Designation: C33/C33M − 16´1

Standard Specification for

Concrete Aggregates1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C33/C33M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

ε1 NOTE—Editorially corrected 3.2.1 and Footnote B of Table 1 in November 2016.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This specification defines the requirements for grading 2.1 ASTM Standards:3

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and quality of fine and coarse aggregate (other than lightweight C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)
or heavyweight aggregate) for use in concrete.2 and Voids in Aggregate
1.2 This specification is for use by a contractor, concrete C40 Test Method for Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates
supplier, or other purchaser as part of the purchase document for Concrete
describing the material to be furnished. C87 Test Method for Effect of Organic Impurities in Fine
Aggregate on Strength of Mortar
NOTE 1—This specification is regarded as adequate to ensure satisfac- C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of
tory materials for most concrete. It is recognized that, for certain work or Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
in certain regions, it may be either more or less restrictive than needed. For
example, where aesthetics are important, more restrictive limits may be C117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-µm (No. 200)
considered regarding impurities that would stain the concrete surface. The Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
specifier should ascertain that aggregates specified are or can be made C123 Test Method for Lightweight Particles in Aggregate
available in the area of the work, with regard to grading, physical, or C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
chemical properties, or combination thereof.
gregates
1.3 This specification is also for use in project specifications C131 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-
to define the quality of aggregate, the nominal maximum size Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los
of the aggregate, and other specific grading requirements. Angeles Machine
Those responsible for selecting the proportions for the concrete C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
mixture shall have the responsibility of determining the pro- Aggregates
portions of fine and coarse aggregate and the addition of C142 Test Method for Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in
blending aggregate sizes if required or approved. Aggregates
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units C150 Specification for Portland Cement
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in C227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining C289 Test Method for Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance Aggregates (Chemical Method) (Withdrawn 2016)4
with the standard. C294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-
crete Aggregates
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes C295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes Concrete
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
as requirements of this standard. Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
C330 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Struc-
tural Concrete
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.20 on Normal Weight Aggregates.
3
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016. Published March 2016. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C33/C33M – 13. DOI: contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
10.1520/C0033_C0033M-16E01. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
2
For lightweight aggregates, see Specifications C330, C331, and C332; for the ASTM website.
4
heavyweight aggregates see Specification C637 and Descriptive Nomenclature The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
C638. www.astm.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 C33/C33M − 16´1
TABLE 1 Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregate D3665 Practice for Random Sampling of Construction Ma-
Sieve (Specification E11) Percent Passing terials
9.5-mm (3⁄8-in.) 100 E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
4.75-mm (No. 4) 95 to 100 Sieves
2.36-mm (No. 8) 80 to 100
1.18-mm (No. 16) 50 to 85 2.2 Other Standards:
600-µm (No. 30) 25 to 60 AASHTO T 330 Method of Test for the Qualitative Detec-
300-µm (No. 50) 5 to 30
150-µm (No. 100) 0 to 10
tion of Harmful Clays of the Smectite Group in Aggre-
75-µm (No. 200) 0 to 3.0A,B gates Using Methylene Blue5
A
For concrete not subject to abrasion, the limit for material finer than the 75-µm
(No. 200) sieve shall be 5.0 % maximum. 3. Terminology
B
For manufactured fine or other recycled aggregate, if the material finer than the
75-µm (No. 200) sieve consists of the dust of fracture, essentially free of clay or 3.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to
shale, this limit shall be 5.0% for concrete subject to abrasion, and 7% maximum Terminology C125.
for concrete not subject to abrasion.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 aggregate, recycled, n—granular material that has
been diverted, separated, or removed from the solid waste
C331 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete stream, and processed for use in the form of raw materials or
Masonry Units products.
C332 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Insulat-
ing Concrete 4. Ordering and Specifying Information
C342 Test Method for Potential Volume Change of Cement- 4.1 The direct purchaser of aggregates shall include the
Aggregate Combinations (Withdrawn 2001)4 information in 4.2 in the purchase order as applicable. A project
C441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground specifier shall include in the project documents information to
Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of describe the aggregate to be used in the project from the
Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction applicable items in 4.3.
C535 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large- 4.2 Include in the purchase order for aggregates the follow-
Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los ing information, as applicable:
Angeles Machine 4.2.1 Reference to this specification, as C33____,
C586 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Carbon- 4.2.2 Whether the order is for fine aggregate or for coarse
ate Rocks as Concrete Aggregates (Rock-Cylinder
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aggregate,
Method) 4.2.3 Quantity, in metric tons or tons,
C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements 4.2.4 When the order is for fine aggregate:
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined 4.2.4.1 Whether the restriction on reactive materials in 7.3
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete applies,
C637 Specification for Aggregates for Radiation-Shielding 4.2.4.2 In the case of the sulfate soundness test (see 8.1)
Concrete which salt is to be used. If none is stated, either sodium sulfate
C638 Descriptive Nomenclature of Constituents of Aggre- or magnesium sulfate shall be used,
gates for Radiation-Shielding Concrete 4.2.4.3 The appropriate limit for material finer than 75-µm
C666/C666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to (No. 200) sieve (see Table 1). If not stated, the 3.0 % limit shall
Rapid Freezing and Thawing apply,
C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and 4.2.4.4 The appropriate limit for coal and lignite (see Table
Mortars 2). If not stated, the 1.0 % limit shall apply,
C1105 Test Method for Length Change of Concrete Due to 4.2.5 When the order is for coarse aggregate:
Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction
C1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
C1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious
Mixtures 5
AASHTO Standard Specifications, Part 2B: Tests. Available from American
C1260 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Ag- Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N.
gregates (Mortar-Bar Method) Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001, http://www.transportation.org.
C1293 Test Method for Determination of Length Change of
Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction TABLE 2 Limits for Deleterious Substances in Fine Aggregate for
C1567 Test Method for Determining the Potential Alkali- Concrete
Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Mate- Mass Percent
Item of Total Sample,
rials and Aggregate (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method) max
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates Clay lumps and friable particles 3.0
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils (With- Coal and lignite:
drawn 2016)4 Where surface appearance of concrete 0.5
is of importance
D2419 Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and All other concrete 1.0
Fine Aggregate

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 C33/C33M − 16´1
4.2.5.1 The grading (size number) (see 10.1 and Table 3), or specifications, limits, or test methods. Recycled aggregates may require
alternate grading as agreed between the purchaser and aggre- evaluation for environmental considerations (air quality, water quality,
storage) using the appropriate local, state, and federal test methods in
gate supplier. effect at the time of use.
4.2.5.2 The class designation (see 11.1 and Table 4),
4.2.5.3 Whether the restriction on reactive materials in 11.2 6. Grading
applies, 6.1 Sieve Analysis—Fine aggregate, except as provided in
4.2.5.4 In the case of the sulfate soundness test (see Table 6.2 and 6.3 shall be graded within the limits in Table 1.
4), which salt is to be used. If none is stated, either sodium NOTE 3—Concrete with fine aggregate gradings near the minimums for
sulfate or magnesium sulfate shall be used, and percent passing the 300 µm (No.50) and 150 µm (No.100) sometimes have
4.2.6 Any exceptions or additions to this specification (see difficulties with workability, pumping or excessive bleeding. The addition
Note 1). of entrained air, additional cement, or the addition of an approved mineral
admixture to supply the deficient fines, are methods used to alleviate such
4.3 Include in project specifications for aggregates the difficulties.
following information, as applicable: 6.2 The fine aggregate shall have not more than 45 %
4.3.1 Reference to this specification, as C33____. passing any sieve and retained on the next consecutive sieve of
4.3.2 When the aggregate being described is fine aggregate: those shown in 6.1, and its fineness modulus shall be not less
4.3.2.1 Whether the restriction on reactive materials in 7.3 than 2.3 nor more than 3.1.
applies,
4.3.2.2 In the case of the sulfate soundness test (see 8.1) 6.3 Fine aggregate failing to meet these grading require-
which salt is to be used. If none is stated, either sodium sulfate ments shall meet the requirements of this section provided that
or magnesium sulfate shall be used. the supplier can demonstrate to the purchaser or specifier that
4.3.2.3 The appropriate limit for material finer than the concrete of the class specified, made with fine aggregate under
75-µm (No. 200) sieve (see Table 1). If not stated, the 3.0 % consideration, will have relevant properties (see Note 6) at
limit shall apply, and least equal to those of concrete made with the same
4.3.2.4 The limit that applies with regard to coal and lignite ingredients, with the exception that the reference fine aggregate
(Table 2). If not stated, the 1.0 % limit shall apply. shall be selected from a source having an acceptable perfor-
4.3.3 When the aggregate being described is coarse mance record in similar concrete construction.
aggregate, include: NOTE 4—Manufactured fine aggregate having elevated proportions of
4.3.3.1 The nominal maximum size or sizes permitted, material passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve may need further evaluation to
based on thickness of section or spacing of reinforcing bars or ensure that material passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve is essentially
composed of dust of fracture derived from the parent rock in the crushing
other criteria. In lieu of stating the nominal maximum size, the operation, and does not contain an appreciable level of clay minerals or
specifier shall designate an appropriate size number or numbers other deleterious constituents as described in Descriptive Nomenclature
(see 10.1 and Table 3). Designation of a size number to indicate C294. Because some of the dust of fracture may occur in the clay size
a nominal size shall not restrict the person responsible for range, defined here as material finer than 2 µm, care must be taken to
selecting proportions from combining two or more gradings of properly differentiate these clay-sized materials from clay minerals.
Natural fine aggregate with elevated proportions of material passing the
aggregate to obtain a desired grading, provided that the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve may have higher potential for clay mineral content.
gradings are not otherwise restricted by the project specifier Various means are available for characterizing these fines, such as
and the nominal maximum size indicated by the size number is petrographic analysis (Guide C295), sand equivalent determination (Test
not exceeded, Method D2419), hydrometer analysis (Test Method D422), methylene
4.3.3.2 The class designation (see 11.1 and Table 4), blue adsorption determination (AASHTO T 330) and X-ray diffraction
analysis. While these techniques are useful for investigative purposes, no
4.3.3.3 Whether the restriction on reactive materials in 11.2 specific limits have been established for prediction of performance of
applies, these materials in concrete under various intended service conditions.
4.3.3.4 In the case of the sulfate soundness test (see Table Methylene blue adsorption and hydrometer analyses are believed to be
4), which salt is to be used. If none is stated, either sodium two relatively quick and reliable tests for characterization of material
sulfate or magnesium sulfate shall be used, and passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve to determine suitability for use in
concrete. Research (1,2) has indicated that manufactured fine aggregate
4.3.4 The person responsible for selecting the concrete with less than 4 % by mass finer than 2 µm, and with methylene blue
proportions if other than the concrete producer. adsorption values less than 5 mg/g generally is suitable for use in concrete.
4.3.5 Any exceptions or additions to this specification (see Fine aggregate that exceeds these values also may be suitable for use
Note 1). provided that fresh and hardened concrete properties are shown to be
acceptable.
FINE AGGREGATE NOTE 5—Fine aggregate that conforms to the grading requirements of
a specification, prepared by another organization such as a state transpor-
5. General Characteristics tation agency, which is in general use in the area, should be considered as
having a satisfactory service record with regard to those concrete
5.1 Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand, manufac- properties affected by grading.
tured sand, or other recycled aggregate, or a combination NOTE 6—Relevant properties are those properties of the concrete that
thereof. are important to the particular application being considered. STP 169D6
provides a discussion of important concrete properties.
NOTE 2—This standard only addresses properties of aggregates consid-
ered necessary for use in concrete and the associated test methods
contained within this standard. Certain recycled aggregate sources may 6
Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete Making
contain materials and properties not addressed as part of the document Materials, STP 169D, ASTM, 2006.

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TABLE 3 Grading Requirements for Coarse Aggregates

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Amounts Finer than Each Laboratory Sieve (Square-Openings), Mass Percent
Nominal Size
Size Number (Sieves with 100 90 mm 75 mm 63 mm 50 mm 37.5 mm 25.0 mm 19.0 mm 12.5 mm 9.5 mm 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.18 mm 300 µm
Square Openings) mm (31⁄2 in.) (3 in.) (21⁄2 in.) (2 in.) (11⁄2 in.) (1 in.) (3⁄4 in.) (1⁄2 in.) (3⁄8 in.) (No. 4) (No. 8) (No. 16) (No.50)
(4 in.)

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1 90 to 37.5 mm 100 90 to 100 ... 25 to 60 ... 0 to 15 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ... ... ... ...
(31⁄2 to 11⁄2 in.)

2 63 to 37.5 mm ... ... 100 90 to 100 35 to 70 0 to 15 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ... ... ... ...

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(21⁄2 to 11⁄2 in.)

3 50 to 25.0 mm ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 35 to 70 0 to 15 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ... ... ...
(2 to 1 in.)

357 50 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... 100 95 to 100 ... 35 to 70 ... 10 to 30 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ...
(2 in. to No. 4)

4 37.5 to 19.0 mm ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 20 to 55 0 to 15 ... 0 to 5 ... ... ... ...
(11⁄2 to 3⁄4 in.)

467 37.5 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... ... 100 95 to 100 ... 35 to 70 ... 10 to 30 0 to 5 ... ... ...
(11⁄2 in. to No. 4)

5 25.0 to 12.5 mm ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 20 to 55 0 to 10 0 to 5 ... ... ... ...
(1 to 1⁄2 in.)

56 25.0 to 9.5 mm ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 40 to 85 10 to 40 0 to 15 0 to 5 ... ... ...
(1 to 3⁄8 in.)

57 25.0 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... ... ... 100 95 to 100 ... 25 to 60 ... 0 to 10 0 to 5 ... ...
(1 in. to No. 4)
C33/C33M − 16´1

6 19.0 to 9.5 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 20 to 55 0 to 15 0 to 5 ... ... ...

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(3⁄4 to 3⁄8 in.)

67 19.0 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 ... 20 to 55 0 to 10 0 to 5 ... ...

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(3⁄4 in. to No. 4)

7 12.5 to 4.75 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 40 to 70 0 to 15 0 to 5 ... ...
(1⁄2 in. to No. 4)

8 9.5 to 2.36 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 85 to 100 10 to 30 0 to 10 0 to 5 ...
(3⁄8 in. to No. 8)

89 9.5 to 1.18 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 90 to 100 20 to 55 5 to 30 0 to 10 0 to 5
( 3⁄8 in. to No. 16)

9A 4.75 to 1.18 mm ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 85 to 100 10 to 40 0 to 10 0 to 5
(No. 4 to No. 16)
A
Size number 9 aggregate is defined in Terminology C125 as a fine aggregate. It is included as a coarse aggregate when it is combined with a size number 8 material to create a size number 89, which is a coarse
aggregate as defined by Terminology C125.
 TABLE 4 Limits for Deleterious Substances and Physical Property Requirements of Coarse Aggregate for Concrete
NOTE 1—See Fig. 1 for the location of the weathering regions and Note 11 for guidance in using the map. The weathering regions are defined as follows:
(S) Severe Weathering Region—A cold climate where concrete is exposed to deicing chemicals or other aggressive agents, or
where concrete may become saturated by continued contact with moisture or free water prior to repeated freezing and thawing.

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(M) Moderate Weathering Region—A climate where occasional freezing is expected, but where concrete in outdoor service will not
be continually exposed to freezing and thawing in the presence of moisture or to deicing chemicals.
(N) Negligible Weathering Region—A climate where concrete is rarely exposed to freezing in the presence of moisture.
Maximum Allowable, %

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Sum of Clay
Lumps, Fri-
Material
Class Type or Location of Concrete Clay able Magnesium
Chert (Less Finer
Designation Construction Lumps and Particles, Coal and Sulfate
Than 2.40 sp Than 75-µm AbrasionA

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Friable Par- and Lignite Soundness
gr SSD) (No. 200)
ticles Chert (Less (5 cycles)B
Sieve
Than 2.40 sp
gr SSD)
Severe Weathering Regions
1S Footings, foundations, columns and 10.0 ... ... 1.0C 1.0 50 ...
beams not exposed to the weather, in-
terior floor slabs to be given coverings
2S Interior floors without coverings 5.0 ... ... 1.0C 0.5 50 ...
3S Foundation walls above grade, retaining 5.0 5.0 7.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
walls, abutments, piers, girders, and
beams exposed to the weather
4S Pavements, bridge decks, driveways 3.0 5.0 5.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
and curbs, walks, patios, garage floors,
exposed floors and porches, or water-
front structures, subject to frequent
wetting
5S Exposed architectural 2.0 3.0 3.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
or decorative concrete
Moderate Weathering Regions
1M Footings, foundations, columns, and 10.0 ... ... 1.0C 1.0 50 ...
beams not exposed to the weather, in-
terior floor slabs to be given coverings
C33/C33M − 16´1

2M Interior floors without coverings 5.0 ... ... 1.0C 0.5 50 ...

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3M Foundation walls above grade, retaining 5.0 8.0 10.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
walls, abutments, piers, girders, and
beams exposed to the weather

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4M Pavements, bridge decks, driveways 5.0 5.0 7.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
and curbs, walks, patios, garage floors, exposed floors
and porches, or water-
front structures subject to frequent wet-
ting
5M Exposed architectural 3.0 3.0 5.0 1.0C 0.5 50 18
or decorative concrete
Negligible Weathering Regions
1N Slabs subject to traffic abrasion, bridge 5.0 ... ... 1.0C 0.5 50 ...
decks, floors, sidewalks, pavements
C
2N All other classes of concrete 10.0 ... ... 1.0 1.0 50 ...
A
Crushed air-cooled blast-furnace slag is excluded from the abrasion requirements. The rodded or jigged bulk density (unit weight) of crushed air-cooled blast-furnace slag shall be not less than 1120 kg/m3 [70 lb/ft3].
The grading of slag used in the bulk density (unit weight) test shall conform to the grading to be used in the concrete. Abrasion loss of gravel, crushed gravel, or crushed stone shall be determined on the test size or
sizes most nearly corresponding to the grading or gradings to be used in the concrete. When more than one grading is to be used, the limit on abrasion loss shall apply to each.
B
The allowable limits for soundness shall be 12 % if sodium sulfate is used.
C
This percentage under either of the following conditions: (1) is permitted to be increased to 1.5 if the material is essentially free of clay or shale; or (2) if the source of the fine aggregate to be used in the concrete is
known to contain less than the specified maximum amount passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve Table 1 the percentage limit (L) on the amount in the coarse aggregate is permitted to be increased to L = 1 + [(P)/(100 − P)]
(T − A), where P = percentage of sand in the concrete as a percent of total aggregate, T = the Table 1 limit for the amount permitted in the fine aggregate, and A = the actual amount in the fine aggregate. (This provides
a weighted calculation designed to limit the maximum mass of material passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve in the concrete to that which would be obtained if both the fine and coarse aggregate were supplied at the
maximum tabulated percentage for each of these ingredients.)
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 C33/C33M − 16´1
6.4 For continuing shipments of fine aggregate from a given 8.3 Fine aggregate not having a demonstrable service record
source, the fineness modulus shall not vary more than 0.20 and failing to meet the requirements of 8.1 shall be regarded as
from the base fineness modulus. The base fineness modulus meeting the requirements of this section provided that the
shall be that value that is typical of the source. The purchaser supplier demonstrates to the purchaser or specifier it gives
or specifier has the authority to approve a change in the base satisfactory results in concrete subjected to freezing and
fineness modulus. thawing tests (see Test Method C666/C666M).
NOTE 7—The base fineness modulus should be determined from COARSE AGGREGATE
previous tests, or if no previous tests exist, from the average of the
fineness modulus values for the first ten samples (or all preceding samples
if less than ten) on the order. The proportioning of a concrete mixture may 9. General Characteristics
be dependent on the base fineness modulus of the fine aggregate to be 9.1 Coarse aggregate shall consist of gravel, crushed gravel,
used. Therefore, when it appears that the base fineness modulus is
crushed stone, air-cooled blast furnace slag, or crushed
considerably different from the value used in the concrete mixture, a
suitable adjustment in the mixture may be necessary. hydraulic-cement concrete (see Note 8), or other recycled
aggregate (see Note 2), or a combination thereof, conforming
7. Deleterious Substances to the requirements of this specification.
7.1 The amount of deleterious substances in fine aggregate NOTE 8—Although crushed hydraulic-cement concrete has been used as
shall not exceed the limits prescribed in Table 2. an aggregate with reported satisfactory results, its use may require some
additional precautions. Mixing water requirements may be increased
7.2 Organic Impurities: because of the harshness of the aggregate. Partially deteriorated concrete,
7.2.1 Fine aggregate shall be free of injurious amounts of used as aggregate, may reduce freeze-thaw resistance, affect air void
organic impurities. Except as herein provided, aggregates properties or degrade during handling, mixing, or placing. Crushed
concrete may have constituents that would be susceptible to alkali-
subjected to the test for organic impurities and producing a aggregate reactivity or sulfate attack in the new concrete or may bring
color darker than the standard shall be rejected. sulfates, chlorides, or organic material to the new concrete in its pore
7.2.2 Use of a fine aggregate failing in the test is not structure.
prohibited, provided that the discoloration is due principally to
the presence of small quantities of coal, lignite, or similar 10. Grading
discrete particles. 10.1 Coarse aggregates shall conform to the requirements
7.2.3 Use of a fine aggregate failing in the test is not prescribed in Table 3 for the size number specified.
prohibited, provided that, when tested for the effect of organic
NOTE 9—The ranges shown in Table 3 are by necessity very wide in
impurities on strength of mortar, the relative strength at 7 days, order to accommodate nationwide conditions. For quality control of any
calculated in accordance with Test Method C87, is not less than specific operation, a producer should develop an average grading for the
95 %. particular source and production facilities, and should control the produc-
tion gradings within reasonable tolerances from this average. Where
7.3 Fine aggregate for use in concrete that will be subject to coarse aggregate size numbers 357 or 467 are used, the aggregate should
wetting, extended exposure to humid atmosphere, or contact be furnished in at least two separate sizes.
with moist ground shall not contain any materials that are
deleteriously reactive with the alkalies in the cement in an 11. Deleterious Substances
amount sufficient to cause excessive expansion of mortar or 11.1 Except for the provisions of 11.3, the limits given in
concrete, except that if such materials are present in injurious Table 4 shall apply for the class of coarse aggregate designated
amounts, use of the fine aggregate is not prohibited when used in the purchase order or other document (see Note 10 and Note
with a cement containing less than 0.60 % alkalies calculated 11). If the class is not specified, the requirements for Class 3S,
as sodium oxide equivalent (Na2O + 0.658K2O), if there is a 3M, or 1N shall apply in the severe, moderate, and negligible
satisfactory service record evaluation, or with the addition of a weathering regions, respectively (see Table 4 and Fig. 1).
material that has been shown to prevent harmful expansion due
to the alkali-aggregate reaction. (See Appendix X1, X1.1.2, NOTE 10—The specifier of the aggregate should designate the class of
X1.1.3) coarse aggregate to be used in the work, based on weathering severity,
abrasion, and other factors of exposure (see Table 4 and Fig. 1) . The limits
for coarse aggregate corresponding to each class designation are expected
8. Soundness to ensure satisfactory performance in concrete for the respective type and
location of construction. Selecting a class with unduly restrictive limits
8.1 Except as provided in 8.2 and 8.3, fine aggregate may result in unnecessary cost if materials meeting those requirements are
subjected to five cycles of the soundness test shall have a not locally available. Selecting a class with lenient limits may result in
weighted average loss not greater than 10 % when sodium unsatisfactory performance and premature deterioration of the concrete.
sulfate is used or 15 % when magnesium sulfate is used. While concrete in different parts of a single structure may be adequately
made with different classes of coarse aggregate, the specifier may wish to
8.2 Fine aggregate failing to meet the requirements of 8.1 require the coarse aggregate for all concrete to conform to the same more
shall be regarded as meeting the requirements of this section restrictive class to reduce the chance of furnishing concrete with the
provided that the supplier demonstrates to the purchaser or wrong class of aggregate, especially on smaller projects.
specifier that concrete of comparable properties, made from NOTE 11—For coarse aggregate in concrete exposed to weathering, the
map with the weathering regions shown in Fig. 1 is intended to serve only
similar aggregate from the same source, has given satisfactory as a guide to probable weathering severity. Those undertaking
service when exposed to weathering similar to that to be construction, especially near the boundaries of weathering regions, should
encountered. consult local weather bureau records for amount of winter precipitation
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FIG. 1 Location of Weathering Regions

and number of freeze-thaw cycles to be expected, for determining the in the absence of a demonstrable service record, provided that
weathering severity for establishing test requirements of the coarse the aggregate produces concrete having satisfactory relevant
aggregate. For construction at altitudes exceeding 1520 m [5000 ft] above
sea level, the likelihood of more severe weathering than indicated by the
properties (see Note 6).
map should be considered. In arid areas, severity of weathering may be
less than that indicated. In either case, the definitions of weathering METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING
severity in Table 4 would govern. If there is doubt in choosing between
two regions, select the more severe weathering region. 12. Methods of Sampling and Testing
11.2 Coarse aggregate for use in concrete that will be 12.1 Sample and test the aggregates in accordance with the
subject to wetting, extended exposure to humid atmosphere, or following methods, except as otherwise provided in this
contact with moist ground shall not contain any materials that specification. Make the required tests on test specimens that
are deleteriously reactive with the alkalies in the cement in an comply with requirements of the designated test methods. It is
amount sufficient to cause excessive expansion of mortar or not prohibited to use the same test specimen for sieve analysis
concrete except that if such materials are present in injurious and for determination of material finer than the 75-µm (No.
amounts, the coarse aggregate is not prohibited when used with 200) sieve. The use of separated sizes from the sieve analysis
a cement containing less than 0.60 % alkalies calculated as is acceptable for soundness or abrasion tests, however, addi-
sodium oxide equivalent (Na2O + 0.658K2O), if there is a tional test specimen preparation is required (see Note 12). For
satisfactory service record evaluation, or with the addition of a other test procedures and the evaluation of potential alkali
material that has been shown to prevent harmful expansion due reactivity, when required, use independent test specimens.
to the alkali-aggregate reaction. (See Appendix X1, X1.1.2,
X1.1.3) NOTE 12—The material used for the soundness test requires resieving to
allow proper test specimen preparation as specified in Test Method C88.
11.3 Coarse aggregate having test results exceeding the
limits specified in Table 4 shall be regarded as meeting the 12.1.1 Sampling—Practice D75 and Practice D3665.
requirements of this section provided the supplier demonstrates 12.1.2 Grading and Fineness Modulus—Test Method C136.
to the purchaser or specifier that concrete made with similar 12.1.3 Amount of Material Finer than 75-µm (No. 200)
aggregate from the same source has given satisfactory service Sieve—Test Method C117.
when exposed in a similar manner to that to be encountered; or,
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12.1.4 Organic Impurities—Test Method C40.

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12.1.5 Effect of Organic Impurities on Strength—Test 12.1.11 Reactive Aggregates—See Appendix X1.
Method C87. 12.1.12 Freezing and Thawing—Procedures for making
12.1.6 Soundness—Test Method C88. freezing and thawing tests of concrete are described in Test
12.1.7 Clay Lumps and Friable Particles— Test Method Method C666/C666M.
C142.
12.1.13 Chert—Test Method C123 is used to identify par-
12.1.8 Coal and Lignite—Test Method C123, using a liquid
ticles in a sample of coarse aggregate lighter than 2.40 specific
of 2.0 specific gravity to remove the particles of coal and
lignite. Only material that is brownish-black, or black, shall be gravity, and Guide C295 to identify which of the particles in
the light fraction are chert.

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considered coal or lignite. Coke shall not be classed as coal or
lignite.
12.1.9 Bulk Density (Unit Weight) of Slag—Test Method 13. Keywords
C29/C29M. 13.1 aggregates; coarse aggregate; concrete aggregates; fine
12.1.10 Abrasion of Coarse Aggregate—Test Method C131 aggregate
or Test Method C535.

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. METHODS FOR EVALUATING POTENTIAL FOR DELETERIOUS EXPANSION DUE TO ALKALI REACTIVITY OF AN
AGGREGATE

X1.1 Introduction aggregate reaction. See the mitigation sections in this appendix
under X1.3 Alkali-Silica Reaction and X1.4 Alkali-Carbonate
X1.1.1 Laboratory Methods—Many test methods for evalu-
Rock Reaction and References cited for discussion of preven-
ating the potential for deleterious expansion due to alkali
tion strategies for new concrete.
reactivity of an aggregate have been proposed and some have
been adopted as ASTM standards. However, there is no general
X1.2 Background
agreement on the relation between the results of these tests and
the amount of expansion to be expected or tolerated in service. X1.2.1 Background information on alkali-aggregate reac-
Therefore, evaluation of the suitability of an aggregate should tion can be found in Ref (3)7, Descriptive Nomenclature C294,
be based upon judgment, interpretation of test data, and results and Guide C295 as discussed as follows. Additional discussion
of examinations of concrete structures containing the same is included in Refs (4) (5). These references address both
aggregates and similar cementitious materials having similar alkali-silica reaction and alkali-carbonate rock reaction.
levels of alkalies. Results of the tests referred to in this X1.2.1.1 Descriptive Nomenclature C294 for Constituents
appendix may assist in making the evaluation. When interpret- of Concrete Aggregates—This nomenclature provides descrip-
ing expansion of laboratory specimens, consideration should tions of constituents of mineral aggregates and includes dis-
be given not only to expansion values at specific ages, but also cussion of which have been associated with deleterious expan-
to the shape of the expansion curve, which may indicate sion due to alkali reaction.
whether the expansion is leveling off or continuing at a X1.2.1.2 Guide C295 (Petrographic Examination of
constant or accelerating rate. Aggregates)—This guide outlines the procedures for examin-
ing an aggregate sample or a sample from a potential aggregate
X1.1.2 Service Record Evaluation—Valid, comparable con- source to determine whether substances that are potentially
crete service record data, if available, should take precedence deleteriously reactive are present; and, if so, in what amounts.
over laboratory test results in most cases. To be considered X1.2.1.3 Alkali-Silica Reaction—Certain materials are
valid, a record of satisfactory service should be available for at known to be potentially deleteriously alkali-silica reactive.
least 10 years for aggregates, cementitious materials, and These include forms of silica such as opal, chalcedony,
exposures sufficiently similar to those in which an aggregate is tridymite, and cristobalite; cryptocrystalline and
being considered for future use. Longer periods of documented microcrystalline, strained, or highly fractured quartz; and
service may be required for proposed work designed for a intermediate to acid (silica-rich) volcanic glass such as is likely
particularly long service life in moist conditions, or if labora- to occur in rhyolite, andesite, or dacite. Determination of the
tory test results show that the aggregate may be deleteriously presence and quantities of these materials by petrographic
reactive. examination is helpful in evaluating potential alkali reactivity.
X1.1.3 Mitigation of Alkali-Aggregate Reaction—If an ag- An aggregate can be potentially deleteriously reactive when
gregate has been judged to be potentially deleteriously reactive
in concrete either through laboratory or service record
evaluation, use of the aggregate should be considered with 7
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
measures known to prevent excessive expansion due to alkali- this standard.

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some of these materials, such as opal, are present in very small available. The limits may not be conservative for slowly
quantities (for example, 1 %). reactive aggregates. Test Method C227 is not suitable for
X1.2.1.4 Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction—The reaction of slowly reactive aggregates, and its use for this purpose is not
dolomite in certain carbonate rocks with alkalies has been advised (3, 4). Aggregates suspected of being slowly reactive
associated with deleterious expansion of concrete containing should be evaluated using Test Method C1260 or Test Method
such rocks as coarse aggregate. The most rapidly reactive C1293. Test Method C227 is also used with a specific reactive
carbonate rocks possess a characteristic texture in which glass aggregate to verify the mitigation effectiveness of
relatively large crystals of dolomite are scattered in a finer- blended cements meeting Specification C595, with the Table 2
grained matrix of calcite and clay. These rocks also have a optional mortar expansion requirement, and meeting Perfor-
composition in which the carbonate portion consists of sub- mance Specification C1157 with Option R. These procedures
stantial amounts of both dolomite and calcite, and the acid- are similar to the provisions of Test Method C441 discussed as
insoluble residue contains a significant amount of clay. Certain follows for mineral admixtures and ground slag.
purely dolomitic rocks also may produce slow expansion in X1.3.3 Test Method C342 (Mortar Bars Subjected to
concrete. Changes in Moisture and Temperature)—This withdrawn test
method was intended for research concerning the potential
X1.3 Alkali-Silica Reaction expansion of cement-aggregate combinations involving se-
X1.3.1 Test Method C289 (Chemical Method)—The results lected aggregates found in parts of Oklahoma, Kansas,
of the test are values for the quantities of dissolved silica (Sc) Nebraska, and Iowa. Due to the specimen conditioning
and reduction in alkalinity (Rc) for each of the three test procedures, the expansion of mortar bars in this test method
portions from the prepared aggregate test sample. Aggregates may not be related to alkali-silica reaction under normal-
represented by plotted points (Sc, Rc), which lie on the temperature conditioning. Data on the use of this test method
deleterious side of the solid curve of Fig. X1.1 of Test Method are given in the references cited in a footnote in the test
C289 usually should be considered potentially reactive. Three method. It is indicated that cement-aggregate combinations
regions are delineated in the figure: (1) aggregates considered tested by this procedure in which expansion equals or exceeds
innocuous; (2) aggregates considered potentially deleterious; 0.20 % at an age of 1 year may be considered unsatisfactory for
and (3) aggregates considered deleterious. Aggregates repre- use in concrete exposed to wide variations of temperature and
sented by points lying in the potentially deleterious region degree of saturation with water. This test method is not
above the dashed line in Fig. X1.1 of Test Method C289 may recommended for use in regions other than previously cited.
give relatively low expansions in mortar or concrete even X1.3.4 Test Method C1260 (Mortar-Bar Method for Poten-
though they are extremely reactive with alkalies. The test can tial Alkali Reactivity of Aggregate)—This test method is an
be made quickly and can provide helpful information, except accelerated screening technique developed for the detection of
for slowly reactive rocks such as some granitic gneiss and materials that develop deleterious expansions slowly over a
quartzite. Also, as pointed out in the appendix to Test Method long period of time. Some aggregates that perform well in the
C289, the results may not be correct for aggregates containing field have been shown to fail this test (6, 7). Results of this test
carbonates or magnesium silicates, such as antigorite method should not be used for rejection of aggregates unless it
(serpentine), or constituents producing late-slow reactivity. See has been established using the sources of supplementary
the appendix to Test Method C289 for a discussion of the information cited in the test method that the detected expansion
interpretation of results and applicable references. If test results is actually due to alkali-silica reaction. There is good agree-
indicate deleterious or potentially deleterious character, the ment in the published literature cited in the test method for the
aggregates should be tested in accordance with Test Methods expansion limits: (1) expansions of less than 0.10 % at 16 days
C227 or C1293 to verify the potential for expansion in after casting are indicative of innocuous behavior in most
concrete. cases; (2) expansions of more than 0.20 % at 16 days are
X1.3.2 Test Method C227 (Mortar-Bar Method for Cement- indicative of potentially deleterious expansion; and (3) expan-
Aggregate Combinations)—The results of this test method, sions between 0.10 and 0.20 % at 16 days include both
when a high-alkali cement is used, furnish information on the aggregates that are known to be innocuous and deleterious in
likelihood of potentially deleterious expansion occurring. The field performance. If test results indicate expansion greater
alkali content of the portland cement should be at least 0.8 %, than 0.10 % at 16 days, the aggregate should be tested in
expressed as percent sodium oxide equivalent (%Na2O + 0.658 accordance with Test Method C1293 unless appropriate field
× %K2O). Combinations of aggregate and cementitious mate- experience demonstrates that it does not cause deleterious
rials that have produced excessive expansions in this test expansion in concrete. (See X1.3.6.)
method should be considered potentially reactive. While the X1.3.5 Test Method C1293 (Concrete Prism Method for
line of demarcation between innocuous and potentially delete- Alkali-Silica Reactivity)—The test method evaluates the aggre-
rious combinations is not clearly defined, expansion is gener- gates independently, or combinations of aggregate with cemen-
ally considered to be excessive if it exceeds 0.05 % at 3 months titious materials composted of hydraulic cement and pozzolan
or 0.10 % at 6 months. Expansions greater than 0.05 % at 3 or ground granulated blast-furnace slag for potential alkali-
months should not be considered excessive when the 6-month silica reaction expansion using concrete prisms. The test
expansion remains below 0.10 %. Data for the 3-month tests method is accelerated by using an elevated alkali content and
should be considered only when 6-month results are not Test Method C227 exposure conditions. The appendix to Test
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Method C1293 provides guidance on interpretation of the X1.3.8 Test Method C1567 (Accelerated Mortar-Bar
results. When evaluating aggregates independently, those with Method for Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity
expansions equal to or greater than 0.04 % at one year are of Combinations of Cementitious Materials and Aggregate)—
considered potentially deleteriously reactive. When evaluating This test method evaluates specific combinations of aggregate
combinations of hydraulic cement and pozzolan or ground with cementitious materials composed of hydraulic cement and
granulated blast-furnace slag, the test is extended to two years pozzolans or ground granulated blast-furnace slag under stor-
using the 0.04 % expansion limit. This test method is consid- age conditions described in Test Method C1260. Because
ered to be the most reliable procedure among ASTM Test mortar specimens are stored in 1N NaOH solution, the test may
Methods for the evaluation of aggregates for alkali-silica underestimate the effectiveness of cementitious materials that
reaction. rely to a significant degree on low alkali content for mitigation.
In general, expansions less than 0.10 % at 16 days are
X1.3.6 Mitigation of Alkali-Silica Reaction—Normally if an considered to indicate effective control of potential ASR-
aggregate is shown to be nonreactive or innocuous by produc- related expansion of the aggregate by the specific combination
ing little or no expansion in Test Method C1260 or Test Method of cementitious materials.
C1293, no mitigation is necessary. Similarly, if the aggregate
X1.3.9 The use of Test Method C1293 to evaluate the
has a long satisfactory service record with similar cementitious
mitigation of potentially reactive aggregates is discussed in
materials having similar or higher alkali levels, no mitigation is
X1.3.5.
necessary. On the other hand, use of aggregates judged to be
potentially deleteriously alkali-silica reactive should be con- X1.4 Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction
sidered with the use of measures known to prevent excessive X1.4.1 Test Method C586 (Rock Cylinders Method for
expansion. These include measures such as: low-alkali cement Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction)—Rocks that are capable of
(Specification C150 with the low-alkali option); blended ce- potentially deleterious carbonate rock reaction are relatively
ments (Specification C595 with the Table 2 optional mortar infrequent and seldom constitute a significant proportion of a
expansion requirement or Performance Specification C1157 deposit of rock being considered for use in making aggregate
with Option R); pozzolanic materials (meeting the optional for concrete. Test Method C586 has been successfully used in
physical requirement on effectiveness in controlling alkali- research and in preliminary screening of aggregate sources to
silica reaction in Specification C618 or reactivity with cement indicate the presence of material with a potential for deleteri-
alkalies in Specification C1240 for silica fume); or ground slag ous expansions when used in concrete.
(shown to be effective in preventing excessive expansion of
X1.4.2 Test Method C1105 (Concrete-Prism Method for
concrete due to alkali-aggregate reaction as discussed in
Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction)—This test method is in-
Appendix X3 of Specification C989). The effectiveness of the
tended to evaluate specific combinations of materials in con-
cementitious materials or admixtures, or both, chosen to
crete when the aggregate is regarded as susceptible to delete-
mitigate a potentially reactive aggregate should be demon-
rious expansion in service due to the alkali-carbonate rock
strated through tests of the individual materials, or tests of the
reaction. The appendix to Test Method C1105 provides general
proposed combination in concrete. information and references concerning the interpretation of
X1.3.7 Test Method C441 (Mortar-Bar Method for Effec- results. A cement-aggregate combination might reasonably be
tiveness of Mineral Admixtures or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag classified as potentially deleteriously reactive if the average
in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete Due to the expansion of six concrete specimens is equal to or greater than:
Alkali-Silica Reaction)—This test method evaluates cementi- 0.015 % at 3 months; 0.025 % at 6 months; or 0.030 % at 1
tious materials in mortar bars as in Test Method C227 using year. Data for later ages are preferred.
highly-reactive borosilicate glass as the aggregate. Specifica- X1.4.3 Mitigation of Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction—
tion C618 provides a criterion for its use as applied to fly ash Normally, if a carbonate rock does not show the characteristic
and raw or calcined natural pozzolans when sampled and tested texture and composition associated with this type of reaction,
in accordance with Test Methods C311 by comparison with a or if it does not produce expansion in rock cylinders (Test
control mortar made with low-alkali cement. Specification Method C586) or concrete prisms (Test Method C1105), no
C1240 provides criteria for the use of Test Method C441 to mitigation is necessary for alkali-carbonate rock reaction.
evaluate silica fume for controlling expansion. Appendix X3 to Similarly, if the aggregate has a long satisfactory service record
Specification C989 describes its use for ground granulated with similar materials and conditions, no mitigation is neces-
blast-furnace slag. Project specific materials can be evaluated sary. On the other hand, use of aggregates judged to be
by proportioning the mortars according to the Job Mixture potentially deleteriously alkali-carbonate reactive in concrete is
clause. In evaluating the results of this test, it should be not recommended unless it can be shown that mitigation
recognized that borosilicate glass is more reactive than most methods will be effective. Pozzolans generally have not been
construction aggregates; therefore, the amount of a given found to control alkali-carbonate rock reaction. Measures
pozzolan or ground slag necessary to control expansion with a suggested for mitigation includes: avoiding reactive carbonate
portland cement of given alkali content may be higher than rocks; selective quarrying; diluting reactive rock to less than
needed to avoid deleterious expansion with a particular con- 20 % of the aggregate in the concrete; use of smaller maximum
struction aggregate. size; and the use of very low alkali cement.

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REFERENCES

(1) Ahn, N. and Fowler, D. W., “An Experimental Study on the Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1998 , 31 pages.
Guidelines for Using Higher Contents of Aggregate Microfines in (5) Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Berube, M. A., Fournier, B.,
Portland Cement Concrete,” ICAR Research Report 102-1F, Interna- and Durand, Eds, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference,
tional Center for Aggregates Research, University of Texas, Austin, Quebec City, Canada, June 2000, 1402 pages. (Note—This confer-
TX, 2001, 435 pp. (http://www.icar.utexas.edu/publications/101_2F/ ence and proceedings includes information on ASR and ACR in
101_2Cvr.pdf) concrete by researchers and experts from all over the world. Copies of
(2) Norvell, J.K., Stewart, J.G., Juenger, M.C.G and Fowler, D.W., the volume can be obtained from the International Centre for
“Influence of Clay and Clay-Sized Particles on Concrete Performance, Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete, 405 Rochester
”Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, Vol 19, No. 12,
Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0G1.)
December 2007, pp. 1053–1059.
(6) Hooton, R.D., and Rogers, C.A., “Evaluation of Rapid Test Methods
(3) Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-
Making Materials, Klieger, Paul and Lamond, Joseph F., Eds, ASTM for Detecting Alkali-Reactive Aggregates,” Proceedings of Eighth
STP 169C, 1994, 623 pages. See Chapter 31 on “Petrographic International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, Kyoto, 1989,
Evaluation of Concrete Aggregates,” by Richard C. Mielenz, Chapter pp. 439–444.
32 on “Alkali-Silica Reactions in Concrete” by David Stark, and (7) Fournier, B., and Berube, M.A., “Application of the NBRI Acceler-
Chapter 33 on “Alkali-Carbonate Rock Reaction” by Michael A. ated Mortar Bar Test to Siliceous Carbonate Aggregates Produced in
Ozol. the St. Lawrence Lowlands, Part 2: Proposed Limits, Rates of
(4) “State-of-the-Art Report on Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity” by ACI Expansion, and Microstructure of Reaction Products,” Cement and
Committee 221 on Aggregates, ACI 221.1R-98, American Concrete Concrete Research, Vol 21, 1991, pp. 1069–1082.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
C33/C33M – 13, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved Feb. 1, 2016.)

(1) Added 3.2 and Note 2. (3) Revised Footnote B in Table 1.

(2) Revised 5.1 and 9.1.

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