Science, Technology, and Society

HISTORICAL ANTECENDENTS IN THE Greek Civilization

COURSE OF SCIENCE AND • In-depth works on Philosophy and
TECHNOLOGY Mathematics

Inventions:
Ancient Times • Coliseum
• Olympics
Sumerian Civilization • Alarm clock
Inventions: • Water mill
• Cuneiform
- First writing system
• Plowing Roman Empire
• Dikes • Strongest political and social entity in
• Irrigation the West.
• Wheels • Cradle of politics and governance
• Mode of transportation was through
waterways Inventions:
• Developed the first road • Newspaper
❖ Mesopotamia (Iraq) • Bound books or codex
• Churches
Babylonian Civilization • Basilicas
Inventions: • Aqueducts
• Emerged near Tigris and Euphrates • Coliseums
River • Amphitheaters
• Hanging Garden of Babylon • Residential houses
- Built by King Nebuchadnezzar for his • Roman Numeral System
wife, Amyitis. - Number system
• Code of Hammurabi
“An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”
Chinese Civilization
Egyptian Civilization • Oldest civilization in Asia
Inventions:
Inventions:
• Death mask of Tutankhamen
• Silk trade
• Pyramid of Giza
• Tea production
• Water clock/ clepsydra
• Gun powder
• Paper/papyrus
• Great Wall of China
• Ink
• Hieroglyphics
- System of writing
MIDDLE AGES
• Cosmetics
• Wigs • Marred by massive invasions and
- Worn by wealthy Egyptians to protect migrations.
the shave of the heads from harmful • Wars are prevalent.
rays of the sun. • It is also known as the “Age of
Exploration”
Inventions: • Human beings were created through
• Printing press “Divine Creation”
- Invented by Johann Gutenberg
• Microscope 1. Model of the Solar System
- Invented by Zacharias Janssen (first Center of the universe
compound microscope, Circa 1595) ▪ Geo-centric Model
• Cross bows ⇾ Earth-centered
• Long bows ➢ The planet as well as the
• Chainmail sun and moon, moved in
circular motion around the
Earth.
MODERN TIMES ➢ Introduced by Cladius
• The booming world population during the Ptolemy
19th century onwards demanded that ➢ It lasted for 1,400 years
more goods be produced at faster rate.
▪ Helio-centric Model
Inventions: ⇾ Sun-centered
• Pasteurization ⇾ Introduced by Nicolaus
- Invented by Louis Pasteur Copernicus
⇾ French biologist ᴥ The man who moved
⇾ Microbiologist the Earth
⇾ Chemist ᴥ “On the Revolutions of
- The process of heating dairy products the Heavenly
to kill harmful bacteria that allow them Spheres”, the book that
to spoil faster. Copernicus published.
• Molecular
asymmetry Louis
2. Evolution of Human Being
• Fermentation Pasteur
Theory of Evolution by Natural
• Vaccination Selection
• Development of kerosene and petroleum ▪ Individual organisms within a
refinery industry particular species show a
• Telephone wide range of variation for a
- Invented by Alexander Graham Bell characteristic, individuals
- 1876 with characteristics most
• Modern calculator suited to the environment are
more likely to survive to
breed successfully; and the
characteristics that have
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT enabled these individuals to
DEFINED THE SOCIETY survive are then passed on to
the next generation.
• A period where paradigm shifts occurred
• War of great thinkers ▪ Theory of Charles Darwin
• It’s where scientific beliefs that have ⇾ English naturalist
been accepted and embraced were ⇾ Studied variation of plants,
challenged and opposed. animals, and fossils during
• In ancient times, Earth was the center of a 5-year voyage.
the universe. ⇾ He didn’t publish his
scientific work and ideas
 until 28 years after his Pre-Colonial Period
voyage.
⇾ Published a book entitled • The ancient practices in science and
“On the Origin of Species” technology by our ancestors are now
in 1859. considered as indigenous science or folk
science.

3. Psychoanalysis Some indigenous science and technology

• The study of human behavior have already existed with regards to:
• Psychology is a philosophy
- Logical reasoning Agriculture:
• Revolutionary theory of • Farming
psychoanalysis (clinical method) • Animal-raising
- Theory of Sigmund Freud • Utilization of plants and herbs as
medicine
3 Conflicting Elements
1. Id Technology:
- Primitive and instinctive • Handicrafts
component of your personality. • Weaving
2. Ego • Tools for:
- Reality or mediator between id - Planting
and superego. - Hunting
3. Superego - Cooking
- Moral conscience - Fishing
- Fighting
- Mining
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND • Indigenous technology in building
NATION BUILDING houses, irrigations, and transportation
(land and water)

Poverty
allivation • Banaue Rice Terraces
- Made by hand
Affordable Economic
energy growth • Believes in spirits and supernatural
entities

Role of
Environmental S&T in Spanish Regime
management Nation Health
Building • The colonization of Spaniards
contributed to the growth of S&T in the
country.
• Introduced formal education
Water • Founded scientific institution
Education
supply • Parish schools established where
religion, reading, writing and music
Agriculture
was taught.
• Sanitation
• Advance method of agriculture
 • Pharmacy and medicine
• Engineering is the priority than
agriculture since Spaniards were Post-Colonial Period
dependent to Galleon trade.
• Meteorological studies • President Ferdinand E. Marcos
- Promoted by Jesuits received a report on the deterioration
⇾ Established Manila of S&T. (1957)
Observatory
• First public typhoon warning - Lack of government support
- Issued by Fr. Federico Faura in - Dearth of scientists
1879 - Low morale of scientists
• From agriculture to exporting economy - Lack of public awareness of
science
▪ Science Act of 1958
American Regime - Created the Nat’l Science
• Rapid advancement of S&T Development Board (NSDB) to
- Resulted in granting formulate policies for
scholarships for higher development of science and
education in Science and coordinate the work of science
Engineering agencies.
• Free primary education - Created Philippine Atomic
- Thomasites (American Energy Commission (PAEC)
teachers) - Philippine Coconut Institute
• Introduction of science and industry - Textile Research Institute
and vocational courses ▪ Created Nat’l Grains Authority
• Public health programs - Support the progressive
development of agriculture,
• Establishment of science research
fishery, and forestry.
agencies
▪ Philippine Atmospheric
• UP Los Baños was established
Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration
(PAGASA)
Japanese Regime

Development in:
• During President Corazon Aquino’s
• Infrastructure
administration, the Nat’l Science and
• Energy Technology Authority was replaced by
• Maritime Dept. of Science and Technology
• Security (DOST)
• Disaster management ▪ The Presidential Task Force
• Agriculture for S&T came up with the first
• Education Science and Technology
• Peace and development in Mater Plan (STMP)
Mindanao - To achieve newly industrialized
country status by the year 2000.
 STS
Philippine Presidents and the Status of S&T during their administration
President Carlos P. ➢ Lack of support of experimental work
Garcia (1957 – ➢ Marginal budget for scientific research
1961) ➢ Low salaries of scientists employed by the government
➢ Established the National Science Development Board (NSDB)
President Ferdinand ➢ Directed the DepED to revitalize the science courses in public high schools
E. Marcos (1965 – ➢ Channeled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences and science
1986) education.
➢ Proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site oh Philippine Science
Community.
➢ Scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and workshops
on fisheries and oceanography.
➢ Added Philippine Coconut Research to NSDB to modernize coconut industry
➢ Support the promotion of scientific research and invention with Presidential
Decree No. 49, s. 1972.
➢ Enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the
National Academy of Science and Technology.
➢ Enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life Sciences
Research Complex at the UP Los Baños (Executive Order No. 840, s.1982)
➢ Established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High
School (PSHS) to encourage careers in S&T.
➢ Established PAGASA, National Grains Authority, Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research, Philippine National Oil Company among other.
President Corazon ➢ National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Dept. of Science
Aquino (1986 – and Technology (DOST).
1992) ➢ S&T’s role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted
➢ created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up
with the first Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP).
➢ Executive Order No. 128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the “Philippine
Inventors Incentive Act”.
➢ Assistance to Filipino inventors through giving financial aid, patent application
assistance, legal assistance, and to help inventors market their products
domestically and abroad.
➢ R.A. 6655 or the “Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988” opened doors to
free education up to the secondary level.
➢ “Science for the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and technological
literacy among Filipinos.
President Fidel V. ➢ Significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and technology field
Ramos (1992 – ➢ Addition of Philippine Science High School in Visayas and Mindanao.
1998) ➢ Government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking up
professions related to S&T.
➢ Schools were becoming more modernized and updated with the addition of high-
tech equipment for student.
➢ Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel (R.A. No. 8453) was established.
➢ Award was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who have
been influential in the field of S&T (Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act or R.A.
No. 7459).
➢ Programs such as National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and
Technology.
 STS

➢ Enactment of a law creating a nationwide system of high schools specializing in

the field of science and engineering (Science and Technology Scholarship Law of
1994).
➢ Enacted the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (R.A. No. 8293)
President Joseph ➢ Launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective irrigation technologies.
Estrada (1998 – ➢ Establishment of one science high school in every province
2001) ➢ Advancement of industries and schools into Internet age
➢ Passage of the e-Commerce Act
President Gloria M. ➢ The science and technology sector of the Philippines was dubbed as the “golden
Arroyo (2001 – age” during her term.
2010) ➢ Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the environment and science to
push technology as a tool to increase the country’s economic level
➢ The term “Filipinnovation” was the coined term used in helping the Philippines to
be an innovative hub in Asia.
➢ Science Technology and Innovations (STI) was developed further by
strengthening the schools and education system such as the PSHS, which
focuses on science, technology, and mathematics in their curriculum.
➢ R.A. no. 10601 – improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through
Mechanization (AFMech).
President Benigno ➢ Education reform by shifting K-12 education system.
S. Aquino III (2010 – ➢ Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment Hazards) is created in
2016) response to the call of Pres. Noynoy Aquino for a more accurate, integrated, and
responsive disaster prevention and mitigation system, especially in high-risk
areas throughout the country.
➢ Signed the E.O 2016 on May 20,2016: Adopting the policy on ensuring
sustainable renewable energy resource management and mandating the Dept. of
Energy (DOE) to lead in its implementation.
President Rodrigo R. ➢ Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion or TRAIN law was signed in Dec. 2017.
Duterte (2016 – A revenue-generating measure to fund the administration’s infrastructure
2021) program, health, education, and social services programs.
➢ Signed the Balik Scientist Law (R.A. No. 11035) on June 15, 2018, that gives more
incentives to returning Filipino experts, scientists, inventors, and engineers who
would share their expertise in the country.
➢ Signed the Philippine Space Act on August 8, 2019, creating the Philippine Space
Agency (PhilSA).
➢ Supported the Philippine Space Program, which launched space satellites Diwata
– 1 and Diwata – 2 in 2016 and 2018.
➢ Moves S&T Week to November to ensure maximum participation of schools,
stakeholders and the public considering the change in the academic calendar of
most educational institutions.
➢ R.A. No. 11293 otherwise known as the “Philippine Innovation Act” was signed by
Duterte on April 17, 2019, in order to foster innovation in the country as a vital
component of national development and sustainable economic growth.
 STS
Filipino Scientists and their Inventions - Researched the
phytochemical properties of
Dr. Arturo Akaraz plants for natural products,
- Volcanologist specializing in essential oil, and the
geothermal energy development medicinal qualities.
- Powered an electric bulb using
steam – powered electricity in Emerita De Guzman
1967. This was the first - Filipino Scientist
geothermal power generated in - Researched the propagation
the Philippines. of pure macapuno trees that
led to the faster propagation
Julian Banzon (1908 – 1988) of pure macapuno trees and
- Filipino chemist increased macapuno nut
- Researched methods of production from 3-5
producing alternative fuels. macapuno nuts to 14-19 nuts
He experimented with the (1980).
production of ethyl esters - Invented tissue culture
from sugarcane and coconut. techniques for rapid
propagation of abaca and
Pedro Escuro (1923 -) banana plants.
- Filipino scientist
- The isolation of nine varieties, Dr. Fe Del Mundo (1911 – 2011)
thus was renowned by - Filipino doctor
developing rice breeding. - Invention of an improved
incubator and a jaundice
Rice varieties: relieving device
▪ Milpal 4
▪ HBD – 2 Gregorio Zara (1902 – 1976)
▪ Azmil 26 - Filipino Scientist
▪ C – 22 - Invented the two-way
▪ C – 18 television telephone or
▪ C4 – 63 videophone (1955) patented
▪ C4 – 137 as a “photo phone signal
▪ C – 168 separator network”
▪ C – 12 - Discovered the physical law
of electric kinetic resistance
called the “Zara effect”
Dr. Francisco Fronda (1896 – 1986) (1930).
- The Father of poultry science - Invented an airplane engine
- Improved methods of that ran on plain alcohol as
production for the poultry and fuel (1952).
livestock industry.

Felix Maramba
- Built a coconut oil-fueled
power generator
- Developer of one of the
world’s most profitable biogas
systems.

Luz Oliveros Belardo (1906 – 1999)

- Filipino chemist