Session 2 – Nyaya
(Philosophy of Logic & Reasoning:
Verbal Testimony)
1) Revision of Session 1 : Perception & Inference
2) Verbal Testimony : Sabda
3) Scientifically verifiable facts of Indian Verbal Testimony
II Verbal Testimony (Sabda) : Instructive assertion of a reliable
person that is, one who is possessed of true knowledge and is
truthful.
The validity of verbal knowledge depends upon two
conditions:
1. The meaning of the statement must be perfectly
understood,
2. The statement must be the expression of a trustworthy
person, that is, an apta.
There are two main ways of classifying sabda, or testimony.
1. The first category consists of the trustworthy assertions of
ordinary persons, saints, sages, and scriptures on matters
related to the perceptible objects of the world. Examples are
the evidence given by expert witnesses in court, the statements
of reliable physicians about physiology, and scriptural
declarations concerning the performance of certain rites.
2. The second type of testimony consists of the trustworthy
assertions of persons, saints, sages, and scriptures on matters
concerning the supersensible realities. Examples are a
physicist's assertions about atoms, a nutritionist's statements
regarding vitamins, a prophet's instructions on virtue, and
scriptural statements about God and immortality.
How can
a child
know ?………
We will check your genes and tell
you who your father is in 800 years.
Medical test
by Genetic Finger print
takes 800 years to identify a
lot of 200 men
one of whom is
Likely to be your
Father.
Inductive Knowledge
Just ask your
mother and know
who your father is!
Deductive
Knowledge
VEDIC KNOWLEDGE
Revealed absolute Truth Composed by sages
Every word unchanged eternally SRUTI SMRTI Wording may change from age to age
VEDAS UPAVEDAS Ritual Sutras Tantras
Rg, Yajur, Dhanurveda VEDANGAS Connected to Spoken by Lord Pancaratras Puranas Itihasas Six Darshanas
Sama, Atharva Ayurveda, etc. Kalpa-vedanga Siva to Parvati
Srauta Sutras Vaisnava
Samhitas Kalpa
explains 18 Major
mantras ritual details worship
public yajnas
Brahmanas Grhya Sutras
Siksa
ritual explanation
pronunciation
explains 18 Minor
of mantras home yajnas Tamasic
Aranyakas
Vyakarana Dharma Sutras
esoteric explanation
grammar Law books
of mantras Rajasic
Upanisads Nirukta
Jnana-kanda
etymology Dharma Sastras
philosophy of Brahman including Manu- Sattvic
samhita and others
Chandas
meters
Jyotisa Vedanta Mimamsa Nyaya Vaisesika
astronomy-time (Gautama)
(Vyasa) (Jaimini) (Kanada) Yoga Sankhya
calculation (Epistemology, logic)
(Metaphysics) (Hermeneutics) (Metaphysics) (Patanjali) (Atheist Kapila)
philosophy of
theology of interpreting philosophy of (Sadhana) (Metaphysics)
knowledge
Upanisads scriptural texts existence
including logic
sisters sisters sisters
Axiomatic Truth
Self Evident Theory which requires no proof
Axiomatic truths in modern science:
K Eg. Definition of a Point – A circle with radius zero
N Eg. Imaginary no. “i” - Cannot be plotted
O
W Both are beyond proof in theory but they exist in reality.
L
E
D
G
E
S
Axiomatic Truth
Modern science confirms Vedic truths
Cow Dung
K
N
O
W
L
E
D
G
E
S
Axiomatic Truth
Modern science confirms Vedic truths
Bhugol
K
N
O
W
L
E
D
G
E
S
Axiomatic Truth
Modern science confirms Vedic truths
Plants have Life
K
N
O
W
L
E
D
G
E
S
Vedas have predicted the birth of great personalities
Buddha (SB 1.3.24) Chanakya (SB 12.1.11) Ashoka (SB 12.1.12)
Caitanya Mahaprabhu
(Mahabharata 127.92.75, SB 11.5.32)
Christ , Mohammed (Bhavishya puran,
Atharva veda, kanda 20, shukta 127)
If we accept axioms in Science, then what
aboutVedic axioms?
There is no science
without axioms
Imaginary number ‘i’
Heisenberg’s uncertainty
principle
Third Law of Thermodynamics
Discover the Glory
of India
Bharat
Glories of India
Glory of India :Ayurveda
Modern science confirms Vedic truths
Human Embryology
K
N
O
W
L
E
D
G
E
S
ASTRONOMY - 1
1000 Years Before Copernicus
Copernicus published his theory of the revolution of the Earth in 1543.
A thousand years before him, Aryabhatta in 5th century (400-500 CE)
stated that the Earth revolves around the sun, "just as a person
travelling in a boat feels that the trees on the bank are moving,
people on earth feel that the sun is moving".
In his treatise Aryabhatteeam, he clearly states that our earth is round,
it rotates on its axis, orbits the sun and is suspended in space and
explains that lunar and solar eclipses occur by the interplay of the
sun, the moon and the earth
ASTRONOMY – 2
The Law of Gravity - 1200 Years Before Newton
The Law of Gravity was known to the ancient Indian
astronomer Bhaskaracharya. In his Surya Siddhanta, he
notes:
"Objects fall on earth due to a force of attraction by the earth.
therefore, the earth, the planets, constellations, the moon
and the sun are held in orbit due to this attraction".
It was not until the late 17th century in 1687, 1200 years later,
that Sir Isaac Newton rediscovered the Law of Gravity.
Branches of Vedas
Matter Metaphysical
Glory Of Vedic India : Advanced Mathematics
➢Indians discovered Arithmetic and Geometric
progression. Arithmetic progression is
explained in Yajurveda.
➢Govindaswamin discovered Newton Gauss
Interpolation formula about 1800 years before
Newton.
➢Vateswaracharya discovered Newton Gauss
Backward Interpolation formula about 1000
years before Newton.
Glory Of Vedic India : Advanced Mathematics
➢ Parameswaracharya discovered Lhuiler’s formula about 400
years before Lhuiler.
➢ Nilakanta discovered Newton’s Infinite Geometric
Progression convergent series.
➢ Positive and Negative numbers and their calculations were
explained first by Brahmagupta in his book Brahmasputa
Siddhanta.
➢ Aryabhatta also propounded the Heliocentric theory of
gravitation, thus predating Copernicus by almost one
thousand years.
Glory Of Vedic India : Mathematics
➢ The value of "pi" was first calculated by Boudhayana, and
he explained the concept of what is known as the
Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th
century long before the European mathematicians. This
was ‘validated’ by British scholars in 1999.
➢ Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India.
Quadratic equations were propounded by Sridharacharya in
the 11th century.
➢ The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were
106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 1053 with
specific names as early as 5000 BC during the Vedic period.
Even today, the largest used number is Tera: 1012.
Mathematics-1
Zero –The Most Powerful Tool
• India invented the Zero, without which there
would be no binary system. No computers! The
earliest recorded date, an inscription of Zero on
Sankheda Copper Plate was found in Gujarat,
India (585-586 CE).
Mathematics-2
Invention of Geometry
• Euclid is credited with the invention of
Geometry in 300 BCE while the concept of
Geometry in India emerged in 1000 BCE,
from the practice of making fire altars in
square and rectangular shapes.
Mathematics-3
The Value of PI in India
• The ratio of the circumference and the diameter of a
circle are known as Pi, which gives its value as
3,1428571. The old Sanskrit text Baudhayana Shulba
Sutra of the 6th century BCE mentions this ratio as
approximately equal to 3. Aryabhatta in 499, CE worked
the value of Pi to the fourth decimal place as 3.1416.
Centuries later, in 825 CE Arab mathematician
Mohammed Ibna Musa says that "This value has been
given by the Hindus (Indians)".
Mathematics-4
Pythagorean Theorem or
Baudhayana Theorem?
The so-called Pythagoras Theorem – the square of the
hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle equals the sum of
the square of the two sides – was worked out earlier in
India by Baudhayana in Baudhayana Sulba Sutra. He
describes: "The area produced by the diagonal of a
rectangle is equal to the sum of the area produced by it
on two sides."
[Note: Greek writers attributed the theorem of Euclid to
Pythagoras]
ATOMIC PHYSICS
• Sage Kanad (circa 600 BCE) stated that every object in
creation is made of atoms that in turn connect with
each other to form molecules nearly 2,500 years before
John Dalton.
• The eminent historian, T.N. Colebrook said, "Compared
to scientists of Europe, Kanad and other Indian
scientists were the global masters in this field.“
