice, their procedures and interpretation are all derived
from Koran. Islamic system in general are characterized by the absence of the positive law
and are based on natural justice.
Natural law vs Positive law
Positive law – refers to the laws made by man. These are the statutes, codes, and regulation that
have been enacted by a legislature.
Natural law – refers to principle that are universally in society which govern moral acts.
Application
1. Provide at least
examples of
positive law
in the Philippines.
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2. Demonstrate how adversarial system runs in the Philippine Criminal Proceeding.
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Well done! You have just finished Lesson 2 of this module. Should there be some parts
of the lesson which you need clarification, please ask your tutor during your face-to-face
interactions.
Lesson Model police system and the
3 three types of policing models
Objectives
After this lesson the student will able to identify different police systems of
several countries and their presented comparative analogy on how effective and
efficient they are in terms of law enforcement.
Introduction
In this lesson you will be expected to learn the model police system, it includes its bases
such as continental, developing, and modernized policing practices model and its respective law
enforcement system.
Identify atleast 10 countries from Asia and identify what police system they
ACTIVITY used.
COUNTRY POLICE SYSTEM MODEL USED
Analysis
What is the common police system being used by most countries?
What do you think are the best police system to used? Why.
Abstraction
Model Police System
Selected Police Model
Here under are few of the chosen police system of different countries that are distinct with each
other in many terms.
Bases of modeling police system
1. Continental police system
2. Developing police system
3. Modernized police system
Continental Police System
is traditional in nature as it based its crime control efficiency to the number of arrest and
people being put to jail or punishment.
These are the following countries adopt continental police system;
Egypt police
China
Saudi Arabia
Developing Police System
These systems are those that are under transition from their former practices but have
adopted democratic form of governance.
Countries under developing police system;
Congo Police
Royal Bahamas Police
Royal Papua Guinea Constabulary
New Zealand Police
The Modern Police System
Uses of measurement of crime control efficiency and effectiveness base on absence of
crime or low crime rate to include citizen’s satisfaction in terms of peace and order that
propels progress.
Countries Practicing Modern Police System
Switzerland
Ireland
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Mexico Police
Australian Police
Argentina
Japan
Singapore
United Kingdom
Application
What was the
difference
between Continental Police System and Modern Police System in terms
Module of law enforcement?
Summary
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Well done! You have just finished Lesson 3 of this module. Should there be some parts
of the lesson which you need clarification, please ask your tutor during your face-to-face
interactions.
You have finished Module 1, to sum it up
Police system differs from country to country, taking in consideration the type of
government they had. Each country had to use different types of police system
respectively.
Comparative research helps law enforcement the discovery of something which might be
compared and could be applied.
The societal type of police system are; 1) Folk Communal Society, 2) Urban Commercial
Society, 3) Urban Industrial Society, and 4) Bureaucratic Society
There several theories of comparative system, to wit;
- Alertness to Crime Theory
- Migration Theory
- Opportunity Theory
- Demographic Theory
- Deprivation Theory
- Modernization Theory
- Anomie and Synomie
Common law system adhere strong Adversarial system where the accused is innocent until
proven guilty.
Civil law system adhere strong Inquisitorial system where the accuse is guilty until proven
innocent.
References
Comparative Police System. slideshare.ne. Retrieved from
www.slideshare.net/monde24836/comparative-police-system2015-upload
Crime Prevention. unodc.org. Retrieved from www.unodc.org/e4j/en/crime-prevention-criminal-
justice/module-2/key-issues/1--definition-of-crime-prevention.html
Depayso, V. (2017). Comparative police systems, Global Responses of Law Enforcement Officers
to Crimes. Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
Garcia, M. (2015). Comparative Police and Criminal Justice System. Quezon City, Philippines:
Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
Law Enforcement and Policing. thebalancecareers.com. Retrieved from
www.thebalancecareers.com/law-enforcement-vs-policing-974604
Positive Law and Natural Law. legaldictionary.net. Retrieved from
https://legaldictionary.net/positive-law/
Synnomie and Anomie. Oxford.com. Retrieved from
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100547662#:~:text=Intro
duced%20 by%20criminologist%20Freda%20Adler,is%20the%20opposite%20of%20anomie.
