DRUGS AND DRUG ABUSE

Name: Seshi Vardhan Reddy

Ad No: 2829
Class: XII
Section: SB
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WHAT IS ADDICTION
3. TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
4. CAUSES OF ADDICTION
5. EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
6. HISTORY OF ADDICTION: DRUG ABUSE
7. DIAGONISIS OF ADDICTION
8. THE PROFILE OF FIVE PATIENTS
9. TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
10. SCENARIO OF ADDICTION
11. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

Addiction is the one of the biggest disease of the

world. More than millions of the individual are
struggling against addiction. It takes away the
happiness of the people by avoiding them to get
what they want and many of the people were also
not able to take correct decision. According to the
recent studies it has been found that adolescent is
more vulnerable to addiction.
WHAT IS ADDICTION?

Addiction is the habitual, physiological, psychological

dependence on a substance or practice which is beyond
voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a substance
or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called an addict.
Addiction is a chronic, progressive and sometimes fatal
disorder with both genetic and environmental roots. It
manifests as a compulsion that derives an individual to
continue to behave in a way that is harmful to self and loved
ones, despite an intense desire to halt that behaviour. It is a
disease of “more”- an active addict needs an increasing
amount of substance to get high and is unable to cease usage
without painful withdrawal symptoms. This is true whether
the addictive substance is a drug or tobacco or alcohol or
behaviour. Medically, addiction is of three types: Tobacco
Addiction, Alcohol Addiction, Drug Addiction
TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE

1. Heroin
As a destructive opioid, heroin can lead to seizures, psychosis, and
hallucinations when it is abused. Heroin injections can also spread
diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis. This
drug is known to cause serious health issues when it is abused
because it interferes with the brain’s receptors. Individuals who take
heroin always require professional rehabilitation because the
symptoms of withdrawal may be life-threatening.

2. Cocaine
Cocaine is a very dangerous stimulant even when taken in small
amounts. It induces euphoria, increases blood pressure, and
accelerates the heart rate. The drug may lead to fatal strokes or heart
attacks for some users. Due to the severe consequences of using
cocaine, users require immediate professional treatment.

3. Crack
A potent form of cocaine, crack is often smoked and suddenly creates
an intense euphoric sensation for a short while. Crack has turned into
a problem because it is cheap and easy to buy and use. Abusing the
substance, however, can lead to immediate addiction. Abusers are
also at risk of suffering heart attacks and strokes with every use.
Long-term use can cause liver, kidney, and lung damage.
4. Hallucinogens

PCP (phencyclidine) and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) are

hallucinogens, which means that they make users feel, see, and hear
things that are not real. While they experience hallucinations with
these drugs, users lose touch with reality and enter mental states of
disconnection. Withdrawing from hallucinogens is not easy, and
abusers will need professional treatment in a rehab facility.

[Link] / Cannabis

Marijuana is the most common illegal drug that abused, and many
people begin using it as a recreational drug in social situations.
addiction, and the substance can affect the physical.
7. Alcohol

Abusing alcohol can cause psychological, physical, and social

problems, and it can lead to the destruction of relationships,
friendships, and marriages. A lot of alcohol abusers drink so
much that their bodies are unable to handle it. Sometimes this
requires that they are hospitalized for alcohol poisoning.
Furthermore, alcohol abuse can lead to injury or death to the
people around them while they are under the influence.
Alcohol withdrawal can be fatal because of delirium tremens,
which is a symptom with the potential to trigger heart failure
or stroke. Refraining from drinking also is not easy when it
becomes a habit because of mental and physical issues.
Professional assistance is often necessary for abusers of
alcohol.
CAUSES OF ADDICTION
Some of the causes of addiction are:-

1. Peer Pressure
Major environmental contributor to developing an addiction is whether or not
the individual’s friends and social circle engage in regular substance use. If the
person feels pressured to use drugs or alcohol when with friends, this can be the
beginning of a habit that may result in substance misuse.

Substance misuse, in turn, can develop into addiction for people who are
susceptible. This cycle may result when a person is with a group of friends who
are very lax about drug use behaviours, where experimentation is encouraged. It
may also happen for people who are socially awkward and start to use because
they think it might help them fit in.

2. Stress and Depression

People who struggle with other mental health conditions, such as depression or
anxiety, may start using drugs or alcohol as a form of self-medication. This
means that using the substances helps to diminish the negative feelings
associated with the mental health condition, so the person keeps using in order
to keep those symptoms at bay.

Self-medication can lead to regular, frequent use of the substance, or misuse of

a prescribed substance, that can affect the dopamine system and other brain
chemistry to result in the development of addiction. Some research even
indicates that certain conditions may make a person more likely to use a certain
type of drug.
EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
 Fatigue - the patient is tired most of the time.
 Memory loss - especially the patient's short-term memory.
 Eye muscles - the eye muscles can become significantly
weaker.
 Liver diseases - the patient has a considerably higher chance of
developing hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver is an
irreversible and progressive condition
 Heart problems - regular heaving drinking can lead to
cardiomyopathy (damaged heart muscle), heart failure, and
stroke.
 Menstruation - alcoholism will usually stop menstruation or
disrupt it
 Cancer - alcoholics have a much higher risk of developing
several cancers, including cancer of the mouth, oesophagus,
liver, colon, rectum, breast, prostate and pharynx.
 Suicide - suicide rates among people who are alcohol-dependent
or who abuse alcohol are much higher than among other people.
HISTORY OF ADDICTION
Beer
Since the dawn of history, mankind has found ways to relieve
the daily grind of life. In ancient Mesopotamia (the area now
known as Iraq), agriculture slowly began to flourish, and a
large network of city states started to gain prominence. With
the cultivation of wheat and barley came another product:
beer. After all, the water wasn't particularly healthy, and the
weak alcohol content in beer killed off a lot of harmful
organisms in the water.
While the beer wasn't particularly strong, it also wasn't
particularly nice, as the concept of sterility was unknown in
3,000 BCE. However, beer was consumed in bulk.
Consequently, addiction to alcohol was rampant in the so-
called cradle of civilization, and people during that time
generally lived much shorter lives thanks to disease and,
presumably, drunkenness.
Opium
Throughout the time that beer was gaining popularity, the
Indians, Assyrians and Egyptians were cultivating and
preparing opium from the opium poppy. Indeed, the upper
classes of many civilizations would use this to relax and pass
time, although some uses are much less benign. One Egyptian
scroll recommends using opium to soothe a crying baby.
Hallucinogens and Natural Highs
Moving on 15 centuries, the ancient Greece used a special
form of mead (fermented honey) or beer to induce visions
known as mysteries. Naturally, there is something very
mystical in seeing hallucinations, and plants containing
entheogens (natural chemicals that induce hallucinations)
have been widely cultivated throughout the world; these
include the peyote cactus, fly agarics, and cannabis. Clearly,
this is a form of drug abuse, although it was a socially
acceptable one at the time.
Cocaine
During the second millennium, world trade started to be
more prominent. Ships started sailing from China to Europe-
Marco Polo rediscovered major trade routes to India and
China, and in 1492, cocaine came to be major product of
trade.
After that, the American continent became ripe for
development. Various conquistadors discovered the drugs that
kept the locals going, especially cocaine, which was touted as
a wonder cure for all ailments.
Tobacco
One of the major drugs that came out of the New World was
tobacco. Sir Walter Raleigh famously introduced dried
tobacco leaves to England, where they were controlled and
taxed heavily. Again, abuse of tobacco led to very expensive
addictions, as it was a risky but incredibly profitable voyage
for those who made it over the Atlanta
DIAGNOSIS OF ADDICTION
Blood test or imaging scan can determine whether somebody is
addicted to drug or alcohol or smoking, and to what degree.
Blood test - this may be ordered to determine whether the
substance is still in the blood (whether the substance has been
taken recently). It is not used to diagnose addiction.
A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) can help the
patient determine their degree of dependence by asking pertinent
questions, or using a specific questionnaire. The following
questions may help determine how dependent a patient is:

 How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?

 Do you find it hard not to smoke in places where it is not
allowed, such as in a church, school, movie theatre, library,
public transport, hospital, etc.?
 If you had to give up, which cigarette would you miss the most
(e.g., the first one in the morning)?
THE PROFILE OF 3 PATIENTS
Case no: 1 Patient name: Sofia Akhtar
Age: 65Type: T2DM
Gender: Female Date of admission: 22/12/15
Comments: After I am started having T2DM, my life has totally
changed. I am the first person to have diabetes in my family. At the
onset of this disease I felt very much weakness and hunger.

Case no: 2 Patient name: Mrs Neha Das

Age: 40Type:T1DM
Gender: Female Date of admission: 22/12/15
Comments: I am middle aged house wife and I have lots of difficulties
to tackle this disease due to weakness. I cannot meet the common
need of my family, and some time I become unconsciousness and my
family gets worried. Recently my husband spends lots of money for
this disease but I didn’t get any such good result.

Case no: 3 Patient name: Shubankar Deka

Age: 45 Type: T1DM
Gender: Male Date of admission:06/01/16
Comments: I started having this disease at the age of 35; I didn’t take
much attention to it due to very busy job. I din’ took medicine
regularly or neither did any physical exercise and now I’m suffering
from this dangerous disease I have to lose my job, during urination I
feel burning sensation. Now I am unable to take care of my family,
TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
Different types of medications may be useful at different stages of
treatment to help a patient stop abusing drugs, stay in treatment, and
avoid relapse.

 Treating withdrawal: When patients first stop using drugs,

they can experience various physical and emotional symptoms,
including restlessness or sleeplessness, as well as depression,
anxiety, and other mental health conditions. Certain treatment
medications and devices reduce these symptoms, which makes it
easier to stop the drug use.
 Staying in treatment: Some treatment medications and
mobile applications are used to help the brain adapt gradually to
the absence of the drug. These treatments act slowly to help
prevent drug cravings and have a calming effect on body
systems. They can help patients focus on counselling and other
psychotherapies related to their drug treatment.
SCENARIO OF ADDICTION
 CONCLUSION
The main conclusions from the investigation are
drawn. Drug use indeed permeatess our daily
lives, and the current way these behaviours are
handled is neither integrated nor effective in
optimizing well-being. As a consequence, these
behaviours incur considerable health and social
harm in current societies, leading to huge
economic costs. Drug use should be seen as a
continuum,
 How to Make DRUGS
Ft. BREAKING BAD

 LESSONS FROM WALTER WHITE

White was a skilled chemist and co-founder of a technology firm before he

accepted a buy-out from his partners. While his partners became billionaires,
Walter became a frustrated high-school chemistry teacher in Albuquerque,
barely making ends meet with his family: his wife Skyler and son Walter Jr.
The day after his 50th birthday, Walter is diagnosed with Stage III lung
cancer. After this discovery, Walter resorts to manufacturing and
selling methamphetamine with a former student, Jesse Pinkman, to ensure
his family's financial security after his death. Due to his chemistry training and
production route, Walter's "blue meth" is purer than any other on the market,
and he is pulled deeper into the illicit drug trade.
White becomes increasingly ruthless, and later adopts the alias
"Heisenberg", which becomes recognizable as a kingpin figure in the
Southwestern drug trade. Walter struggles with managing his family while
hiding his involvement in the drug business from his brother-in-law
and DEA agent Hank Schrader.
  LESSONS FROM JESSE PINKMAN

Jesse Bruce Pinkman was born into a middle-class family in Albuquerque, New
Mexico. He has long been estranged from his parents due to his drug addiction and
lifestyle as a drug dealer. After being forced to leave his parents' residence, Jesse
moved in with his Aunt Ginny, for whom he cared until her death from cancer.
Afterward, he was allowed to stay in her home, the ownership of which fell to Jesse's
parents.

Jesse was a poor student in high school and preferred hanging out with his friends
and smoking marijuana to studying. Walter White, whom Jesse almost always calls
"Mr. White", was his chemistry teacher and gave Jesse a failing grade in his class.
Walt himself later says that he never thought Jesse would amount to much, although
Jesse's mother Diane recalls that Walt "must have seen some potential in Jesse; he
really tried to motivate him. He was one of the few teachers who cared." ] Despite his
poor academic standing, Jesse was able to graduate, with Walt present on stage
when he received his diploma.