UK Physical Landscapes:

Rivers and Coasts.

COASTAL PROCESSES: Draw and annotate a diagram to show Longshore Drift.
COASTAL PROCESSES: Draw and annotate a diagram to show Longshore Drift.
 https://timefo
rgeography.co
.uk/videos_lis
t/coasts/types
-waves/

Make notes
on the
differences
between
constructive
and
destructive
waves.
WATCH:
https://timeforgeography.co.uk/videos_list/coasts/subae
rial-erosion-processes/

Freeze Thaw Weathering.

Deposition Landforms: Sand Dunes:
Sand dunes form at the
Embryo dunes are
back of large sandy
found at the front
beaches.
of the sand dune.
You can see how the
gradient changes due to
a strong onshore wind
moving sand to the back
of the beach.
Marram Grass-long
roots bind sand The further inland- the
together. vegetation changes (this
Areas of sand that have is called dune
been eroded away. succession.) It becomes
more dense due to
https://timeforgeography.co.uk/videos favourable growing
_list/coasts/formation-sand-dunes/ conditions. (E.G less
wind/salt.
Coastal Landforms created by Deposition:

Dune S _ _ _ _ _ Example : Dawlish Warren- How are they managed?

Wooden Boardwalks to protect plants and stop tourists disturbing
dunes wildlife and creating further erosion.
Education Boards- To show ecological importance of sand dunes in
Missing Words: proving habitats.
embryo fore nutrients sand marram Wooden Fencing-to protect dune slacks and encourage
slacks grey older water regeneration of dunes.
Visitor Centre- Educate schools/visitors about SSSI status.
 Beaches
Groynes are • Found on coasts between high and
used to slow low water marks.
down LSD
and allow • Formed by constructive waves.
sediment to
build up on • Made up of transported material.
beaches. • Sand beaches created by low
energy waves and are flat and
wide. (e.g Dawlish Warren)
• Shingle beaches formed by high
energy waves and are steep and
narrow as sand particles washed
away leaving larger shingle which
What is a berm?
forms a steep slope. (e.g Budleigh A terrace on a beach that has formed
Salterton) in the backshore, above the water
level at high tide.
 Title: What are the impacts of Coastal Erosion?
Conflict Example: Holderness, NE England.
There has been an increase in erosion at Great Cowden because of the groynes used in Mappleton. This has led to farms
being destroyed by the erosion and the loss of 100 chalets at the Golden Sands Holiday Park.
Some people disagree with where the sea defences are located, especially if it means the land in their community is not
protected. Some sea defences negatively impact tourism and reduce the amount of money coming in to the area.
WATCH:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-VzLG15yMQ&t=218s

SOCIAL: People have lost homes to ECONOMIC: Visitor numbers dropped in ENVIRONMENTAL:SSSIs
erosion; farmers have lost farmland Bridlington by over 30% between 1998-2006 -Many (sites of special scientific
and a dairy farm has been lost (Sue coastal towns such as Mappleton, rely on tourism interest) are threatened .
Earle) -Loss of homes leaves home for income, should these towns not be protected Defences make protect
owners with negative equity (their from erosion using expensive coastal protection one area but increase
homes are worth much less than they schemes, their trade would diminish and facilities flooding along the coast.
paid for them or still owe on would close down. -With loss of jobs, the
mortgages) -Difficult to get insurance migration of young people from these coastal
or a mortgage for housing -People towns and villages to areas with higher
cannot afford to repair or even employment is more likely.
demolish damaged property
RIVERS
 Do you know the different
types of
RIVER PROCESSES: erosion/transportation?
OS MAPS: UPPER STAGE:

WHAT OTHER LANDFORMS ARE FOUND IN THE UPPER STAGES?

OS MAPS: MIDDLE STAGE:
OS MAPS: LOWER STAGE:

WHAT OTHER LANDFORMS ARE FOUND IN THE LOWER STAGES?

PROCESSES: UPPER STAGE
Sketch and label a
diagram to show the
difference between a
CROSS SECTION and
LONG PROFILE of a
river.

WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
VERTICAL AND LATERAL
EROSION?
DEPOSITION LANDFORMS

Can you place the

1 sentences into the
correct order?
4

2 5

6
3
 What is a Hydrograph? Be READY TO LEARN
Think like a Geographer

The volume of water flowing along a river is its discharge. It is

measured in cumecs (cubic metres per second). Hydrographs
plot river discharge after a storm. It shows how discharge
rises during a storm, reaches its peak and then returns to the
normal rate of flow. The shape of a hydrograph is affected by
rainfall and by drainage basin characteristics.
Answers:
1.1 20:00 on Day 1
1.2 18 hours
1.3 The River Seeton is more likely to flood because it has a higher peak
discharge meaning there is more water in the channel. Also it has a
shorter lag time, meaning that discharge rises more quickly and cannot
be contained in the channel
1.4 Built up areas contain a lot of impermeable surfaces and drains.
Impermeable surfaces increase surface runoff and drains quickly take
runoff to rivers, so the hydrograph will have a higher peak discharge
and a shorter lag time.
 URBAN AREA RURAL AREA

Impermeable rocks, eg granite

encourage rapid overland flow.

Urbanisation encourages rapid Forests slow down water transfer due to

water transfer. interception.

Steep Gradient increase in surface runoff.

Saturated soils increase surface runoff.

WATCH:

https://timeforgeography.co.u
k/videos_list/rivers/river-
management-hard-
engineering/
MODEL ANSWER:
To what extent are hard engineering schemes sustainable? (9)
To a strong extent hard engineering such as the construction of dams and reservoirs are widely used to
regulate the river flow and reduce the risk of flooding . However, dams are expensive, for example Kielder
Dam and Reservoir in Northumberland cost £167 million and may cause economic instability for farmers
of land further downstream as soils can become less fertile which can reduce crop yields . On the other
hand, as well as reducing the risk of flooding, dams can also be used as a source of drinking water and
hydroelectric power, for example Kielder Dam generates 6MW of electricity, enough to serve a town of
10,000 people . This means that dams are very sustainable as they reduce the risk of flooding and provide
many other services to the population and environment.
Flood relief channels are artificial channels that are designed to run parallel as a back up channel for a
river that frequently floods . The River Exe, Exeter has three relief channels that remove the risk of
flooding from designated areas and protects around 3,000 properties. However, the use of flood relief
channels are not sustainable as Exeter's relief channels took twelve years to build, meaning they take a
long time to come into effect and properties are still flooded in the meantime To conclude the use of
dams and reservoirs are very sustainable as these have multiple purposes which can reap benefits in the
long term whereas the use of flood relief channels cost a lot and take a while to work, meaning properties
continue to be flooded and so this is not sustainable.
To conclude the use of dams and reservoirs are very sustainable as they are multipurpose schemes, which
can reap benefits in the long term, whereas the use of flood relief channels cost a lot and take a while to
work, meaning properties continue to be flooded and so this is not sustainable.
Hazards:
Tectonics/Weather/Climate Change.
Answers:
1.1 & 1.2

1.3 Winds move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
Air from the Equator rises and moves towards the poles then cools
down and sinks at about 30 degrees north and south of the Equator.
1.4 C Low rainfall, rarely cloudy
The Living World.
Pack away in
silence
 Explain 2
ENVIRONMENTAL environmental
IMPACTS. impacts of
deforestation on
the :

1) SOIL

Loss of
BIODIVERSITY- 2) CLIMATE
Parts of the
Amazon rainforest
could lose between
30-45 % of their
AGAIN REFER TO
main species by
2030. CGP HELP SHEET
IF UNSURE.
 LEACHING-nutrients washed out of soil by
rainfall.

CARBON SINKS-CO2 STORED IN TREES.

 COLD ENVIRONMENT:
Match up the environmental damage to the correct management strategy.

Environmental Damage: Management Strategies:

1) 2 million tourists visit Alaska each year. This A) The Trans-Alaskan Pipeline-Raised and
creates problems of sewage disposal and insulated pipeline to prevent the hot oil
disturbs wildlife. melting the ground. It also has an automatic
2) Melting permafrost which could release shut-off system to prevent leakage.
large quantities of methane which can increase B) The 1959 Antarctic Treaty, limits visitors
global warming. landing at one site to 100 at a time.
3) Mineral and energy mining can cause C) World Wild Fund for Nature is a
ground and water pollution and logging conservation group that supports Scientific
activities destroy natural habitats. research to help protect important species.
4) Polar bears are adapted to hunt on ice and D) 1964 Wilderness Act-Government can make
their numbers are decreasing as sea ice melts laws to protect areas from resource
Earlier each year. development
How can risks to cold environments be reduced?
Sample GCSE Question (9M)
Its important that we practise 9M questions. There will be a 9M question at the end of the unit on The Living
World and it is always on Cold Environments.

QUESTION: For your chosen environment, assess the importance of

management strategies used to reduce the risk of environmental
damage. (9 MARKS)
1)Name and locate your chosen case study.
2)Make a judgement-management strategies are very important. If Alaska is not looked after properly, the
FRAGILE cold environments not only take a long time to recover from human activity, but could be destroyed
forever.
3) Look at the table on Slide 10-use these as your examples for management strategies and explain how each
one reduces environmental damage.
4) FINAL CONCLUSION: Overall, all the strategies help to balance conservation with economic development.
They show that with careful management, impacts can be minimised on a local scale. Perhaps the biggest
threat is the global attitude to burning fossil fuels. Therefore, international agreements are particularly
important, because all nations need to work together to maintain these unique environments.