Study guide

From the CK-12 document look for the answers of the following questions
This activity is optional, but it might help a little in the final grades.

1. List some elements known since ancient times?

copper and lead

2. What properties were the basis of the triad system?

physical as well as chemical properties

3. Why did Dobereiner believe that lithium, sodium, and potassium belonged in a triad?

the atomic masses of these three elements formed a pattern. When the atomic masses of lithium
and potassium were averaged together, it was approximately equal to the atomic mass of sodium

4. What was a shortcoming of the triad system?

not all of the known elements could be classified in this way

5. How did Newlands arrange the element?

in increasing order of atomic mass and noticed that every eighth element exhibited similar
properties

6. What was a problem with the “Law of Octaves"?

there were some elements that were missing and the law did not seem to hold for elements that
were heavier than calcium

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1. When did Mendeleev publish his periodic table?

1869

2. Who else came out with a periodic table at about the same time?

Lothar Meyer

3. Why was Mendeleev’s table considered to be superior?

his table was published first and because of several key insights that he made regarding the table

4. What element did Mendeleev predict to exist?

eka-alumin

5. What element was named after Mendeleev?

element number 101 is named mendelevium

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1. Did Mendeleev know about the nucleus of an atom?

no, he didn’t

2. Who discovered the relationship between wavelength of X-rays and atomic number?

Henry Moseley

3. What did Moseley conclude from his research?

he realized that the elements of the periodic table should be arranged in order of increasing
atomic number rather than increasing atomic mass

4. What is the “periodic law”?

when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of
their chemical and physical properties

5. What do the vertical columns (groups) in the periodic table represent?

elements with similar chemical properties appear at regular intervals, within the vertical columns
called groups

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1. How is today’s periodic table different from the one that Mendeleev published?

many new elements have been discovered, while others have been artificially synthesized.

2. Are all the elements in today’s periodic table naturally occurring? Explain your answer.

no, because some of them are synthesized.

3. What is a “period"? What does it represent?

is a horizontal row of the periodic table. There are seven periods in the periodic table, with each
one beginning at the far left. A new period begins when a new principal energy level begins filling
with electrons

4. What is a “group"? What does it represent?

is a vertical column of the periodic table, based on the organization of the outer shell electrons.
There are a total of 18 group

5. Why are there two different numbering systems for groups?

The traditional system used in the United States involves the use of the letters A and B, there was
a different system in Europe. So to eliminate confusion the International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry decided that the official system for numbering groups would be a simple 1
through 18 from left to right

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2. Define malleability.

that they can be hammered into very thin sheets without breaking

3. Define ductility.

that they can be drawn into wires

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1. What are the properties of nonmetals?

they are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity, they exist in all three states of matter.
In the solid state, nonmetals are brittle

2. List the states of matter in which nonmetals can exist and give one example of each state.

gas, such as nitrogen and oxygen

liquid, such as bromine
solid, such as carbon and sulfur

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1. Define “atomic radius.”

the size of the atom, it is defined by the edge of its orbital

3. How does the atomic radius of different elements change across a period?

generally decreases from left to right across a period

4. How does atomic radius change from top to bottom within a group?

generally increases from top to bottom within a group

5. Explain why the atomic radius of hydrogen is so much smaller than the atomic radius of
potassium.

because potassium is in a lower period that hydrogen

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1.Define “ionization energy.”

is the energy required to remove an electron from a specific atom

4. Describe the trends in ionization energy from left to right across the periodic table.

moving from left to right across the periodic table, the ionization energy for an atom increases

5. Describe the trends in ionization energy from top to bottom of a group in the periodic table.

within a group, the ionization energy decreases as the size of the atom gets larger.

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1. Define “electron affinity."

the energy change that occurs when a neutral atom gains an electron

2. Does addition of an electron to a neutral atom require energy to be absorbed or released?

more energy is released in the formation of a halide ion than for the anions of any other elements

3. Describe the general trend for electron affinity values moving from left to right on the periodic
table.

electron affinities increase from left to right across a period and decrease

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1. Define “electronegativity.”

is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract the electrons when the atom is part of a
compound

2. How does electronegativity differ from electron affinity?

electron affinity is the actual energy released when an atom gains an electron

3. Why are the electronegativity values of metals generally low?

since metals have few valence electrons, they tend to increase their stability by losing electrons to
become cations

4. Describe the trend in electronegativities across the periodic table.

electronegativities generally increase from left to right across a period

5. Describe the trends in electronegativities in a group of the periodic table.

of the main group elements, fluorine has the highest electronegativity and cesium the lowest

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1. Define “metallic character.”

the level of reactivity of a metal

3. Describe the trend in metallic character going down a group.

the metallic character increases as you go down a group