ISM

NATURALISM -- only nature exist, nature is better than civilization (NATURALESA ng isang BAGAY)

IDEALISM -- spiritual, values, moral, socratic method

REALISM -- natural world, values are natural and absolute, reality exist undercieved

PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM -- practical, problem solving research, knowledge is what works,

values are related, truth is warranted assertion.

ESSENTIALISM -- 3r's (4r's ngayon), achievement test, certain knowledge&skills are essential for rational
being.

PROGRESSIVISM -- process of development, higher level of knowledge, the child's need and interest are
relevant to curriculum.

EXISTENTIALISM -- knowledge is subjective, man shapes his being as he lives, we are what we do,
deciding precedes knowing.

PERENNIALISM -- education that last for century, universalist, knowledge is eternally valid.

SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM – for better society, community based learning

RECONSTRUCTUONALISM – the school should help rebuild the social order thus social change.

BEHAVIORISM -- learning is change in behavior, S-R relationship

EMPIRICISM -- knowledge comes thru senses, 5 senses (observatory learning)

STRUCTURALISM -- complex mental exp. such as image,feeling and sensation

FUNCTIONALISM -- focus to motivation, thinking & learning.

PURPOSIVISM -- individual hormones are responsible for the motive to strive towards fulfillment of
his/her objective.

PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS -- reality is what verifiable, truth correspondes to reality, usage determines
meaning.
PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING & MOTIVATION

● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud

● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory of Personality

● Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's Theory of Development

● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory - Lev Semanovich Vygotsky

● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John Dewey; Jerome Brunner

● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers; Louis Raths

● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner

● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg

● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning

● Edward Thorndike - connectionism

● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning & reinforcement

● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment; modelling; self eficacy

● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception Theory

● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning Theory/Inquiry method

● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning Problem

● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's - Information Processing Theory

● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning Theory

● Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence

● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of life space

● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory

● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond of Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w actual and
potential development

● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach

● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology

● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern Psychology"

● William James - wrote the "Principles of psychology"/ consciousness

● hypothalamus - brain's stress center

● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs; "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ; safety&security; love &
belongingness; self-esteem; self-actualization

● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an American psychologist who established the psychological
school of behaviorism.

MGA URI NG TAYUTAY

1) ALITERASYON (Alliteration) - pag-uulit ng mga tunog-katinig sa

inisyal na bahagi ng salita.

Halimbawa: Makikita sa mga mata ni Maria ang mga masasayang

nangyari sa kaniya kasama si Marco. (makikita, mga, mata, Maria,

masasayang, Marco)

2) KONSONANS - pag-uulit ng mga tunog-katinig sa final na bahagi ng salita.

Halimbawa: Ang aking pagmamahal para kay Rosal ay lalong tumatatag habang tumatagal.
(pagmamahal, Rosal, tumatagal)

3) ASONANS - pag-uulit ng mga tunog-patinig sa alinmang bahagi ng salita.

Halimbawa: Ang aking alagang aso ay agad kong pinaliguan pagdating ko sa amin.

4) ANAPORA - pag-uulit sa unang bahagi ng pahayag o taludtod.

Halimbawa:

Ikaw ang aking pangarap.

Ikaw ang bigay ng maykapal.

Ikaw ang lahat sa akin.

5) EPIPORA - pag-uulit sa huling bahagi ng pahayag o taludtod.

Halimbawa:

Ang Konstitusyon ay para sa mamamayan,

Gawa ng mamamayan,

At mula sa mamamayan.

6) ANADIPLOSIS - pag-uulit sa una at huling bahagi ng pahayag o

talutod.

Halimbawa:

Ang mahal ko ay tanging ikaw,

Ikaw na nagbigay ng ilaw,

Ilaw sa gabi na kay dilim,

Dilim man o liwanag, ikaw ay mahal pa rin.

7) PAGTUTULAD (Simile) - isang di-tuwirang paghahambing ng

dalawang magkaibang bagay gamit ang pariralang tulad ng, kawangis ng, para ng, gaya ng, makasing, at
magkasim.

Halimbawa: Parang hari si Tonio kung mag-utos.

8.) PAGWAWANGIS (Metaphor) - isang tuwirang paghahambing ng magkaibang bagay at hindi

gumagamit ng mga pariralang nabanggit sa itaas.

Halimbawa: Ang kanyang buhay ay isang bukas na aklat.

9) PAGHAHALINTULAD (Analogy) - ito ay paghahambing na nagpapakita ng ugnayan ng kaisipan sa

kapwa kaisipan.
Halimbawa: Ang mga dalaga ay bulaklak at ang mga binata naman ay bubuyog.

10) PAGBIBIGAY-KATAUHAN (Personification) - ginagamit ito upang bigyang-buhay ang mga bagay na
walang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagkakapit sa mga ito ng mga gawi o kilos ng tao.

Halimbawa: Ang mga bituin sa langit ay kumikindat sa akin.

11) PAGMAMALABIS (Hyperbole) - lagpas sa katotohanan o eksaherado ang mga pahayag kung
pagkasusuriin.

Halimbawa:

a. Narinig ng buong mundo ang iyong sigaw.

b. Huminto ang pagtibok ng aking puso nang makita kong may kasama siyang iba.

12) PAGPAPALIT-TAWAG (Metonymy) - ito ang pagpapalit ng katawagan o pangalan sa bagay na

tinutukoy.

Halimbawa: Ang palasyo ay nag-anunsyo na walang pasok bukas. (palasyo - Presidente ng Pilipinas)

13) PAGPAPALIT-SAKLAW (Synecdoche) - ito ay ang pagbabanggit ng bahagi bilang pagtukoy sa kabuuan.

Halimbawa: Apat na mata ang patuloy na tumititig sa kanya.

14) PAGLUMANAY (Euphemism) - ito ay paggamit ng mga piling salita upang pagandahin ang isang
dikagandahang pahayag.

Halimbawa: Sumakabilang buhay kagabi ang ama ni Nena.

(sumakabilang buhay - namatay)

15) PANAWAGAN (Apostrophe) - ito ay isang panawagan o pakiusap sa isang bagay na tila ito ay isang
tao.

Halimbawa:

a. O tukso! Layuan mo ako!

b. Buhos na ulan, aking mundo’y lunuring tuluyan.

c. Kamatayan nasaan ka na? Wakasan mo na ang aking kapighatian.

16) PAGHIHIMIG (Onomatopeia) - sa pamamagitan ng tunog o hiimig ng salita ay nagagawang maihatid

ang kahulugan nito.

Halimbawa:

a. Dumagundong ang malakas na kulog na sinundan ng pagguhit ng matatalim na kidlat.

b. Ang tik-tak ng relo ay nangibabaw.

17) PAG-UYAM (Irony) - isang pagpapahayag na may layuning mangutya ngunit itinatago sa paraang
waring nagbibigay-puri.

Halimbawa: Siya ay may magandang mukha na kung saan tanging ina niya lang ang humahanga.

18) PAGTATAMBIS (Oxymoron) - ito ay ang paglalahad ng mga bagay na magkasalungat upang higit na
mapatingkad ang bisa ng pagpapahayag.

Halimbawa: Kailan nagiging tama ang mali?

19) PAGLILIPAT-WIKA (Transferred Epithet) - tulad ng pagbibigay-

katauhan na pinagsasabay ang mga katangiang pantao na ginagamit ang pang-uri.

Halimbawa: Madilim ang kinabukasan para sa kaniya at kaniyang pamilya mula nang iwanan sila ng
kanilang ama.
20) TANONG RETORIKAL (Rhetorical Question) - ito ay isang tanong na walang inaasahan sagot na ang
layunin ay maikintal sa isipan ng nakikinig ang mensahe.

Halimbawa:

a. Natutulog ba ang Diyos?

b. Bakit napakalupit ng kapalaran?

GENERAL EDUCATION - ENGLISH KEY POINTS

1. He is the first Asian writer to receive the Nobel Prize.

➪ Rabindranath Tagore

2. He is considered as the greatest English writer and also known as the “Bard of Avon”.

➪ William Shakespeare

3. He is known as the father of horror stories.

➪ Edgar Allan Poe

4. He is known as the Father of Essays.

➪ Francis Bacon

5. He is a Filipino writer whose stories and poems depict Filipino-Spanish cultural beliefs and traditions.

➪ Nick Joaquin

6. He was the first Filipino National Artist for Literature awarded in 1973.

➪ Jose Garcia Villa

7. He is a Filipino migrant whose fiction stories reflect the Filipino’s concept of American culture.

➪ Bienvenido Santos

8. He is known as the greatest Indian writer of all time.”

➪ Kalidasa

9. He is called the “Morning Star” of English literature.

➪ Geoffrey Chaucer

10. He is the first man to replace myth with natural laws.

➪ Thales of Melitus

11. He is regarded as the greatest haiku poet.

➪ Matsuo Basho

12. He is recognized as the father of American literature.

➪ Washington Irving

13. He was the first mythical geographer who was recognized due to his vivid descriptions of lands and
people encountered by his hero, Ulysses.

➪ Homer

14. He is a famous composer from Angono, Rizal, and was given a National Artist Award.

➪ Luis San Pedro

15. He is known as the master of “local color” because of his Pickwick Papers.

➪ Charles Dickens

16. He is a Philippine National Artist awardee for Literature, and used free verse and espoused the
dictum, "Art for art's sake“.

➪ Jose Garcia Villa

17. She wrote the most exquisite love poems of her time in “Sonnets from the Portuguese”.

➪ Elizabeth Barrett Browning

18. He is a Japanese poet who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1968.

➪ Yasunari Kawabata

19. He is known as the Father of Tragedy.

➪ Christopher Marlowe

20. He is the first black Nigerian writer to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1986.

➪ Wole Soyinka

𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗙𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗘𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗡𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦

1. Law of Readiness - preparedness

2. Law of Exercise - practice makes perfect

3. Law of effect - satisfaction

4. Law of primacy - learn first / first impression

5. Law of Recency - now/most recent are best remembered

6. Law of intensity - impact/ exciting

Ex. Role playing

7. Law of Freedom - right to freedom

8. Law of importance - essentials

📌Cognitive:

mental skills(knowledge)

📌Affective:

growth in feelings or emotional areas (Attitude)

📌Psychomotor:

manual or physical skills (skills)

📌𝗣𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗖𝗜𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗡𝗚

A. create an active learning

B. Focus Attention

C. Connect Knowledge

D. Help students organize their knowledge

E. Provide timely feedback

F. Demand quality

G. Balance high expectations with student support

H. Enhance motivation to learn

I. Communicate your message in variety of ways.

J. Help students to productively manage their time

📌𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗚𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚

1. Acquisition - learning new skill

2. Fluency - practice for mastery of skill

3. Generalization - across time & situation / variety

of setting

4. Adaptation -. Use for problem solving

5. Maintenance - performance over time

📌𝗕𝗟𝗢𝗢𝗠'𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗚𝗡𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗜𝗡

Blooms Taxonomy

Remember - recall facts & basic concepts

define, duplicate, list, memorize,state

Understand - Explain ideas or concepts

Classify, describe, discuss, explain,

locate, recognize

Apply -. Use of information in new situation

execute, implement, solve, use,

demonstrate, interpret, operate

Analyze -. Draw connection among ideas

differentiate, organize, relate, compare,

contrast, distinguish, examine,

expirement, question, test

Evaluate -. Justify a stand or decision

appraise, argue, defend, judge, select,

 support, value, critique, weigh

Create -. Produce new or original work

Design, assemble, construct,

conjecture, develop, formulate, author,

investigate

📌𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗔𝗫𝗢𝗡𝗢𝗠𝗬

Remembering - recalling

Understanding - making sense of the material you

have learned

Applying -. Use knowledge gained in nee ways

Analyzing -. Breaking the concept into parts

Evaluating -. Making judgement

Creating -. Putting iNformation together in an

innovative way.

📌𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗜𝗡:

✓Receiving -

is being aware of or sensitive to the existence of a certain ideas, material, or phenomena and being
willing to tolerate them.

Ex. To differentiate, to accept, to listen (for), to respond to.

✓Responding -

os committed in some small measure to the ideas l, materials, or phenomena involved by actively
responding to them.

Example: to comply with, to follow, to command, to volunteer, to spend leisure time in, to acclaim.
✓Valuing -

is willing to be perceived by others as valuing certain ideas, materials, or phenomena. Examples include:
to increase measured proficiency in, or relinquish, to subsidize, to support, to debate.

✓Organization -

is to relate the value to those already held and bring it into a harmonious and internally consistent
philosophy. Examples: to discuss, to theorize, to formulate, to balance, to examine.

✓Characterization-

by value or value set is to act consistently in accordance with the values he or she has internalized.
Examples: include: to revise, to require, to be rated high in the value, to avoid, to resist, to manage, to
resolve.

📌𝗣𝗦𝗬𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗜𝗡:

✓Perception - Sensory cues to guide motor.

✓Set - mental, physical, and emotional dispositions that make one respond in a certain way to a
situation.

✓Guided response - first attempts at a physical skill. trial and error coupled lead to better performance.

✓Mechanism - responses are habitual with a medium level of assurance and proficiency.

✓Complex Overt Response - complex movements are possible with a minimum of wasted effort and a
high level of assurance they will be successful.

✓Adaptation - Movements can modified for special situations.

✓Origination - New movements can be created for special situations.

📌Learning theories

A. Behaviourist (classical, operant, Connectionism , Social Learning and purposive)

PCSO

Pavlov - Classical

Skinner - Operant

📌𝗕𝗘𝗛𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗠

📌A. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

Two stimuli are linked together one Neutral + one Natural Response.

Adhesive Principle

- response attached to stimulus to evoke new response.

Experimentation: 🐕

(Salivation of Dog and Ring of the bell)

Ringing of bell- stimuli

Response - Naglalaway ang aso

Unconditioned Stimulus:

- automatically produces an emotional or psychological response.

Unconditioned Response:

- Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response.

Neutral Stimulus:

- a stimulus that does not elicit a response.

Conditioned Stimulus:

- evokes an emotional or Physiological response.

📌𝗕. 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗧 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 (𝗕𝗙 𝗦𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗥)

Experimentation: 🐀

skinner Box (rat)

✓Reinforcement - increase behaviour

✓Punishment - decrease behaviour

✓Positive Reinforcement -

may binigay na gusto ng bata.

✓Negative reinforcement -

taking something away for the good of students.

✓Positive Punishment -

may binigay na ayaw mo / something unpleasant.

✓Negative punishment -

tinagangalan ng bagay na gusto ng bata.

📌𝗖. 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗠 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬 /𝗦-𝗥

( 𝗘𝗗𝗪𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗥𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗞𝗘)
- specific stimulus has specific response

Law of Readiness- hinahanda mo sila

Law of Exercise- nagpapadrills

Law of Effect - satisfying effect

Secondary Laws of Learning

RIP

Law of primacy - dapat tama ang tinuro sa una.

Law of intensity - dapat fun ang learning

Law of Recency - mas natatandaan ang previous.

Other law:

Law of association By Aristotle

Law of similarity - recall similar object

Law of contrast - recall of opposite object

Law of Contiguity - recall of an activity which is frequently related with the previous one.

📌𝗗. 𝗦𝗢𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗬 𝗕𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗥𝗔

Experimentation: Bobo dull

- may pinaggagayahan

- focus on observation learning

Social learning theory

4 steps;
1. Attention - focus

2. Retention - store information

3. Reproduction - to perform the observed

behaviour

4. Motivation - be motivated

📌𝗘. 𝗣𝗨𝗥𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗛𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗠 / 𝗦𝗜𝗚𝗡 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗬 𝗧𝗢𝗟𝗠𝗔𝗡

Expirement: Rats

- reinforcement is not essential to learning

- bridge between behaviorism and cognitive theilory

- Learning is acquired through meaningful behavior.

According to Tolman, in all learning some intelligence is atwork. It is the learner who actively participates
on the act of getting new experience. He organises his perceptions and observations and gives meaning
to them. He explains the theory of rats in teaching the goal through many trials as a result of insight or
making cognitive map of the maze.

📌𝗖𝗢𝗚𝗡𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗜𝗦𝗧

📌𝗔. 𝗠𝗘𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗙𝗨𝗟 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗬 𝗗𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗗 𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗟

"Reception not discovery"

- advance organizer

- use of graphic organizer

📌𝗕. 𝗖𝗢𝗚𝗡𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗢𝗣𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗕𝗬 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗚𝗘𝗧

📌a). Sensory - 0 to 2 years old - permanent object

📌b). Pre-operational - 3 to 7 years old - egocentric

Symbolic function

- Centration -

refers to the tendency of the chikd to only focus on one aspects of a thing or event and exclude other
aspects EXAMPLE:

when a child presented with two identical glasses with the same amount of water, the chikd will say they
have the same amount of water. however, once water from one of the glasses is transferred to an
obviously taller but narrower glass, the chikd migh say that there is more water in the taller glass.

"The Child only Focus (centered)".

Irreversibly-

Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking. They can understand that 2+3 is
5, but cannot understand that 5-3 is 2.

Animism -

This is the tendency of children to attribute human like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects.

When at night, the child is asked, where the sun is, she will reply, "Mr. Sun is asleep."

Transductive reasoning -

This refers to the pre-operational child's type of reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive.

Example: since her mommy comes home everyday around six o'clock in the evening, when asked why it
is already night, the child will say, "because my mom is home".

📌c). Concrete operational - 7 to 11 years old - begin learning logical reasoning.

Decentering -

This refers to the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations.

This allows child to be more logical when dealing with concrete objects and situations.
Reversibility -

The child can now follow that certain operations can be done in reverse. For example, they can already
comprehend the cummutative property of addition, and that subtraction is the reverse of addition.

Conversation-

This is the ability to know that certain properties if objects like number. Mass, Volume, or area do not
change even if there is a change in appearance. Because of the development of the child's ability of
decentering and also reversibility, the concrete operational chikd can now judge rightly that the same as
when the water was shorter but wider glass.

Seriation -

This refers to the ability to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight,
volume or size.

📌d). Formal operational - 13 to onwards years old -

Thinking becomes more logical.can solve abstract problems and can hypothesis.

Hypothetical reasoning -

The ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and to gather and weight data in order
to make final decisions or judgement.

(What if questions)

Analogical reasoning -

This is the ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that relationship to narrow
down possible answers in another similar situation or problem.

Deductive reasoning -

This is the ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a particular instance or situation.

For example, all countries near the north pole. therefore, Greenland has cold temperatures
📌𝗖. 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗠𝗔/𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗔 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗬 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗘𝗧

Schema-

- refers to the prior knowledge

Assimilation -

This is this is the process if fitting a new experience into an existing or previously created schema.

Accomodation-

This is the process if creating a new schema.

Equilibrium -

Achieving proper balance between Assimilation and accommodation.

If not match our schemata we experience

"Cognitive disequilibrium"

📌𝗗. 𝗚𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗧 𝗣𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗖𝗜𝗣𝗟𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗩𝗜𝗦𝗨𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗖𝗘𝗣𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗚𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗧

- determine what we see/percept.

📌Laws of Gestalt

Gestalt means "whole".

Law of similarity -

Kapag kapareho

Law of pragmanz or Law of Good Figure -

Symmetry order- brain will perceive ambiguous shapes in as simple a manner as possible for example, a
monochrome of the Olympic logo is seen as a series of overlapping circles rather than a collection of a
curved lines.

Law of proximity - refers to how close elements are to one another. The strongest proximity relationship
are those between overlapping subjects, but just grouping objects into a single area can have a strong
proximity effect.

Law of Continuity - posits that the human eye will follow the smoothest path when viewing lines,
regardless of how the lines were actually drawn

Law of Closure - "fill the gap"

is one of the coolest gestalt principles and one I already touched on at the beginning of this piece. It's
the idea that your brain will fill in the missing parts of a design or image to create a whole

📌𝗘. 𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗜𝗚𝗛𝗧 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗬 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗚 𝗞𝗢𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥

- sudden grasping of the solution, a lash of understanding, without any process of trial and error.

Learning happen in sudden -"Eurika"

(Aha moment)

Expirement: monkey names (Sultan)

Believes that the whole is more important than the parts.so Learning takes place as a whole.

📌𝗙. 𝗜𝗡𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗖𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗬 (𝗔𝗧𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗢𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗙𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗡)

Sensory memory - it holds information that the

mind perceives through various senses.

(small capacity).
Short term memory - last around 30 seconds.

(Short Duration)

Long term Memory - has an unlimited amount of space as it can store memories from a long time ago to
be retrieved at a later time.

Long term memory

1. Episodic Memory

- recalling episodes (events)

2. Semantic Memory

- knowledge of a general Facts, principles and concepts.

3. Procedural Memory

- refers to "know how" as opposed to "know about".

📌𝗚. 𝗖𝗨𝗠𝗨𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗕𝗬 𝗥𝗢𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗚𝗔𝗚𝗡𝗘

Gradual development of knowledge and skills that improve over time.

Mga lumabas nung Sept. 24 Let exam!

Rizal "pen name" (Dimasalang & Laong Laan)

Food web - intertwined

Family Fued

Spolarium

Origin Tinikling-Leyte

Origin Maglalatik-Binan

Famous folk dance sa Philippines -tinikling

Green land-biggest island

Reign of Greedy-El Filibusterismo

Photosynthesis
Aesop/fables

Sa amin

Primitive

Matriarchal

Kabilaan

Gregoria de jesus

Factoring 56

Minenyours

Santos

Spanish surname-claveria

Florante and Laura -Francisco Balagtas/Baltazar

Convection

Conduction

"Scent of apples" - Buenvenido

Kenitic

First Ilocos president-Quurino

Cry of Balintawak

480 cm.

First Filipino national artist in painting - choices: Juan Luna , Fernando Amorsolo

Arrange: McArthur Landing in Leyte, San Cathedral, Fort Santiago, Dapitan

Grammar: ...sick of stomach was the result of what she _____

Choice: ate, eat, eating, eaten

Arrange: Pagpapahalaga ng mga Filipino — ari-arian, edukasyon, karangalan, pagsasama

"How to I love thee" of E. Browing is ____ Choices: Elegy, Sonnet, Epic

Bicamerial - 2 chambers

Andres Bonifacio and his wife

Food web

7*2*2*2

Even 56 basta kapag pinag-add 56 ang sagot

B.Aquino - non violence

Habeas Corpus

Community Tax

laguan

salitan ugat

By Line - saan daw matatagpuan ang pangalan ng author

65

Elpidio quirino

Tax for adult citizien- community tax

Morse code

clothing iron

La solaridad

Even 34 (18/16)

9000

mac. Athur. I shall return

ambiValent

Elizabeth browning for his husband - sonnet

Letter

Aircon

0.9- dalawang beses

X=Y

70kg

Ate

Padamdam

Pautos

Mi ultimo a Dios

Habitat loss

Contemporary

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

Lea Salonga

Sculpture

Sun

Theater

Literature

500,000 interest in 2 years

The Decalogue

Mabini

Strengthing peso-Fidel Ramos

Ama ng balarila-lope k santos

Bicameralism

Laguhan