IMPACT OF PROCRASTINATION TO ACADEMIC PERFORMANCES 1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Procrastination is a prevalent and pernicious form of self-regulatory failure that is not

entirely understood. Hence, the relevant conceptual, theoretical, and empirical work is

reviewed, drawing upon correlational, experimental, and qualitative findings. A meta-

analysis of procrastination's possible causes and effects, based on 691 correlations,

reveals that neuroticism, rebelliousness, and sensation seeking show only a weak

connection. Strong and consistent predictors of procrastination were task aversiveness,

task delay, self-efficacy, and impulsiveness, as well as conscientiousness and its facets of

self-control, distractibility, organization, and achievement motivation. These effects

prove consistent with temporal motivation theory, an integrative hybrid of expectancy

theory and hyperbolic discounting. Continued research into procrastination should not be

delayed, especially because its prevalence appears to be growing (Steel, 2007).

Procrastination is the practice of carrying out less urgent tasks in preference to more

urgent ones, or doing more pleasurable things in place of less pleasurable ones, and thus

putting off impending tasks to a later time.

|Nowadays the senior high school students are given several school requirements

which they need to accomplish in a short period of time. Most of them can submit their

requirements before the deadline, but some fail to submit their requirements on time due

to internal factors. This in return, affects their academic performance negatively.

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In school, students also fight an unvarying battle between procrastination and

motivation. Students who are chronic procrastinators may be at risk of underachieving

academically. And it became a hindrance to those students who get demotivated and off-

track whenever there is an unpleasant happening in school. A phenomenon that can affect

all areas of a person’s life.

Unfortunately, this procrastination can have a serious impact on a number of life

areas, including a person's mental health. In a 2007 study, researchers found that at the

beginning of the semester, students who were procrastinators reported less illness and

lower stress levels than non-procrastinators. This changed dramatically by the end of the

term when procrastinators reported higher levels of stress and illness. Not only can

procrastination have a negative impact on your health; it can also harm your social

relationships. By putting things off, you are placing a burden on the people around you. If

you habitually turn in projects late or dawdle until the last minute, the people who depend

on you such as your friends, family, co-workers, and fellow students can become

resentful (Cherry, 2019).

As stated by Lakshminarayan et al., (2013) the term “procrastination” has been

defined as “the act of needlessly delaying tasks to the point of experiencing subjective

discomfort or putting off that which is necessary to reach some goal.” Procrastination is a

current topic of interest across multiple fields, from finance (as people defer dealing with

their financial troubles) to health care (as people delay seeing their physicians).

Unfortunately, it also has been associated with numerous negative outcomes including

neuroticism, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, aversiveness, task delay, and low self-

efficacy and conscientiousness, in addition to its facets of self-control, distractibility,

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organization, achievement motivation, and poor academic performance. Hence, such

negative outcomes are believed to interfere with task performance. Postponing a task

frequently leads to a larger task and more serious problems like stress, a sense of guilt

and crisis, severe loss of personal productivity, and social disapproval for not meeting

responsibilities or commitments. When these feelings are combined, they may promote

further delays or procrastination. For example, when people postpone a visit to the dentist

or the reading assignments for a college course, they often have more severe dental

problems or an all-night cramming session later on, respectively. It is regarded as normal

for people to procrastinate to some degree, but such procrastination becomes problematic

when it impedes normal functioning.

Laeus, (2015) explained that procrastination is the avoidance of doing a task that

needs to be accomplished. He further states that procrastinate is the process of doing

more pleasurable things in place of less pleasurable ones or carrying out less urgent tasks

instead of more urgent ones, thus putting off impending tasks to a later time. However,

the procrastination serves as a major problem that contributes to poor reading and the

inability of the students to read and understanding in the post-primary education in

Nigeria today. Moreover, it affects the reading culture among the students only a few

students are reading and perform well, even this contributes the eagerness of the students

who involve in examinations malpractices both internal and external examinations. For

instance, in 2014 and 2015 (WAEC) canceled the results of more than four zones in

Nigeria. (South- West, South-South, South-east and North) of senior secondary school

certificate examination), while in other zones many students could not pass English

language and Mathematics.

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Dilmac, (2009) stated that the procrastination appears to be a troubling phenomenon,

people most strongly characterized it as being bad, harmful, and foolish. Justifying this

viewpoint, several studies have linked it to individual performance, with the

procrastinator performing more poorly overall, and to individual well-being, with the

procrastinator being more miserable in the long term. At larger levels of analysis,

Procrastination has been linked to several organizational and societal issues.

Behavioral procrastination is a self-sabotage strategy that allows people to shift blame

and avoid action, for example: a student may do poorly in an exam and use

procrastination as an excuse. “Ferrari also thinks that procrastinators suffer from low

esteem and self-doubt and worry about how other people judge their abilities. Prolonged

procrastination and failure to perform adequately creates a cycle of self-defeating

behavior, which results in a downward spiral of self-esteem. Self-inflicted degradation

and shame of this kind often translates into stress and (mental) health problems at some

point. (Ojo, 2019)

As stated by Cherry, (2019) this procrastination can have a serious impact on a

number of life areas, including a person's mental health. In a 2007 study, researchers

found that at the beginning of the semester, students who were procrastinators reported

less illness and lower stress levels than non-procrastinators. This changed dramatically by

the end of the term when procrastinators reported higher levels of stress and illness. Not

only can procrastination have a negative impact on your health; it can also harm your

social relationships. By putting things off, you are placing a burden on the people around

you. If you habitually turn in projects late or dawdle until the last minute, the people who

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depend on you such as your friends, family, co-workers, and fellow students can become

resentful.

Ackerman and Gross, (2005) studied 198 undergraduate college students from two

large public universities in the southwestern United States. The researchers administered

5 a self-report measure where participants were asked about their own overall proclivity

to procrastinate, an assignment-related measure that included questions about task

importance (norms, deadlines, rewards, and interdependence, task appeal (interest level

and skill variety), and task difficulty (knowledge required, scope of task, and clarity), and

a behavioral measure of procrastination which measured actual procrastination behavior

on a previous class assignment. They found that participants who were low on

procrastination reported more interest in the assignments compared to those who

procrastinated more. This supports the idea that interest is an important motivator, and

that if instructors were to develop and use assignments perceived by students as being

interesting, procrastination could possibly decrease. Additionally, tasks that require

students to use a greater variety of skills to complete an assignment may also be

perceived as being interesting, which may motivate students to start earlier. Therefore,

while it may be difficult to create assignments that appeal to all students, if the

assignment allows the use of a variety of skills, the perceived interest is thought to be

greater. Clarity of instructions was also a factor that was found to be significant. The

researchers also found that unambiguous instructions that enabled students to understand

exactly what was expected and required to succeed on an assignment could reduce the

fear of starting. Procrastination was also found to decrease when there were rewards or

incentives for starting early.

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According to Kim and Seo, (2015) stated that relationship between procrastination

and academic performance is influenced by nature of performance indicator, the choices

of procrastination measures, and demographic profile of study sample. They emphasized

that (a) self-reported procrastination was strongly associated with academic performance

more than externally assessed procrastination, (b) procrastination is strongly related to

externally assessed performance more than self-report performance, (c) procrastination is

strongly correlated with academic performance among younger people more than older

people, and procrastination is negatively related to performance in western and

individualistic society

This quantitative study aims to know how this problem affects the academic

performances of the Selected Senior High School respondents at St. Augustine Academy

of Pampanga. The findings of this study will provide the school management useful

information on how procrastination affect the student’s academic performances. All

information are useful in such ways in planning to spread awareness on how importance

of knowledge on the said matter.

Conceptual Framework

According to Simpson and Pychyl, (2009) stated that, “procrastination may be

defined as a way to avoid or escape from undesirable tasks. The procrastinator usually

justifies his action by saying that "This is a boring assignment," or "I will do it later". In

another definition, the procrastination has been described as an intentional, unreasonable

postponement of the taken decisions, being unaware of the fact that this will bring about

certain negative consequences”. Procrastination is a widespread problem related to self-

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regulation, which is realized as deferral of the beginning and completing the important,

necessary assignments. Procrastination may produce important negative consequences

such as anxiety and depression, regarding the personality. (Sirois, 2007)

Students nowadays gives priority to the technological aspect of the era especially in

the context of social media. Sometimes, it is the students’ way of motivation and as a

reliable resource. Procrastination happens when students lose focus where the projects

must done earlier before the submissions. It is a feeling of need or urgence on how and

when to finish a task in a certain period of time

According to some researches, student learners’ motivation to study or acquire a new

set of skills can change within a short span of time or with some barriers along the way.

Because of these, those students who are unmotivated need assistance from other people,

particularly by offering them some advantages and rewards for achieving the goal. Below

are some factors that affect student motivation.

Self-efficacy is one of the key to avoid procrastination. It is similar to self-discipline

as well as time management. No matter how many the tasks given, it will produce a

disciplined student to be more passionate in doing projects with quality. Self-efficacy

refers to an individual’s belief on one’s capacity to produce a desirable outcome. (Coon

& Mitterer, 2010). It carries the effect of motivating a person to engage in a particular

activity or behavior. Generally, higher sense of self-efficacy might able to motivate an

individual to exert greater amount of effort and persistence when encounter with

obstacles. Conversely, the lower the perceived self-efficacy is, the higher the tendency to

procrastinate. It might lead to emergence of negative thought in a person mind which

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obstruct them from perform a task, as they developed a perspective of being not

efficacious. Hence, lack of perceived self-efficacy lends an avoidance behavior towards

tasks or assignment appointed to them. (Delamater & Myers, 2007)

Most studies on procrastination relate to academic procrastination and have been

conducted with college and university student samples. There has been very little

research attention to procrastination at work, and the few studies that have been

conducted do not always address well-being but instead focus on other issues in relation

to procrastination, for example, the types of jobs procrastinators occupy (Nguyen, Steel,

& Ferrari, 2013). This chapter addresses procrastination at work and how it may affect

well-being based upon research focusing on avoidance behavior at work, as will be

explained later. After a brief discussion of how to define procrastination, an overview is

provided of what we may learn from the studies conducted so far. A conceptual

framework is then presented that may guide future research in this area.

Based on the problems stated, the proponents pointed out that an "Anti-

Procrastination Seminar" would be helpful for the senior high school students of St.

Augustine Academy of Pampanga.

The figure involved the statement of the problem. It also involved the process used in

gathering the data of the whole study: survey questionnaires in a form of survey forms

through an unstructured interview. Specifically, the steps of the study are: (a) distribution

of survey forms; (b) collection of survey questionnaires; (c) tallying of survey

questionnaires; and (d) interpreting survey questionnaires. The output shown the desired

outcome of the whole study.

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Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

Input Process Output

Demographic Profile
Selected Grade 11 and
12 of St. Augustine
Academy of Pampanga

Gathering of data
Gender
through:
Anti-Procrastination
Seminar of the Senior
Relationship between High School at St.
Academic Performance Augustine Academy Of
and Procrastination Pampanga

Survey Questionnaires
Difference between
Academic Performance
and Procrastination

Feedback

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Statement of the Problem

The main objective of the researcher of this study is to determine the impact of

procrastination of selected Senior High School students on their academic performances

at St. Augustine Academy of Pampanga school year 2019-20120.

1) How may the respondents demographic profile be describe in terms of:

1.1 Gender; and

1.2 Age?

2) How may the respondents procrastination be describe in terms of:

2.1 Study habits;

2.2 School works; and

2.3 Decision making?

3) How may the respondents’ academic performance be measured in terms of

general average?

4) Is there a significant relationship between procrastination and academic

performance?

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5) Is there a significant difference between procrastination and academic

performance?

6) Based on the problem, what program may be proposed?

Hypothesis

In the light of the above cited objectives, the following hypothesis has been

formulated by the researcher:

H1: There is a significant relationship between the procrastination and academic

performances of the senior high school respondents at St. Augustine Academy of

Pampanga.

Significance of the Study

This study is done to know the impacts of students that affect their academic

performances and their surrounding environment. It provided ideas and deep information

that may be useful to our society in the future. Thus, the following are the beneficiaries of

the study:

To the Students. . They are the senior high school students and future senior high

school students of the St. Augustine Academy of Pampanga. They are the main concern

of this study that will help them to know the possible reasons of their procrastination and

their impact in studies as well as to the community.

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To the Teachers. For the faculty teachers of the senior high school students of St.

Augustine Academy of Pampanga, this will help them to know what and why does their

students attain undesirable grades and having a poor performance in their studies. This

study will help them to consider procrastination as a reason and will be aware of the thing

that they could do to help their students.

To the School. The school is considered as one of the beneficiaries of this study

because we, the researchers, intentions on conducting may enlighten them and it may

help them make a move on reaching their hands to those students who's procrastinating

their schools works or another activities. The school can be an environment of developing

and helping the children grow individually since school is not just about a place for

education, but it is also a home for the students.

To the Society. The society will benefit from this study by making the people

realize on how procrastination can having a huge damage to a student. Furthermore, this

will help them open their minds and hearts to those who are experiencing the problem,

particularly the parents, who are the most influential people to us youth.

To the Guidance Counselor. This relates to the guidance counselor of St. Augustine

Academy of Pampanga, which he or she is the one who makes activities for the good of

students. This will serve them as basis for a possible program for the student’s

procrastination and for the improvement of their academic excellence.

To the Researchers. By conducting a study, the researchers may also benefit from

this study because they can also get a useful information that they can use to their own

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study and this may help them to be aware of how to make a research paper more

effectively.

To the Parents. This refers to the parents of the senior high school students of St.

Augustine Academy of Pampanga, they are the guide of these student. And with this,

they will be aware of the procrastination of their children and will help and guide them in

their studies.

To the Future Researchers. This is also to the future researchers; this study will be

beneficial for them because they can use this study as a guide to acquire more knowledge

on conducting a research paper and on how to develop their research capability.

Scope and Delimitation

This study will determined the impact of procrastination to the academic performance

of selected Senior High School students at St. Augustine Academy of Pampanga. There

are some selected senor high school students to be the participants/respondents in the

study. The study used survey questionnaire to gather information and also an observation

to gather some data. On the other hand, the purpose of this study is to know the impact of

procrastination to the Senior High School students at St. Augustine Academy of

Pampanga.

Definition of Terms

For more information and to give ambiguity to the following terms and variables,

they are defined theoretically and effectively.

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Procrastination. Procrastination is s behavior that delaying or postponing

something. It refers interactive occussence in which one disregards or delays a timely

attendance to an obligatory assignment or judgment. This action subsequently leads to

some potential unpleasant and undesirable consequences. (Balkis M. & Duru E., 2007)

Academic Performance. Academic performance is the measurement of student

achievement across various academic subjects. Procrastination is an impediment to

students’ academic performance and outcomes and clarifies the need to develop and

study academic interventions for academic procrastination as a means to decrease its

prevalence in academic settings. (Goroshit M., 2018)

Acronyms

SHS- Senior High School

APA- American Psychological Association

SAAP- St. Augustine Academy of Pampanga

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Chapter 2

METHOD

This chapter have concisely discussed the research design, participants, and

development of research instruments, administration of the survey questionnaire, and the

statistical tool that was utilized in the analysis and interpretation of the gathering date and

information.

Research Design

The researchers of the study concentrated in a quantitative approach study; it was to

properly gain information and data that are quantifiable, in which it is the basic method in

presenting and examining the information and data. Quantitative approach also allows the

researchers to distant themselves from the participants to ensure an unbiased result to

provide exact data. Wherein the researchers applied two quantitative research designs,

descriptive research design and survey research design in the study.

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This study used the descriptive research method which is designed for the

researchers to gather information about present existing conditions needed in the chosen

field of study. This method enables the researchers to interpret the theoretical meaning of

the findings and hypothesis development for further studies.

According to McCombes, (2020) a descriptive research aims to accurately and

systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, when,

where, when and how questions, but not why questions. To determine cause and effect,

experimental research is required. A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of

quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate one or more variables. Unlike in

experimental research, the researcher does not control or manipulate any of the variables,

but only observes and measures them.

This just explains that descriptive research only focused on describing things and not

explaining why it happened. With this, it shows that descriptive research is very useful

with this kind of study to determine and identify the impact of having personal issues to

the respondents’ abilities

Correlational research design was also used to measures a relationship between two

variables without the researcher controlling either of them (McCombes, 2020).

According to McCombes, (2020) a correlational research design is a type of field

research, where you gather data about a behaviour or phenomenon in its natural

environment without intervening. This method often involves recording, counting,

describing and categorizing actions and events. Naturalistic observation can include both

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qualitative and quantitative elements, but to find correlation, you focus on data that can

be analyzed quantitatively

This method and structure deal with the different variations of perception of the

respondents for this study. It is also related on events that happened and still happening

until now supported by studies that were done before.

Respondents

The respondents of the study are the selected Grade 11 and 12 Senior High School

students. This study focused on the Senior High School students from STEM, ABM,

HUMSS, ICT, and HE. With the help of survey questionnaire, we will find out who

among the selected Grade 11 and 12 students from the strand of STEM, ABM, HUMSS,

ICT and HE are experiencing the impact of procrastination in their studies. A for STEM,

B for ABM, C for HUMSS, D for ICT and E for HE.

Table 1
Distribution of the Student-Respondents
Respondents Population Sample Percentage
A 35 28 83.33%

B 30 24 28.57%

C 20 16 19.05%

D 10 8 9.52%

E 10 8 9.52%

Total 105 83 100%

Instruments

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In gathering data and information, the researchers used survey questionnaire as the

principle instruments accompanied by unstructured interview.

The formulation of the questionnaire was according to researcher’s reading from the

related literature and available data. The question were drafted personally by the

researchers and served as the main instrument in gathering the necessary data and

information. Furthermore, the researchers used a closed type questionnaire is obtaining

relevant information from the respondents.

The questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first part of research instrument consist

of the items which gathers respondent’s profile such as their name, strand, gender, and

general weighted average. The second part was a survey questionnaire was about the

procrastination of the respondents in terms of: school habits, school works, and decision

making.

Data Collection

The researchers, through letter-request, with the consent and approval of the research

teacher, SHS coordinator and the principal of SAAP to conduct this research study.

Researchers will personally administer the survey questionnaire to the respondents. The

researcher will retrieve the survey questionnaires from the respondents and will interpret

the said result.

Moreover, unstructured interview will be conducted to for further information

relevant to the study. According to Patton (2002), unstructured interviews involve a

complex interaction between researchers and interview subjects undertaken for the

purpose of collecting data pertaining to cognitive processes, social worlds, and

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experiences. Unlike structured interviews, yet similar to natural conversations,

researchers ask questions that are largely unscripted. Unstructured interviews are

informal conversational interviews in which respondents may not even know they are

being interviewed. Unstructured interviews do not rely on a list of predetermined

questions.

Ethical Considerations

The researchers strictly maintained the confidentiality of the information gathered.

The researchers secure the distribution of data and to obey to the ethical standards in

conducting questionnaire concerning the grade 11 and 12 Senior High School students at

St. Augustine Academy Of Pampanga. The researchers also maintained the

confidentiality of data that were being gathered in order to protect the respondents’

reputation and identity .This way, the respondents were assured that the information

given from them were kept and handled with utmost care. This just shows that it is a sign

of respect to the contributors of the study especially to the respondents, because some of

their answers may contain sensitive information about them or about others.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Precise statistical tools were involved to manipulate the gathered data in the right

ways which are listed as follows:

1. Slovin’s Formula

2. Frequency Distribution was used in this study to represent the data that were

gathered from the survey questionnaires.

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3. The researchers also used the Likert Scale to analyze the respondents’ impact of

procrastination through their academic performances in using the four-point scale

value and the conversion of the qualified weighted mean into the descriptive

rating.

Scale Value Range Interval Description

4 3.25 – 4.00 (SA) Strongly

Agree

3 2.51 – 3.24 (A) Agree

2 1.76 – 2.50 (D) Disagree

1 1.00-1.75 (SD) Strongly

Disagree

4. Percentage Distribution and mean was used to determine the assessment of the

respondents about the impact of procrastination to the academic performances of

the selected senior high school.

5. F-test was used to determine if there is a significant difference between means of

two groups. This tool was used to determine the significant difference

procrastination and academic performances.

6. Pearson

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