Harvesting and Storing Electrical Energy from Hydroponic plants by

Microbial Fuel Cell for charging mobile phones and power lamps

______________
A Project Study

Presented to
The Faculty of the Department of Electrical Engineering
Pangasinan State University
Urdaneta City Campus

______________

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

______________

By:
Dela Cruz, Clark Irvin B.
Paguyo, Miguel II J.
Ravelaz, Mark Axxel G.
Samson, John Paul E.
Valenzuela, Vincent Ulrich T.
 Harvesting and Storing Electrical Energy from Hydroponic plants by Microbial

Fuel Cell for charging mobile phones and power lamps.

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The chapter provides a review of the background of the study, theoretical

framework in which the analysis of the study was focused on. Moreover, the

problem statement, scope, and delimitations, and definition of terms are also

examined.

Background of the Study

Electric consumption is steadily increasing worldwide due to population

growth and technological advancement. According to Taniguchi (2019), the

Philippines faces three energy insecurity problems, 1) the demand for electricity

is increasing fast; 2) the supply of electricity is frequently insufficient to meet

demand; 3) the disparity in the rate of electrification in urban and rural areas. As

a result, we are developing ways to generate enough electricity to meet the

demand that is required.

The world is suffering from an energy crisis, and almost all our primary

energy sources come from fossil fuels such as (oils, gases, and coal) which make

about 81% contribution to our energy supply (Smil, 2010). Using fossil fuels

results in a tremendous amount of oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur

resulting in a phenomenon like acid rain and affecting soil fertility and portability.
It also produces carbon dioxide that causes global warming (PA Matusevich –

2021).

Net Zero means reducing greenhouse gas emissions to as near zero as

possible. Promoting net-zero energy means replacing polluting coal, gas, and oil-

fired power with energy from a renewable and environmentally friendly source

reducing carbon emissions and averting the worst effects of climate change.

Renewable energy such as wind, solar, and biomass are the top and most

well-known sources of alternatives to fossil fuels. However, it can get costly, and

the materials and resources are not accessible to everyone.

The most convenient form of energy to use is solar power, which is also

compact. However, there are a few issues with solar panel production and

disposal waste, which causes more pollutants than the fossil fuels they are

meant to replace. The majority of solar recycling facilities only recycle the

contaminated glass and plastic casing by burning them in cement ovens after

removing the valuable silver and copper from the cells, which is terrible for the

environment. However, solar companies discovered that it is more practical to

dump the dead panels in landfills or export them to developing countries. It's

possible that a developing country lacks the infrastructure or rules necessary to

properly dispose of garbage from imported solar panels. Public health issues

could arise from the potential leaking of heavy metals into the environment,

particularly in countries lacking the required infrastructure for disposal.

 The researchers came up with an idea where they can have renewable

energy that is entirely eco-friendly. Research from the Universiti Brunei

Darussalam conducted an experiment using water plants on a cup to light LED

during the UBD Pesta Konvo 2016, in which they used Plant-Microbial Fuel Cell

technology, first developed in Wageningen University, the Netherlands.

Unlike other renewable energy sources, such as solar energy and wind

energy, which are costly (Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 145 (2014)),

this project aims to plant more crops and trees to harvest electricity, which the

researchers visualize as a future energy source that is a greener, more

sustainable, convenient and more cost-efficient form of generating electricity.

This technique can be integrated into food production to solve the food

and energy balance problem. This study can reduce the land spaces used in

infrastructure for electric generation. Instead of building the infrastructure, the

land can be used to build a greener and more environmental-friendly system that

less fortunate people without electric power can use.

As the researchers are in the field of Electrical Engineering, they have the

responsibility to research and find the best practices to harvest electricity while

at the same time taking care of our environment.

The researchers can apply this research directly to hydroponic farms

where plants do not need soil to grow. These allow the people to harvest food

and, at the same time, electrical energy in the comfort of their backyards.
 The researchers hope to contribute to Net Zero Energy. The energy

department will develop Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) at Mariano Marcos

State University (MMSU), which will enable the university to use renewable

energy as its source of power and fuel while reducing the usage of non-

renewable energy. The National Bioenergy Research and Innovation Center

(NBERIC) promotes bioenergy development and optimal utilization as a

renewable resource. Renewable energy is key to resolving the issues of climate

change, energy security, and energy access as part of the country's low-emission

development policy.

Theoretical Framework

Plant electricity generation is an alternative renewable source that is more

common, easier to assemble, and more eco-friendly source of energy. The plant-

microbial cells (PMFCs) can produce free and clean energy, also called green

energy. It is a method that harvests DC current and voltage from plants which

can be potentially used to turn on ultra-low power devices (Chong et al., 2019).

In the year 1990, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) appeared as an alternative

source of energy (Trapero et al., 2017). To minimize competition with

agricultural food production, Strik et al. (2008) introduced the Plant Microbial

Fuel Cell (PMFC) to produce renewable and sustainable bioenergy based on

photosynthesis.
 A study by Chong et al. (2019) stated that photosynthesis is a process in

which plants use daylight, water, and carbon dioxide to turn into oxygen. This

process causes electron movement throughout the plants, resulting in a potential

difference between the leaves and roots when exposed to light. The periodic

variations in light and darkness from the light source cause these phenomena in

the plant. Plant respiration, on the other hand, is a reversal of photosynthesis. It

is the process of turning the photosynthetic carbohydrate molecules into energy

for plants. The chemical processes induce the flow of electrons. The rate of

photosynthesis and respiration is an effect of other environmental elements such

as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the air and nutrients supplies.

Chong et al. (2019) also said that mechanical stress from wounding,

temperature variation, and watering disparity, the intercellular process within the

plant responds by producing an electric potential signal when a plant is open to

external stimuli other than sunlight. These reactions are caused by the

physiological activities of plants at the microscopic level in the cellular cell. The

electric potential difference produced by physiological activities in response to

external stimuli is measured in tens of millivolts at most.

The Plant-Microbial Fuel Cell technology is a renewable energy source that

produces clean electricity. PMFCs is a solar-powered technology that utilizes the

photosynthesis process of plants, which is not dependent on direct sunlight. It

develops on a self-sustaining microbial fuel cell that runs on light rather than

organics. Plant-microbial cells (PMFCs) employ the photosynthesis of vascular

plants to absorb carbon and produce rhizodeposits from the root system, which

are used as renewable energy in this technique. Naturally occurring bacteria

around the plant root break down the rhizodeposits. The bacteria oxidize the

rhizodeposits into carbon dioxide and protons, which they then donate to the

anode.

PMFC technology is established from the principle of rhizodeposition. The

source of electrons and electricity generation is from the roots, which is the

excretion of organic compounds (Pamintuan et al., 2018). An electrochemical

process occurs that converts the chemical energy into electrical energy through

an oxidation-reaction process by putting an electrode in the plant (Choo et al.,

2014).

The rhizosphere, according to Pinton et al. (2007), is the amount of soil

affected by exudates from plant root tissues and inhabited by rhizobacteria.

Rhizobacteria and plants interact in the rhizosphere in different ways, and this

can influence plant growth. Soil organic carbon compound was released from the

rhizodeposition activity through root exudation (Hütsch et al., 2007).

Rhizodeposits provide energy to soil microorganisms for the solubilization of

organic nitrogen and other nutrients in soil organic matter, according to

Kuzyakov et al. (2013).

Pamintuan et al. found that PMFCs using stainless steel electrodes

achieved higher absolute power and power densities. Stainless steel systems had

a longer time lag than graphite systems, likely due to the hostile nature of
stainless steel to bacteria. The initial moderate inclination in the process of

binding consistently with the fresh soil is caused by the settlement of

rhizodeposits. For stainless steel and graphite systems, polarization studies

revealed that a single PMFC might provide power densities of 0.35 mW/m 2 and

0.12 mW/m2. Stainless steel minimizes internal resistance and improves the

power density of PMFCs. Plants in the PMFCs setups grew quicker, were taller,

and produced more pods than those in the control setup.

Timmers et al. also mentioned that the anaerobic reactions follow,

permitting the formation of electron donors and the subsequent transfer of

electrons, resulting in the generation of electrical energy. The continuous rise of

the generated power density indicates that the system is in equilibrium and that

the environmental conditions are stable enough for energy generation. This

technique, which claims to produce non-destructible and sustainable green

electricity using living plants, has gotten a lot of attention and has been explored

for the previous decade.

Moqsud et al. (2014) stated that microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bio-

electrochemical transducers that turn the reducing power of bacteria into

electrical energy. Electrons generated by microbial oxidation of organic matter

move from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit in these devices,

which take advantage of the natural potential differential between the sediment

and higher poisonous water. Planting living plants in MFCs (PMFCs) is another
option to generate green energy. Plant roots excrete rhizodeposits, which directly

fuel the electrochemically active bacteria at the anode in PMFCs.

There are tons of research about microbial fuel cell technology applying it

to plants, but most of it can only run devices that run at a low voltage, such as

calculators and micro motors. The surroundings of a plant have a great effect on

the voltage output of the plant (Chong et al., 2019). The process of

photosynthesis will transport the electrons inside the plants, which can have an

impact on the potential difference under the exposure of light between the

leaves and the root. A plant can generate a potential difference of 50mV with

such conditions (Clark WG. 1935).

In the study of Chong et al. (2019), it is said that a series-parallel

connection harvest much higher voltage and current compared to the series

connection among leaves. In this case, it is much better to have more

connections in a plant than a single connection for harvesting electricity. Chong

et al. (2019) also stated that the succulent family of plants is the most promising

type of plant in terms of producing more electrons. Succulent plants are water-

retaining plants that can store water in their leaves, stems, and roots to survive

in a dry climate.

The method for harvesting electrical energy from plants will have an

impact on the amount of energy obtained. The oxidation-reduction reaction takes

place when an electrochemistry process transforms the chemical energy into

electrical energy by setting electrodes in plants (Chong et al., 2019).

 Choo et al. (2014) found out that the oxidation of the anode electrode and

the reduction of the cathode electrode make electrons flow from the anode to

the cathode electrode, resulting in the production of electricity. Copper-zinc

electrodes are thought to yield the maximum voltage, around 0.8V. Cu-Fe (0.5V),

Cu-Al (0.4V), and Al-Zn are the lowest voltages (0.38V). In the electrochemical

series, the copper and zinc combination is more reactive than the other

combinations of electrodes.

It can be noted that Chong et al. said that the electrochemical series of

copper and zinc is better than other electrode combinations for obtaining voltage

and current from the plant. The ease of oxidation level between two electrodes

determines the direction of electron flow. The electron flows from the zinc

electrode to the copper electrode because zinc is more reactive than copper and

has a higher tendency to lose electrons. The oxidation process which occurs in

the zinc electrode (Zn(s) → Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-) causes the Zn atom to change into

Zn2+ ion and releases electrons which flow through the external wire to the load

and later towards the copper electrode.

Based on the gathered information from the related studies, the

researchers came up with the idea of generating electricity from plants.

Synthesis of The Related Studies and The Present Study

The researchers examined seven recent papers published for this study.

Each one shows the ability to collect electrical energy from a living plant. The
studies used Microbial Fuel Cell to power the electrical energy harvesting

equipment.

Plant-microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) is a process that converts the substrate

of the plants to produce electricity through anaerobic oxidation. In PMFCs,

photosynthesis is a necessary process that causes the electron to move

throughout the plants and produce rhizodeposits, commonly called the substrate

(Chong et al., 2019).

The rhizodeposits are the waste or excess substrate commonly found on

the plant roots. The rhizobacteria are microorganisms that inhabit the plant

roots. These rhizobacteria are a type of anaerobic bacteria, which do not need

oxygen to live. The rhizodeposits, or the substrate that the plant produces,

provide the microorganism fuel, which causes the breakdown of the substrate

that creates negative electrons (Mosqud et al., 2014).

Choo et al. (2014) stated that, through an electrochemistry process called

redox reaction, by putting an anode and cathode into the rhizosphere, electrons

flow from the anode to the cathode electrode, resulting in the production of

electricity.

The copper and zinc combination is more reactive for collecting voltage

and current from the plant than other electrode combinations in the

electrochemical series. As zinc is more reactive than copper and tends to lose
electrons, the electron travels from the zinc electrode to the copper electrode

(Chong et al., 2019; Choo et al., 2014).

Paradigm of the Study

The study focuses on designing and constructing a system to harvest and

store electrical energy from hydroponic plants via Microbial Fuel Cell. Figure 1

shows the paradigm of the study, which serves as the guide of the study. It

consists of three elements: input, process, and output. The input of the study is

the data gathering from various references and determining the different

parameters to be considered in the design and construction of the research

project. The study process covers the actual design of the research project, the

research project's construction, and the research project testing. Finally, the

researchers will be expecting functional and actual harvesting and storing of

electrical energy from Hydroponic plants by microbial fuel cells and utilizing it for

charging mobile phones and power lamps.

INPUT
1. GATHERING OF DATA
2. MATERIALS
a. Electrical components,
b. Hydroponic plants
c. Tap water
3. DESIGN / PROTOTYPE
 PROCESS
1. CONSTRUCTION
OF PROTOTYPE
2. TESTING
3. EVALUATION

OUTPUT
Harvesting and Storing Electrical Energy
from Hydroponic plants by Microbial Fuel
Cell, utilizing it for charging mobile
phones and power lamps.

Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to design and construct a system to harvest and store

Electrical Energy from hydroponic plants via microbial fuel cells for charging

mobile phones and power lamps. Consequently, the researchers seek to provide

answers to the following questions:

 1. How will the system harvest and store electrical energy from hydroponic

plants via microbial fuel cells operate?

2. What is the power output of the system in terms of

a. Plant type,

b. Size of container,

c. Quantity of plants in a container, and

d. Time of the Day?

3. Is there a significant difference in the power output when compared

across

a. Plant type,

b. Size of container,

c. Quantity of plants in a container, and

d. Time of the Day?

4. What are maintenance procedures needed to ensure the system's

functionality to harvest and store electrical energy from hydroponic plants

via microbial fuel cells?

Research Hypotheses

The following serve as the hypotheses of the study. Moreover, they will be

tested in their null form at 5% level of significance.

1. There is a significant difference among the power output of the systems

based on plant type.

 2. There is a significant difference among the power output of the systems

based on size of container.

3. There is a significant difference among the power output of the systems

based on quantity of plants in a container.

4. There is a significant difference between power output of the systems

based on time of the day.

Significance of the study

This study will further guarantee that, as part of the community, we

should put plants into good use. This study will prove that plants can generate

electricity and benefit the following people.

Hydroponic gardeners. This study will help them generate free energy

that can be utilized in small applications and reduce their electricity bills from the

grid. It also grants them the opportunity to harvest food and, at the same time,

electrical energy in the comfort of their backyards.

Community. This study can help produce a greener and environmentally

friendly system that less fortunate people without electric power can use and

reduce the land spaces used for electric infrastructures.

Future Researchers and Students. This study will guide future

researchers for further research regarding topics related to the study. The
students could get relevant information that will also support their ideas and

projects.

If the study is proven right, the researchers can help generate electricity

by using energy found in the environment and producing free and clean energy

and minimizing the land spaces that were used in building an infrastructure for

electric generation.

Scope and delimitation of the study

The main focus of this study was to design and construct a system to

harvest and store Electrical Energy from hydroponic plants via microbial fuel cells

to be used by the researchers and hydroponic plant gardeners. The researchers’

objective was to provide free and clean electricity from hydroponic plants. This

study aims to provide a presentation of the results. This project intends to

produce an output of 5V for charging Mobile Devices/Power Lamps.

As for the materials of the project, the researchers will only focus on three

varieties of hydroponic plants to be a source of electricity, Lucky bamboo

(Dracaena sanderiana), Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), and Water Lettuce

(Pistia stratiotes). These are the chosen plants due to their abundance in

Pangasinan and their succulent nature. The researchers will be using tap water

for the project experiment. As for the electrical components of the project, the

researchers will use a 5V Step-up charging protection module as a conditioning

circuit for the output. For the anode and cathode, the researchers will be using
copper as the cathode and zinc as the anode. The dimensions of the copper and

zinc will be a length, width, and thickness of 5 cm, 3 cm, and 0.5 cm,

respectively. This material aims to have a better and more stable result in the

experiments in this study.

This study did not aim to have an output involving aquaponics, plants on

soil, creating a bigger version of the project, and will not use different types of

water.

The researchers will be conducting research in Urdaneta City, Pangasinan,

next semester, A.Y. 2022-2023.

Definition of terms

The key terms are defined operationally by the researchers based on how

they will use them in the project.

Anode. A positively charged electrode by which electrons leave an electrical

device (primarily used are Zinc and Iron).

Anodic compartment. An electrolytic cell, the enclosure is formed by a

diaphragm around the anodes.

Aquaponic. A system of aquaculture in which waste produced by farmed fish

supplies nutrients for plants grown hydroponically, which in turn purify the

water.
Bioelectrochemical Process. The process of electrical power generation or

achieving the reduction reaction with a certain potential poised by means of

electron transfer between the electron acceptor and electron donor.

Case for Project. The researchers will use a stair-type case of containers per

system for the dimensions of total height, step height, the width of each step,

and length of 48 inches, 12 inches, 6 inches, and 60 inches, respectively.

Cathode. A negatively charged electrode is the source of electrons entering an

electrical device (made of Copper).

Cathodic Compartment. In an electrolytic cell, the enclosure is formed by a

diaphragm around the cathode.

Chromium. The Cr(VI) is bioelectrochemically reduced to non-toxic Cr(III) form

in the presence of an organic electron donor in a dual-chambered MFC.

Electrochemical Reaction. Any process is either caused or accompanied by

the passage of an electric current and involves, in most cases, the transfer of

electrons between two substances—one a solid and the other a liquid.

Electrodes. A conductor is used to make electrical contact with some part of a

circuit.

Electrokinetic Effects. Electrokinetic effects are associated with the

relationship between the relative motion of two phases (generally a liquid and a

solid) and the electrical properties of the interface between them.

Hydroponic. Method of growing plant without soil.

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). A bioelectrochemical device that can generate

electricity by the use of electrons obtained from the anaerobic oxidation of

substrates. Generally, the MFC consists of two parts, an anode, and a cathode,

which are separated by a proton exchange membrane (PEM).

Organic Matter. Anything that contains carbon compounds that were formed

by living organisms

Plant-Microbial Fuel Cell (PMFC). A technology that could produce

sustainable bioelectricity and help meet the increasing energy demand. The

power output of the P-MFC, however, needs to be increased to make it attractive

as a renewable and sustainable energy source.

Plant type. The researchers will investigate the three varieties of Hydroponic

plants; Lucky bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana), Water Spinach (Ipomoea

aquatica), and Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), in collecting data on power

output.

Quantity of plants in a container. The researchers will gather data on a

different number of plants in a container from one, two, and three plants in one

container.

Redox reaction. It is the electrochemistry process that transforms the chemical

energy found in plants into electrical energy by embedding the electrodes in

plants.
Rhizodeposits. It is defined as all material lost from plant roots, including

water-soluble exudates, secretions of insoluble materials, lysates, dead fine

roots, and gases, such as CO2 and ethylene.

Rhizosphere. The region of soil surrounding plant roots that is under the

influence of the root.

Size of the container. The researchers will gather data from different

container dimensions: small, medium, and large. The dimension for small

rectangle container is length, width, and height of 7.6 cm, 15.28 cm, and 10.16

cm, respectively, with a volume of 1100 ml, as for the medium rectangle

container, the dimensions are length, width, and height of 12.2 cm, 15.24

inches, and 10.16 inches, respectively, with the volume of 1800 ml, and as for

the large square container, the dimensions are length, width, and height of

15.24 cm, 15.24 cm, and 10.16 cm, respectively, with a volume of 2300 ml.

Soil. The unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of

the Earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants

Sulfur. An abundant tasteless, odorless multivalent nonmetallic element; best

known in yellow crystals; occurs in many sulfides and sulfate minerals and even

in native form (especially in volcanic regions).

Time of the Day. The researchers will collect data on the power output during

the daytime (5:01 am - 5:00 pm) and nighttime (5:01 pm - 5:00 am).
 Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the methodologies employed while conducting the

study, research design, data sources, and statistical treatment to assist the

researchers in achieving the objectives of the study and attaining the necessary

results.

Research Design

The design and methodology of the study follow the quantitative research

design and the experimental research method.

The experimental research design will be used to investigate the

significance of Harvesting and Storing Electrical Energy from Hydroponic plants

by Microbial Fuel Cell, utilizing it to charge Mobile Devices/Power Lamps. This

study will investigate the power output of the three types of hydroponic plants,

weather conditions, and the power output in daytime and nighttime.

Sources of Data

The researchers used the following methods in gathering data to answer

the research problem and serve as the basis for making the charging station

using harvested energy from living plants.

 Web. Using the internet, the researchers will collect various data from

articles and related studies concerning the procedure and design of the charging

station.

Library Research. The researchers will also use the knowledge from

previous studies and other related articles to develop the charging station.

Trials and Experiments. In order to attain the desired output of the

system, the researchers will conduct trials and experiments on the ideal design

of the system.

Calculations. The researchers performed various calculations to solve

the electrical consumption, voltage, current, and power output used in this

study.

Statistical Treatment

The researchers will utilize computational and statistical methods to

analyze the data gathered after the experimentations. Descriptive statistics like

minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation will be employed to

characterize the resulting dataset. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used

to determine if there is a significant difference among the three types of

hydroponic plants in terms of power output, different weather conditions, and

the output between daytime and nighttime.

Experimental Layout

Since the study aims to determine power output differences across

different independent variables. The following are taken into consideration for

the experimental layout.

Table _1_: Factor Levels for the Experiment

Factor Levels Number of

Replications

Plant Type Lucky bamboo

(Dracaena sanderiana)

Water Spinach 3

(Ipomoea aquatica)

Water Lettuce

(Pistia stratiotes)

Size of Container Small

Medium 3

Large

Quantity of plants in a One

container Two 3

Three

Time of the Day Daytime 3

Nighttime

Total Number of Replications 54

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 Zhuwei Du, Haoran Li, Tingyue Gu. A state of the art review on microbial
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