Accuracy - indicates the closeness of the measurements to the true or accepted value.
Precision - is the closeness of the results to others obtained in exactly the same way.
Random Errors - are caused by unknown and unpredictable changes in the experiment.
Systematic Errors - Systematic errors in experimental observations usually come from the measuring instruments. They
may occur.
A VECTOR is ANY quantity in physics that has BOTH MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION.
A SCALAR is ANY quantity in physics that has MAGNITUDE, but NOT a direction associated with it.
Magnitude – A numerical value with units.
Speed is a quantity that describes how fast or how slow an object is moving.
Velocity is a quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object's position changes.
d = vi t + ½ at2
Uniform Circular Motion
can be described as the motion of an object in a circle at a constant speed
as an object moves in a circle, it is constantly changing its direction
at all instances, the object is moving tangent to the circle.
An object undergoing uniform circular motion is moving with a constant tangential velocity but it is accelerating due to
its change in direction
the net force acting upon such an object is directed towards the center of the circle
Centripetal Acceleration - acceleration in a uniform circular motion moving towards the center of the circular path
Types of Forces
1. CONTACT FORCES
are forces acting on two physically in contact objects.
a. Applied Force ( Fa)
a force that is applied to an object by a person or another object
b. Normal Force (Fn)
is a support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable object
c. Tension Force (Ftens)
force acting on strings, rope, cable or wire being pulled on opposite ends.
d. Spring Force (Fspring)
force exerted to an object attached to a compressed or stretched spring.
e. Air Resistance Force (Fair)
a special type of frictional force that opposes the motion of objects travelling on air.
f. Friction Force (Ff)
is a force that resists motion when two surfaces are in contact.
Its direction is always opposite the direction of motion
Coefficient of friction- measures the level of friction that different materials exhibit
Types of friction
1. Static Friction (Fs)
keeps stationary objects at rest
Where:
fs – static friction; N
fN – normal force; N
µs - coefficient of static friction
2. Kinetic Friction ( Fk)
a type of friction that slows down a moving object once the force of static friction is overcomed
Where:
fk – kinetic friction; N
FN – Normal force; N
µk - coefficient of kinetic friction
2. NON-CONTACT FORCES
are forces experienced by objects even without physical contact.
also known as action- at – a distance forces
a. Gravity Force (Fgrav)
a downward force that attracts objects towards the center of the earth.
Fgrav = m g = m ( 9.8 m/s2)
b. Electrical force (Felec)
force that is present due to the presence of a charged body
c. Magnetic force (Fm)
force that is present due to the magnetic characteristics of objects.
Free-Body Diagrams
diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given
situation
Forms of Mechanical energy
potential energy
kinetic energy.
a. Gravitational Potential energy is the stored energy of position.
PEgrav = m•g•h
Where:
PE grav – gravitational potential energy
m – mass
g- acceleration due to gravity
h – height of the object
Work done is equal to the change in gravitational potential energy
Work = PE f – PEi
b. Elastic Potential Energy
PEel = ½ kx2
where: k – spring constant; N/m or kg/s^2
X- displacement; m
Work done is equal to the change in elastic potential energy
Conservative vs. Non conservative Forces
1. If a body is under the action of a force that does no net work during any closed loop, then the force is conservative. If
work is done, the force is non conservative.
CONSERVATIVE FORCE
Can store energy in the system as potential energy
Can retrieve that energy and give it to an object in the system as kinetic energy.
Example:
Gravitational force
spring force
Properties of Conservative Forces:
1.The net work done by a conservative force as the object moves from point #1 to
point #2 and back to point #1 is zero.
W12 = - W21
2. The work done by a conservative force in moving a body from an initial
location to a final location is independent of the path taken between the two
points
W1 = W2 = W3
CENTER OF MASS
the point at which the entire mass of a body may be considered
concentrated for some purposes.
GEOMETRIC CENTER
is the arithmetic mean ("average") position of all the points in the shape.
Center of Mass for Two Particles in One Dimension
Describing motion of a system of particles
a. Velocity
b. Acceleration v cm =
a cm =
Note:
The overall motion of a system of particles can be found by applying Newton's Laws as if the total mass of the system
were concentrated at the center of mass, and the external force were applied at this point.
MOMENTUM
mass in motion
expressed mathematically as
p=mv
where:
p – momentum ;kgm/s
m – mass; kg
v – velocity; m/s
Sample Problem # 2:
An 800 kg car travelling with a speed of 100 m/s collides with a
stationary car along the highway and they stuck together. If the second
car is 1000 kg, at what speed do the two cars have after the collision?
Elastic Collision
all of the energy remains as kinetic energy
both kinetic energy and momentum are conserved.
results before = results after
m1V1i +m2V2i = m1V1f +m2V2f
Sample Problem # 3:
A 0.25 kg ball strikes a 1.25 kg ball at rest. After the collision, the 0.25 kg ball moves with a velocity of 18 m/s and the
second ball is moving with a velocity of 9 m/s. What is the initial velocity of the first ball?
Restitution Coefficient (e)
is a number between 0 and 1 which describes where a collision falls on the scale between perfectly inelastic (0) and
perfectly elastic (1)
is the ratio of the final velocity, vf and initial velocity, vi
e = vf / vi
Where:
e = restitution coefficient
Vi – initial velocity; m/s
Vf – final velocity; m/s
Restitution coefficient between two moving objects
Note: With this equation, you always take the smaller number away from
the larger, so it never comes out as a negative number. The coefficient of
restitution is always positive.
Sample Problem # 4:
Describe the type of collision involved in Sample Problem # 3.
Given:
m1= 0.25 kg V2i = 0 m/s
m2 = 1.25 kg V1f = 18 m/s
V2f = 9 m/s
