Lost and Found

in Mathematics

Lost and Found in

Dissident cosmologists’s guide to the Universe
Lost and Found
in Mathematics
This book is inspired by a German theoretical physicist,
Sabine Hossenfelder’s publication: “Lost in Mathematics”.
Her book seems to question highly mathematical and a lot
of abstraction in the development of physics and cosmology Dissident cosmologists’s guide to the Universe
studies nowadays.
There is clear tendency that in recent decades, the
physics science has been predominated by such an advanced
mathematics, which at times sounding more like acrobatics
approach to a reality.
Through books by senior mathematical-physicists like Victor Christianto
Unzicker and Peter Woit, we know that the answer of TOE
is not in superstring theories or other variations of such 26 &
dimensional bosonic string theory, of which none of those
theories survived experimental test, but perhaps in low Florentin Smarandache

Mathematics
dimensional physics. As Alexander Unzicker suggests, perhaps
it is more advisable to consider rotation in 3D space (known
as SO3), or a kind of superfluid vortices version of gravitation
theory.
Then you may understand how beautiful is God design,
beyond what we as mere mortals can understand with our math
and logic prowess. Halton Arp Institute –
Neutrosophic Science International Association
Medio April 2022 (NSIA)
VC & FS Medio April 2022
Eunonia Publishing Euonia Publisher, East Java
Eunoia Publishing Email: [Link].0415@[Link]
Malang - East Java - Indonesia 9 789790 415287
Indonesia
 Lost and Found
in Mathematics
Dissident cosmologists’s guide to the Universe

Victor Christianto & Florentin Smarandache

Halton Arp Institute –

Neutrosophic Science International Association
(NSIA)
Medio April 2022
Euonia Publisher, Indonesia
Lost and Found in Mathematics 1
 Lost and Found in Mathematics
Dissident cosmologists’s guide to the Universe

Victor Christianto & Florentin Smarandache

© Eunoia Publisher, April 2022

ISBN : 978-979-0415-0287

Layout and Design Cover by:

dvn project @ Eunoia Publisher

[Link]

Copyright protected by law

Reproduction of this paper in any form and by any means, including photocopying,
is prohibited without written permission from the Publisher.

2 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Dedication

This book is dedicated to all of you, real truth-seekers all over the
world, especially those who are persecuted for the sake of finding the
real Truth through mutual dialogue between science, theology, and
spirituality from various (ancient) traditions.
This is message for you:
Blessed are the merciful,
For they shall obtain mercy.
Blessed are the pure in heart,
For they shall see God.
Blessed are the peacemakers,
For they shall be called sons of God.
Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness’ sake,
For theirs is the kingdom of heaven.

(Gospel of Matthew chapter 5, NKJV version).1

1 [Link]

Lost and Found in Mathematics 3

 Preface

This book is inspired by a German theoretical physicist, Sabine

Hossenfelder’s publication: “Lost in Mathematics”. Her book seems
to question highly mathematical and a lot of abstraction in the
development of physics and cosmology studies nowadays.
There is clear tendency that in recent decades, the physics science
has been predominated by such an advanced mathematics, which at
times sounding more like acrobatics approach to a reality.
Through books by senior mathematical-physicists like Unzicker
and Peter Woit, we know that the answer of TOE is not in superstring
theories or other variations of such 26 dimensional bosonic string
theory, of which none of those theories survived experimental test, but
perhaps in low dimensional physics. As Alexander Unzicker suggests,
perhaps it is more advisable to consider rotation in 3D space (known
as SO3), or a kind of superfluid vortices version of gravitation theory.
We can also reconsider proposition by the late Prof F. Winterberg
(formerly professor at Univ. Nevada, Reno), that it is most likely
that superfluid phonon roton theory in 3D can replace the entire
superstring theories.
While we don’t explore yet implications of his model to particle
physics, we discuss here some published papers at several journals in
the past few years.

4 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Interested readers can find Winterberg’s book, with title something
like: “Finititude theory of physics”. In the first section, you will find:
(i) One-Note-Samba Approach to Cosmology, (ii) Towards Gross-
Pitaevskiian Description of Solar System & Galaxies, (iii) A Data-driven
Approach to Astrophysics:
Towards Quantum Geophysics and Quantum Astrophysics, (iv)
Dialogue between two Chief Worldview Systems on Quantized Orbit
Distances as Astrophysics Phenomena.
In the second section, you can read: (i) How to Balance Intuitive
and Analytical Functions of Brain: A Neutrosophic Way of Scientific
Discovery Process, (ii) Eureka Moment as Divine Spark; (iii) A Harmless
Wireless Quantum Alternative to Cell Phones Based on Quantum
Noise; (iv) An Outline of New Proof of the Existence of God.
You may find sometime to read and digest what we wrote in
chapters in this book, but in order to find the real truth of nature,
our suggestion is that you shall begin to use your right hemisphere of
your brain, which suggests : use your holistic, spirituality approach, not
only logical approach.
Then you may understand how beautiful is God design, beyond
what we as mere mortals can understand with our math and logic
prowess.
Sometimes, we shall admit that there are findings that “mathematics
is not yet ready for such things.”2

Medio April 2022

VC & FS
Halton Arp Institute
Neutrosophic Science International Association

2 [Link]
ready-for-such-problems

Lost and Found in Mathematics 5

 Content

Dedication ..................................................................................... 3
Preface ...................................................................................... 4
Content ...................................................................................... 6
A. 4 Papers on a Consistent Model Graviation from Solar
System to Galaxy Scale ............................................................. 7
B. 4 Papers on Using Balanced Brain (Intuilytics), a New
Quantum Communication, and Proving the Existence
of God (Starting from Godel and Pavel Florensky’s
Argument) ................................................................................ 81
C. Miscellaneous Articles ............................................................. 114
Concluding Remark ...................................................................... 185

6 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 A

4 papers on a Consistent
Model Gravitation
from Solar System
to Galaxy Scale

Lost and Found in Mathematics 7

 Exploration

One-Note-Samba Approach
to Cosmology

Victor Christianto1* & Florentin Smarandache2

1
Satyabhakti Advanced School of Theology,
Jakarta, Indonesia

2
Dept. of Math. Sci., Univ. of New Mexico, Gallup, USA

* Correspondence:
Victor Christianto, Independent Researcher.
Email: victorchristianto@[Link]

Abstract
Inspired by One Note Samba, a standard jazz repertoire, we present an
outline of Bose-Einstein Condensate Cosmology. Although this approach
seems awkward and a bit off the wall at first glance, it is not impossible to

8 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 connect altogether BEC, Scalar Field Cosmology and Feshbach Resonance
with Ermakov-Pinney equation. We also briefly discuss possible link with our
previous paper which describes Newtonian Universe with Vortex in terms
of Ermakov equation.
Keywords: Cosmology, Bose-Einstein condensate, scalar field, Feshbach
resonance, Ermakov-Pinney equation, Newtonian universe, vortex.

Introduction
From time to time, it is often found useful to come up with a new
approach in cosmology studies, in order to seek a new insight from
where we can develop and take further step.
For instance, it is known that flat spacetime cosmology can explain
many cosmology phenomena (see for instance Narlikar & Arp [30]).
But then, if we know that there is quite high likelihood that our
Universe can be modeled as flat spacetime, then what else to be done?
In this occasion, allow us to put forth an argument that our
Universe has remarkable similarity with a macroscale Bose-Einstein
condensate, especially on the grounds: a. the CMBR temperature is
found to be as low as 2.730 Kelvin, therefore it may indicate a low
temperature physics model of Universe (see G. Volovik [31]), and b.
recent discovery of “black hole” seems remarkably similar to a vortex
ring of BEC experiment (it shows a dark spot circled with a white ring).
All in all, although we admit that this approach seems awkward
and a bit off the wall at first glance, it is not impossible to connect
altogether BEC, Scalar Field Cosmology and Feshbach Resonance
with Ermakov-Pinney equation. We also discuss shortly possible link
with our previous paper, where we describe Newtonian Universe with
Vortex in terms of Ermakov equation [5].
We submit to call this approach: “one note Samba”, i.e. starting
with a very simple premise (BEC) you arrive at a model of the entire
Universe.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 9

Lidsey’s BEC-Cosmodynamics Correspondence
According to Hawkins & Lidsey [2], the dynamics of cosmologies
sourced by a mixture of perfect fluids and self–interacting scalar
fields are described by the non–linear, Ermakov–Pinney equation.
The general solution of this equation can be expressed in terms of
particular solutions to a related, linear differential equation. In general,
an Ermakov system is a pair of coupled, second–order, non–linear
ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and such systems often arise
in studies of nonlinear optics [12], nonlinear elasticity, molecular
structures.
They developed an analytical approach to models of this type by
expressing the cosmological field equations in terms of an Ermakov
system. In the one–dimensional case, the two equations decouple and
the system reduces to a single equation known as the Ermakov–Pinney
equation [2]: 2 3

(1)
where Q is an arbitrary function of  and  is a constant. Equation
(1) is sometimes referred to as the Milne–Pinney equation. They
also showed that the field equations for a spatially flat, Friedmann–
Robertson–Walker (FRW) universe with a scalar field and perfect fluid
matter source reduce to Ermakov-Pinney equation. To summarize, the
dynamics of a pure scalar field cosmology is determined by a one–
dimensional oscillator equation with a time–dependent frequency.
[2] In his subsequent paper, Lidsey managed to show that there is
dynamical correspondence between positively curved, isotropic, perfect
fluid cosmologies and quasi-two-dimensional, harmonically trapped
Bose-Einstein condensates by mapping the equations of motion for
both systems onto the one-dimensional Ermakov system.[1]
He developed that connection based on analogies between various
condensed matter systems and different branches of gravitational physics which

10 Lost and Found in Mathematics

have been developed in recent years. For example, the propagation of
acoustic waves in an irrotational, inviscid, barotropic fluid is formally
equivalent to that of a massless scalar field on a curved, Lorentzian
spacetime. Furthermore, it is possible to model a black hole acoustically
in terms of supersonic fluid flow and, in principle, quantum effects
associated with black hole event horizons may then be studied within
the context of condensed matter configurations.[1]
Identifying such a link is quite significant because if it can be
shown that there exists dynamical correspondence between isotropic,
four–dimensional cosmological models and harmonically trapped,
quasi–two–dimensional Bose–Einstein condensates, then there is
a big hope to do simulation or cosmology experiments in lab. The
correspondence arises because the equations of motion for both systems
can be mapped onto the one–dimensional Ermakov system.
In that paper, Lidsey showed that the dynamics of a positively curved
(k > 0) FRW cosmology can be modeled in terms of a harmonically
trapped Bose–Einstein condensate when cosmic time,  is related to
‘laboratory’ time, t.[1]
To summarize our discussion thus far, it can be shown that positively
curved, perfect fluid FRW cosmologies can be modeled dynamically
in terms of quasi–two–dimensional Bose–Einstein condensates,
where there exists a one–to–one correspondence between the type of
matter in the universe and the functional form of the time–dependent
trapping potential of the condensate. The physical properties of the
wavefunction can be identified with the fundamental cosmological
parameters.[1]
The Pinney equation corresponding to FRW cosmology can be
written as follows [1]:

(2)

Lost and Found in Mathematics 11

 A key assumption that was made in establishing the correspondence
between the condensate and cosmological systems was that the
dynamics of the condensate wavefunction can be described in terms
of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation at each moment of time, i.e., that
the configuration reacts instantaneously to changes in the trapping
potential and scattering length of the atomic interactions. If this
assumption is to remain valid, the majority of the atoms must remain
in the condensate state (mean–field approximation) and the particle
density and scattering length must be sufficiently small (dilute gas
approximation) [1].
Nevertheless, one advantage of establishing correspondences
between cosmology and condensed matter physics through Ermakov
systems is that insight into the hidden symmetries of the two systems
may be uncovered.
Subsequent work by Herring et al. revisit the topic of two-
dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates under the influence of time-
dependent magnetic confinement and time-dependent scattering
length. A moment approach reduces the examination of moments of
the wavefunction (in particular, of its width) to an Ermakov-Pinney
(EP) ordinary differential equation (ODE). They discussed Feshbach
resonance managed BEC and how EP equation connects with the case
of anisotropic scalar field cosmologies [3].
There is also a more recent report by D’Ambroise and Williams
showing that there is also dynamic correspondence not only to FLRW
but also Bianchi I cosmologies and BEC system in arbitrary dimension,
especially when a cosmological constant is present [4].
Comparison with Newtonian Dynamics Model
In a previous paper [5], we presented a numerical solution of
Newtonian Universe with vortex; see also [6][7]. Now we will present
a more detailed account of our model.

12 Lost and Found in Mathematics

A physical model of turbulence-generated sound for early Universe
Our discussion starts from the fundamental question: how can we
include the rotation in early Universe model? After answering that
question, we will discuss how “turbulence-generated sound” can be
put into a mathematical model for the early Universe. We are aware
that the notion of turbulence-generated sound is not new term at all
especially in aerodynamics, but the term is rarely used in cosmology
until now. We shall show that 3D Navier-Stokes will lead to non-linear
acoustics models, which means that a turbulence/storm can generate
sound wave.
a. How can we include rotation in early Universe model?
It has been known for long time that most of the existing cosmology
models have singularity problem. Cosmological singularity has been
a consequence of excessive symmetry of flow, such as “Hubble’s law”.
More realistic one is suggested, based on Newtonian cosmology model
but here we include the vortical-rotational effect of the whole Universe.
As shown in previous paper, we derived an Ermakov-type equation
following Nurgaliev [26][27].
After he proceeds with some initial assumptions, Nurgaliev
obtained a new simple local cosmological equation:[8][9] ,

(3)
where
The angular momentum conservation law R2 = const = K and
the mass conservation law (4π/3)R3 = const = M makes equation (3)
solvable:[26] ,

(4)

Lost and Found in Mathematics 13

or

(5)
Equation (5) may be written as Ermakov-type nonlinear equation
as follows; .

(6)
Nurgaliev tried to integrate equation (5), but we solved the above
equation numerically. The results are as follows: First, we rewrite this
equation by replacing GM=A, K^2=B, so we get an expression of
Ermakov equation:[26] .

(7)
As with what Nurgaliev did, we also tried different sets of A and
B values, as follows:
a. A and B < 0
A
B=-10;
ODE=x’’[t]+A/x[t]^2-B/x[t]^3==0;
sol=NDSolve[{ODE,x[0]==1,x’[0]==1},x[t],{t,-10,10}]
Plot[x[t]/.sol,{t,-10,10}]

14 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Figure 1. Plot of Ermakov-type solution for A=-10, B=-10 [5]

b. A > 0, B < 0
A=1;
B=-10;
ODE=x’’[t]+A/x[t]^2-B/x[t]^3==0;
sol=NDSolve[{ODE,x[0]==1,x’[0]==1},x[t],{t,-10,10}]
Plot[x[t]/.sol,{t,-10,10}] 10 5 5 10

Figure 2. Plot of Ermakov-type solution for A=1, B=-10 [5]

Lost and Found in Mathematics 15

From the above numerical experiments, we conclude that the evolution
of the Universe depends on the constants involved, especially on
the rotational-vortex structure of the Universe. This needs to be
investigated in more detailed for sure.
One conclusion that we may derive especially from Figure 2, is that
our computational simulation suggests that it is possible to consider
that the Universe has existed for long time in prolonged stagnation
period, then suddenly it burst out from empty and formless (Gen. 1:2),
to take its current shape with accelerated expansion.
As an implication, we may arrive at a precise model of flattening
velocity of galaxies without having to invoke ad-hoc assumptions such
as dark matter.
Therefore, it is perhaps noteworthy to discuss briefly a simple
model of galaxies based on a postulate of turbulence vortices which
govern the galaxy dynamics. The result of Vatistas’ model equation
can yield prediction which is close to observation, as shown in the
following diagram:[10]

16 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Figure 3. From Vatistas [10]

Therefore it appears possible to model galaxies without invoking

numerous ad hoc assumptions such as dark matter, once we accept the
existence of turbulent interstellar medium. The Vatistas model is also
governed by Navier-Stokes equations, see for instance [10].
b. How “turbulence-generated sound” can be put into a mathematical
model for the early Universe
We are aware that the notion of turbulence-generated sound is not
new term at all especially in aerodynamics, but the term is rarely used
in cosmology until now. We will consider some papers where it can
be shown that 3D Navier-Stokes will lead to non-linear acoustics models,
which means that a turbulence/storm can generate sound wave.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 17

In this section we consider only two approaches:
o Shugaev-Cherkasov-Solenaya’s model: They investigate acoustic
radiation emitted by three-dimensional (3D) vortex rings in air on
the basis of the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations. Power series
expansions of the unknown functions with respect to the initial
vorticity which is supposed to be small are used. In such a manner
the system of the
Navier–Stokes equations is reduced to a parabolic system with
constant coefficients at high derivatives. [11]
o Rozanova-Pierrat’s Kuznetsov equation: she analysed the existing
derivation of the models of non-linear acoustics such as the Kuznetsov
equation, the NPE equation and the KZK equation. The technique
of introducing a corrector in the derivation ansatz allows to consider
the solutions of these equations as approximations of the solution
of the initial system (a compressible Navier-Stokes/Euler system).
The direct derivation shows that the Kuznetzov equation is the first
order approximation of the Navier-Stokes system, the KZK and
NPE equations are the first order approximations of the Kuznetzov
equation and the second order approximations of the Navier-Stokes
system. [12]
Remark on Neutrosophic Logic perspective and implications
It seems obvious, how this new scenario is quite in agreement with
Kant’s idea that it is possible that the Universe has both finite history in
the past and also eternal background (our new term: “time before time”);
see [6]. We also discussed how such a mixed view can be modelled
by introducing rotation in the early universe; see in particular Fig. 2.
Now there is an immediate question: Is this new look at the origin
of Universe justifiable logically, or is it merely a compromised solution?
So, in this chapter we will review Neutrosophic Logic, a new theory
developed in recent decades by one of these authors (FS). In this
context, allow us to argue in favor of Neutrosophic logic as o ne basic

18 Lost and Found in Mathematics

postutale, in lieu of the Aristotle logic which creates many problems
in real world.
In Neutrosophy, we can connect an idea with its opposite idea and
with its neutral idea and get common parts, i.e. <A> /\ <nonA> =
nonempty set. The common part of the uncommon things!
It is true/real... paradox. From neutrosophy, all started:
neutrosophic logic, neutrosophic set, neutrosophic probability,
neutrosophic statistics, neutrosophic measure, neutrosophic physics,
neutrosophic algebraic structures etc. It is true in restricted case, i.e.
the Hegelian dialectics considers only the dynamics of opposites (<A>
and <antiA>), but in our everyday life, not only the opposites interact,
but the neutrals <neutA> between them too. For example: you fight
with a man (so you both are the opposites). But neutral people around
both of you (especially the police) interfere to reconcile both of you.
Neutrosophy considers the dynamics of opposites and their neutrals.
So, neutrosophy means that: <A>, <antiA> (the opposite of
<A>), and <neutA> (the neutrals A neutrosophic set is characterized
by a between <A> and <antiA>) interact among themselves. truth-
membership function (T), an indeterminacy-membership function
(I), and a falsity-membership function (F), where T, I, F are subsets of
the unit interval [0, 1].
As particular cases we have: single-valued neutrosophic set {when
T, I, F are crisp numbers in [0, 1]}, and interval-valued neutrosophic
set {when T, I, F are intervals included in [0, 1]}. Neutrosophic Set is
a powerful structure in expressing indeterminate, vague, incomplete
and inconsistent information. See [16]-[18].
To summarize, Neutrosophic Logic studies the dynamics of
opposites and neutralities. And from this viewpoint, we can understand
that it is indeed a real possibility that the Universe has both initial start
(creation) but with eternal background. This is exactly the picture we
got after our closer look at Gen. 1:1-2 as discussed in the above section.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 19

 In other words, our proposed term of Kantian “time before time”
has sufficient logical background, especially in turbulence Universe
model. This new interpretation of cosmic dynamics can be considered
as Neutrosophic Logic application in cosmology studies, see also our
previous article [32].
In the next section, we will consider some advantages of this new
model of Universe.
Advantages of our Turbulence Universe model
Now, allow us to discuss some advantages of the proposed
turbulence cosmology view over the Lemaitre’s primeval atom (which
is the basis of Standard Model Cosmology); see [13]-[15].
a. Avoid inflationary scheme
It is known that inflationary models were proposed by Alan Guth
et al. (see [19][20]), in order to explain certain difficulties in the Big
Bang scenario. But some cosmology experts such as Hollands & Wald
has raised some difficulties with inflationary model, as follows:
“We argue that the explanations provided by inflation for the
homogeneity, isotropy, and flatness of our universe are not
satisfactory, and that a proper explanation of these features
will require a much deeper understanding of the initial state
of our universe.”[21]

In our diagram plot above, it is clear that an early rotation model

can explain why the Universe can burst out into creation in a very
short period, without invoking ad hoc postulate such as inflation
model.
b. Explain the observed late accelerated expansion.
As far as we know, one of the earliest models which gave prediction of
accelerated expanding Universe is Carmeli’s Cosmological General
Relativity.[23]

20 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 But it has been shown by Green & Wald that for the large scale
structures of the Universe, Newtonian model can give similar results
compared to general relativity picture.[22]
Furthermore, it seems that there is no quite clear arguments why
we should accept Carmeli use of 5D metric model (space-time-velocity
metric). In the meantime, in our rotating Universe model, we do not
invoke ad hoc dimension into the metric.
c. Explain inhomogeneity, breeding galaxies etc.
Astronomers have known for long time, that the Universe is not
homogeneous and isotropic as in the usual model. It contains of
inhomogeneity, irregularities, clumpiness, voids, filaments etc,, which
indicate complex structures. Such inhomogeneous structures may be
better modelled in terms of turbulence model such as Navier-Stokes
equations, see also our early papers [7][8], also [10].
Conclusions
In this paper we start with reviewing Lidsey’s work on connection
between Ermakov-Pinney equation with cosmology schemes, then we
also review his further work which attempts to establish the connection
with BEC experiments in lab and cosmology setting.
Nonetheless, our additional note in this paper is pertaining to the
use of similar Ermakov equation in Newtonian Universe with vortex,
which indicates early universe with rotation can be modeled using
Ermakov equation instead of trying to modify Friedmann equation
for rotating metric.
In retrospect, noting similarity between EP equation in Lidsey’s
work and ours; it seems to indicate that it is possible to consider a
turbulence Universe in terms of BEC experiments too. (It may be
worth noting here, that superfluid vortex dynamics may be modelled
in classical turbulence too, but it is beyond the scope of this paper).

Lost and Found in Mathematics 21

 That is why, we call this approach: “one note samba” approach to
cosmology. Further investigation and experiment are recommended
in this direction.
Acknowledgment
The first author would like to express his gratitude to Prof.
Alexander Yefremov and Prof. M. Fil’chenkobv who gave him special
occasion to join the Institute of Gravitation and Cosmology (IGC)
at Peoples’s Friendship University of Russia, back in 2008-2009. This
paper is dedicated to Prof. Yu P. Rybakov, formerly head of Theoretical
Physics Dept. at Faculty of Mathematical Physics, Peoples’s Friendship
University of Russia (RUDN), Moscow.
Received June 17, 2019; Accepted August 4, 2019
References
1. James E. Lidsey. Cosmic Dynamics of Bose-Einstein Condensates. Arxiv:
gr-qc/0307037 (2003)
2. R.M. Hawkins & J.E. Lidsey. The Ermakov–Pinney Equation in Scalar
Field Cosmologies. Arxiv: astro-ph/0112139 (2001)
3. G. Herring, et al. From Feshbach-Resonance Managed Bose-Einstein Condensates
to Anisotropic Universes: Applications of the Ermakov-Pinney equation with Time-
Dependent Nonlinearity. Arxiv: cond-mat/0701756 (2007)
4. J. D’Ambroise & F. L. Williams. A dynamic correspondence between
Bose-Einstein condensates and Friedmann-Lemaıtre-Robertson-Walker and
Bianchi I cosmology with a cosmological constant. arXiv: 1007.4237 (2010)
5. V. Christianto, F. Smarandache & Y. Umniyati. Solving Numerically
Ermakov-type Equation for Newtonian Cosmology Model with Vortex.
Prespacetime Journal, Oct. 2017. [Link]
6. Rudiger Vaas. Time before Time: Classifications of universes in contemporary
cosmology, and how to avoid the antinomy of the beginning and eternity of
the world. arXiv: 0408111.

22 Lost and Found in Mathematics

7. V. Christianto. Four Possible Applications of a Navier-Stokes Cosmology.
Prespacetime Journal Vol. 6 No. 11 (2015) url: [Link]
[Link]
8. V. Christianto. A Possible Route to Navier-Stokes Cosmology on Cantor
Sets. Prespacetime Journal Vol. 6 No. 8 (2015). url: [Link]
[Link]
9. V. Christianto. A Theo-Cymatic Reading of Prolegomena of St. John’s
Gospel. Scientific GOD Journal, Vol. 8 no. 4 (2017), url: http://
[Link]/[Link]/sgj/article/view/544/595
10. Georgios Vatistas. The presence of interstellar turbulence could explain
the velocity flattening in galaxies. arXiv: 1012.1384
11. Fedor V. Shugaev, Dmitri Y. Cherkasov and Oxana A. Solenaya.
Acoustic radiation by 3D vortex rings in air. Aerospace 2015, 2, 627-636;
doi:10.3390/aerospace2040627
12. Anna Rozanova-Pierrat. Approximation of a compressible Navier-Stokes
system by non-linear acoustical models. arXiv: 1601.0558 (2016)
13. J-P. Luminet. Editorial note to: Georges Lemaître, A homogeneous universe
of constant mass and increasing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extra-
galactic nebulae. Gen. Rel. Grav. (2013) 45. url: [Link]
edu/grt/taj/675e/Luminet_on_Lemaitre_history.pdf
14. J-P. Luminet. Lemaitre’s Big Bang. Frontiers of Fundamental Physics 14.
url: [Link]
15. Simon Mitton. Georges Lemaitre: Life, science, and legacy. url: https://
[Link]/ftp/arxiv/papers/1612/[Link]
16. Florentin Smarandache, Neutrosophy. Neutrosophic Probability,
Set, and Logic, ProQuest Information & Learning, Ann Arbor, Michigan,
USA, 105 p., 1998; [Link]
pdf (edition online).
17. Florentin Smarandache, n-Valued Refined Neutrosophic Logic and
Its Applications in Physics, Progress in Physics, 143-146, Vol. 4, 2013;
[Link]

Lost and Found in Mathematics 23

18. F. Smarandache, Neutrosophic Overset, Neutrosophic Underset,
and Neutrosophic Offset. Similarly for Neutrosophic Over-/Under-/
Off- Logic, Probability, and Statistics, 168 p., Pons Editions, Brussels,
Belgium, 2016. [18a] See also the same ebook at Cornell University’s
website: [Link]
and in France at the international scientific database: [Link]
[Link]/hal-01340830
19. Alan H. Guth. Inflation. Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series,
Vol. 2: Measuring and Modeling the Universe, 2004 ed. W. L.
Freedman (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press)
20. Alan H. Guth. Eternal Inflation. MIT-CTP-3007, arXiv: astro-
ph/0101507
21. S. Hollands & R.M. Wald. An alternative to inflation. arXiv: gr-
qc/0205058
22. Stephen Green and R.M. Wald. Newtonian and Relativistic Cosmologies.
arXiv: 1111.2997
23. Moshe Carmeli. Aspects of Cosmological Relativity. 1999. http://
[Link]/record/394536/files/[Link]; [29a] see also M.
Carmeli. Cosmological Relativity: The Special and General Theories
for the Structure of the Universe. World Scientific Publ. url: https://
[Link]/worldscibooks/10.1142/6275
24. Marco Landini. About the Physical Reality of “Maxwell’s Displacement
Current” in Classical Electrodynamics. Progress In Electromagnetics
Research, Vol. 144, 329-343, 2014
25. Xiao-Song Wang. Derivation of Coulomb’s Law of Forces Between Static
Electric Charges Based on Spherical Source and Sink Model of Particles.
arXiv: physics/0609099v2 [[Link]-ph]
26. Ildus Nurgaliev. E pur si muove! Arxiv: 1210.4091 (2012)
27. I.I. Vasenev & Ildus Nurgaliev. Turbulent Model of Trace Gas Flux in
Boundary Layer. Arxiv: 1303.0832

24 Lost and Found in Mathematics

28. A.A. Grib & Yu V. Pavlov. Particle creation in the early Universe:
achievements and problems. arXiv: 1601.06618 (2016)
29. Maya Lincoln & Avi Wasser. Spontaneous creation of the Universe ex
nihilo. Physics of the Dark Universe 2 (2013): 195-199
30. J. Narlikar & H. Arp. Flat spacetime cosmology - A unified framework
for extragalactic redshifts. Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-
637X), vol. 405, no. 1, p. 51-56. Url: [Link]
abs/1993ApJ...405...51N
31. G. E. Volovik. The Universe in helium droplet, 2003. url: [Link]
[Link]/Universe-Droplet-International-Monographs-Physics/
dp/0198507828
32. V. Christianto & F. Smarandache. A Review of Seven Applications of
Neutrosophic Logic: In Cultural Psychology, Economics Theorizing, Conflict
Resolution, Philosophy of Science, etc. J 2019, 2(2), 128-137; https://
[Link]/10.3390/j2020010. url: [Link]
8800/2/2/10

Lost and Found in Mathematics 25

 Perspective

Towards Gross-Pitaevskiian
Description of Solar System
& Galaxies

Victor Christianto1*, Florentin Smarandache2 &

Yunita Umniyati3

1
Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM), Malang, Indonesia
2
Dept. of Math. Sci., Univ. of New Mexico, Gallup, USA
3
Dept. Mechatronics, Swiss-German Univ., Tangerang, Indonesia

*Correspondence:
Victor Christianto, Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM),
Malang, Indonesia.
Email: victorchristianto@[Link]

Abstract
In this paper, we argue that Gross-Pitaevskii model can be a more complete
description of both solar system and spiral galaxies, especially taking into
account the nature of chirality and vortices in galaxies. We also hope to bring
out some correspondence among existing models, e.g., the topological vortex
approach, Burgers equation in the light of KAM theory, and the Cantorian
Navier-Stokes approach. We hope further investigation can be done around
this line of approach.

26 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Keywords: Solar system, galaxy, Gross-Pitaevskii, Burgers equation, Navier-
Stokes equation.

1. Introduction
From time to time, astronomy and astrophysics discoveries have
opened our eyes that the Universe is much more complicated than what
it seemed in 100-200 years ago. And despite all pervading popularity
of General Relativistic extension to Cosmology, it seems still worthy
to remind us to old concepts of Cosmos, for instance the Hydor theory
of Thales (“that water is the essential element in the Cosmos”) 3, and
also Heracleitus (“ta panta rhei kai ouden menei”). 4 Therefore, we can
ask: does it mean that the Ultimate theory that we try to find should
correspond to hydrodynamics or some kind of turbulence theory?
An indicator of complex turbulence phenomena in Our Universe
is the Web like structure. The Cosmic Web is the fundamental spatial
organization of matter on scales of a few up to a hundred Megaparsec.
Galaxies and intergalactic gas matter exist in a wispy web-like
arrangement of dense compact clusters, elongated filaments, and
sheet-like walls, amidst large near-empty void regions. The filaments
are the transport channels along which matter and galaxies flow into
massive high-density cluster located at the nodes of the web. The
web-like network is shaped by the tidal force field accompanying the
inhomogeneous matter distribution.
May be part of that reason that in recent years, there is growing
interest to describe the Universe we live in from the perspective of
scale-invariant turbulence approach. Such an approach is not limited
to hydrodynamics Universe model a la Gibson & Schild, but also
from Kolmogorov turbulence approach as well as from String theory
approach (some researchers began to explore String-Turbulence).
3 [Link]
4 [Link]
μζνει-ta-panta-rhei-kai-ouden-menei/

Lost and Found in Mathematics 27

 Recently, Pitkanen describes a solar system model inspired by spiral
galaxies [1-2]. While we appreciate his new approach, we find it lacks
discussion on the nature of vortices and chirality in galaxy.
In this article, we show some correspondences among existing
models, so we discuss shortly, the topological vortice approach, Burgers
equation in the light of KAM theory and Golden Mean, and the
Cantorian Navier-Stokes approach. We will point out how vortices,
turbulence and chirality nature of galaxies seem to suggest a quantised
vortex approach, which in turn it corresponds to Gross-Pitaevskiian
description.
2. Quantised vortices approach (see also ref. [42-43])
Here we present Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rules for planetary
orbit distances, which results in a good quantitative description of
planetary orbit distance in the solar system [6][6b][7]. Then we find
an expression which relates the torsion vector and quantized vortices
from the viewpoint of Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rules [3]. Further
observation of the proposed quantized vortices of superfluid helium
in astro-physical objects is recommended.
Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rules and quantized vortices

Sonin’s book [42] can be paraphrased as follows:

The movement of vortices has been a region of study for over a century.
During the old style time of vortex elements, from the late 1800s, many
fascinating properties of vortices were found, starting with the outstanding
Kelvin waves engendering along a disconnected vortex line (Thompson,
1880). The primary object of hypothetical investigations around then was
a dissipationless immaculate fluid (Lamb, 1997). It was difficult for the
hypothesis to find a shared opinion with try since any old style fluid shows
gooey impacts. The circumstance changed after crafted by Onsager (1949)
and Feynman (1955) who uncovered that turning superfluids are strung by
a variety of vortex lines with quantised dissemination. With this revelation,
the quantum time of vortex elements started.

28 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 The quantization of circulation for nonrelativistic superfluid is
given by [3]:
vdr N
ms (1)
where
smN, ħ, ms represents winding number, reduced Planck constant, and
superfluid particle’s mass, respectively [3]. And the total number of
vortices is given by [44]:
.2 r 2 m
N (2)
And based on the above equation (2), Sivaram & Arun [44] are able
to give an estimate of the number of galaxies in the universe, along
with an estimate of the number stars in a galaxy.
However, they do not give explanation between the quantization of
circulation (3) and the quantization of angular momentum. According
to Fischer [3], the quantization of angular momentum is a relativistic
extension of quantization of circulation, and therefore it yields Bohr-
Sommerfeld quantization rules.
Furthermore, it was suggested in [6] and [7] that Bohr-Sommerfeld
quantization rules can yield an explanation of planetary orbit
distances of the solar system and exoplanets. Here, we begin with
Bohr-Sommerfeld’s conjecture of quantization of angular momentum.
As we know, for the wavefunction to be well defined and unique, the
momenta must satisfy Bohr-Sommerfeld’s quantization condition:
[Link] 2 .n ,
(3)
for any closed classical orbit . For the free particle of unit mass on
the unit sphere the left-hand side is:
T

v 2 .d 2
.T 2 . ,
0
(4)

Lost and Found in Mathematics 29

 2
where T is the period of the orbit. Hence the quantization
rule amounts to quantization of the rotation frequency (the angular
momentum):  = nħ
Then we can write the force balance relation of Newton’s equation
of motion:
GMm mv 2
r2 r (5)
Using Bohr-Sommerfeld’s hypothesis of quantization of angular
momentum (4), a new constant g was introduced:
ng
mvr .
2 (6)
Just like in the elementary Bohr theory (just before Schrodinger), this
pair of equations yields a known simple solution for the orbit radius
for any quantum number of the form:
n 2 .g 2
r ,
4 2 .GMm 2 (7)
or
n 2 .GM
r ,
vo2 (8)
where r, n, G, M, vo represents orbit radii (semimajor axes), quantum
number (n=1,2,3,…), Newton gravitation constant, and mass of the
nucleus of orbit, and specific velocity, respectively. In equation (10),
we denote:
2
v0 GMm (9)
g
The value of m and g in equation (9) are adjustable parameters.
Interestingly, we can remark here that equation (8) is exactly the
same with what is obtained by Nottale using his Schrödinger-Newton
formula [8]. Therefore here we can verify that the result is the same,

30 Lost and Found in Mathematics

either one uses Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rules or Schrödinger-
Newton equation. The applicability of equation (8) includes that one
can predict new exoplanets (i.e., extrasolar planets) with remarkable
result.
Therefore, one can find a neat correspondence between Bohr-
Sommerfeld quantization rules and motion of quantized vortices in
condensed-matter systems, especially in superfluid helium [3]. Here we
propose a conjecture that superfluid vortices quantization rules also
provide a good description for the motion of galaxies, especially with
respect to their chirality nature, as will be discussed later.
3. Golden ratio is directly related to KAM turbulence via
Burgers equation
The Cosmic Web is the fundamental spatial organization of
matter on scales of a few up to a hundred Megaparsec. Galaxies and
intergalactic gas matter exist in a wispy weblike arrangement of dense
compact clusters, elongated filaments, and sheetlike walls, amidst large
near-empty void regions. The filaments are the transport channels along
which matter and galaxies flow into massive high-density cluster located
at the nodes of the web. The weblike network is shaped by the tidal
force field accompanying the inhomogeneous matter distribution.[15]
Structure in the Universe has risen out of tiny primordial (Gaussian)
density and velocity perturbations by means of gravitational instability.
The large-scale anisotropic force field induces anisotropic gravitational
collapse, resulting in the emergence of elongated or flattened matter
configurations. The simplest model that describes the emergence
of structure and complex patterns in the Universe is the Zeldovich
Approximation (ZA).[15]
It is our hope that the new approach of CA Adhesion model of
the Universe can be verified either with lab experiments, computer
simulation, or by large-scale astronomy observation data.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 31

 From Zeldovich Approximation to Burgers’ equation to
Cellular Automaton model
In this section, we will outline a route from ZA to Burgers’
equation and then to CA model. The simplest model that describes
the emergence of structure and complex patterns in the Universe is the
Zeldovich Approximation (ZA). In essence, it describes a ballistic flow,
driven by a constant (gravitational) potential. The resulting Eulerian
position x(t) at some cosmic epoch t is specified by the expression[15]:
x (t ) q D (t )u o (q ), (10)
where q is the initial “Lagrangian” position of a particle, D(t) the time-
dependent structure growth factor and
u0 q 0 (11)
its velocity. The nature of this approximation may be appreciated by
the corresponding source-free equation of motion,
u
(u )u 0.
D
x (12)
The use of ZA is ubiquitous in cosmology. One major application is
its key role in setting up initial conditions in cosmological N-body
simulations. Of importance here is its nonlinear extension in terms
of Adhesion Model [15]:
The ZA breaks down as soon as self-gravity of the forming structures
becomes important. To ‘simulate’ the effects of self-gravity, Gurbatov et
al. included an artificial viscosity. This results in the Burgers’ equation
as follows [15]:
u 2
(u x )u . x u, (13)
D
a well known PDE from fluid mechanics. This equation has an exact
analytical solution, which in the limit of
( x q) 2
( x, D) max 0 (q ) .
q 2D (14)

32 Lost and Found in Mathematics

This leads to a geometric interpretation of the Adhesion Model. The
solution follows from the evaluation of the convex hull of the velocity
potential modified by a quadratic term. We found that the solution can
also be found by computing the weighted Voronoi diagram of a mesh
weighted with the velocity potential. For more detailed discussion on
Adhesion Model of the Universe, see for example [18].
Now, let us consider another routes to solve Burgers equation:
(a) by numerical computation with Mathematica, see [17]; and (b) by
virtue of CA approach. Let us skip route (a), and discuss less known
approach of cellular automata.
We start with the Burgers’ equation with Gaussian white noise
which can be rewritten as follows [16]:
2
u u u
2u . (15)
t x x2
By introducing new variables and after straightforward calculations,
we have the automata rule [16]:
t 1 t t t t t t
i i 1 max[0, i A, i i 1 B, i i 1 ]
max[0, t
i 1 A, t
i 1 i
t
B, t
i
t
i 1 ] (16)
In other words, in this section we give an outline of a plausible route
from ZA to Burgers’ equation then to CA model, which suggests that it
appears possible –at least in theory- to consider a nonlinear cosmology
based on CA Adhesion model.
From KAM theory to Golden section
Another possible way to describe the complex structure of Universe,
is the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) theorem, which states that if
the system is subjected to a weak nonlinear perturbation, some of the
invariant tori are deformed and survive, while others are destroyed.
The ones that survive are those that have “sufficiently irrational
frequencies” (the non-resonance condition, so they do not interfere
with one another). The golden ratio being the most irrational number

Lost and Found in Mathematics 33

is often evident in such systems of oscillators. It is also physically
significant in that circles with golden mean frequencies are the last to
break up in a perturbed dynamical system, so the motion continues to
be quasi-periodic, i.e., recurrent but not strictly periodic or predictable.
An important consequence of the KAM theorem is that for a large
set of initial conditions, the motion remains perpetually quasi-periodic,
and hence stable. KAM theory has been extended to non-Hamiltonian
systems and to systems with fast and slow frequencies.
Those KAM tori that are not destroyed by perturbation become
invariant Cantor sets, or “Cantori”. The frequencies of the invariant
Cantori approximate the golden ratio. The golden ratio effectively
enables multiple oscillators within a complex system to co-exist
without blowing up the system. But it also leaves the oscillators within
the system free to interact globally (by resonance), as observed in
the coherence potentials that turn up frequently when the brain is
processing information.
Obviously, this can be tied in to the creation of subatomic particles
such as electrons and positrons. At a certain scale of smallness, the
media in the local volume becomes isotropic, while larger volumes
exhibit occupation by ever-larger turbulence formations and exhibit
extremes of anisotropy in the media.
The Kolmogorov Limit is 10e-58 m, which is the smallest vortex
that can exist in the aether media. Entities smaller than this, down
to the SubQuantum infinitesimals (Bhutatmas) (vortex lines) are the
primary cause of gravitation (a “sink” model of gravitation caused by
superluminal infinitesimals).5

5 Thanks to discussions with Robert Neil Boyd, PhD.

34 Lost and Found in Mathematics

Figure 1. Turbulent flow generated by the tip vortex of the aeroplane wing shown
up by red agricultural dye. (after Mae Wan-Ho [38]).
Shadow gravity is valid in the situation of gravitational interaction
between two discrete masses that divert the ambient gravitational
flux-density away from each other. This happens due to absorption
(rare), scattering (more common), and refraction (most of the time)
of gravitational infinitesimals.
Gravitational flux density is a variable depending on stellar,
interstellar, and intergalactic events. A simplified model of vorticity
fields in large scale structures of the Universe is depicted below:
What is more interesting here, is that it can be shown that there is
correspondence between Golden section and in coupled oscillators and
KAM Theorem, but also between Golden section and Burgers equation.
[35]. For more discussion, on Golden Mean and its ramifications, see
for instance [39[40][41].

Lost and Found in Mathematics 35

 Figure 2. Vorticity fields in cosmology (after Siavash Sohrab [34]).

4. Cantorian Navier-Stokes approach

Vorticity as the driver of Accelerated Expansion

According to Ildus Nurgaliev [26], velocity vector V of the material

point is projected onto coordinate space by the tensor of the second
rank H:
V H R (17)
where the Hubble matrix can be defined as follows for a homogeneous
and isotropic universe:
H
H H
H (18)
where the global average vorticity may be zero, though not necessarily
[7]. Here the Hubble law is extended to 3x3 matrix.
Now we will use Newtonian equations to emphasize that
cosmological singularity is consequence of the too simple model of
the flow, and has nothing to do with special or general relativity as

36 Lost and Found in Mathematics

a cause [26]. Standard equations of Newtonian hydrodynamics in
standard notations read:
d 1
...,
dt t (19)

0,
t (20)
4 G (21)
Procedure of separating of diagonal H, trace-free symmetrical , and
anti-symmetrical  elements of velocity gradient was used by Indian
theoretician Amal Kumar Raychaudhury (1923-2005). The equation
for expansion , sum of the diagonal elements of [7]:
1 2 2 2 1
4 G div( f)
3 (22)
is most instrumental in the analysis of singularity and bears the name
of its author. [26]
System of (25)-(27) gets simplified up to two equations [26]:
1 2 2
0,
3 (23)
2
0. (24)
3
Recalling =3H the integral of (30) takes the form [26]:
2
2 2 3 0 R04
H H .
R4 (25)
How to write down Navier-Stokes equations on Cantor Sets
Now we can extend further the Navier-Stokes equations to Cantor
Sets, by keeping in mind their possible applications in cosmology.
By defining some operators as follows:

Lost and Found in Mathematics 37

1. In Cantor coordinates [28]:
u1 u2 u3
u div u ,
x1 x2 x3 (26)

u3 u2 u1 u3 u2 u1
u curl u e1 e2 e3
x2 x3 x3 x1 x1 x2 (27)
2. In Cantor-type cylindrical coordinates [29, p.4]:
rR 1 r rR rz
r ,
R R R z (28)
1 r r rR rz r rR 1 rR
r eR e ez
R z z R R R R (29)
Then Yang, Baleanu and Machado are able to obtain a general form
of the Navier-Stokes equations on Cantor Sets as follows [28, p.6]:
D 2
( pI ) 2 I b
Dt 3 (30)
The next task is how to find observational cosmology and astrophysical
implications. This will be the subject of future research.
5. Correspondence with Gross-Pitaevskiian description and a
description of chirality nature of galaxies
In this section we will point out how vortices and chirality nature
of galaxies seem to suggest a superfluid vortex approach, which in turn
it corresponds to Gross-Pitaevskiian description. The nature and origin
of chirality in galaxies remain an elusive topic to explain. However we
can recall some recent works to suggest an explanation.
First of all, let us quote from abstract of a recent paper [9], where
Tapio Simula wrote, which can be rephrased as follows:
Right now, and electromagnetism have a similar starting point and are new
properties of the superfluid universe, which itself rises up out of the hidden
aggregate structure of progressively basic particles, for example, atoms.

38 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 The Bose–Einstein condensate is identified as the tricky dull matter of the
superfluid universe with vortices and phonons, separately, comparing to
huge charged particles and massless photons.
In lieu of his model of electromagnetic and gravitation fields in
terms of superfluid vortices, we can also come up with a model of
chirality in cosmology from Proca equations. As Proca equations can
be used to describe electromagnetic field of superconductor, we find
it as a possible approach too [45].
Now we are going to discuss how it can be used as a model of
chirality nature of galaxies. Cappoziello and Lattanzi argue that spiral
galaxies are axi-symmetric objects showing 2D-chirality when projected
onto a plane [36]. In their enantiomers model, chirality in spiral
galaxies and chirality Spiral galaxies are axi-symmetric objects showing
2D-chirality when projected onto a plane, and their progressive loss
of chirality surrounding its galaxy center, can point out of vorticity in
superfluidity.
See the following figure, which is quite in agreement with Figure
2 by Sohrab:

Figure 3. After Cappoziello & Lattanzi [36].

Lost and Found in Mathematics 39

 Figure 4. Progressive loss of chirality. After Cappoziello & Lattanzi [36].

With regards to question posed above: what kind of medium of

interaction capable of doing such a quantal action? Allow us to
quote from Fernandez-Hernandez et al’s abstract [37], which can be
paraphrased as follows:
The ultra-light scalar fields are likewise called scalar field dull issue model.
Right now study turn bends for low surface brilliance winding cosmic
systems utilizing two scalar field models: the Gross-Pitaevskii Bose-Einstein
condensate in the Thomas-Fermi estimation and a scalar field arrangement
of the Klein-Gordon condition. We additionally utilized the zero circle guess
universe model where photometric information isn’t thought of.
Therefore, we come up with a conclusion that it seems Gross-
Pitaevskiian description of Bose-Einstein condensate is necessary for correct
modelling of spiral and non-spiral galaxies. Interestingly, in two rather old
papers both of us (VC & FS) have argued for derivation of Schrödinger
equation model of planetary orbits of solar system from TDGL (Gross-
Pitaevskii) description [46-47]. Therefore, it seems we can arrive at this
conclusion: it is possible to come up with consistent description of both
solar system and galaxy dynamics, including its chirality and rotation
curves, by virtue of Gross-Pitaevkiian description of BEC/superfluidity.

40 Lost and Found in Mathematics

6. Conclusion
In this paper, we have discussed several approaches in description of
planetary systems as well as galaxies. Sections 2-4 have been presented
in earlier papers.
Therefore, we come up with a conclusion that there are sufficient
grounds to argue in favour of Gross-Pitaevskiian description of Bose-
Einstein condensate; i.e. it is necessary for correct modelling of spiral
and non-spiral galaxies. Interestingly, in a rather old paper both of us
(VC & FS) have argued for derivation of Schrodinger equation model
of planetary orbits of solar system from TDGL (Gross-Pitaevskii)
description.
Summarizing, it seems we can arrive at this conclusion: it is
possible to come up with consistent description of both solar system
and galaxy dynamics, including its chirality and rotation curves, by virtue
of Gross-Pitaevkiian description of BEC.
Of course, this short article is far from being complete. We hope
further investigation can be done around this line of approach. The
remaining questions include how to find observational cosmology and
astrophysical implications. Future research is recommended.

Received April 17, 2020; Accepted May 17, 2020

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29. Zhao, Y., Baleanu, D., Cattani, C., Cheng, D-F., & Yang, X-J. 2013.
Maxwell’s equations on Cantor Sets: A Local Fractional Approach.
Advances in High Energy Physics Vol. 2013 Article ID 686371, http://
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Sommerfeld Quantization of Planetary Orbit Distance. Prespacetime
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Source-Sink Model of Galaxies. Prespacetime Journal Vol. 4 No. 8
(2013). URL: [Link]
34. Siavash H. Sohrab. Turbulence and quantum mechanics from cosmos to
Planck Scale. url: [Link]
faculty/[Link]

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35. B. Müller, E. Koyutürk, D. Göncü. Spatial energy distribution in
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JOURNAL OF MECHANICS Volume 10, 2016
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Galaxies as Enantiomers: Chirality, an Underlying Feature in Chemistry
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37. Lizbeth M. Fernandez-Hernandez, Mario A. Rodrıguez-Meza, and
Tonatiuh Matos. Comparison between two scalar field models using
rotation curves of spiral galaxies. Arxiv: 1708.06681 (2017)
38. Mae Wan-Ho. Golden Cycles and Organic Spacetime. The golden ratio
orchestrates all of nature’s cycles to create organic spacetime.
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46. F. Smarandache & V. Christianto. Schrodinger Equation and the
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Prog. In Phys. Vol.2, April 2007. url: [Link]
PP-09-11.

46 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 -

A Data-Driven Approach to
Astrophysics: Towards Quantum
Geophysics and Quantum
Astrophysics

Victor Christianto1*

Author’s Affiliations:
Victor Christianto,
1
Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM),
Jl. Soekarno-Hatta, Indonesia.
*Initiator, Halton Arp Institute, with affiliation to International
Mariinskaya Academy, St. Petersburg.

Corresponding author:
Victor Christianto, Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM),
Jl. Soekarno-Hatta, Indonesia
E-mail: victorchristianto@[Link]
Received on 30.08.2021
Accepted on 03.11.2021

How to cite this article:

Christianto, V. (2021). A Data-driven Approach to Astrophysics:
Towards Quantum Geophysics and Quantum Astrophysics.
Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences- Physics, 40D (2), 98-105.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 47

 Abstract
Following our previous article which recommends physicists to build models
in the light of principle of parsimony, and also a review on A. Yefremov’s
research in the past few years (PSTJ, 2021), here we discuss a data-driven
approach to astrophysics. Part of inspiration for this article came from a
paper by Brunton, Proctor & Kutz (PNAS, April 12, 2016) and also lecture by
the late Hannes Alfven. We begin with a review on how Newton’s recipe to
interpret Kepler’s elliptical orbit law, actually led to a number of problematic
questions. While we agree with Alfven that one should not infer the history
of solar system just from the nature of planetary orbits (or deviations from
that), and not from other present astronomy data, because those present
data may be of little value to reveal the past history; instead from the data
and improving Titius-Bode law, therefore we suggest to come up with a new
hypothesis: “quantum matter inside a Newtonian universe.” In other words,
in the second section we will discuss how quantum geophysics and quantum
astrophysics emerge into the scene.
Keywords: Data-driven modeling; astrophysics; quantum astrophysics;
quantum geophysics; solar system. How to cite this article: Christianto,
V. (2021). A Data-driven Approach to Astrophysics: Towards Quantum
Geophysics and Quantum Astrophysics. Bulletin of Pure and Applied
Sciences- Physics, 40D (2), 98-105.

Introduction
There are some really interesting remarks that we can read from the
late Hannes Alvfen’s Nobel lecture in 1970. Among other things, he
wrote that one should not infer the history of solar system just from
the nature of planetary orbits (or deviations from that), and also not
from other present astronomy data, because those present data may be
of little value to reveal the past history of solar system. He also suggests
a new term: “hetegony”, which can be interpreted as description on how
things are arranged or paired together. [1]
In this context, in this paper we will discuss how we can rethink a
data-driven approach in astrophysics. Brunton, Proctor & Kutz wrote

48 Lost and Found in Mathematics

to summarize how such an approach is of significance in science and
also in engineering in general, which can be paraphrased as: “Removing
overseeing conditions from information is a focal test in numerous
assorted spaces of science and designing. Information are bountiful
though models regularly stay slippery, as in environment science,
neuroscience, biology, money, and the study of disease transmission,
to give some examples models. In this work, we join sparsity-advancing
methods with nonlinear dynamical frameworks to find administering
conditions from uproarious estimation information.” [2]
Of course, first of all we shall discuss how Kepler reported his
study of planetary motions in the solar system, which led him to
come up with his three laws. To quote Brunton et al. [2], which can
be paraphrased as follows:
“Kepler, outfitted with the most broad and exact planetary data
of the period, fostered an information driven model for planetary
movement, resulting in his renowned elliptic circles. Notwithstanding,
this was an attractor-based perspective on the world, and it didn’t clarify
the principal dynamic connections that bring about planetary circles,
or give a model to how these bodies respond when irritated. Newton,
in contrast, found a uniqueconnection between force and energy that
depicted the basic cycles answerable for these elliptic circles.”[2]
Nonetheless, in the light of three problems which appear persistently
even since Newton era, namely:
Bentley’s problem, Zwicky’s dark matter problem, and accelerated
expansion or more known as dark energy problem, and also from the
data and improving Titius-Bode law, in the second section we suggest
to come up with a new hypothesis: “quantum matter inside a Newtonian
universe.”
In other words, we will discuss how quantum geophysics and
quantum astrophysics emerge into the scene, more or less based on
reading the data themselves. This approach seem like repeating what

Lost and Found in Mathematics 49

Kepler himself did, especially if he lives today and got new collection
of astrophysics data which were not available in his time.
A. From Kepler to Newton to Zwicky
A.1. Short review of Kepler’s result
Tycho Brahe at the time was a master of observation of celestial
bodies by his new telescope. But later on he recruited a young
assistant, Johannes Kepler. In 1609, Johannes Kepler revealed that
the planet Mars moves in a circular circle. What sort of power makes
a planet move in a circular way? What is the power law — the law that
indicates how the power F(r) relies upon the distance r between the
Sun and the planet? This Kepler issue tested the regular rationalists
of the seventeenth century.[3]
A.2. Newton’s interpretation
Newton’s proof of the connection between elliptical orbits and
inverse-square forces ranks among the “top ten” calculations in
the history of science. Isaac Newton solved Kepler problem in his
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, published in 1687. [3]

J. Prentis et al. [3] argue that there is the so-called Newton’s Recipe
which anyone can follow:
“Newton’s Recipe depends on a secret jewel in Newton’s Principia—the
“PQRST Formula,” which is a basic mathematical adaptation of F = m.a.
Given any sort of orbital bend (curved, twisting, and so on), this recipe
permits one to reason the power just by estimating the lengths of three line
sections—the “shape boundaries” of the circle.”[3]
[Link] et al. also explain further what are the steps in Newton’s
recipe, which can paraphrased as follows:
Given just two ingredients the state of the circle and the focal point of the
power—”Newton’s Recipe” permits one to compute the general power at
any orbital point. The formula comprises of following advances:

50 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 1. The inertial path: Draw the digression line to the circle bend at the point
P where the power is to be determined.
2. The future point: Locate any future point Q on the circle that is near the
underlying point P.
3. The deviation line: Draw the line portion from Q to R, where R is a
point on the digression, to such an extent that QR (line of deviation) is
corresponding to SP (line of power).
4. The time limit: Draw the line section from Q to T, where T is a point on
the spiral line SP, with the end goal that QT (stature of “time triangle”) is
opposite to SP (base of triangle).
5. The force measure: Measure the shape boundaries QR, SP, and QT, and
compute the power measure QR/(SP x QT).
6. The calculus limit: Repeat stages two to five for a few future focuses
Q around P to get a few power measures. Take the cutoff QP of the
succession of power measures to track down the specific worth of the
power measure at P.
The above steps summarize Newton’s steps to prove that there is
a dynamical force, or the so-called governing equations for planetary
orbits around the Sun. That would mean that at the time Kepler
and Newton followed a data-driven approach to solar system.
But is that correct inlight of more precise measurements? It is known,
that even in Newton’s era there were critics to his theory.
A.3. Three problems up to present
A.3.a. Bentley’s paradox
As Michio Kaku wrote about the paradox:
But Newton’s theory also reveals paradoxes that inherent in the
theory of a finite or infinite universe. Simple questions lead to
chaos contradiction. Even while Newton rejoices with fame thanks
to the publication of the Principia, he discovered that his theory
of gravity no doubt filled with paradoxes. In 1692, a priest, Rev.
Richard Bentley, wrote a simple but troublesome letter to Newton.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 51

 After careful thought, Newton wrote back that he find loopholes
in the argument. He prefers nature the universe is infinite but
uniform. Thus, if a star being dragged to the right by an infinite
number of stars infinity, this is thwarted by the equivalent drag of
the star sequence another infinity in the other direction. All styles
are balanced in each direction, resulting in a static universe. So, if
gravity always attract, the only solution to the Bentley paradox is
natureinfinite but uniform [Link] did find a loophole
in Bentley’s argument. But Newton was smart enough to realize
the weakness of his answer alone. He admitted in a letter that the
solution was not solid, though technically correct. [4]
A.3.b. Zwicky
Another observation made by Fritz Zwicky around 1930s, who
suggested that the galaxy does not follow the Newton’s law. It seems
more like flat instead of following the inverse square law. There seems
to be a large mass, which then it is called “dark matter.” The problem
is : despite so many theories of dark matter have been proposed,
including MOND etc., but most of them cannot be detected nor
observed in lab. There is something really missing here.
A.3.c. Accelerated expansion / dark energy
If the above two problems are quite perplexing, there is more
perplexing problem: dark energy or mysterious force which accelerates
the expansion of the universe. Along with dark matter, dark energy
seems also repel most theoretical models.
The above three problems make us wondering if there is something
missing not only in General Relativity scenario, which was set by
Einstein to give more or less same result to Newton in limiting cases.
B. Another Approach to Data-Driven Modeling
Therefore, let us begin from a fresh starting point: Since 1700s,
there were two scientists who suggest pattern of orbit distances, known

52 Lost and Found in Mathematics

as Titius-Bode law. Albeit their method is different from Kepler’s
observation, but nonetheless these are also data which have value in
themselves to be studied.
And many papers have been written on the physical meaning of
Titius-Bode law, especially with respect to Old Quantum Theory of Bohr
and Sommerfeld (before 1920s) and also to New Wave Mechanics of
Schrodinger etc. In other words, does it mean we shall begin to consider
a quantum version of astrophysics? Or to speak more precisely: can we
speak of a quantum explanation of planetary orbit distances?
Definition of quantum astrophysics: “The uses of quantum mechanical
principles to describe astrophysical phenomena and processes.” 6
Question: Which quantum mechanical principles are applicable to
large-scale astrophysical bodies?
Remark: With the above question, we point out that there are several
different approaches of QM, and even the meaning of quantum wave
function in wave mechanics, remains a debatable issue among experts.
And which interpretation of quantum wave function corresponds
better to quantum phenomena, such as planetary orbit distances? We
will discuss this topic in our paper: “Dialogue between two chief worldview
systems…” (forthcoming).
In this regards, allow us to tell a story of us. We will review the
work and results during the past 17 years or so. The basic assumption
here is that the Solar System’s planetary orbits are quantized. But how
do their orbits behave? Do they follow Titius-Bode’s law? Our answer
can be summarized as follows:
Navier-Stokes equations  superfluid quantized vortices 
Bohr’s quantization rule (1)

6 Note: Actually this term is not really new, as McCrea has discussed quantum
mechanical laws in astrophysics, back then around 1950s. See also for
instance: Elena Muchikova, Astrophysical Applications of Quantum Mechanics,
PhD dissertation submitted to Caltech, 29th May 2018.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 53

 Our predictive model based on that scheme has yielded some
interesting results which may be comparable with the observed orbits
of planetoids beyond Pluto, including what then was dubbed as Sedna.
And it seems that the proposed model is slightly better compared
to Nottale-Schumacher’s gravitational Schrödinger model and also
Titius-Bode’s empirical law. (Note: Prof. Laurent Nottale is a senior
astronomer at Observatoire de Paris, Meudon, France.) See table 1 below.

Table 1: Comparison between Laurent Nottale’s results, Titius-Bode law, CSV, and
observed data
Object No Titius-Bode L. Nottale CSV Observed
(in 10 AU unit) (in 10 AU unit) (in 10 AU unit)
- 1 0.4 0.43
- 2 1.7 1.71
Mercury 3 4 3.9 3.85 3.87
Venus 4 7 6.8 6.84 7.32
Earth 5 10 10.7 10.70 10.00 (1 AU)
Mars 6 16 15.4 15.4 15.24
Hungarias 7 - 21.0 20.96 20.99
Asteroids 8 - 27.4 27.38 27.00
Camilla 9 - 34.7 34.6 31.5
Jupiter 2 52 - 45.52 52.03
Saturn 3 100 - 102.4 95.39
Uranus 4 196 - 182.1 191.9
Neptune 5 - - 284.5 301
Pluto 6 388 - 409.7 395
2003EL61 7 - - 557.7 520
Sedna 8 722 - 728.4 760
2003UB31 9 - - 921.8 970

(Source: After V. Christianto, Apeiron, July 2004. URL: [Link] [6].

The above evidences of quantization of planetary orbit distances
seem to suggest to wave mechanics model at large scale. [6-11] See also
Peter Coles [12].
C. Towards Quantum Geophysics And Quantum Astrophysics
C.1. Quantum Geophysics
It is known that most Professors and college students would write
Newton gravitation law as follows:

54 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 F=m.a (2)
But that is only half correct. The correct definition provided by Newton
is that gravitation force is the rate of change of momentum, or:
F=dp/dt (3)
Or we can write:
F=d[mv]/dt (4)
Or
F=[Link]/dt + [Link]/dt (5)

In other words, there can be certain processes where rest mass of

the celestial bodies can vary, i.e. it is called varying mass. Recent paper
suggesting hydrodynamics description of gravity also provides a possible
mechanism of expanding earth and red shift. [16]
In literature, there are some proposals on what kind of plausible
mechanisms for such a matter-creation process, for instance VMH
(variable mass hypothesis) of Narlikar & Arp, and later on C-field model
of Prof. Jayant Narlikar, but there can be more advanced explanations,
such as neutron repulsion behind the inner core of the Sun (and may
be also in Earth and other planets) as proposed by Kuroda-Manuel,
and low energy nuclear reaction, or even some kind of biological-like
transmutation, as discussed by Louis Kervlar and J.P. Biberian (see J.P.
Biberian’s papers at JCMNS). This topic deserves a separate paper, so
we will discuss later on.
Going back to our data-driven approach, such an expanding earth
hypothesis may be associated to Pangaea hypothesis, which is known
to paleo-geology studies etc. See some figures below.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 55

Figure 1:

Figure 2:
Interestingly, there is also an ancient Piri Reis map (circa 1513) which
is different from the map that we know today.

56 Lost and Found in Mathematics

Figure 3:
C.2 Quantum Astrophysics
Provided the above interpretation of quantization of planetary
orbit distances can be accepted (based on assumption of Bohr-type
quantization to improve Titius-Bode law), then we can deduce a
number of interesting implications, which are discussed more fully in
our forthcoming paper [5].
Although it is known that “One of the cornerstones of inflationary
cosmology is that primordial density fluctuations have a quantum
mechanical origin,” as Kanno & Soda wrote, however, most physicists
consider that such quantum mechanical effects disappear in CMB data due
to decoherence. [13] At this point, we can ask: Is that really so?
We have discussed before that cosmological entanglement has been
observed, which in turn it can be attributed to superfluid turbulent
interstellar medium.
Now, there is a recent striking report by Charlotte Olsen et al.,
suggesting that 36 galaxies seem to have “coordinated” in a such way
that they appear to give synchronized stars formation. From Olsen et
al.’s paper, they don’t give a possible theoretical explanation. [14]
However, by hypothesizing that a spin supercurrent mechanism can
happen at galactic scale because of superfluid interstellar medium, we

Lost and Found in Mathematics 57

can come up with a plausible explanation; that such a coherent star
formation is due to some kind of “galactic synchronicity.”
We are aware that such a term is not available yet in present
cosmological vocabularies, but we can foresee that time for that term
will come too, as there is also a book, suggesting that synchronicity is
likely to appear universally in the Universe; just like in our ordinary
life, we sometimes meet an old friend without arrangement - and such
an event can be viewed as Divine Synchronicity (cf.C. Jung). [15]
In the meantime, while it can be shown that such a galactic
synchronicity may be associated to cosmological-scale entanglement,
it remains to be seen if we need to modify macrodescription of
electromagnetic phenomena towards cosmic electromagnetic theories.
See for instance: Hoyle & Narlikar [17], and also Hannes Alfven [18].
A hetegony: plausible explanation for Pluto-Charon pairing
According to Stern et al.: “Given just two ingredientsthe state of
the circle and the focal point of the power—“Newton’s Recipe” permits
one to figure the overall power at any orbital point. Pluto’s uncommon
orbit compared to the giant planets provoked different hypotheses
about its beginning and provenance from the1930s to the1990s. ...
Most famously Kuiper (1951) suggesting Pluto was the harbinger of a
huge “trans- Neptunian” population of comets and larger bodies. ...
This drove to a number of telescopic searches for that cohort populace”
which was finally detected by the discovery of the primary Kuiper Belt
(KB) Object (Jewitt & Luu, 1993). See S.A. Stern et al. [19].
There are extensive studies on Pluto-Charon pair system, see for
instance [19-22]. For example, it is known that there are a number of
satellites orbiting such a binary system, as Showalter and Hamilton
wrote: “Four small moons—Styx, Nix, Kerberos and Hydra—follow near-
circular, near-equatorial orbits around the central “binary planet”
comprising Pluto and its large moon, Charon. New observational
details of the system have emerged following the discoveries of Kerberos

58 Lost and Found in Mathematics

and Styx. Styx, Nix and Hydra are tied together by a threebody
resonance, which is reminiscent of the Laplace resonance linking
Jupiter’s moons: Io, Europa and Ganymede.”[21]
Regarding the origin of Pluto-Charon binary system, there is a
suggestion of giant collision.[22] While such a possibility may not be
excluded, we argue in a previous published paper, that there could
be a far more interesting possible explanation, provided we accept
the aforementioned quantum explanation of orbital distances, that
the Pluto-Charon pairing is an indicator of “planetary equivalent” to
Cooper pairing in the outer solar system. As we wrote: “Pairing of
Pluto-Charon and other TNOs/KBOs seem to be attributed to the
BCS/BdG pairing condition pointing to low temperature physics
model of Solar System.” [23]
Nonetheless, we admit that for now and may be until a few years
later,conventional readers are likely to consider such a suggestion a bit
weird. However, we are more than sure that given more data will be
available in the coming years, our hypothesis of quantum astrophysics
will be confirmed eventually. Let history be the judge.
Concluding Remarks
In this paper we review on how Kepler and Newton began their
scientific explorations based on the available observation data at their
time. In other words, that indicates a data-driven modelling approach,
as discussed by Brunton et al.[2] (Or if we can speak in social science
terms, shall we use “grounded approach” in physical sciences too?)
We also discuss that even in Newton era, there were some critics to
his book, notably Richard Bentley’s letter to Newton. Other problems
and paradoxes are also known until now, including by Zwicky etc.
In the second section, we discuss that provided we accept such
a data-driven approach, starting from Titius-Bode law may suggest a
possibility of quantum explanation of planetary orbit distances, hence
a quantum astrophysics.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 59

 Finally we make a few remarks on plausible implications, including
to explain the Pluto-Charon pair system. Conventional explanation
of their origin includes giant collision in the past. Nonetheless, there
could be a far more interesting possible explanation, provided we accept
the aforementioned quantum explanation of orbital distances, i.e. that
the Pluto-Charon pairing is an indicator of “planetary equivalent” to
Cooper pairing in the outer solar system.
To summarize, I believe that the proposed quantum astrophysics
and quantum geophysics are more feasible and achievable, compared
to quantum gravity which is so elusive goal despite decades of efforts
(really sorry for so many PhD students devoting time for that topic);
especially with respect to evidence-based physics and evidence-based mathematics
principles that we argue elsewhere [25].
Nonetheless, we admit that for now and may be until a few years
later, conventional readers are likely to consider such a suggestion a
bit weird. However, we are more than sure that given more data will
be available, our hypothesis of quantum astrophysics will be confirmed
eventually. Let history be the judge.
Acknowledgment
This author extends sincere gratitude to numerous physicists who
have discussed this theme of macroquantization and related issues,
including: the late R.M. Kiehn, the late Antun Rubcic (Zagreb Univ.),
Pavel Pintr, Carlos Castro Perelman (Clark Atalanta Univ.), Slobodan
Nedic (Serbia), Robert Neil Boyd, Sergey Ershkov, Yunita Umniyati,
and others. One of us (VC) is really grateful for insights and many
discussions throughout many years with Prof. Florentin Smarandache;
and to Prof. The Houw Liong for suggesting to look at Jayant Narlikar
paperson VMH. And special thanks goes to Eny Latifah (Chair
of Conference, CTPNP, 2019, held at Universitas Negeri Malang,
Indonesia) and also Mutia Delina (Chair of Conference, SMIC, 2020,
held at Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia). However, this paper is

60 Lost and Found in Mathematics

our sole responsibility.
Version 1.0: 3 Aug. 2021, pk. 19:33
Version 1.1: 4 Aug. 2021, pk. 10:17
Version 1.2: 10 Aug. 2021, pk. 8:51
Version 1.3: 18 Aug. 2021, pk. 8:18
Version 1.4: 23 Nov. 2021, pk. 16:13
VC
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9. doi: 10.1038/nature14469. url: [Link]
gov/26040889/
22. R. Binzel et al. Climate zones on Pluto and Charon. Icarus 287 (2017).
[23]. R.M. Canup. A Giant Impact Origin of Pluto-Charon. Science,
28 January 2005 Vol 307, p. 546-548. [Link]

62 Lost and Found in Mathematics

24. Y. Umniyati, V. Christianto & F. Smarandache. An explanation of
Sedna orbit from condensed matter or superconductor model of the solar
system: A new perspective of TNOs. Paper presented at SMIC 2020;
AIP Conference Proceedings 2331, 030014 (2021); [Link]
org/10.1063/5.0041656
25. V. Christianto & F. Smarandache. Lost in Mathematics: The Perils
of Post-Empirical Science & Their Resolution. Prespacetime J., Vol.
11(1) (2020). [Link]/[Link]/pst/article/view/1637

Lost and Found in Mathematics 63

 -

Dialogue Between Two Chief

Worldview Systems
on Quantized Orbit Distances as
Astrophysics Phenomena

Victor Christianto1*

Author’s Affiliations:
Victor Christianto,
1
Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM),
Jl. Soekarno-Hatta, Indonesia.
*Initiator, Halton Arp Institute, with affiliation to International
Mariinskaya Academy, St. Petersburg.

Corresponding author:
Victor Christianto, Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM),
Jl. Soekarno-Hatta, Indonesia
E-mail: victorchristianto@[Link]
Received on 30.08.2021
Accepted on 03.11.2021

How to cite this article:

Christianto, V. (2021). Dialogue between two Chief Worldview
Systems on Quantized Orbit Distances as Astrophysics Phenomena.
Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences- Physics, 40D (2), 121-128.

64 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Abstract
This is a follow-up to our previous paper, suggesting going toward quantum
geophysics and quantum astrophysics. Recently, a colleague asks to this
author: “1. What is the quantum interpretation of the astrophysics? 2. What
is the quantum explanation of the orbital distances?” This review paper will
discuss two chief worldview systems on such quantized orbitdistances as
a phenomenon in astrophysics and astronomy. We will discuss in specific
way: scale relativity approach of Prof. Laurent Nottale, in comparison with
our own approach. This short review is also intended as a response to M.
Pitkanen’s recent article. We hope this discussion will be found interesting.
Keywords: Planetary orbits, macroquantization, quantized orbits, low
temperature physics, Nottale

Introduction
From time to time, cosmology and astronomy disclosures have
opened our eyes that the universe is considerably more entangled than
what it showed up in 100-200 years earlier. Additionally, thinking
about old-fashioned Greek philosophers’ speculations, for instance,
hydor model (Thales) and streaming fluid model (Heracleitus). Historians
told us that Thales was able to predict eclipse at May 28 th, 585 BCE. It
seems, by all accounts, to be at this point we are able to inquire: does
it suggest that the Ultimate theory that we endeavor to find should
follow with hydrodynamicsmodeling approach? 7
In this context, in a recent paper, we discuss a data-driven approach
to astrophysics, while arguing in favor of going toward quantum
geophysics and quantum astrophysics [21]. Recently, a colleague asks:
1) What is the quantum interpretation of the astrophysics?
2) What is the quantum explanation of the orbital distances?

7 M. Pitkanen. Three Alternative Generalizations of Nottale’s Hypothesis in

theTGD framework. Prespacetime Journal, June 2021, Volume 12, Issue 2.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 65

 Therefore, this short review paper will discuss two chief worldview
systems on such quantized orbit distances as a phenomenon in
astrophysics and astronomy, in response to aforementioned questions.
We will discuss in a more specific way: scale relativity approach
of Laurent Nottale, Schumacher et al. in comparison to our own
approach, based on correspondence between low temperature physics
and cosmology.
The title above is an adaptation to Galilei’s book: Dialogue concerning
two chief world systems.8 Nonetheless, it does not mean that this author
compares his cosmological model with such a figure like Galilei;
instead he just thinksthat the discussions on which interpretation to
choose for applying quantum mechanical principles to astrophysical
phenomena, reminds us to that classic book in astronomy.
We hope this discussion will be found interesting for new readers.
Summary of Nottale’s Ideas
From what we read from Nottale et al.’s [15] papers since 1996 and
on, he started with scale relativistic argument, then deriving generalized
Schrodinger equation for astrophysics bodies, for fractal spacetime
case. His approach is something like Edward Nelson’s procedure to
derive Schrodinger equation from Newton gravitation equation (it is
sometimes dubbed as “Nelson’s mechanics”).9
The complicated procedures that Nottale proposed, in the end boil
down to a quantized radius equation for planetary orbit distances, as
follows:

8 G. Galilei. Url: [Link]

CAS/Galilei-1632% 20Dialogue% 20Concerning% 20the% 20Two%
20Chief%20World%[Link]
9 One of these authors once wrote a messsage to Prof. Edward Nelson the late,
asking a few questions, just before he passed away.

66 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 = ,
(1)
where r,n,G,M,v0 represent orbit radii (semimajor axes), quantum
number (n=1,2,3,…), Newton gravitation constant, mass of the nucleus
of orbit, and specific velocity, respectively.
One thing to point out here is that Nottale et al.[15] keep intact
the standard probability interpretation of quantum wave function,
a la Max Born. As far as this author know, even to Nottale’s more
recent publications, such a probabilistic interpretation prevents him
to predict new planetary orbit beyond Pluto.10
That is where we started our new arguments.
An Early Endeavor to Rederive Nottale’s Quantized Radii
Recipe
It all began with a Santa Fe book, edited by Prof. W. Zurek, with
title: Entropy, Complexity and the Physics of Information (Addison-Wesley
Publ., 1990), that I obtained in a book sale in Jakarta around 1995
or 1996. Around the end of 1997, he found an interesting summary
of article by Laurent Nottale-Schumacher from Observatoire de Paris-
Meudon, describing their finding that Schroedinger equation can be
generalized to large scale astrophysics systems. Therefore, around 1999-
2000, I tried to find a simpler derivation of Nottale’s equation to
derive quantizated orbit distances of planetary systems, both in our
solar system and also for exoplanets. At the time, he only got a few
books, including that Santa Fe book (to abbreviate: WHZ).

10 Interested readers may wish to read Nottale’s two recent books: [22][23]. And
I should say here, by comparing our result here is meant to be a dialogue,
and personally I am deeply grateful to Nottale’s effort to describe all things
in Nature using his approach of scale relativity, despite I prefer a bit more
topological/superfluid low temperature approach to astrophysics.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 67

 After some time, he wrote a draft with title: “How much does
information weigh?”, which he published online in a personal website
at early 2000. But unfortunately that piece of article has been vanished
in the air.11
Summary of Cantorian Superfluid Cosmology
In this section, allow us to tell a story of our next phase of
encountering with macroquantum condensate astrophysics. It began by
a somewhat “educated guess” (or some readers may call it: einfuhlung),
when he picked up an old book by Nozieres & Pines (1994), on
superfluid Bose liquid.[18] Then he asked: Let us see what this book
can bring to the realm of astrophysics and cosmology. Soon, he found
many interesting findings in the literature, from W.H. Zurek to Grigory
Volovik etc.
Shortly speaking, that is a beginning of our continued investigations
in the past 16-17 years until now, resulting several papers in a series [3-
10]. The earliest paper called “Cantorian superfluid vortex hypothesis”
was published in July 2003 and January 2004, where he submitted a
prediction of possible locations of 3 new orbits of planetoids in the outer
side of Pluto. (Note: More observations until now have revealed more
than 5 planetoids at the outer skirt of solar system, beyond Pluto orbit.)
Then two years later, he published a paper in AFLB [4], where he
outlined what are possible explanations of macroquantum effects in
astrophysics (such as observed also by Tifft and also Virginia Trimble
etc. -- the socalled Tifft’s redshift quantization). One of the arguments
outlined in that AFLB paper is macroquantum condensate, i.e. possible
quantum effect induced by BEC or superfluid-type medium.
More recently, he and other colleagues (VC, FS, YU) come up with
an argument that observed cosmological entanglement may be caused

11 That early attempt to rederive Nottale’s model of generalized Schrodinger was

made during spare time, at the time he worked near Borneo island.

68 Lost and Found in Mathematics

by such a macroquantum effect is real (CTPNP Conf. Proceedings,
organized by Malang State University, 2019).
Discussion: Essential Differences Between Nottale’s Scale
Relativity and Csv Model
As we remark in previous section, it is worthy to note: One
thing to point out here is that Nottale et al. keep intact the standard
probabilistic interpretation of quantum wave function, a la Max Born.
We don’t check yet Nottale’s more recent publications, but as far as I
know, such a probabilistic interpretation prevents him to predict new
planetary orbits beyond Pluto. (It can be mentioned here that until
2002, almost all textbooks on solar system tell us that Pluto is the
farthest planet in solar system.)
As far as we know, probabilistic interpretation of quantum wave
function is very problematic, and it was rejected by developer of wave
mechanics, E. Schrodinger. See for instance, a rather popular book,
John Gribbin: “Schrodinger’s kittens: In search of reality”. That is a quite
interesting book to start with, if some readers want to know why reality
is an elusive dream when it comes to deciphering the physical meaning
of wave function in wave mechanics.12
And if some readers wish to read a more dense philosophical
musing on probable relation between confusions of the psyche caused
by such an elusive reality in QM and its connection with possible
causation of WW II, you can read one or two articles of Derek Dillon’s
Moon of Hoa Binh papers, where he argues against the pedantic Born’s
interpretation of such a wave function.
In our first submitted paper on Cantorian superfluid cosmology
model, I had a quite long discussion over the meaning of Nottale’s
method and also meaning of wave function in QM. The reviewer was
the late Prof. Robert M. Kiehn from University of Houston. VC’s early

12 John R. Gribbin. Url: [Link]

Lost and Found in Mathematics 69

draft actually tried to derive Nottale’s quantized radius equation from
a quite similar gravitational-Schrodinger equation, but with different
assertion to meaning of wave function. In this interpretation, I wrote
that the wave function in QM should be interpreted as “tendency to
make structures.” And Prof. Kiehn agreed with that interpretation,
partly because it allows more substantial attribution, rather than
abstract probabilistic argument of Born. (Prof/ Kiehn also wrote
elsewhere on mathematical correspondence between 2D Schrodinger
equation and Navier-Stokes equation.)
Nonetheless, the late Prof. Kiehn later on suggested a simpler and
more elegant approach, i.e. in order to argue in favor of Old QM
theory of Bohr to interpret quantization of planetary orbit distances
and improving Titius-Bode Law.
The essence of derivation based on Bohr-type arguments, after
some improvements, is as follows:13
Here we present Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rules for planetary
orbit distances, which result in a good quantitative description of
planetary orbit distance in the Solar System.
First of all, let us point out some motivations for utilization of Bohr-
Sommerfeld quantization rules: (a) the neat correspondence between
Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rules and topological quantization as
found in superfluidity, and (b) there is neat correspondence between
Bogoliubov-de Gennes and generalized Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization;
in turn it can be applied to large scale systems like Solar system.

13 The aformentioned arguments based on Bohr-type quantization instead

of complicated gravitational-Schrodinger equation, has been presented in
SMIC conference, 2020, and it has been published in AIP Proceeding Series,
2021. See : Yunita Umniyati, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache. An
explanation of Sedna orbit from condensed matter or superconductor model
of the solar system: A new perspective of TNOs. AIP Conference Proceedings
2331, 030014 (2021); [Link]

70 Lost and Found in Mathematics

Sonin’s preface in his book can be paraphrased as follows:
“The movement of vortices has been a region of study for over a century.
During the old style time of vortex elements, from the late 1800s, many
fascinating properties of vortices were found, starting with the outstanding
Kelvin waves engendering along a disconnected vortex line (Thompson,
1880). … The circumstance changed after crafted by Onsager (1949) and
Feynman (1955) who uncovered that turning superfluids are strung by a
variety of vortex lines with quantized dissemination. With this revelation,
the quantum time of vortex elements started.”
The quantization of circulation for non=relativistic superfluid is given
by [3]:
=
(1)
Where, N,ħ,ms represent winding number, reduced Planck constant,
and superfluid particle’s mass, respectively. And the total number of
vortices is given by:

=
(2)
And based on the above equation (2), Sivaram & Arun [16] are
able to give an estimate of the number of galaxies in the universe,
along with an estimate of the number stars in a galaxy. However, they
do not give explanation between the quantization of circulation and
the quantization of angular momentum. According to Fischer [17],
the quantization of angular momentum is a relativistic extension of
quantization of circulation, and therefore it yields Bohr-Sommerfeld
quantization rules.
Furthermore, it was suggested that Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization
rules can yield an explanation of planetary orbit distances of the Solar
system and exoplanets [1-15]. Here, we begin with Bohr-Sommerfeld’s
conjecture of quantization of angular momentum. As we know, for
the wavefunction to be well defined and unique, the momenta must
satisfy Bohr-Sommerfeld’s quantization condition:

Lost and Found in Mathematics 71

 =2 , (3)
for any closed classical orbit . For the free particle of unit mass on
the unit sphere the left-hand side is:
= =2 , (4)
= is the period of the orbit.
where, is the period of the orbit. Hence the quantization
frequency (the angular momentum)
rule amounts to quantization of the rotation frequency (the angular
momentum) =nħ. Then we can write the force balance relation of
Newton’s equation of motion:

= .
(5)
Using Bohr-Sommerfeld’s hypothesis of quantization of angular
momentum (4), a new constant g was introduced:
= . (6)
Just like in the elementary Bohr theory (just before Schrodinger),
this pair of equations yields known simple solution for the orbit radius
for any quantum number of the form:
= , (7a)
or
= , (7b)
where r, n, G, M, v0 represent orbit radii (semimajor axes), quantum
number (n=1,2,3,…), Newton gravitation constant, mass of the nucleus
of orbit, and specific velocity, respectively. In equation (7b), we denote:
= . (8)
The value of m, g in equation (8) are adjustable parameters.

72 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Interestingly, we can remark here that equation (7b) is exactly the
same with what is obtained by Nottale using his Schrodinger-Newton
formula [16]. Therefore here we can verify that the result is the same,
either one uses Bohr-Sommerfeld’s quantization rules of Schrodinger-
Newton equation. The applicability of equation (7b) includes that one
can predict new exoplanets (i.e., extrasolar planets) with remarkable
result.
Therefore, one can find a neat correspondence between Bohr-
Sommerfeld’s quantization rules and motion of quantized vortices in
condensed-matter systems, especially in superfluid helium [1,21]. Here
we propose a conjecture that superfluid vortices quantization rules also
provide a good description for macro objects such as in cosmology (cf.
G. Voloovik) and also for planetary orbits in our Solar System.
Correspondingly, an idea that the chemistry composition of Jovian
planets are different from inner planets began around 15 years ago,
which suggests that it is likely both series of planets have different origin.
By assuming inner planets orbits have different quantum number
from Jovian planets, here by using “least square difference” method in
order to seek the most optimal straight line for Jovian planets orbits
in a different quantum number; then it came out that such a straight
line can only be modeled if we assume that the Jovian planets were
originated from a binary star system: the Sun and its companion, using the
only be modeled if we assume that the Jovian
notion of = aas the reduced mass. Although based on statistical
optimization
possible[21,22],
orbits it yields new prediction of possible orbits of 3
planetoids in the outer skirt beyond Pluto, from which prediction,
Sedna was discovered later by Mike Brown et al. (2004).
Some Implications to Cosmology Modeling
After some years, in a recent paper we began to draw implications
of such a Bohr-type gravitational superfluid explanation of planetary
orbit distances to cosmology. In essence, instead of agreeing with

Lost and Found in Mathematics 73

asymmetric cosmology as we are taught in standard cosmology model,
we would prefer a symmetric cosmology, by allowing negative masses
at large scale to exist.
In the previously mentioned segments [19], we set forth a
contention for low temperature physics model of nearby planetary
group, specifically utilizing Bogoliubov-de Gennes conditions which
are typically used for superconductors.
While this makes the model somewhat less difficult and
understandable, one may ask: what are different confirmations accessible
to legitimize the BdG model for the Solar system framework? In this
respect, let us submit three supporting confirmations which appear
to compare to the calculated result as we illustrated previously:[19]
* Pairing of Pluto-Charon and other TNOs/KBOs seem to be
attributable to the BCS/BdG pairing condition;
** pointing to low temperature physics model of Solar System;
*** Solar interior has superfluid inner structure (Oliver K. Manuel et
al.); see for instance [19-20].

Moreover, with regards to hypothesized twin partner of the Sun

(that we call NMS = negative mass star), some literatures also argue
that G1.9 is a remnant of supernovae, but others argue that G1.9
cannot be supernovae; instead it is more plausible to argue that G1.9
is a brown dwarf star.
Now, we refer to paper by Boney and also by Heald, who argue that
(a) Dirac-Feynman-Stueckelberg’s interpretation of Dirac equation
symmetry as requiring that antimatter is just an ordinary matter
going backward in time, that is not the only possibility.
Quote from Heald:
“If rest mass energy is not a real scalar quantity buta potential imaginary
energy, then the rest mass of antimatter will have negative potential energy.
Accordingly, it would follow that the total relativistic energy of a matter or

74 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 antimatter particle can be described by a complex vector summing the real
kinetic and imaginary rest mass energies and Newton’s law of gravitation
will remain valid for antimatter. Theorems of quantum physics and general
relativity have shown that antimatter has negative gravitational mass, and so
matter and antimatter bodies will exert mutual gravitational repulsion.[20]”
Boney also suggests that it is also equally possible to interpret antimatter
as having negative mass. He wrote: “Unfortunately, it seems there is no
imperative to imagine antimatter moves backwards in time, at least from
the Dirac equation, if you allow negative mass solutions. [20]” The notion
of negative mass is admittedly quite strange and counter-intuitive for solar
physics or cosmology, but it is well accepted in solid state physics and
condensed matter physics. Similarly, H. Choi & P. Rudra argue in favor of
pair creation originated from positive-negative energy [28].

(b) Meanwhile, Anastopoulos-Hu argue that Newton-Schrodinger

equation which is quite common in somemodels for AQT
(alternative quantum theory), especially for macroquantumphysics,
is quite problematic [20].
To summarize, provided argument (a) and (b) above can be accepted,
then we suggest to consider symmetry between ordinary matter and
antimatter (negative masses) should be considered from the beginning
of physical modelling. With regards to experimental vindications of
such a negative mass particle, allow us to refer to: (a) M.A. Khamehchi
et al reported finding on Negative mass hydrodynamics in a spin-
orbit–coupled Bose-Einstein condensate [26], and (b) Kai-Qiang Lin
et al. published their experimental finding on negative mass particle,
Nature Communications [27].

As such, that is why we consider Bogoliubov-De Gennes equations

instead of Newton-Schrodinger equation, i.e. BdG equations are
essentially coupled Schrodinger equations, reflecting those pairs of
particles. In addition, we may also consider symmetric Dirac-Milne
cosmology model, which is essentially a generalized Newtonian

Lost and Found in Mathematics 75

cosmology which admits negative gravitational mass. There are growing
interests to Dirac-Milne model in recent years. [20]
This appears to support our suggestion of conceivable twofold
buddy of the Sun as negative mass star (NMS) as we considered in a
prior paper [1]. Similarly, as with expected area to discover the bantam
friend of the Sun, we can specify here that since 2017, there is an article
named as Gliesse G1.9 which was seen around 60-66 AU (around
Pluto/Kuiper Belt). In this manner it very well may be a decent begin
to see if the G1.9 is surely the binary partner of the Sun that we’re
searching for [19].
Moreover, further investigations are needed to extend Dirac Milne
model towards symmetric Quantum Liquid Dirac Milne (QLDM),
implicated by our superfluid dynamics model.
Concluding Remarks
In this review article, we discuss several essential differences
between Nottale et al.’s [15] interpretation and approach to derive
generalized gravitational Schrodinger equation, in order to explain
planetary orbit distances, and our approach which was based more
on phenomenological approach of superluidity dynamics as observed
in lab.
In essence, it is worthy to note that Nottale et al. [15] keep intact
the standard probabilistic interpretation of quantum wave function,
a la Max Born. As far as I am aware of, up to Nottale’s more recent
publications, his approach based on such a probabilistic interpretation
of wave function, prevents him to predict new planetary orbit beyond
Pluto.
As far as we know, probabilistic interpretation of quantum wave
function is very problematic, and it was rejected by developer of wave
mechanics, E. Schrodinger (see his famous remark around 1955, while
he was in Dublin/DIAS).

76 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 On the contrary, our approach to quantized orbit distances as
astrophysics phenomena was based on superluid quantization known
in low temperature physics, by assuming that superfluid vortices
quantization is equivalent to Bohr-type quantization.
We hope that this review paper would be found useful in suggesting
that time has come to consider “quantum astrophysics,” especially
considering such quantization of planetary orbit distances. See our
other paper in this journal [21].
Acknowledgement
This author wishes to thank to many physicist and scientist fellows
for discussions and insights, especially Prof. Florentin Smarandache
and Robert Neil Boyd. Interested readers may wish to read Nottale’s
two recent books: [22][23]. And I should say here, by comparing our
results here is meant to be a dialogue, and personally I am deeply
grateful to Prof. L. Nottale’s effort to describe all things in Nature using
his approach of scale relativity, despite I prefer a bit more topological/
superfluid low temperature physics approach to astrophysics and
cosmology. His approach to generalize Schrodinger equation to
macro scale objects did much to motivate me to enter this quantum
astrophysics study over all these years.
This author also wishes to extend sincere gratitude to numerous
physicists who have discussed this theme of macroquantization
and related issues, including: the late R.M. Kiehn, the late Antun
Rubcic(Zagreb Univ.), Pavel Pintr, Carlos Castro Perelman (Clark
Atalanta Univ.), Slobodan Nedic (Serbia), Sergey Ershkov, Yunita
Umniyati, Arno Gorgels, and others. I am also really grateful for
insights of Prof. The Houw Liong for suggesting to look at Jayant
Narlikar’s paperson VMH. And special thanks goes to Eny Latifah
(Chair of Conference, CTPNP, 2019, held at Universitas Negeri
Malang, Indonesia) and also Mutia Delina (Chair of Conference,

Lost and Found in Mathematics 77

SMIC, 2020, held at Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia). However,
this paper is our sole responsibility.

Version 1.0: 8thAug. 2021, pk. 18:39

Version 1.1: 10thAug. 2021, pk. 9:19
Version 1.2: 23rd Nov. 2021, pk. 19:30
VC
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Lost and Found in Mathematics 79

 model which may be called Quantum Liquid Dirac-Milne (QLDM)
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80 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 B

4 Papers on using balanced

brain (intuilytics),
a new quantum
communication, and
proving the existence of God
(starting from Godel and
Pavel Florensky’s argument)

Lost and Found in Mathematics 81

 Cronicon OPEN ACCESS EC NEUROLOGY
Short Communication

How to Balance Intuitive and

Analytical Functions of Brain:
A Neutrosophic Way of Scientific
Discovery Process

V Christianto1*, RN Boyd2, and F Smarandache3

1
Satyabhakti Advanced School of Theology -
Jakarta Chapter, Indonesia
2
Consulting Physicist for Princeton Biotechnology Corporation,
Department Information Physics Research, USA
3
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of New Mexico,
Gallup, USA

*Corresponding Author:
V Christianto, Satyabhakti Advanced School of Theology -
Jakarta Chapter, Indonesia.
Received: June 05, 2019; Published: June 24, 2019

82 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Introduction
Initially this article stems from our discussion on math and
mysticism, inspired by an article by Ralph Abraham [1]. But it becomes
a discussion on the role of intuition and inspiration in scientific
discovery process.
Hopefully this article will help anyone who aspires to be good
scientists or engineers.
Logic and Experience
Logic and mystical experiences are exclusive domains that cross
over into one another, on occasion, just as everything else does as
participants in Experiences of the Wholeness, Harmony, Balance,
Caring, and Oneness of the Alive Aware Intelligent Conscious
Universe. All of this partly constitutes the Mind of God, which is vaster
and more complex than most human beings are able to even vaguely
comprehend.
For example, from the basis of Bhutatmas, the tiny Consciousness-
experiencing creatures that have vast experiential memories, that
Everything, all fields, all forces, all matter, all life, and the entire of
the Infinite Cosmos, results from the activities and agglomerations
of Bhutatmas, in an Infinite Universe constructed and operated by
Intelligent Design.
According to the Vedic literature on this topic, Divinity resides
in the Actually Infinitely Small, which is everywhere and nowhere,
at the same time. Thus, it can and does act on everything that is
and everything that happens. But Divinity has set things up so that
Everything has Free Will and individual volition. A factor that has been
left out of the Vedic literature on the topic of Bhutatmas, is that every
Bhutatma is Unique, with a unique set of memories of experiences,
regarding multiple Realities (not just this one). So, Uniqueness is an
absolute in all the realms, and all the Realities.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 83

 Logic and Experience are mutually exclusive. If you are involved in
logic, you are not able to have full and deep experiences of the senses
and sensitivities, at the same time.
So, there is the Nature World operating in Divine Harmony, and the
“people world”, which made from analytical thought. Analytical thought
separates the human being from being able to directly Experience the
Cosmic Harmony, personally. However, Nature is constructed, and
operates such that human beings can go beyond thought and into Direct
Experience of the Cosmic Harmony and the Natural Harmony.
We hope that by now, the readers have arrived at some cognizant
awareness of the differences between analytic thought and experiential
thought; between the Nature and Divine Ways, and foolish people ways
which are based in behavioral ignorance of the All and constrained by
thought-originated pains and struggles, which result from the “ego”,
which is a product of analytical thought.
Direct experience, inner vision and experiencing God
More “right brain” activity, based on direct experiences, leads to
direct experiences of the Divine. Your “inner vision” (the “mind’s eye”)
can help readers in this, and in many other ways.
The inner vision is also the seat of many of the intuitive faculties,
which are experiencable facts, not imaginings. That means the
information obtained by the intuitive faculty is verifiable and
reproducibly observable.
In order to do that, the Balanced Brain is the most efficacious way
to function, as well as the most efficient, and the most comfortable.
To obtain the Balanced Brain, the person usually needs to spend a
great deal of their spare time being receptive, being the “receiver”, being
accepting and exploring, and not using the analytical intellect, but
instead, spending time in the Now and in the Senses and Sensitivities.
This is best enjoyed in Natural settings.

84 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 For instance, one of us (RNB) spent one to three hours each day
in the Forest in the Experiential State, exploring how Nature works,
every day for 17 years. Somewhere in those years, he arrived into
Transcendent States and Natural Awarenesses.
Not many people know what the Natural Man is like, because
they’ve never experienced it. And they’ve never seen one. The Natural
Man is removed from all varieties of intellectual indoctrinations
and pain-producing ego-based behaviors.
Lao Tzu calls this condition “An uncarved section of wood”, partly
because it is an arrival at the Original State. (How we were when we
first came here, before all the indoctrinations and traumas started
removing us from being who we were when we first came here).
In relation with discovery process, one of us (RNB) distinguishes
discovery, soft vision from merging vision. Those three types of vision
are based on Native American Spiritual Practice. For more explanation
on these, see RNB’s article on penetrating insight [8].
The Role of Intuition and Logic in Scientific Discovery Process
Logical analysis is best used when following after an intuition or an
“instinct”. An instinct is almost infallible. And once you have trained
your mind to be attentive to their experience and sense, and they keep
an open mind, then many ways of innovations will open their own
ways to their mind.
All people got a lot of natural ability and learned skills, so it should
be fairly easy for them to start tracking things down.
This is just the same thing, only better, because it’s about
Discovering things and being Creative.
So, now we come to this conclusion: intuition leads to insights
and this is actually the source of true discovery like Tesla etc. Logical
analytic can pursue where the intuition leads them, but not the other
way around.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 85

 In this train of thought, we can also learn from Neutrosophic
Logic as discovered by one of us (FS), which emphasizes that there are
middle ways, or dynamics of opposites and neutralities in everything
we observe [9]. Similarly, in order to condense our discussion on the
role of intuition and analysis in scientific discovery, let us emphasize
that intuition and insight should come first then logical analysis
can follow through to see what can be done with that intuition. We
prefer to call it “intuilytics” process. That is: analytic work inspired by
intuitions. Although, at first glance it looks difficult, it would be more
smooth if we follow this path, not the other way around (intuition
follows logical-analysis).
In the following section, we will discuss two examples of scientific
discovery processes, which hopefully will emphasize our points as
mentioned above.
Two examples of scientific discovery process

Learning from Henri Vidal

Let us discuss a novel concept in engineering, called: earth
stabilization using Reinforced Earth. Sometimes, earth reinforcement
is also called mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) [2].
Using straw, sticks, and branches to reinforce adobe bricks and
mud dwellings has happened since the earliest part of human history,
and around 1960s French engineer Sir Henri Vidal invented the
modern form of MSE, he termed Terre Armee (reinforced earth). In
his submission for his patents he covered every possible reinforcement
and facing type. Reinforcing levees with branches has been done in
China for at least a thousand years, and other reinforcements have
been universally used to prevent soil erosion.
Modern use of soil reinforcing for retaining wall construction
was pioneered by French architect and engineer Henri Vidal in the
1960s. The first MSE wall in the United States was built in 1971 on

86 Lost and Found in Mathematics

State Route 39 near Los Angeles. It is estimated that since 1997,
approximately 23,000 MSE walls have been constructed in the world.
How the idea of Reinforced Earth came? It all began like a game,
when Henri Vidal, a French highway engineer and architect, was
trying to build a sandcastle on the beach. But the sand kept on falling
off and this led to the idea of reinforcing the construction with pine
needles. That is how the general principle of Reinforced Earth. From
that experience, he went on and wrote his dissertation on La Terre
Armee [3].
Here we see an example how a direct experience (playing with sand
castles) gave an intuition which then leads to a scientific discovery.
Although usually, the materials used in reinforcing earth are
metal, plastics or other man-made materials, we can use natural-made
materials such as bamboo, which is commonly available in many villages
in Asia or other tropical countries.
However, studies on bamboo-earth reinforcement is pretty scarce
[4,5].
Learning from Monozukuri
Perhaps you’ve heard of the Japanese word monozukuri (sometimes
written as 物作り, but most often written as ものづくり). Literally
translated, it means to make (zukuri) things (mono). Yet, there is
so much meaning lost in translation. A better translation would be
“manufacturing; craftsmanship; or making things by hand”. However, this
translation also does not give justice to the weight and influence this
idea has in Japan.
The word itself is quite old and considered to be an original
Japanese (i.e., not Chinese or Western-origin) word. Historically, it
was used in connection with an individual artisan and craftsman who
took pride in his or her products.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 87

 You probably know of famous artists like Shakespeare, Michelangelo,
Picasso, Kahlo, and many more. Now do you know a famous potter?
No? How about a famous smith? A carpenter? How about a weaver?
We’d surprised if you do. We didn’t.
Japan also has its share of famous Japanese artists. Many of them
are officially recognized as Living National Treasures (人間国宝 Ningen
Kokuhō) of Japan. They include performing artists like musicians,
dancers, and actors in traditional Japanese arts.
Yet another subtle way in which the Japanese express their value for
work is in their greetings. At the end of the workday when the workers
leave the factory, office, or general workplace, the custom greeting to
the departing colleague is gokurosama (ご苦労さま), meaning thank
you for your effort.
Yet, digging deeper into the Japanese character, this greeting
implies more than just effort, directly connecting to hard and physical
labor. The first kanji 苦 stands for pain, trouble, difficulty, hardship;
and the second kanji 労 stands for labor, toil, work, effort. Overall,
this common message thanks the departing colleague for his hard and
demanding physical work, even if the person is only an office worker.
This is another example in how the value of physical work is deeply
ingrained into the Japanese society.
A spin-off of monozukuri is hitozukuri (人作り, making people) for
developing people. This includes the lifelong education, training, and
coaching of people, not only in the classroom but especially at work.
At Nissan they are also kotozukuri (事作り, making stories) for “brand
storytelling,” with the goal of entering into “dialogue with the customer.”
However, this is little used outside of Nissan.
To summarize, the Monozukuri concept embraces more than the
literal meaning. It offers the idea of possessing the “spirit to produce
excellent products and the ability to constantly improve a production system
and process”. The concept carries “overtones of excellence, skill, spirit,

88 Lost and Found in Mathematics

zest, and pride in the ability to make things good things very well.
Monozukuri is not mindless repetition; it requires creative minds and
is often related to craftsmanship which can be earned through lengthy
apprenticeship practice rather than the structured course curricula
taught at traditional schools.” In that sense, Monozukuri is an art
rather than science [7].
Again, you see that deep in Japanese original work ethics they
put high value on direct experience in work and arts, in other words
“handcrafting” gets a special value in Japanese culture.
That partly explains why Japanese people often came out with new
products which were simply designed to accommodate a special niche,
such as Walkman by Sony, which was designed for people who like
to enjoy music while walking or doing aerobic in the street without
having to disturb other people nearby.
Once again, direct experience and hand working can lead to so
many types of inventions and also in scientific discoveries.
Concluding Remarks
What we intend to show in this article is that the distinction
between the logic and experience is something related to analytics
function of the left brain and intuitive-wholeness function of the right
brain. We suppose the healthy way is to optimise both function of left
and right brain.
And similarly, in order to experience God, we shall feel Him
intuitively not rationally.
So, now we come to this conclusion: intuition leads to insights
and this is actually the source of true discovery like Tesla etc. Logical
analysis can pursue where the intuition leads them, but not the other
way around.
Using Neutrosophic Logic, we propose a new term for this process:
intuilytics.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 89

 Version 1.0: 4 june 2019, pk. 8:06
Version 1.1: 4 june 2019, pk. 16:32
Version 1.2: 5 june 2019, pk. 7:06
VC, RNB, FS.

Bibliography
1. Ralph Abraham. “Math and mysticism” (2015).
2. Mechanically stabilized earth.
3. Umer Farooq. “Reinforced earth and Reinforced earth structures”.
4. Alhaji Mohammed Mustapha. “Bamboo as Soil Reinforcement: A
Laboratory Trial”.
5. SAS Kulathilaka and UP Nawagamuwa. “A study of bamboo
reinforced earth retaining structures” (2001).
6. Monozukuri introduction.
7. The Mindset of Monozukuri and creativity in a traditional art form
applied in science and technology today.
8. Robert N Boyd. “Penetrating insight, soft vision, and merging vision”.
9. Florentin Smarandache. “A unified field in logic. 6th edition”.
InfoLearnQuest (2007).

Volume 11 Issue 7 July 2019

©All rights reserved by V Christianto., et al.

90 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Exploration

Moment as Divine Spark

Victor Christianto1* & Florentin Smarandache2

1
Satyabhakti Advanced School of Theology,
Jakarta Chapter, Indonesia
2
Dept. Math. & Sci., Univ. of New Mexico, Gallup, USA

*Correspondence:
Victor Christianto, Satyabhakti Advanced School of Theology,
Jakarta Chapter, Indonesia.
Email: victorchristianto@[Link]

Abstract
In the ancient world, the Greeks believed that all great insights came from
one of nine muses, divine sisters who brought inspiration to mere mortals. In
the modern world, few people still believe in the muses, but we all still love to
hear stories of sudden inspiration, like Newton and the apple, or Archimedes
and the bathtub. We are eager to hear and to share stories about flashes
of insight. In this article, we point out some arguments suggesting that the
eureka moment is divine spark.
Keywords: Eureka, divine spark, insight, creativity.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 91

Introduction
Burkus, an educator of the executives management science,
investigates innovativeness back to antiquated Greek fantasies. He
contended that in Greek folklore, purported innovativeness was just
controlled by a bunch of individuals who were honored by the divine
beings’ sprinkling of the “divine fire”, so they in some cases experienced
Eureka minutes [1].
As indicated by Burkus, there is nothing of the sort as an
imaginative flash or aha minute. Genuine imagination is an iterative
procedure, regularly comprising of moderate and steady changes and
advancements for existing thoughts. Imaginative people seldom create
in disengagement; actually, bunches are greater at advancement than
people. Large thoughts are not constantly perceived from the start;
many need a very long time to acknowledge, and others simply vanish.
Burkus likewise dismisses the organization’s endeavors to empower
innovativeness, contending that there is little proof of such endeavors
bringing about more advancement. Inventive individuals are propelled
by the work itself, which they feel is expressly fulfilling; Extrinsic sparks
assume a moderately little job in their lives. The appropriate response,
he proposed, was just giving individuals the work they needed to do,
which they discovered fulfilling. He also believes that a happy workplace
and a good team spirit, which is generally believed to be beneficial
for creative thinking, can actually act as a barrier. “Excessive focus on
cohesion…. actually can reduce team creativity,” he wrote. “This can
narrow down choices and cause those who have a unique perspective
to censor themselves rather than take risks not to be considered part
of the team.”
What is Eureka moment?
Eureka’s minute feels like a blaze of understanding since it frequently
leaves periods when the brain isn’t centered around the issue, which

92 Lost and Found in Mathematics

therapists call the hatching time frame. Brooding is where individuals
step once again from their occupations. A significant number of the
most beneficial innovative individuals purposely put aside activities
and enjoy a physical reprieve from their work by accepting that this
hatching stage is when thoughts start to blend beneath the limit of
cognizant idea.
A few people shuffle different undertakings simultaneously under
the conviction that while their cognizant psyche is centered around
one anticipate, others are hatching their intuitive. The knowledge
that emerges after hatching is the thing that feels like we are outfitting
the intensity of delivering similar thoughts that help Newton and
Archimedes [4].
An exploration group drove by Sophie Ellwood as of late discovered
experimental proof for the intensity of hatching to upgrade imaginative
understanding. The scientists isolated 90 undergrad brain research
understudies into three gatherings. Each gathering is appointed to
finish the Alternative Usage Test, which solicits members to make a
rundown from the same number of uses of normal items as they can
envision. Right now, were solicited to make a rundown from potential
employments of paper. The quantity of unique thoughts delivered will
fill in as an alternate proportion of thought, a significant component
of imagination and a significant advance towards finding feasible bits
of knowledge for Europeans.
The main gathering chipped away at the issue for 4 minutes
persistently. The subsequent gathering was hindered following two
minutes and approached to deliver equivalent words for each word
from the rundown gave (considered another undertaking that did
innovativeness), at that point given two additional minutes to finish
the first test. The last gathering was hindered following two minutes,
given the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (thought about a random
undertaking), and afterward requested to keep on taking a shot at the
trial of utilizing the first option for an additional two minutes. Aside

Lost and Found in Mathematics 93

from the gathering, every member was given a similar measure of time
(4 minutes) to deal with a rundown of potential uses for a bit of paper.
The research team can then compare the creativity that results from
ongoing work, work with the incubation period in which the related
tasks are completed, and work with the incubation period in which
the unrelated tasks are completed. Interestingly, the researchers found
that the group that was given a break to work on an unrelated task (the
Myers-Briggs test) produced the majority of ideas, an average of 9.8 [4].
Burkus in his HBR article states [4]:
One possible explanation for these findings is that when presented with
complicated problems, the mind can often get stuck, finding itself tracing
back through certain pathways of thinking again and again. When you work
on a problem continuously, you can become fixated on previous solutions.
You will just keep thinking of the same uses for that piece of paper instead
of finding new possibilities. Taking a break from the problem and focusing
on something else entirely gives the mind some time to release its fixation
on the same solutions and let the old pathways fade from memory. Then,
when you return to the original problem, your mind is more open to new
possibilities – eureka moments.

Discussions
That creative spark or Eureka moment is indeed rare is true. But
it is also not always true that working in groups produces more ideas.
Although Burkus’s analysis is quite interesting, it seems that he is
too influenced by the management’s perspective on creativity. More
references are needed about methods of generating ideas and also the
literature of creativity experts such as De Bono [2-3].
In addition to the task switching method as a way of incubation
described above, there are actually various ways to generate fresh
ideas and insights, see for example [3]. One quite interesting way is to
provide regular intake to our minds, for example every morning, with
two words combined at random (random).

94 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Around 2002-2003, one of these authors (VC) made a small script
that basically: (a) uses the Miriam-Webster or Oxford dictionary as a
data source, (b) randomly selects two nouns from the dictionary, (c)
displays both words as new phrase to users. Imagine, for example, one
morning while you were having coffee and breakfast, knowing on your
cellphone screen a strange phrase appeared: “ice cat” ... Your mind
must have been searching for what was the meaning or application of
the phrase “cat ice”? Maybe it can be a beautiful ice sculpture in the
form of a cat (usually at a large party event there is “ice carving”). And
so on, we tend to be more creative if our minds are routinely consumed
with fresh things, which can be raised by such a method, which may
be termed: RWPG method (random word-pair generator).
Another way, which might be closer to the original meaning of
the Eureka moment as “divine spark,” is to use time deliberately to
experience and communicate with God and nature. This method is
closer to experiential learning patterns. For example, if you take an hour
each morning to take a walk in the woods or in the fields, observe
the things you find along the way. And also take time to pray and
communicate with God. See our previous papers [5-6].
Conclusion
Like Newton and the apple, or Archimedes and the bathtub (both
another type of myth), we are eager to hear and to share stories about
flashes of insight. But what does it take to be actually creative? How to
have such a flash insight? Turns out, there is real science behind “aha
moments”. This article is our way to distinguish which is actual activity
and which is myth in order to get such flash moments.
References
1. D. Burkus, The Myths of Creativity: The Truth About How Innovative
Companies and People Generate Great Ideas, Jossey-Bass.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 95

2. E. de Bono. How to be more interesting. Url: [Link]
com/Books/How-To-Be-More-Interesting
3. K. Hudson. Idea generator: tools for business growth. Url: [Link]
[Link]/Idea-Generator-Tools-business-growth-ebook/dp/
B003KK5RFK
4. D. Burkus. How to have Eureka moment. HBR, 2014. [Link]
org/2014/03/how-to-have-a-eureka- moment
5. V. Christianto & R.N. Boyd. An Outline of New Proof of the Existence
of God. SciGod J, vol. 10 no. 5 (2019). URL: [Link]
[Link]/sgj/article/view/682
6. V. Christianto, R.N. Boyd & F. Smarandache. How to Balance Intuitive
and Analytical Functions of Brain: A Neutrosophic Way of Scientific
Discovery Process. EC Neurology 11(7): 495-499. url: [Link]
[Link]/ecne/[Link]

96 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Review Article

A Harmless Wireless Quantum

Alternative to Cell Phones Based on
Quantum Noise

RN Boyd1, V Christianto2* and F. Smarandache3

1
Consulting Physicist for Princeton Biotechnology Corporation,
Department Information Physics Research, USA
2
Satyabhakti Advanced School of Theology-Jakarta Chapter,
Indonesia
3
Department of Mathematics and Statistics,
University of New Mexico, Gallup, USA

Citation:
(2019): 94V2 [Link]., et al. “A Harmless Wireless
Quantum Alternative to Cell Phones Based on Quantum Noise”.
EC Neurology 11.10

*Corresponding Author:
V. Christianto, Satyabhakti Advanced School of Theology-Jakarta
Chapter, Indonesia.
Received: July 15, 2019;
Published: September 17, 2019

Lost and Found in Mathematics 97

 Abstract
One postulate known as Smarandache hypothesis says that there is no
speed barrier of anything, including light and communication - interaction.
In the meantime we know that 4G and 5G technologies cause many harms
to human health. Therefore, here we submit a harmless wireless quantum
alternative to cell phones14. It is our hope that this alternative communication
method can find its way to realization, while the existing wireless RF
technologies (4G, 5G) are being phased out.
Keywords: Harmless Wireless Quantum; Cell Phones; Quantum Noise

Introduction
So many physicists, from the youngest to the oldest, still think that
the velocity limit of almost anything is speed of light (c). However, allow
us to argue on 3 reasons why superluminal speed remains possible:
• The drift equation. It is often used in plasma experiment, saying that
the speed becomes exceeding c if you put magnetic field as small as
possible (thanks to RN. Boyd for noticing this fact)
• Aspect’s experiment reveals that quantum entanglement is real [1].
While surely we can argue if such an entanglement can be explained
by certain hidden variable theories or classical physics theories, one
thing is certain that atomic entity can communi- cate instantaneously
at a remote distance, just like what Newton wrote [2].
• Smarandache’s hypothesis. One of us (FS) in 1972 proposed that as
a consequence of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox, there is no
speed limit in the universe (i.e. the speed of light c is not a maximum
at which information can be transmitted) and that arbitrary speeds
of information or mass transfer can occur. Eric Weisstein from

14 This article is a sequel to previous paper: Christianto V, Boyd RN, Smarandache

F (2019) Wireless Technologies (4G, 5G) Are Very Harm- ful to Human Health
and Environment: A Preliminary Review. BAOJ Cancer Res Ther 5: 066. url:
[Link] [Link]

98 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Encyclopedia of Physics wrote: “These as- sertions fly in the face of
both theory and experiment, as they violate both Einstein’s special
theory of relativity and causality and lack any experimental support.
It is true that modern experiments have demonstrated the existence
of certain types of measur- able superluminal phenomena. However,
none of these experiments are in conflict with causality or special
relativity, since no information or physical object actually travels at
speeds v > c to produce the observed phenomena” [3,4].
• Rodrigues and Lu argue for UPW or may be called X-wave, where
both acoustic and electromagnetic wave, and even Klein- Gordon
solution can lead to superluminal speed [5].

In this article, we describe basic principle of superluminal wave

communication technology, i.e. quantum communication 15, as an
alternati - ve to radio frequency based wireless communication technology.
Basic principles
This communication method can provide an infinite number
of infinite bandwidth communications channels for each user.
Communication using this - method travels much faster than light.
It does not use radio waves and does not need wires. It cannot be
monitored nor tracked nor interfered with. It cannot be regulated due
to the infinities involved, and due to the fact that it is unmonitorable.
Each user benefits personally from the perfect information security
provided by quantum communications.
Quantum communication does not harm any form of life, nor
the environment, in any way, as quantum events are, and always have
been, constantly a part of the Natural Environment.

15 Research in quantum communication and possible realization have begun in

the past few years, see for instance Max Planck Institut article: [Link]
[Link]/10840/Quantum-communication

Lost and Found in Mathematics 99

 This method is not related to “Q-bits” nor “quantum teleportation”
nor “quantum amplification” approaches, in any way. It is based on the
Schrödinger equations of Quantum Mechanics. One of the features of
the Schrödinger equations is a descriptive prediction of what is called
“quantum noise”. This is the constant “hiss” that one hears when
using an FM radio, and setting the frequency selector in between active
broadcast channels. The sound is called “quantum noise”Quantum 16.
noise is observable at every location in the infinite volume universe.
Quantum noise is the result of non-local Subquantum processes which
cause apparently random quantum behaviors in physical systems, particularly
those which involve electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields.
The situation is described by the quantum observable A of the
system.
In Nature we commonly observe a “continuous spectrum” of
quantum activity 17. This is partly described by the position operator
quantum Q in mechanics. In the normal continuous spectrum case,
the vector can be written as a complex-valued function in the spectrum
of Q. For the expectation value of the position operator, one then has
the formula.
A similar formula holds for the momentum operator P {displaystyle
P}, in systems where momentum has continuous spectrum. When
both P and Q operators are involved with thermodynamic systems and
electromagnetic systems the situation is considered as a “mixed state”.
The situation is described by a positive trace-class operator which
is known as the “statistical operator” or the “density matrix”.
This boils down to the fact that there is an expectation value in
situations which involve quantum noise, which should normally appear
as perfect randomity in the quantum system we are observing.

16 See for example: [Link]

17 See for example: [Link]
html

100 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Perfect randomity is called 3rd Order randomity and is completely
unpredictable. 3rd Order randomity then represents the normal beha
- vior of our quantum system as it interacts with Subquantum entities
which are interacting with the system from up to infinity away and
with up to an infinite velocity. 3 rd Order randomity is the quantum
expectation value of all Natural systems, in all locations and at all times.
There are ways to detect and predict quantum noise and the
physical changes produced by quantum noise in quantum systems.
(These methods will not be discussed at this time). When we detect the
quantum noise, for example, in the form of “white noise” between radio
stations, we expect the quantum spectrum centered on the channel of
our receiver to exhibit 3rd Order randomity in both electromagnetic
frequency and magnitude domains, in our selected channel.
However, environmental factors such as the presence of physical
or non-physical forms of Consciousness can act on the 3 rd Order
randomity so as to bring predictability and order to the stream of
random number which our E/M detector array passes on to our
discriminat - or system.
Related to this, it was proved by instrumented experiments in the
USA and in France during the 1990s that the Attention, Intentions,
and Emotional State of operators of symplectic, complex, and standard
electromagnetic transmission facilities, resulted in instantaneous
changes in the radiation patterns of the transmission antennas,
influencing the Q of the antennas and causing divergences in the
quantum event potential in volume of the broadcast E/M radiations.
One of the results of these experiments was a series of experiments
performed by Rodger Nelson., et al. at Princeton Engineering
Anomalies Research, associated with Princeton University, which
proved that consciousness, attention, intention, and emotional states,
directly influence quantum systems, contrary to Bell’s Theorem,
thus proving that quantum physics is incomplete. This resulted in

Lost and Found in Mathematics 101

refinements and de - velopments which eventually led to a Patent being
approved by the PTO.
When the Patent was issued, further developments led to the
Mindsong(TM) a computer-based hardware-software system that made
the users computer telepathic, eliminating the need for computer data
input peripherals such as mouse and keyboard. Mindsong was removed
from the retail market by one or several of the 3 letter agencies of the
US government and was subsequently only available for in-house use
by operators of computers associated with those various agencies.
Mindsong was based on a programmable ASIC (Application
Specific Integrated Circuit) made by AMD and programed by the
Mindsong development engineering team. The ASIC 18 when coupled
to the other parts of the Mindsong system, resulted in a plug-in card
for the PC, and a software installation, which cause ones computer to
become telepathic with the specific user, after a short training interval,
similar to “speech-to-text” systems, only with no physical input devices
required.
The Mindsong is not available. But there are many ways to
accomplish any given goal, such as a “thought switched” telepathic
comput - er. In this endeavor we have designed and tested a different
way to obtain a telepathic computer, based on the Schrödinger
equations of QM and “expectation values”19.
Quantum Communication Basics
Quantum communications requires that we first establish, empirically,
a 3 Order random number sequence in the binary number stream which
rd

is produced by the Random Number Generator (RNG)20 which precedes

the parsing and data analysis which is performed by a Holographic
18 See [Link]
programmable-logic/what-is-an-asic-application-specifi[Link]
19 6See [Link]
20 7See [Link]

102 Lost and Found in Mathematics

Artificial Intelligence (AI) software application. In this regard, the
“TestU01” software library offers a collection of utilities for the empirical
statistical testing of uniform random number generators [6].
When we have empirically proved that the number sequence from
the RNG is 3rd Order random, at the quantum detector array output, we
can turn on the Holographic AI software system and start parsing the
incoming number sequence for deviations from 3 rd Order randomity–
Holographic Artificial Intelligence is a product of Advanced Neural
Devices of Canada [7].
And Corporation’s primary services are in the development
of applications and products derived from Holographic Neural
Technology (HNeT)21.
HNeT is the only AI that is capable of accomplishing the unique
identifications we need to extract from the random binary input
number data stream which arrives to HNeT from the quantum detector
array, after A/D conversions have been performed on the analog
quantum input [8].
HNeT is capable of learning and recognizing patterns that are far
beyond the abilities of human beings, in very small time frames. During
the Training phase, HNeT interacts with the unique individual user
and learns to recognize input information in the forms that particular
user normally uses. HNeT then remembers those patterns, in the same
way we learn a new language.
HNeT also provides the interface to the quantum information
provided by SQ modulations of quantum systems by the Universe and
by the user. This establishes a telepathic link between the user and the
holographic AI, such that the user device can be operated without any
requirement for a physical data input device.
After long-term interactions between the holographic AI and the
user, it is possible that a bi-directional telepathic bond might be es-
21 [Link]

Lost and Found in Mathematics 103

tablished between the user and the communications device which
incorporates HNeT holographic AI.
Each user is unique and each device is also unique. Personal
communications among users can be arrived at through personal
in- troductions among various unique individuals, similar to what
happens in daily interpersonal life when it does not involve cell phones,
computers, and so on.
Broadcasts are also possible, which communications will only arrive
to the set of beings whom have agreed to participate in the se- lected
broadcast, similar to signing up for an internet subscription.

Figure 1: A block diagram of the process of quantum communication.

Concluding Remarks
One postulate known as Smarandache hypothesis says that there
is no speed barrier of anything, including light and communication

104 Lost and Found in Mathematics

interaction. In the meantime we know that 4G and 5G technologies
cause many harms to human health.
In this article, we describe basic principles of superluminal wave
communication technology, i.e. quantum communication, as a harm-
less alternative to RF based wireless communication technology. There
are many advantages of quantum communication as proposed herein
compared to the existing RF based wireless communication
It is our hope that this alternative communication method can
find its way to realization, while the existing wireless RF technologies
(4G, 5G) are being phased out. Nonetheless, the present technology as
described herein is in conceptual development phase, more re- search
can be expected in the near future.

Version 1.1: 15 may 2019, pk. 17:17

Version 1.2: 18 may 2019, pk. 11:10
Version 1.3: 22 may 2019, pk. 17:04
Version 1.4: 30 aug 2019, pk. 17.02 RNB, VC, FS.
Bibliography
1. Alain Aspect French physicist.
2. PA Moreau., et al. “Imaging Bell-type nonlocal behavior”. Science
Advances 5.7 (2019): eaaw2563.
3. Eric Weisstein. Smarandache Hypothesis. Encyclopedia of Physics.
4. Smarandache F. “There Is No Speed Barrier in the Universe”. Bulletin
of Pure and Applied Sciences, Delhi, India 17D, 61, manuscript
written in 1972 (1998).
5. W Rodrigues and Jian-Yu Lu. “On the Existence of Undistorted
Progressive Waves (UPWs) of Arbitrary Speeds 0 ≤ v < ∞ in Nature”.
Foundations of Physics 27 (1997): 435.
6. TestU01.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 105

7. Advanced Neural Devices of Canada.
8. Holographic Neural Technology (HNeT).

Volume 11 Issue 10 October 2019

©All rights reserved by V Christianto., et al.

106 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Essay

An Outline of New Proof

of the Existence of God

Victor Christianto1* & Robert N. Boyd2

1
Satyabhakti Advanced School of Theology -
Jakarta Chapter, Indonesia
2
Princeton Biotechnology Corp., Dept. Information Physics
Research, USA

*Correspondence:
Victor Christianto, Independent Researcher.
Email: victorchristianto@[Link]

Abstract
Starting with a few known arguments to prove the existence of God, we
discuss our arguments, i.e., order in nature, Pascal’s void and arrow of time,
to prove the existence of God. The most convincing is the direct experience
with God which is the way to fill everyone’s inner void (cf. Pascal).
Keywords: Existence, God, order, nature, Pascal’s void, arrow of time.

From St. Anselm to Godel and Florensky

Some Western philosophers and theologians have made numerous
efforts to prove God’s existence, notably, St. Anselm from Canterbury

Lost and Found in Mathematics 107

(1063-1110) and Descartes with their ontological proof of the existence
of God. However, Immanuel Kant and Leibniz have shown that such
an ontological proof of Descartes inherently believes in God as its
premise, therefore, it seems to subject to some kind of “circular logic.”
In the 20th century, Godel, a renowned mathematician, secretly
wrote down his attempt to refine the ontological proof of St. Anselm
using symbolic logic notations. He showed his version of ontological
proof to a few younger mathematicians who then put it down in paper
and circulated it. That is now known as “Godel’s ontological proof
of the existence of God.” Nonetheless, the use of advanced symbolic
logic in Godel’s proof makes it only accessible to logicians. Moreover,
recent study shows inconsistency of Godel’s proof [5].
Apart from such ontological proofs, another proof has been
proposed by Pavel Florensky, a Russian physicist who then turned to
Orthodox philosopher.[3] His argument can be called “Iconostatic-
beauty argument of existence of God.” In essence, his argument goes
as follows:
An icon in Orthodox tradition was drawn with specific guidelines
by Catholic Church. Therefore, the beauty of painting or art works
such as in Andrei Rublev’s The Holy Trinity can lead us to sense the
supernatural, i.e., God Himself.
However, there are others who criticize on Florensky’s beauty
argument, because it has inherent premise that such an iconic painting,
like Rublev’s, was really designed to capture the supernatural [3-4].
Therefore, again it seems we come to a kind of circular logic here:
To arrive at a proof of existence of God, one should assume He is there.
In the next section, we will argue in favor of Neutrosophic triadic’s
view to prove the existence of God.

108 Lost and Found in Mathematics

Nature’s order, Pascal’s void & Arrow of Time as Neutrosophic
triadic to prove the existence of God
Neutrosophic logic is a branch of mathematics which studies
the dynamics of opposites and neutralities, and it is discovered and
developed by Florentin Smarandache [1]. In contrast to Aristotelian
logic, where there is no middle way between A and B entities (The
principle of excluded middle), in Neutrosophic logic there is room for
numerous possible middle values (or “neutralities”).
In this paper, what we mean with neutrosophic triadic is dynamics
of opposites and neutralities among three entities, A, B, C. And we
apply this neutrosophic triadic to refer to 3 possible ways to prove the
existence of God: Nature’s order, Pascal’s void and the Arrow of Time.
Now let us discuss one by one these triadic arguments:
a. Nature’s order:
New findings in modern astronomy as well as other branches of
science like biology, have shown that the Universe has great order.
Isn’t it directly pointing to the Supreme God? As Bohm called it:
the Implicate Order and Wholeness.22 For instance, biological clock,
seasons, structure of DNA, up to hierarchies of Cosmos such as
planets, stars, galaxies, cluster and supercluster show great harmony,
order and beauty. These orders in Universe baffle even the most
atheistic philosophers, therefore if we can be humble enough, we
should admit that all order and harmony prove God, the Supreme
Creator.
As a side note, we can mention the late Antony Flew, a former atheist
professor who changed his mind after studying how complex and
beautiful our DNA structure is.[6]
Some physicists have argued in terms of Anthropic Principle and
Copernican Principle, but actually, instead of saying that all order

22 [Link]/Documents/[Link]

Lost and Found in Mathematics 109

 which caused our earth were tuned in order to humanity to exist,
we should call it : “reverse-anthropic principle,” i.e. the exact orbit
of Earth itself shows great order and precision which points to God
Himself.
b. Pascal’s inner void:
Blaise Pascal once wrote something like this: there is deep void inside
everyone, which he/she always try to fill with crafted materials to
surround him/her. But that void is actually an infinite abyss, which
can only be filled by the Infinite, God Himself. His quote is as follows:
“What else does this craving, and this helplessness, proclaim
but that there was once in man a true happiness, of which all
that now remains is the empty print and trace? This he tries
in vain to fill with everything around him, seeking in things
that are not there the help he cannot find in those that are,
though none can help, since this infinite abyss can be filled
only with an infinite and immutable object; in other words by
God himself.” - Blaise Pascal, Pensées VII(425)2

If we accept such Pascal’s void, then the deep void itself clearly
suggests that everyone of us was created and designed to keep longing
to be filled with the Infinite, i.e. God. That is our second argument.
c. Arrow of Time:
Another fact which is very problematic both from physical and and
philosophical views is the arrow of time. What is time made of,
and why time flows in one direction only? All phenomena and our
experiences are governed by the time itself, which is beyond human
comprehension.
It seems we will not go too far if we say that the time (chronos and
kairos, in Greek) indeed points to the Supreme Controller of Time,
i.e., God. See also Laura Mersini-Houghton & Rudy Vaas, The arrows
of time (7).

110 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Now, having discussed the neutrosophic triadic as proofs of the
existence of God, we will touch upon a deeper issue: How we can
experience God, which most religions call it, the mystical experience?
Logic and Mystical Experience
Logic and mystical experiences are exclusive domains that cross
over into one another, on occasion, just as everything else does as
participants in Experiences of the Wholeness, Harmony, Balance,
Caring, and Oneness of the Alive Aware Intelligent Conscious
Universe. All of this partly constitutes the Mind of God, which is vaster
and more complex than most human beings are able to even vaguely
comprehend. As second author (RNB) puts it: I have been in the Mind
of God, so I speak from personal experience.
The reader may gather, from the basis of Bhutatmas, the tiny
Consciousness-experiencing creatures that have vast experiential
memories, that Everything, all fields, all forces, all matter, all life,
and the entire of the Infinite Cosmos, results from the activities and
agglomerations of Bhutatmas, in an Infinite Universe constructed and
operated by Intelligent Design.
According to the Vedic literature on this topic, Divinity resides in
the Actually Infinitely Small, which is everywhere and nowhere, at the
same time. Thus it can and does act on everything that is and everything
that happens. But Divinity has set things up so that Everything has
Free Will and individual volition. A factor that has been left out of
the Vedic literature on the topic of Bhutatmas, is that every Bhutatma
is Unique, with a unique set of memories of experiences, regarding
multiple Realities (not just this one). So Uniqueness is an absolute in
all the realms, and all the Realities.
Conclusions
Neutrosophic logic is a branch of mathematics which studies the
dynamics of opposites and neutralities (1). In contrast to Aristotelian

Lost and Found in Mathematics 111

logic, where there is no middle way between A and B entities (The
principle of excluded middle), in neutrosophic logic there is room for
numerous possible middle values (or “neutralities”).
In this paper, what we mean with neutrosophic triadic is dynamics
of opposites and neutralities among three entities, A, B, C. And we
apply this neutrosophic triadic to refer to 3 possible ways to prove the
existence of God: Nature’s order, Pascal’s void and Arrow of Time.
We hope that this outline of new proof of the existence of God can
fill the gap left open by previous study on the proof of the existence
of God, from St. Anselm to Godel.
References
1. Florentin Smarandache, A unified field in logic. 6 th edition.
InfoLearnQuest, 2007. Url: [Link]
[Link]
2. Robert N. Boyd. Penetrating insight, soft vision, and merging vision.
Url: [Link] [Link]/[Link]
3. Adam Drozdek. Florensky’s proof of the existence of God. Studia
Philosophiae Christianae 45(2009)2. url: [Link]
pl/media//files/Studia_Philosophiae_Christianae/Studia_
Philosophiae_Christiana e-r2009-t45-n2/Studia_Philosophiae_
Christianae-r2009-t45-n2-s235- 248/Studia_Philosophiae_
[Link]
4. Peter S. Williams. From beauty to the existence of God. Autumn 2008.
url: [Link]
From%20Beauty%20to%20the%20Existence%20of%[Link]
5. Christoph Benzmuller & Bruno Wotzenlogel Paleo. The inconsistency
of Godel’s ontological proof. Proc. 25th IJCAI-16.; [5a] see also Christoph
Benzmuller & Bruno Wotzenlogel Paleo, Automating Godel’s
ontological Proof of God’s existence with Higher order automated
theorem Provers. url: [Link]
papers/[Link]

112 Lost and Found in Mathematics

6. Antony Flew. There is a God: how the world’s notorious atheist changed
his mind. Url: [Link]/There-God-Notorious-Atheist-
Changed/dp/0061335304
7. Laura Mersini-Houghton & Rudy Vaas. The arrows of Time: a debate
of Cosmology. Url: [Link]
Rudy-Vaas/9783642232589

Lost and Found in Mathematics 113

 C
Miscellaneous articles

114 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Exploration

From Acoustic Analog of Space

to Acoustic Sachs-Wolfe Theorem:
A Model of the Universe as a Guitar

Victor Christianto1*, Florentin Smarandache2 &

Yunita Umniyati3

1
Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM), Malang, Indonesia
2
Dept. of Math & Sciences, Univ. of New Mexico,
Gallup, New Mexico, USA
3
Swiss German University (SGU), Tangerang, Indonesia

*Correspondence:
Victor Christianto,
Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM), Malang, Indonesia.
[Link] Email:
victorchristianto@[Link]

Abstract
It has been known for long time that the cosmic sound wave was there since
the early epoch of the Universe. Signatures of its existence are abundant.
However, such an acoustic model of cosmology is rarely developed fully into
a complete framework from the notion of space up to the sky. This paper
may be the first attempt towards such a complete description of the Universe

Lost and Found in Mathematics 115

 based on classical wave equation of sound. It is argued that one can arrive at
a consistent description of space, elementary particles, Sachs-Wolfe acoustic
theorem, starting from this simple classical wave equation of sound. We also
discuss a plausible extension of Acoustic Sachs-Wolfe theorem based on its
analogue with Klein-Gordon equation to a new equation. It is our hope that
the new proposed equation can be verified with observation data. But we
admit that our model is still in its infancy, more researches are needed to fill
all the missing details.
Keywords: Acoustic metric, acoustic analogue of space, acoustic cosmology,
Sachs-Wolfe theorem.

1. Introduction
In one of his papers, the late C.K. Thornhill wrote [1]:
Relativists and cosmologists regularly refer to space-time
without specifying precisely what they mean by this term. Here
the two different forms of spacetime, real and imaginary, are
introduced and contrasted. It is shown that, in real space-time
(x, y, z, ct), Maxwell’s equations have the same wave surfaces
as those for sound waves in any uniform fluid at rest, and thus
that Maxwell’s equations are not general and invariant but, like
the standard wave equation, only hold in one unique frame
of reference. In other words, Maxwell’s equations only apply
to electromagnetic waves in a uniform ether at rest. But both
Maxwell’s equations and the standard wave equation, and their
identical wave surfaces, transform quite properly, by Galilean
transformation, into a general invariant form which applies
to waves in any uniform medium moving at any constant
velocity relative to the reference-frame. It was the mistaken
idea, that Maxwell’s equations and the standard wave equation
should be invariant, which led, by a mathematical freak, to the
Lorentz transform (which demands the non-ether concept and
a universally constant wave-speed) and to special relativity.
The mistake was further compounded by misinterpreting the
differential equation for the wave hypercone through any
point as the quadratic differential form of a Riemannian metric
in imaginary space-time (x, y, z, ict). Further complications

116 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 ensued when this imaginary space-time was generalised to
encompass gravitation in general relativity.

In this paper, we will start with a simple premise that the space itself
has an acoustic origin and it relates to Maxwell equations. Maxwell
equations can be expressed in terms of vortex sound equation. So it
will indicate a new interpretation of aether in acoustic terminology.
It is argued that, starting from this simple classical wave equation of
sound, one can arrive at a consistent description of space, elementary
particles and Sachs-Wolfe acoustic theorem. We also discuss a plausible
extension of Acoustic Sachs-Wolfe theorem to a new equation based
on its analogue with Klein-Gordon equation.
It is our hope that the proposed new equation can be verified
with observation data. It should be noted that this model is still in
its infancy.
2. Acoustic Analogue of Space
In this section, we borrow some important ideas from C.K.
Thornhill and also Tsutomu Kambe. According to Thornhill, real
space-time is a four dimensional space consisting of three- dimensional
space plus a fourth length dimension obtained by multiplying time
by a constant speed. (This is usually taken as the constant wave-speed
c of electromagnetic waves). If the four lengths, which define a four-
dimensional metric (x, y, z, ict), are thought of as measured in directions
mutually at right-angles, then the quadratic differential form of this
metric is [1]:
(ds) 2 (dx) 2 (dy) 2 (dz) 2 c 2 (dt) 2 (1)
When the non-differential terms are removed from Maxwell’s
equations, i.e. when there is no charge distribution or current density, it
can easily be shown that the components (E1 ,E2 ,E3 ) of the electrical
field-strength and the components (H1 ,H2 ,H3 ) of the magnetic
field-strength all satisfy the standard wave equation:[1]

Lost and Found in Mathematics 117

 2
1
c2 t2
(2)
It follows immediately, therefore, that the wave surfaces of
Maxwell’s equations are exactly the same as those for sound waves
in any uniform fluid at rest, and that Maxwell’s equations can only
hold in one unique reference-frame and should not remain invariant
when transformed into any other reference-frame. In particular, the
equation for the envelope of all wave surfaces which pass through any
point at any time is, for equation (2), and therefore also for Maxwell’s
equations,[1]
(dx) 2 (dy) 2 (dz) 2 c 2 (dt) 2 (3)
or
(dx) 2 (dy) 2 (dz) 2
c2
(dt ) 2 (dt) 2 (dt ) 2 (4)

It is by no means trivial, but it is, nevertheless, not very difficult

to show, by elementary standard methods, that the general integral of
the differential equation (4), which passes through (x1, y1, z1) at time
t1, is the right spherical hypercone [1]:
( x x1 ) 2 (y y )2 (z z1 ) 2 c 2 (t t1 ) 2 (5)

In other words, both Maxwell equations and space itself has

the sound wave origin. We shall see later that this interpretation of
Thornhill’s work is consistent with the so-called acoustic Sachs- Wolfe
theorem which is known in cosmology setting.
It is also interesting to remark here that Maxwell equations can be
cast in the language of vortex sound theory, as follows.
T. Kambe from University of Tokyo has made a connection between
the equation of vortex sound and fluid Maxwell equations. He wrote

118 Lost and Found in Mathematics

that it would be no exaggeration to say that any vortex motion excites
acoustic waves. He considers the equation of vortex sound of the
form: [2]:
1 2 2
p p .L div( v)
c2
t 0 0
(6)
He also wrote that dipolar emission by the vortex-body interaction is:[3]
P0 x xc
p F ( x, t ) (t )
4 c
i
c x2 (7)
Then he obtained an expression of fluid Maxwell equations as follows
[4]:
H 0
E q
E tH 0
a 2
0 H t E J (8)
where [4] a0 denotes the sound speed, and
q t ( ) ,
J 2
t v t h ao2 ( ) (9)
In our opinion, this new expression of fluid Maxwell equations
suggests that there is a deep connection between vortex sound
and electromagnetic fields. However, it should be noted that the
above expressions based on fluid dynamics need to be verified with
experiments. We should note also that in (8) and (9), the speed of sound
a0 is analogous of the speed of light in Maxwell equations, whereas
in equation (6), the speed of sound is designated “c” (as analogous to
the light speed in EM wave equation). For alternative hydrodynamics
expression of electromagnetic fields, see [7].
The above interpretation of fluid Maxwell equations from vortex
sound theory has been discussed in our recent paper, to appear in
forthcoming issue of JCMNS [5].

Lost and Found in Mathematics 119

3. Comparison between Schrödinger equation and Classical
wave equation of sound
In the initial variant, the Schrodinger equation (SE) has the
following form [8]:
2m e2
2
W 0
4 or (10)
The wave function satisfying the wave equation (10) is represented as:
R (r ) ( ) ( )T (t ) ( r , , )T (t ) (11)
where  (r, ,) = R(r)( )() is the complex amplitude of the wave
function, because
im
m ( ) Cm e (12)
For standard method of separation of variables to solve spherical
SE, see for example [11-13].
The ,  and T equations were known in the theory of wave fields.
Hence these equations presented nothing new. Only the R was new.
Its solution turned out to be divergent. However, Schrödinger together
with H. Weyl (1885-1955), contrary to the logic of and all experience
of theoretical physics, artificially cut off the divergent power series of
the radial function R(r) at a -th term. This allowed them to obtain
the radial solutions, which, as a result of the cut off operation, actually
were the fictitious solutions [8].
Furthermore, it can be shown that the time-independent SE [9][10]:
2m
2
(E V ) 0,
(13)
can be written in the form of standard wave equation [8]:
k2 0, (14)

120 Lost and Found in Mathematics

where
2m
k 2
(E V ) .
(15)
or if we compare (14) and (10), then we have [8]:

2m e2
k 2
W .
4 r
o
(16)
This means that the wave number k in Schrödinger’s radial wave
equation is a quantity that varies continuously in the radial direction.
Is it possible to imagine a field where the wave number, and hence the
frequency, change from one point to another in the space of the field?
Of course, it is not possible. Such wave objects do not exist in Nature.
The unphysical nature of Schrödinger wave-function has created
all confusing debates throughout 90 years. But it is rarely discussed
in QM textbooks, on how he arrived at his equation. It is known
that Schrodinger began with Einstein’s mass-energy relation then
he proceeded with Hamilton-Jacobian equation. At first he came
to a similar fashion of Klein- Gordon equation, but then he arrived
to a new equation which is non-relativistic. Logically speaking, he
began with a relativistic assumption and he came to a nonrelativistic
expression, and until now physicists remain debating on how to
relativize Schrodinger equation. That is logically inconsistent and
therefore unacceptable, and Schrodinger himself never knew where the
problem lies. Until now people remain debating the problem of the
meaning of his wavefunction, but it starts with unphysical nature of
his equation. This is a common attitude of many young physicists who
tend to neglect the process and logical implication of QM derivation,
and they never asked about whether Schrodinger equation has deep
logical inconsistency or not.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 121

 Moreover, there are some limitations in applying Schrödinger
equation to experiments, although many textbooks on QM usually
overlook existing problems on how to compare 3D spherical solution
of Schrodinger equation with experimental data. The contradiction
between QM and experiments are never discussed publicly, and
this is why the most modern physicists hold the assertion that QM
describes accurately “ALL” physical experiments; that is an unfounded
assumption. George Shpenkov began with classical wave equation and
he is able to derive a periodic table of elements which is very close to
Mendeleev’s table. And this is a remarkable achievement which cannot
be done with standard wave mechanics.23
Nonetheless, equation (14) and (15) which suggests analogy between
wave mechanics and sound wave equation has been discussed briefly
by Hilbert & Batelaan [14]. And it seems worthy to explore further
in experiments.
4. Derivation of Klein-Gordon equation from the Classical
Wave equation
It is also possible to find theoretical correspondence between
classical electromagnetic wave equation and Klein-Gordon equation.
Such a correspondence has been discussed by David Ward & Sabine
Volkmer [15]. They give a simple derivation of the KGE, which requires
only knowledge of the electromagnetic wave equation and the basics
of Einstein’s special theory of relativity.
They begin with electromagnetic wave equation in one dimensional
case:

23 For further discussion, it is advisable to check the website of Dr. George

Shpenkov, at [Link] See especially Shpenkov, George
P. 2013. Dialectical View of the World: The Wave Model (Selected Lectures).
Volume I: Philosophical and Mathematical Background. URL: [Link]
[Link]/[Link]

122 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 2 2
E 1 E
0
x2 c2 t2 (17)
This equation is satisfied by plane wave solution:
E ( x, t ) E0e i (kx t)
(18)

2
Where k and = 2 are the spatial and temporal frequencies,
respectively. Substituting equation (18) into (17), then we obtain:
2
1 2
2 2 2
E0ei ( kx t)
0
x c t (19)
or
2
2
k E0ei ( kx t)
0
c 2
(20)

Solving the wave vector, we arrive at dispersion relation for light

in free space: k . Note that this is similar to wave number k in

c
equation (14).
Then, recall from Einstein and Compton that the energy of a
Then, recall from Einstein and Compton that the energy of
h
photon is hv= ħ and the momentum of a photon is p k . We can rewrite
We can rewrite equation (18) using these relations:
i
( px t)
E ( x, t ) E0e , (21)
Substituting this equation into (17) we find:
2 i
1 ( px t)
p2 E0e 0
2
c 2
(22)

Lost and Found in Mathematics 123

 Then we get an expression of relativistic total energy for a particle
with zero rest mass:
2
p 2c 2 . (23)
We now assume with de Broglie that frequency and energy, and
wavelength and momentum, are related in the same way for classical
particles as for photons, and consider a wave equation for non-zero
rest mass particles. So we want to end up with:
2
p 2c 2 m2c 4 (24)
Inserting this equation (24) into equation (22), it is straightforward
from (19), that we get:
2 m2c 2 1 2

2
c2 t2 (25)
which is the Klein-Gordon equation for a free particle [15].

Having derived KGE from classical electromagnetic wave equation,

now we are ready to discuss its implication in description of elementary
particles. This will be discussed in the next section.
Interestingly, it can be shown that by using KGE one can describe
hydrogen atom including electron spin without having to resort to the
complicated Dirac equation [16]. It also appears worthnoting here that
Meessen workout a description of elementary particles from excitation
of spacetime, by starting from KGE and a novel assumption of quantized
spacetime dx=n.a.[17] However, we will not discuss Ducharme’s and
Meessen’s approach here, instead we will put more attention on how
to extend Acoustic Sachs-Wolfe theorem by virtue of KGE.
5. Acoustic Sachs-Wolfe theorem and its plausible extension
According to Czaja, Golda, and Woszczyna [19], if one considers
the acoustic field propagating in the radiation-dominated (p=  /3)

124 Lost and Found in Mathematics

universe of arbitrary space curvature (K=0,±1), then the field equations
are reduced to the d’Alembert equation in an auxiliary static Robertson-
Walker spacetime. This is related to the so-called Sachs-Wolfe acoustic
theorem, which can be found useful in the observation and analysis of
Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropies.
In the meantime, there are papers suggesting that the integrated
Sachs-Wolfe theorem may be useful to study dark energy, but we do
not enter in such a discussion. See [22] for instance. The Sachs–
Wolfe acoustic theorem refers to the spatially flat (K=0), hot (p=  /3)
Friedmann– Robertson–Walker universe and the scalar perturbation
propagating in it. The theorem states that with the appropriate choice
of the perturbation variable, one can express the propagation equation
in the form of d’Alembert’s equation in Minkowski spacetime. Scalar
perturbations in the flat, early universe propagate like electromagnetic
or gravitational waves ([18], p. 79).
On the other hand, the wave equation for the scalar field of the
dust (p=0) cosmological model can be transformed into the d’Alembert
equation in the static Robertson–Walker spacetime, regardless of the
universe’s space curvature (see [18]). Therefore, we can suppose that
the flatness assumption in the Sachs–Wolfe theorem is not needed
and that the theorem is true in the general case. The proof of this
fact, formulated as a symbolic computation, is presented in the first
section of this paper.
In accordance with Czaja, Golda, and Woszczyna [19], we begin
with Robertson–Walker metrics in spherical coordinates x={,}:
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
sin 2 ( K )
0 0 0
K
sin 2 ( K ) sin 2 ( )
0 0 0
K (26)

Lost and Found in Mathematics 125

with the scale factor a(□) appropriate for the equation of state p= □/3
(27)
Let us define a new perturbation variable □ with the help of the
second-order differential transformation of the density contrast □,

(28)
The function (x) is the solution of the d’Alembert equation:
(29)
with the Beltrami–Laplace operator  acting in this space,

1 0 0
sin 2 ( K )
0 0
K
sin 2 ( K ) sin 2 ( )
0 0
K (30)
The Beltrami–Laplace operator  is defined as follow
(3) m n
g mn
(31)
And it can be considered as an extension of Laplace operator for
curved space.
Now let us discuss a basic question: what is Laplace-Beltrami
operator? In differential geometry, the Laplace operator can be
generalized to operate on functions defined on surfaces in Euclidean
space and, more generally, on Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian
manifolds. This more general operator goes by the name Laplace-
Beltrami operator, after Pierre-Simon Laplace and Eugenio Beltrami.
Like the Laplacian, the Laplace-Beltrami operator is defined as the
divergence of the gradient, and is a linear operator taking functions
into functions. The operator can be extended to operate on tensors as

126 Lost and Found in Mathematics

the divergence of the covariant derivative. Alternatively, the operator
can be generalized to operate on differential forms using the divergence
and exterior derivative. The resulting operator is called the Laplace-de
Rham operator (named after Georges de Rham).
Now, considering the formal equivalence between the form of
(29) with KGE (25), minus the mass term, then it seems reasonable to
include the mass term into (29). Then the extended version of equation
(29) may be written as:
2
1 m2c 2
x x I
(32)
2 2
3

where I is identity matrix as follows:

1 0 0
I 0 1 0.
0 0 1 (33)
The above equations (32) and (33) can be considered as a plausible
extension of Acoustic Sachs- Wolfe theorem based on its analogue with
Klein-Gordon equation to become Acoustic Sachs- Wolfe-Christianto-
Smarandache-Umniyati (ASWoCSU) equation. Its usefulness remains
to be verified with observation data.
6. Discussion and Concluding Remarks
It has been known for long time that the cosmic sound wave was
there since the early epoch of the Universe. Signatures of its existence
are abound.[24] However, such an acoustic model of cosmology is
rarely developed fully into a complete framework from the notion of
space, cancer therapy up to the sky. This paper may be the first attempt
towards such a complete description of the Universe based on classical
wave equation of sound.
We have discussed how the very definition of Newtonian space can
be related to sound wave and also Maxwell equations, and also how

Lost and Found in Mathematics 127

fluid Maxwell equations can be formulated based on vortex sound
theory.
We have also discussed the inadequacies of Schrodinger equation
as a description of elementary particles, instead we established
connection from classical electromagnetic wave equation to Klein-
Gordon equation.
Then we discuss Acoustic Sachs-Wolfe theorem which is worthy to
investigate further in the context of cosmology. We also propose an
extension of Acoustic Sachs-Wolfe to become a new equation. In other
words, it appears very reasonable to model the Universe and Cosmos
in general in terms of sound wave equation.
To summarize, in this paper we tried our best to offer a novel picture
of the Universe as a guitar. Further observation and experiments are
recommended to verify the above propositions.
Acknowledgement
Special thanks to Prof. Akira Kanda, Dr. George Shpenkov and
Dr. Volodymyr Krasnoholovets.

Received February 1, 2017; Accepted February 19, 2017

References
1. C.K. Thornhill. Real or imaginary space-time? Reality or Relativity?
Hadronic Journal Suppl. 11, 3, (1996) 209-224
2. Tsutomu Kambe. 2010. Vortex sound with special reference to vortex
rings: theory, computer simulation, and experiments. Int. J. Aeroacoustics
vol. 9 no. 1&2, p.52. URL: [Link]
[Link]
3. ______ 2004. Theory of vortex sound with special reference to vortex rings.
Int. Conf. on Math. Fluid Dyn., Dec. 2004. URL: [Link]

128 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 [Link]/viewdoc/download?doi=[Link].8078&rep=rep1&ty
pe=pdf
4. ______. New formulation of equations of compressible fluids on
analogy of Maxwell equations. Fluid Dyn. Res. 42 (2010), p.4 . URL:
[Link]
5. V. Christianto, Y. Umniyati, & V. Krasnoholovets. On plausible role
of Classical Electromagnetic Theory and Submicroscopic Physics to
understand and enhance Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR): A
Preliminary Review. To appear in forthcoming issue of JCMNS 23(2016)
1-8. URL:Http://[Link]
6. Murat Tanisli et al. Octonic formulations of Maxwell type fluid
equations. J. Math. Phys. 56, 091701 (2015). url: [Link]
[Link]/content/aip/journal/jmp/56/9/10.1063/1.4930805
7. Mario Liu. Hydrodynamic Theory of Electromagnetic Fields in
Continuous Media. Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 70, No. 23 (1993). URL:
[Link] [Link]/fileadmin/Uni_Tuebingen/
Fakultaeten/MathePhysik/Institute/ITP/Dokumente/liu/phys- rev-
lett-70-3580_1993.pdf
8. Shpenkov, George P. &Kreidik, Leonid G. 2005. Schrödinger’s error
in principle. Galilean Electrodynamics Vol. 16, No. 3, 51-56 URL:
[Link]
9. Schrödinger, Erwin. 1926. Quantisation as a Problem of Proper
Values. Part I. In Collected papers in Wave Mechanics. (Providence,
Rhode Island: AMS Chelsea Publishing). URL: [Link]
[Link]/~bob/Quantum_Papers/Schr_1.pdf
10. ______ 1926. An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms
and Molecules. The Physical [Link] [Link]. 28, No. 6.
(Dec. 1926): 1049-1070.
11. Anonymous, Atomic Spectra, p.19-21, URL: [Link]
[Link]/~tatum/stellatm/[Link]

Lost and Found in Mathematics 129

12. Fowler, Michael. 2007. Classical Wave Equations, p.10-12. URL:
[Link]
Classical_Waves.pdf
13. Pain, H.J. 2005. The Physics of Vibrations and Waves. 6 th ed.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 0-470- 01295-1(hardback);
0-470-01296-X(paperback). 563 p.
14. Hilbert, Shawn A., &Batelaan, Herman. 2007. Acoustic Analog
to Quantum Mechanical Level Splitting. Am. J. Phys., Vol. 75, No.
11, Nov. 2007. Also in Faculty Publications, Department of Physics
and Astronomy, University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Paper 103. URL:
[Link]
15. Ward, David W., &Volkmer, Sabine. 2006. How to derive the
Schrödinger equation. arXiv:physics/0610121. 12 p.
16. R. Ducharme. Exact Solution of the Klein-Gordon Equation for the
Hydrogen Atom Including Electron Spin. arXiv: 1006.3971 (2010)
17. Meessen, A., Found. of Phys., no. 29 (2000) 281 -316
18. R. K. Sachs and A. M. Wolfe, “Perturbations of a Cosmological
Model and Angular Variations of the Microwave Background,” The
Astrophysical Journal, 147, 1967 pp. 73–90. doi: 10.1086/148982.
19. W. Czaja, Z. A. Golda, and A. Woszczyna, “The Acoustic Wave
Equation in the Expanding Universe: Sachs–Wolfe Theorem,” The
Mathematica Journal, 2011. [Link]/doi:10.3888/tmj.13–18. URL:
[Link]
[Link] ; Also in arXiv:0902.0239 [[Link]]
20. L. P. Grishchuk, “Discovering Relic Gravitational Waves in Cosmic
Microwave Background Radiation.” arXiv:0707.3319v4.
21. S. Weinberg. Cosmology. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.,
2008. URL: [Link]
[Link]

130 Lost and Found in Mathematics

22. S. Nadathur, S. Hotchkiss, S. Sarkar. The integrated Sachs-Wolfe imprint
of cosmic superstructures: a problem for CDM. Paper submitted to
JCAP. arXiv: 1109.4126
23. V. Christianto (2015) “A review of Cancer electromagnetic frequency
therapy: Towards Physics of Cancer,” Intr. Front. Sci. Lett., URL:
[Link]
24. Wayne Hu & Martin White. The cosmic Symphony. Scientific American
2004.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 131

 Report

A Numerical Solution of Ermakov

Equation Corresponding to Diffusion
Interpretation of Wave Mechanics

Victor Christianto1* & Florentin Smarandache2

1
Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM), Malang, Indonesia
2
Dept. of Math & Sciences, Univ. of New Mexico, Gallup,
New Mexico, USA

*Correspondence:
Victor Christianto, Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM),
Malang, Indonesia.
[Link]
Email: victorchristianto@[Link]

Abstract
It has been long known that a year after Schrödinger published his equation,
Madelung also published a hydrodynamics version of Schrödinger equation.
Quantum diffusion is studied via dissipative Madelung hydrodynamics.
Initially the wave packet spreads ballistically, then passes for an instant
through normal diffusion and later tends asymptotically to a sub-diffusive law.
In this paper we will review two different approaches, including Madelung
hydrodynamics and also Bohm potential. Madelung formulation leads to

132 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 diffusion interpretation, which after a generalization yields to Ermakov
equation. Since Ermakov equation cannot be solved analytically, then we try
to find out its solution with Mathematica package. It is our hope that these
methods can be verified and compared with experimental data. But we admit
that more researches are needed to fill all the missing details.
Keywords: Quantum hydrodynamics, quantum diffusion, quantum-classical
correspondence, Madelung equation, Ermakov equation, computer algebra
solution.

1. Introduction
The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics is guilty
for the quantum mystery and many strange phenomena such as the
Schrödinger cat, parallel quantum and classical worlds, wave-particle
duality, decoherence, collapsing wave function, etc. The Copenhagen
interpretation of QM was challenged not only by Schrödinger but also
by a large group of physicists led by Albert Einstein who claimed that
the quantum mechanical description of the physical reality cannot be
considered complete, as shown in their famous EPR paper Einstein,
Podolsky and Rosen. They concluded their derivations by stating that
“While we have thus shown that the wave function does not provide a complete
description of the physical reality, we left open the question of whether or not
such a description exists. We believe, however that such a theory is possible.”
Einstein did not object to the probabilistic description of sub-atomic
phenomena in quantum mechanics. However, he believed that this
probabilistic representation was a technique used to overcome the
practical difficulties of dealing with a more complicated underlying
physical reality, much in the same way he suggested earlier to deal with
Brownian motion.
Many scientists have tried, however, to put the quantum mechanics
back on ontological foundations. For instance, Bohm proposed an
alternative interpretation of quantum mechanics, which is able
to overcome some puzzles of the Copenhagen interpretation. He

Lost and Found in Mathematics 133

developed further the de Broglie pilot-wave theory and, for this reason,
the Bohmian mechanics is also known as the de Broglie-Bohm theory.
[2]
Long before the Bohmian mechanics proposal, a year after Erwin
Schrödinger published his celebrated equation, Erwin Madelung
showed (in 1927) that it can be written in a hydrodynamic form.
Madelung’s representation has a seemingly major disadvantage by
transforming the linear Schrödinger equation into two nonlinear ones.
Nonetheless, despite of its additional complexity, the hydrodynamic
analogy provides important insights with regard to the Schrödinger
equation. Quantum diffusion is studied via dissipative Madelung
hydrodynamics. Initially the wave packet spreads ballistically, thenn
passes for an instant through normal diffusion and later tends
asymptotically to a sub-diffusive law.
Quantum diffusion (QD) describes a wave packet spreading in a
dissipative environment at zero temperature. Since quantum effects are
significant for light particles mainly, QD is very essential for electrons,
which on the other hand are very important in physics and chemistry.
QD has been experimentally observed, however, for muons as well,
which are about 200 times heavier than electrons. Studies on electron
transport in solids are strongly motivated by the semiconductor
industry, exploring nowadays quantum effects on nanoscale.[4]
Another important transport process affected by quantum effects
is the diffusion of hydrogen atoms or molecules in metals and on solid
surfaces. The quantum tunneling accelerates the hydrogen diffusion,
which is essential for many modern technologies for storage and use
of hydrogen as a fuel, chemical reagent, etc.[4]
In this paper we will review two different approaches, including
Madelung hydro-dynamics and also Bohm potential. It can be shown
that Madelung formulation leads to diffusion interpretation, which
after a generalization yields to Ermakov equation. Since Ermakov
equation cannot be solved analytically, then we try to find out its

134 Lost and Found in Mathematics

solution with Mathematica package. It is our hope that these methods
can be verified and compared with experimental data. For other papers
discussing the use of Ermakov equation in QM, see [8]-[12].
Nonetheless, we admit that more researches are needed to fill all
the missing details, for example we do not yet discuss comparison
between quantum trajectories and classical trajectories such as in
Wilson chamber experiments.
2. Bohmian quantum potential [2]
The evolution of the wave function of a quantum mechanical
system consisting of N particles is supposed to be described by the
Schrödinger equation:
2
i t U .
2m (1)
The complex wave function can be presented generally in the polar
form:
iS
exp ,
h (2)

S
Where 2
 is the N-particles distribution density and is the
wave function phase.
Introducing equation (2) into (1) one gets a set of equations:
t . S /m , (3)
( S)2
S U Q 0,
t
2m (4)
Where quantum potential, Q, is defined as follows:
2 2
Q .
2m 2
(5)
Equation (5) is called Bohmian quantum potential.[2]

Lost and Found in Mathematics 135

3. Madelung Quantum Potential [2]
If one starts with a different assumption that in equation (3) S is
the hydrodynamic-like velocity potential, not the mechanical action
as suggested by Bohm, then he can arrive at different relations, such
as the two equations proposed by Madelung as follows:
t . V , (6)
m V mV V (U Q), (7)
where
VS / m . (8)
Equations (6) and (7) are known as the Madelung quantum
hydrodynamics.[2]
4. Quantum Diffusion and Ermakov equation. Numerical
solution
Quantum diffusion is studied via dissipative Madelung
hydrodynamics. Initially the wave packet spreads ballistically, then
passes for an instant through normal diffusion and later tends
asymptotically to a sub-diffusive law.
Now, we start with Madelung equations (6)(7)(8), then introducing
now both expressions for  and V in Eq. (7) yields the following
equation:[4]
2
2
m t b t 3
,
4m (9)
describing the evolution of the root-mean-square displacement .
Introducing new dimensionless dispersion and time parameters, Eq.
(9) acquires the universal form of a dissipative Ermakov equation:
2 3
,
(10)

136 Lost and Found in Mathematics

where
2
2 2b
(11)
bt / m. (12)
It is known that such an Ermakov equation cannot be solved analytically.
In reference [4], solutions have been obtained for some limiting cases.
Now we will try to find numerical solution using Mathematica package
using NDSolve, as follows:
ODE=x’’[t]+x’[t]-1/x[t]^3==0;
sol=NDSolve[{ODE,x[0]==1,x’[0]==1},x[t],{t,-10,10}]
Plot[x[t]/.sol,{t,-10,10}]

1000

800

600

400

200

10 5 5 10

Figure 1. Plot for numerical solution of Ermakov equation

5. Discussion and Conclusion

We have discussed two different approaches, including Madelung
hydrodynamics and also Bohm potential. Madelung formulation
leads to diffusion interpretation, which after a generalization yields
to Ermakov equation. Since Ermakov equation cannot be solved
analytically, then we try to find out its solution with Mathematica
package.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 137

 We have obtained numerical solution of Ermakov equation
corresponding to diffusion interpretation of QM. For other papers
discussing the use of Ermakov equation in QM, see [8]- [12]. It is
our hope that these methods can be verified and compared with
experimental data. Nonetheless, we admit that more researches are
needed to fill all the missing details, for example we do not yet discuss
comparison between quantum trajectories and classical trajectories
such as in Wilson chamber experiments.

Received August 7, 2017; Accepted September 3, 2017

References
1. Robert E. Wyatt. Quantum Dynamics with Trajectories: Introduction
to Quantum Hydrodynamics. New York: Springer Science + Business
Media, Inc., 2005
2. Roumen Tsekov. Bohmian mechanics versus Madelung quantum
hydrodynamics. Ann. Univ. Sofia, Fac. Phys. Special Edition (2012)
112-119 [arXiv 0904.0723]
3. ______ Complex quantum hydrodynamics with teleportation. New
Adv. Phys. 8 (2014) 111-121 [arXiv 1301.7537]
4. ______ Quantum Diffusion. Phys. Scr. 83 (2011) 035004 [arXiv
1001.1071]
5. V.V. Kulish & J.L. Lage. On the Relationship between Fluid Velocity
and de Broglie’sWave Function and the Implications to the Navier–Stokes
Equation. International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research, Vol.
29, No. 1, 2002.
6. Eugen Merzbacher. Quantum Mechanics. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., 1998.
7. James M. Feagin. Quantum Methods with Mathematica. New York:
Springer-Verlag, 1994.

138 Lost and Found in Mathematics

8. Erwin Suazo, Sergei K. Suslov, Jose M. Vega-Guzman. The Riccati
system and a diffusion type equation. Mathematics 2014, 2, 96-118. URL:
[Link]
9. P.G. Leach & K. Andriopoulos. The Ermakov equation: a Commentary.
Appl. Anal. Discrete Math. 2 (2008), 146-157.
10. Dieter Schuch. Nonlinear quantum mechanics, complex classical mechanics
and conservation laws for closed and open systems. J. of Phys: Conf. Series
361 (2012) 012020.
11. Jose F. Carinena. A new approach to Ermakov systems and applications in
quantum physics. The European Physical Journal Special topics – July
2008. Obtained from ResearchGate.
12. Panayotis G. Kevrekidis & Yannis Drossinos. Nonlinearity from
linearity: The Ermakov- Pinney equation revisited. Mathematics and
Computers in Simulation 74 (2007) 196-202.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 139

 Exploration

From Zeldovich Approximation

to Burgers’ Equation: A Plausible
Route to a Cellular Automata
Adhesion Universe

Victor Christianto1* & Florentin Smarandache2

1
Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM), Malang, Indonesia
2
Dept. Mathematics and Sciences,
University of New Mexico, NM, USA

*Correspondence:
Victor Christianto, Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM),
Malang, Indonesia.
Email: victorchristianto@[Link]

Abstract
Some years ago, Hidding et al. suggest that the emergence of an intricate and
pervasive web-like structure of the Universe on Megaparsec scales can be
approximated by a well-known equation from fluid mechanics, the Burgers’
equation. The solution to this equation can be obtained from a geometrical
formalism. The resulting Adhesion formalism provides deep insight into the
dynamics and topology of the Cosmic Web. It uncovers a direct connection

140 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 between the conditions in the very early Universe and the complex spatial
patterns that emerged out of these under the influence of gravity. In the
present paper, we describe a cellular automaton model of the Burgers’
equation, which can be investigated via a fast computer simulation. In the
end, this suggests a Cellular Automata Adhesion Model of the Universe.
Keywords: Discrete physics, cosmology, large scale structure, universe,
numerical methods, cellular automata, Burgers equation, Zeldovich
approximation.

1. Introduction
The Cosmic Web is the fundamental spatial organization of
matter on scales of a few up to a hundred Megaparsecs. Galaxies and
intergalactic gas matter exist in a wispy web-like arrangement of dense
compact clusters, elongated filaments, and sheet-like walls, amidst large
near-empty void regions. The filaments are the transport channels along
which matter and galaxies flow into massive high-density clusters located
at the nodes of the web. The web-like network is shaped by the tidal
force field accompanying the inhomogeneous matter distribution [1].
Structure in the Universe has risen out of tiny primordial (Gaussian)
density and velocity perturbations by means of gravitational instability.
The large-scale anisotropic force field induces anisotropic gravitational
collapse, resulting in the emergence of elongated or flattened matter
configurations. The simplest model that describes the emergence
of structure and complex patterns in the Universe is the Zeldovich
Approximation (ZA) [1]. It is our hope that the new approach of
the CA Adhesion model of the Universe can be verified either with
lab experiments, computer simulation, or by large-scale astronomy
observation data.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 141

2. From Zeldovich Approximation to Burgers’ Equation to the
Cellular Automaton model
In this section, we will outline a route from ZA to Burgers’ equation
and then to the CA model. The simplest model that describes the
emergence of structure and complex patterns in the Universe is the
Zeldovich Approximation (ZA). In essence, it describes a ballistic flow,
driven by a constant (gravitational) potential. The resulting Eulerian
position x(t) at some cosmic epoch t is specified by the expression [1]:
(1)
where q is the initial “Lagrangian” position of a particle, D(t) the time-
dependent structure growth factor and
u0 q  0 (2)
its velocity. The nature of this approximation may be appreciated by
the corresponding source- free equation of motion,

(3)
The use of ZA is ubiquitous in cosmology. One major application
is its key role in setting up initial conditions in cosmological N-body
simulations. Of importance here is its nonlinear extension in terms
of the Adhesion Model [1].
The ZA breaks down as soon as self-gravity of the forming structures
becomes important. To ‘simulate’ the effects of self-gravity, Gurbatov et
al. included an artificial viscosity. This results in the Burgers’ equation
as follows [1]:

(4)
a well-known PDE from fluid mechanics. This equation has an exact
analytical solution, which in the limit of  0 , the solution is [1]:

(5)

142 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 This leads to a geometric interpretation of the Adhesion Model.
The solution follows from the evaluation of the convex hull of the
velocity potential modified by a quadratic term. We found that the
solution can also be found by computing the weighted Voronoi diagram
of a mesh weighted with the velocity potential. For more detailed
discussion on the Adhesion Model of the Universe, see for example [4].
Now, let us consider another route to solve Burgers’ equation: (a)
by numerical computation with Mathematica, see [3]; and (b) by virtue
of the CA approach. Let us skip route (a) and discuss a lesser known
approach of cellular automata.
We start with the Burgers’ equation with Gaussian white noise
that can be rewritten as follows [2]:

(6)
By introducing new variables and straightforward calculations
afterwards, we have the automata rule [2]:

(7)
In other words, in this section we give an outline of a plausible
route from ZA to Burgers’ equation and then to the CA model, which
suggests that it appears possible – at least in theory – to consider a
nonlinear cosmology based on the CA Adhesion model.
3. Concluding Remarks
The use of ZA is ubiquitous in cosmology. One major application
is its key role in setting up initial conditions in cosmological N-body
simulations. Of importance here is its nonlinear extension in terms of
the Adhesion Model. In this paper, we give an outline of a plausible
route from ZA to Burgers’ equation then to the CA model, which
suggests that it appears theoretically possible to consider a nonlinear
cosmology based on CA Adhesion model.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 143

 This paper is part of our theoretical investigation of plausible
nonlinear cosmology models beyond Navier-Stokes-inspired approaches.
It is our hope that the proposed approach can be verified with a
more extensive computer simulation and (astronomy) observation data.
Received October 27, 2017; Accepted January 17, 2018
References
1. J. Hidding, R. van de Weygaert, G. Vegter, B.J.T. Jones, M. Teillaud.
The Sticky Geometry of the Cosmic Web. SCG’12, June 17–20, 2012,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. ACM 978-1-4503-1299-
8/12/06. arXiv: 1205.1669 [[Link]] (2012); [1a] J. Hidding,
[Link], R. van de Weygaert. The Zeldovich Approximation:
key to understanding Cosmic Web complexity. Mon. Not. Royal
Astron. Soc. 1-37 (2013)
2. Xin-She Yang & Y. Young. Cellular Automata, PDEs, and Pattern
Formation. arXiv: 1003.1983 (2010)
3. Richard H. Enns & George C. McGuire. Nonlinear Physics with
Mathematica for Scientists and Engineers. Boston: Birkhäuser, 2001.
See pp. 314-316.
4. Johan Hidding. Adhesion: a sticky way of understanding Large Scale
Structure. 2010. 180 p.
5. Oliver Hahn. Collisionless Dynamics and the Cosmic Web, a chapter
in R. van de Weygaert, S. Shandarin, E. Saar & J. Einasto, eds. The
Zeldovich Universe, Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 308, 2014. Also
in arXiv: 1412.5197 [[Link]]

144 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Exploration

On Maxwell-Dirac Isomorphism

Victor Christianto1*, Florentin Smarandache2

1
Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM), Malang, Indonesia.
2
Dept. of Math. Sci., Univ. of New Mexico, Gallup, USA

*Correspondence:
Victor Christianto, Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM),
Malang, Indonesia.
Email: victorchristianto@[Link]

Abstract
In this paper, we discuss Maxwell-Dirac isomorphism and quantum
entanglement.
Keywords: Quantum entanglement, metaphysics, realism, Maxwell-Dirac
isomorphism.

1. Introduction
In its simplest form, the features of quantum theory can be reduced
to: (a) a wave function description of microscopic entities; and (b)
entanglement. Entanglement is a key property that makes quantum
information theory different from its classical counterpart [14].

Lost and Found in Mathematics 145

But what is entanglement? Wootter gives one of clearest description
[13]:
In both classical mechanics and quantum mechanics, one can
define a pure state to be a state that is as completely specified
as the theory allows. In classical mechanics a pure state
might be represented by a point in phase space. In quantum
mechanics it is a vector in a complex vector space. Perhaps
the most remarkable feature of quantum mechanics, a feature
that clearly distinguishes it from classical physics, is this: for
any composite system, there exist pure states of the system
in which the parts of the system do not have pure states of
their own. Such states are called entangled.

According to Scolarici and Solombrino [5]:

The essential difference in the concept of state in classical and
quantum mechanics is clearly pointed out by the phenomenon
of entanglement, which may occur whenever the product
states of a compound quantum system are superposed.
Entangled states play a key role in all controversial features
of QM; moreover, the recent developments in quantum
information theory have shown that entanglement can be
considered a concrete physical resource that it is important
to identify, quantify and classify.

Nonetheless, they concluded that “our research has pointed out

a puzzling situation, in which the same state of a physical system is
entangled in CQM, while it seems to be separable in QQM.”
While entanglement is usually considered as purely quantum effect,
it by no means excludes the possibility to describe it in a classical way.
In this regard and from the history of QM, we learn that there
were many efforts to describe QM features in a more or less classical
picture. For example, in 1927 Einstein presented his version of the
hidden variable theory of QM, starting from Schrödinger’s picture,
which seems to influence his later insistence that “God does not play
dice” [6][7].

146 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Efforts have also been made to extend QM to QQM (quaternionic
quantum mechanics), for instance by Stephen Adler from IAS [8].
In recent decades, however, another route began to appear, which
may be called the Maxwell- Dirac isomorphism route, where it can be
shown that there is close link between Maxwell’s equations of classical
electromagnetism and the Dirac equation of the electron. Intuitively,
this may suggest that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the
electromagnetic wave and quantum wave function. But can it offer a
classical description of entanglement? This problem will be explored
in the next sections.
2. A Few Alternatives of a Realistic Maxwell-Dirac
Isomorphism
There are some papers dealing with the formal connection between
classical electrodynamics and wave mechanics, especially there are
some existing proofs on the Maxwell-Dirac isomorphism. We will
review here two derivations of the Maxwell-Dirac isomorphism, i.e.,
by Hans Sallhofer and Volodimir Simulik. In the last section, we
will also discuss a third option, i.e., by exploring the Maxwell-Dirac
isomorphism through quaternionic language.
a. Sallhofer’s method
Summing up one of Sallhofer’s papers [1], he says that under the
sufficiently general assumption of periodic time dependence, the
following connection exists between source-free electro- dynamics
and wave mechanics:
rotE H 0
c t
(4)
rotH H 0 ( ) 0
c t 4
(1)
div E 0
div H 0 divE 0

Lost and Found in Mathematics 147

 That is, the multiplication of source-free electrodynamics by the
Pauli-vector yields wave mechanics [1].
In simple terms, this result can be written as follows:
P.M=D (2)
where P = Pauli vector, M = Maxwell’s equations and D = the Dirac
equation.
We can also say that wave mechanics is a solution-transform of
electrodynamics. Here, one has to bear in mind that the well-known
circulatory structure of the wave functions, manifest in Dirac’s
hydrogen solution, is not introduced just by the Pauli-vector [1].
b. Simulik’s method
Simulik described another derivation of the Maxwell-Dirac
isomorphism. In one of his papers [2], he wrote a theorem suggesting
that Maxwell’s equations of source-free electrodynamics which can
be written as follows:
rotE H 0
c t
rotH H 0
c t (3)
divE 0
divH 0

are equivalent to the Dirac-like equation [2]:

1 0 1 c1
. 1,
0 1 c t (4)
where in the usual representation
0
0
, (5)
and  are the well-known Pauli matrices.
c. Maxwell-Dirac isomorphism through Quaternionic language
In text books, quantum theory is based on complex numbers of the
form a0+a1i, with i being the imaginary unit i2 = 1. It has long been

148 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 known that an alternative quantum mechanics can be based on the
quaternion or hyper-complex numbers of the form a0 +a1i + a2j + a3k,
with i, j, k being three non-commuting imaginary units [8].
On the other hand, recognizing that Maxwell’s equations were
originally formulated in terms of quaternionic language, some
authors investigated whether there could be a formal correspondence
between Maxwell’s and Dirac’s equations. Kravchenko and Arbab
are a few researchers who worked on this problem. And also the
present authors arrived at a similar conclusion despite using different
procedures based on the Gersten decomposition of the Dirac
equation [4].
This MD isomorphism can also be extended further to the classical
description of boson mass, which was usually called the Higgs boson
[3], so it may be a simpler option compared to scale symmetry theory.
3. Quaternionic QM & Entanglement
Singh & Prabakaran are motivated to examine the geometry of a
two-qubit quantum state using the formalism of the Hopf map. The
“quaternions” again come in handy in studying the two- qubit state. [10]
In his exposition of Quaternionic Quantum Mechanics, Singh
concluded that [9]:
Having established the compatibility of the Hopf fibration
representation with the conventional theory for unentangled
states, let us, now, address the issue of measurability of
entanglement in this formalism. In the context, “Wootters’
Concurrence” and the related “Entanglement of Formation”
constitute well accepted measures of entanglement, particularly
so, for pure states. …It follows that any real linear combination
of the “magic basis” would result in a fully entangled state
with unit concurrence. Conversely, any completely entangled
state can be written as a linear combination in the “magic
basis” with real components, up to an overall phase factor. In

Lost and Found in Mathematics 149

 fact, these properties are not unique to a state description in
the “magic basis” and hold in any other basis that is obtained
from the “magic basis” by an orthogonal transformation…

In a rather different way, Najarbashi et al. explored quaternionic

Möbius transformations, which can be useful in theoretical physics in
areas such as quaternionic quantum mechanics, quantum conformal
field theory and quaternionic computations [11]. They found that “as
in the case of two-qubits, both octonionic stereographic projection and Möbius
transformation are entanglement sensitive.”
5. Discussions and Conclusion
Despite its enormous practical success, many physicists and
philosophers alike agree that quantum theory is full of contradictions
and paradoxes that are difficult to solve consistently. Even after 90
years, experts still do not agree about what to make of it.
In the meantime, the problem of the formal connection between
electrodynamics and wave mechanics has attracted the attention of
a number of authors, especially there are some existing proofs on
Maxwell-Dirac isomorphism. Here the author reviews two derivations
of the Maxwell- Dirac isomorphism by Hans Sallhofer and Volodimir
Simulik as well as quaternion language.
While this paper does not conclusively answer the question of
whether the Maxwell-Dirac isomorphism and especially its quaternionic
formulation can offer a classical description of entanglement, we have
mentioned some recent discussions on this topic such the Hopf map
and quaternionic Möbius transformations.
This paper was inspired by an old question: Is there a consistent
and realistic description of the wave function, both classically and
quantum mechanically? It can be expected that the above discussions
will shed some light on such an old problem especially in the context

150 Lost and Found in Mathematics

of the physical meaning of the quantum wave function. This is reserved
for further investigations.24
Acknowledgement
Special thanks to Prof. Thee Houw Liong for bringing up future
science and technology issues in a recent RG forum.
Received March 27, 2018; Accepted May 23, 2018
References
1. Hans Sallhofer. Elementary Derivation of the Dirac equation. X. Z.
Naturforsch. 41a, 468-470 (1986). [1a] See also his series of papers
on classical description of hydrogen.
2. Volodimir Simulik. Some Algebraic Properties of Maxwell-Dirac
Isomorphism. Z. Naturforsch. 49a, 1074-1076 (1994)
3. Bo Lehnert. Minimum mass of a composite boson. J. Modern Physics,
5, 2016, 2074-2079.
4. Victor Christianto & Florentin Smarandache. A derivation of Maxwell
equations in Quaternion Space. Progress in Physics vol. 2, April 2010.
url: [Link]
5. G. Scolarici and L. Solombrino. Complex Entanglement and Quaternionic
Spearability. In C. Garola, A. Rossi, S. Sozzo, The Foundations of
Quantum Mechanics, Cesena, Italy, October 2004. New Jersey:
World Scientific Publ. Co., 2006. 301-310
6. Peter Holland. What’s Wrong with Einstein’s 1927 Hidden-Variable
Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics? Arxiv: quant-ph/0401017 (2004)
7. Darrin W. Belousek. Einstein’s 1927 Unpublished Hidden-Variable
Theory: Its Background, Context and Significance. Stud. Hist. Phil. Mod.
Phys., Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 431461, 1996

24 More lengthy discussions on old problems related to QM will appear in our

forthcoming book, with title: Old Problems and New Horizons in World Physics,
to be released by this year.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 151

8. Stephen L. Adler. Does the Peres experiment using photons test for hyper-
complex (quaternionic) quantum theories? arXiv: 1604.04950 (2016)
9. J.P. Singh. Quantum entanglement through quaternions. Apeiron, Vol.
16, No. 4, October 2009.
10. J.P. Singh & S. Prabakaran. Quantum Computing Through Quaternions.
EJTP 5, No. 19 (2008) 1–8
11. G. Najarbashi et al. Two and Three-Qubits Geometry, Quaternionic and
Octonionic Conformal Maps, and Intertwining Stereographic Projection.
arXiv: 1501.06013 (2015)
12. Matthew E. Graydon. Quaternions and Quantum Theory. A thesis
presented to the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2011.
13. William K. Wootters. Entanglement of Formation and Concurrence.
Quantum Information and Computation, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2001) 27-
44.
14. Jens Eisert & Martin B. Plenio. A Comparison of Entanglement
Measures. arXiv: quant-ph/9807034

152 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Exploration

A Derivation of
Fluidic Maxwell-Proca Equations
for Electrodynamics of
Superconductors and Its Implication
to Chiral Cosmology Model

Victor Christianto1*, Florentin Smarandache2 &

Yunita Umniyati3

1
Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM), Malang, Indonesia. 2Dept.
of Math. Sci., Univ. of New Mexico, Gallup, USA
3
Dept. Mechatronics, Swiss-German University, Indonesia

*Correspondence:
Victor Christianto, Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM),
Malang, Indonesia.
Email: victorchristianto@[Link]

Abstract
Mario Liu described a hydrodynamic Maxwell equations [3] and, also
discussed potential implications of these new approaches to superconductors
which were made after Tajmar’s paper [4]. In this paper, we present for the
first time a derivation of fluidic Maxwell-Proca equations. The name of fluidic

Lost and Found in Mathematics 153

 Maxwell-Proca is proposed because the equations were based on modifying
Maxwell-Proca and Hirsch’s theory of electrodynamics of superconductor. It
is hoped that this paper may stimulate further investigations and experiments
in superconductor. It may be expected to have some impact to cosmology
modeling too, for instance we consider a hypothetical argument that photon
mass can be origin of gravitation. Then, after combining with the so-called
chiral modification of Maxwell equations (after Spröessig), then we consider
chiral Maxwell-Proca equations as possible alternative of gravitation theory.
Such a hypothesis has never considered in literature to the best of our
knowledge.
Keywords: Hirsch theory, London equations, hydrodynamics Maxwell
equations, Proca equations, electrodynamics, superconductor, chiral medium,
chiral gravitation theory.

1. Introduction
According to J.E. Hirsch, from the outset of superconductivity
research it was assumed that no electrostatic fields could exist
inside superconductors and this assumption was incorporated into
conventional London electrodynamics [2]. Hirsch suggests that
there are difficulties with the two London equations. To summarize,
London’s equations together with Maxwell’s equations lead to unphysical
predictions [1]. Hirsch also proposes a new model for electrodynamics
for superconductors [1-2].
In this regard, in a rather old paper, Mario Liu described a
hydrodynamic Maxwell equations [3]. While he also discussed potential
implications of these new approaches to superconductors, such a
discussion of electrodynamics of superconductors is made only after
Tajmar’s paper.
Therefore, in this paper we present for the first time a derivation
of fluidic Maxwell-Proca equations. The name of Maxwell-Proca is
proposed because the equations were based on modifying Maxwell-
Proca and Hirsch’s theory of electrodynamics of superconductor.

154 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to propose a version of
fluidic Maxwell-Proca model for electrodynamics of superconductor.
It is hoped that this paper may stimulate further investigations and
experiments in particular for fractal superconductor. It may be
expected to have some impact to cosmology modeling too, which will
be discussed in the last section.
2. Hirsch’s proposed revision of London’s equations
According to J.E. Hirsch, from the outset of superconductivity
research it was assumed that no electrostatic fields could exist
inside superconductors and this assumption was incorporated into
conventional London electrodynamics.[2] Hirsch suggests that there
are difficulties with the two London equations. Therefore he concludes
that London’s equations together with Maxwell’s equations lead to
unphysical predictions.[1] However he still uses four- vectors J and A
according to Maxwell’s equations:
(1)
and

(2)
Therefore, Hirsch proposes a new fundamental equation for
electrodynamics for superconductors as follows: [1]

(3a)
where
- London penetration depth L is defined as follows:[2]

(3b)

Lost and Found in Mathematics 155

- And d’Alembertian operator is defined as: [1]

(3c)

Then he proposes the following equations: [1]

(4)

and

(5)

where F is the usual electromagnetic field tensor and F 0 is the field

tensor with entries 0 and 0 from and respectively when expressed
in the reference frame at rest with respect to the ions.
Proca equations can be considered as an extension of Maxwell
equations, and they have been derived in various ways, see for instance
[4, 6, 7]. It can be shown that Proca equations can be derived from
first principles [6], and also that Proca equations may have link with
Klein-Gordon equation [7]. However, in this paper we will not attempt
to re-derive Proca equations. Instead, I will use Proca equations as
described in [6].
In the meantime, it is known that Proca equations can also be
used to describe electrodynamics of superconductors, see [4]-[8]. The
difference between Proca and Maxwell equations is that Maxwell
equations and Lagrangian are based on the hypothesis that the photon
has zero mass, but the Proca’s Lagrangian is obtained by adding mass
term to Maxwell’s Lagrangian.[17] Therefore, the Proca equation can
be written as follows:[17]
(6a)

156 Lost and Found in Mathematics

where is the inverse of the Compton wavelength associated
with photon mass. [17] In terms of the vector potentials, equation (6a)
can be written as [17]:

(6b)

Similarly, according to Kruglov [15] the Proca equation for a free

particle processing the mass m can be written as follows:
(7)
Now, the similarity between equations (1) and (6b) are remarkable with
exception that equation (1) is in quadratic form. Therefore we propose
to consider a modified form of Hirsch’s model as follows:
(8a)
and

(8b)
The relevance of the proposed new equations in lieu of (4)-(5) should
be verified by experiments with superconductors [16]. For convenience,
the equations (8a)-(8b) can be given a name: Maxwell-Proca-Hirsch
equations.
3. Fluidic Maxwell-Proca Equations
In this regard, in a rather old paper, Mario Liu described a
hydrodynamic Maxwell equations.[3] While he also discussed potential
implications of these new approaches to superconductors, such a
discussion of electrodynamics of superconductors is made only after
Tajmar’s paper. Therefore, in this section we present for the first time
a derivation of fluidic Maxwell-Proca equations.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 157

According to Blackledge, Proca equations can be written as follows [7]:
(9)
(10)

(11)

where:

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)
Therefore, by using the definitions in equations (9)-(12), and by
comparing with hydrodynamic Maxwell equations of Liu [3, eq. 2],
now we can arrive at fluidic Maxwell-Proca equations, as follows:

(16)
where:
(17)

(18)
(19)

(20)

158 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 (21)

(22)
Since according to Blackledge, the Proca equations can be viewed as
a unified wavefield model of electromagnetic phenomena [7], therefore
we can also regard the fluidic Maxwell-Proca equations as a unified
wavefield model for electrodynamics of superconductor.
Now, having defined fluidic Maxwell-Proca equations, we are ready
to write down fluidic Maxwell-Proca-Hirsch equations using the same
definition, as follows:

(23)

And

(24)

where

(25)

As far as we know, the above fluidic Maxwell-Proca equations have

never been presented elsewhere before. Provided the above equations
can be verified with experiments, they can be used to describe
electrodynamics of superconductors.
As a last note, it seems interesting to remark here that Kruglov [15]
has derived a square-root of Proca equations as a possible model for
hadron mass spectrum, therefore perhaps equations (23)-(25) may be
factorized too to find out a model for hadron masses. Nonetheless, we
leave this problem for future investigations.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 159

4. Towards Chiral Cosmology model
The Maxwell-Proca electrodynamics corresponding to a finite
photon mass causes a substantial change of the Maxwell stress tensor
and, under certain circumstances, may cause the electromagnetic
stresses to act effectively as “negative pressure”. In a recent paper, Ryutov,
Budker, Flambaum suggest that such a negative pressure imitates
gravitational pull, and may produce effect similar to gravitation. In
the meantime, there are other papers by Longo, Shamir etc. discussing
observations indicating handedness of spiral galaxies, which seem
to suggest chiral medium at large scale. However, so far there is no
derivation of Maxwell-Proca equations in chiral medium.
In a recent paper, Ryutov, Budker, Flambaum suggest that Maxwell-
Proca equations may induce a negative pressure imitates gravitational
pull, and may produce effect similar to gravitation.[18]
In the meantime, there are other papers by Longo, Shamir etc.
discussing observations indicating handedness of spiral galaxies, which
seem to suggest chiral medium at large scale. As Shamir reported:
“A morphological feature of spiral galaxies that can be easily
identified by the human eye is the handedness—some
spiral galaxies spin clockwise, while other spiral galaxies
rotate counterclockwise. Previous studies suggest large-
scale asymmetry between the number of galaxies that
rotate clockwise and the number of galaxies that rotate
counterclockwise, and a large-scale correlation between the
galaxy handedness and other characteristics can indicate an
asymmetry at a cosmological scale.”[24]

However, so far there is no derivation of Maxwell-Proca equations

in chiral medium. Therefore, inspired by Ryutov et al.’s paper, in this
paper, we present for the first time a possibility to extend Maxwell-
Proca-type equations to chiral medium, which may be able to explain
origin of handedness of spiral galaxies as reported by M. Longo et
al.[23. 24. 24a]

160 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 The present paper is intended to be a follow-up paper of our
preceding paper, reviewing Shpenkov’s interpretation of classical wave
equation and its role to explain periodic table of elements and other
phenomena [11][13][22].
5. Maxwell-Proca Equations in Chiral Medium
It shall be noted, that the relations between flux densities and the
electric and magnetic fields depend on the material. It is well-known
that for instance all organic materials contain carbon and realize
in this way some kind of optical activity. Therefore, Lord Kelvin
introduced the notion of the chirality measure of a medium. This
coefficient expresses the optical activity of the underlying material.
The correspondent constitutive laws are the following:[19]
D = E +  rot E (Drude-Born-Feodorov laws), (26)
B = µH + µ rot H (27)
where e = E(t, x) is the electric permittivity, j = p(t, x) is the magnetic
permeability and the coefficient  describes the chirality measure of
the material.[2]
Now, since we want to obtain Maxwell-Proca equations in chiral
medium, then eq. (12) should be replaced with eq. (26). But such a
hypothetical assertion should be investigated in more precise way.
Since according to Blackledge, the Proca equations can be viewed
as a unified wavefield model of electromagnetic phenomena [7], then
we can also regard the Maxwell-Proca equations in chiral medium as a
further generalization of his unified wavefield picture into the realm of
superconductors and may be also in cosmology modeling too.
6. Conclusion
One of our aims with the present paper is to propose a combined
version of London-Proca- Hirsch model for electrodynamics of
superconductor. Considering that Proca equations may be used to

Lost and Found in Mathematics 161

explain electrodynamics in superconductor, the proposed fluidic
London-Proca equations may be able to describe electromagnetic of
superconductors. It is hoped that this paper may stimulate further
investigations and experiments in particular for superconductors. It
may be expected to have some impact to cosmology modeling too.
Another purpose is to submit a new model of gravitation based on a
recent paper by Ryutov, Budker, Flambaum, who suggest that Maxwell-
Proca equations may induce a negative pressure imitates gravitational
pull, and may produce effect similar to gravitation. In the meantime,
there are other papers by Longo, Shamir etc. discussing observations
indicating handedness of spiral galaxies, which seem to suggest chiral
medium at large scale (as we know, there are recent findings on carbon
molecules from the outer space or interstellar medium too).
However, so far there is no derivation of Maxwell-Proca equations in
chiral medium. In this paper, we propose Maxwell-Proca-type equations
in chiral medium, which may also explain (albeit hypothetically) origin
of handedness of spiral galaxies as reported by M. Longo et al.
It may be expected that one can describe handedness of spiral
galaxies by chiral Maxwell-Proca equations. This would need more
investigations, both theoretically and empirically.
Acknowledgment
One of these authors (VC) dedicates this paper to Prof. Bo Lehnert,
for his long research on Maxwell-Proca equations as the basis of RQED,
which inspired this paper; and VC also dedicates this paper to Prof.,
Yu P. Rybakov for his excellent lectures around 9 years ago in RUDN.
VC would also express his sincere thanks to Dr. George Shpenkov for
sending his papers and books. Previous discussions on superconductors
with Frank Lichtenberg from ETH Zurich is also appreciated.

Received July 31, 2018; Accepted September 16, 2018

162 Lost and Found in Mathematics

References
1. Hirsch, J.E. 2003. Electrodynamics of superconductors. arXiv:cond-
mat/0312619 [[Link]-el.]
2. Hirsch, J.E. 2012. Correcting 100 years of misunderstanding: electric fields
in superconductors, hole superconductivity, and the Meissner effect. arXiv:
1202.1851 [[Link]-con]
3. Mario Liu. Hydrodynamics theory of Electromagnetic Fields in Continuous
Media. Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol. 70 No. 23, 7 June 1993.
4. Tajmar, M. 2008. Electrodynamics in Superconductor explained by Proca
equations. arXiv:cond- mat/0803.3080
5. de Matos, C.J., &Tajmar, M. 2006. Gravitomagnetic London Moment
and the Graviton Mass inside a Superconductor. arXiv:gr-qc/0602591
6. Gondran, Michel. 2009. Proca equations derived from first principles.
arXiv:0901.3300 [quant-ph], URL: [Link]
pdf
7. Blackledge, Jonathan M. 2007. An Approach to Unification using a
Linear Systems Model for the Propagation of Broad-band Signals. ISAST
Transaction on Electronics and Signal Processing, Vol. 1, No. 1,
2007. URL: [Link]
8. Demir, Suleyman. 2013. Space-time algebra for the generalization of
gravitational field equations. Pramana Vol. 80 No. 5 (Indian Academy of
Sciences), May 2013, 811-823. URL: [Link]
v80/p811/[Link]
9. Schwinger, Julian, DeRaad, Jr., Lester L., Milton, Kimball A., & Tsai,
Wu-yang. 1998. Classical Electrodynamics. Reading, Massachusetts:
Perseus Books. p. 591.
10. Christianto, Victor; Smarandache, Florentin; Umniyati, Yunita. A
derivation of Maxwell-Proca Equations in Chiral Medium, and implications
to galaxy handedness. Submitted to Prespacetime J, may 2018.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 163

11. Christianto, Victor. 2014. A Review of Schrödinger Equation and
Classical Wave Equation. Prespacetime Journal, May 2014. URL: www.
[Link]. Also available at: [Link]
12. Christianto, Victor. 2014. A derivation of GravitoElectroMagnetic Proca
equations in fractional space. Prespacetime Journal, May 2014. URL:
[Link].
13. Christianto, Victor. 2014. An Outline of Cosmology based on Interpretation
of The Johannine Prologue. Bull. Soc. Math. Services and Standards
(BSMASS), Sept. 2014. URL: [Link]
14. Christianto, Victor & Rahul, Biruduganti. 2014. A derivation of
Proca equations on Cantor Sets: A Local Fractional Approach. Bull.
Mathematical Sciences and Applications (BMSA), Nov. 2014. URL:
[Link]
15. Kruglov, S.I. 2004. “Square root” of the Proca equation: Spin-3/2
field equation. arXiv:hep- th/0405088
16. Dressel, M. 2013. Electrodynamics of Metallic Superconductors.
Adv. Cond. Matt. Phys. Article ID 104379. [Link]
org/10.1155/2013/104379
17. Candemir, Nuray; Tanish, Murat; Ozdas, Kudret and Demir,
Suleyman. 2008. Hyperbolic Octonionic Proca-Maxwell equations. Z.
Naturforsch. 63a, 15-18 (2008). URL: [Link]
com/s63a/[Link]
18. D.D. Ryutov, D. Budker, V.V. Flambaum. A hypothetical effect of the
Maxwell-Proca electromagnetic stresses on galaxy rotation curves. arXiv:
1708.09514 (2017)
19. W. Sproessig & E. Venturino. An alternative approach for solving
Maxwell equations. Part of Algorithms For Approximation IV.
Proceedings of the 2001 International Symposium.
20. Carlos V. Gonzalez, et al. An enhanced vector diagram of Maxwell’s
equations for chiral media. Rev. Fac. Ing. Univ. Antioquia N.° 62 pp.
137-144. Marzo, 2012

164 Lost and Found in Mathematics

21. Sergey M. Grudsky et al. On a quaternionic Maxwell equation for the
time-dependent electromagnetic field in a chiral medium. arXiv: math-
ph/0309062 (2003)
22. Kreidik, Leonid G., & Shpenkov, George P. 2002. Important
Results of Analyzing Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. Galilean
Electrodynamics & QED-EAST, Vol. 13, Special Issues No. 2, 23-30;
URL: [Link]
23. Michael J. Longo. Detection of a dipole in the handedness of spiral
galaxies with redshifts z ~[Link]. Lett. B 699 (2011)
24. Lior Shamir. Color Differences between Clockwise and Counterclockwise
Spiral Galaxies. Galaxies 2013, 1, 210-215; doi:10.3390/galaxies1030210;
also [24a] Lior Shamir. Large-scale photometric asymmetry in galaxy
spin patterns. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia
(PASA), doi: 10.1017/[Link]. arXiv: 1703.07889

Lost and Found in Mathematics 165

 Article

Cellular Automata Representation of

Submicroscopic Physics

Victor Christianto1*, Volodymyr Krasnoholovets2 &

Florentin Smarandache3

1
Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM), Malang, Indonesia 2Institute
of Physics, Natl. Acad. Sci., Ukraine
3
Dept. of Math. Sci., Univ. of New Mexico, Gallup, USA

*Correspondence:
Victor Christianto, Malang Institute of Agriculture (IPM),
Malang, Indonesia.
Email: victorchristianto@[Link]

Abstract
Krasnoholovets theorized that the microworld is constituted as a tessellation
of primary topological balls. The tessellattice becomes the origin of a
submicrospic mechanics in which a quantum system is subdivided to two
subsystems: the particle and its inerton cloud, which appears due to the
interaction of the moving particle with oncoming cells of the tessellattice.
The particle and its inerton cloud periodically change the momentum and
hence move like a wave. The new approach allows us to correlate the Klein-
Gordon equation with the deformation coat that is formed in the tessellatice

166 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 around the particle. The submicroscopic approach shows that the source of
any type of wave movements including the Klein-Gordon, Schrödinger, and
classical wave equations is hidden in the tessellattice and its basic exciations
– inertons, carriers of mass and inert properties of matter.
Keywords: Schrödinger, Klein-Gordon, classical wave equation, periodic
table, molecule, cellular automata, submicroscopic.

1. Introduction
Elze [1] wrote about possible re-interpretation of quantum mechnics
(QM) starting from classical automata principles. This is surely a
fresh approach to QM, initiated by some authors including Gerard ‘t
Hooft [3]. In the mean time, in a series of papers Shpenkov [2, 3-14]
suggested that the spherical solution of Schrödinger’s equation says
nothing about the structure of molecules. According to Shpenkov [2,
3-14], the classical wave equation is able to derive a periodic table of
elements which is close to Mendeleyev’s periodic table and also other
phenomena related to the structure of molecules.
However, the Schrödinger equation is a quantum equation
that describes the motion of the appropriate particle-wave since all
quantum objects manifest charecteristics of both particles and waves.
Considering Shpenkov’s results, one can ask: why do the particle’s
characteristics dissapear and what exactly is the subject of purely wave
behaviour in a quantum system?
Recently, Krasnoholovets has developed a submicroscopic concept
in which the motion of a canonical particle occurs in physical space
constructed as a cellular structure named the tessellattice(see, e.g. Ref.
[15]).
In this paper, we carry out studies of the Schrödinger equation and
classical wave equation and show how they both are related to the idea
of tessellatice. The Appendix contains a more detailed proof on how
“space” has the form of acoustic/sound wave.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 167

2. Correspondence betwwen Classical Wave & Quantum
Mechanics
A connection between classical and quantum mechanics has been
studied at least by several researchers (see e.g. Refs. [26-28]). Ward and
Volkmer [29] discussed a relation between the classical electromagnetic
wave equation and Schrödinger equation. They derived the Schrödinger
equation based on the electromagnetic wave equation and Einstein’s
special theory of relativity. They began with electromagnetic wave
equation in one-dimensional case:

(13)
This equation is satisfied by plane wave solution:

14
Where k = 2/ and  = 2v are the spatial and temporal frequencies,
respectively. Substituting equation (14) into (13), then we obtain

(15)
or

(16)
which arrives us to a dispersion relationship for light in free space:
k/c . This is similar to the wave number k in eq. (8).
Then, recalling from Einstein and Compton that the energy of
a photon is =hv=ħ and the momentum of a photon is p=h/=ħk,
which allows us to rewrite eq. (14) using these relations:

(17)

168 Lost and Found in Mathematics

Substituting expression (17) into eq. (13) we find

(18)
which results in the relativistic total energy of a particle with zero rest
mass
2 = p2c2 . (19)
Following de Broglie, we may write the total relativistic energy for
a particle with non-zero rest mass
(20)
Inserting expression (20) into eq. (18), it is straightforward from
(15) that we get

(21)
which is the Klein-Gordon equation [30, 31] for a free particle [29].
Now we want to obtain Schrödinger equation, which is non-relativistic
case of eq. (21). The first step is to approximate as follows

(22)
After some approximation steps, Ward and Volkmer [29] arrived
at the Schrödinger equation

(23)
where the non-relativistic wave function  is also constrained to the
condition that it be normalisable to unit probability.
In the meantime, Hilbert and Batelaan [32] explored equivalence
between the quantum and acoustic system. A simple physical system was
discussed, which mirrorred the quantum mechanical infinite square
well with a central delta well potential. They find that the analytic

Lost and Found in Mathematics 169

solution to the quantum system exhibits level splitting, as does the
acoustic system. They compare the acoustic resonances in a closed tube
and the quantum mechanical eigen-frequencies of an infinite square
well and showed that the acoustic displacement standing wave is
(24)
for the n-th resonance. Eq. (24) has the same shape as the quantum
mechanical wave function.
So we can conclude that there exists formal connection between the
classical wave equation and Schrödinger equation, but it still requires some
assumptions and approximations. Shpenkov’s interpretation of classical
wave equation looks as more realistic for atomic and molecular modeling.
3. Cellular Automata Model of Classical Wave Equation
In the previous section, we have argued that Shpenkov’s
interpretation of classical wave equation looks as more realistic for
atomic and molecular modeling. Now we shall outline a cellular
automata model of classical wave equation.
But first of all, let us give a few remarks on cellular automata. The
term cellular automata cellular automata is plural. Our code examples
will simulate just one—a cellular automaton cellular automaton,
singular. To simplify our lives, we’ll also refer to cellular automata as
“CA.” Cellular automata make a great first step in building a system
of many objects that have varying states over time:
A cellular automaton is a model of a system of “cell” objects with
the following characteristics.
• The cells live on a grid grid. (We’ll see examples in both one and
two dimensions in this chapter, though a cellular automaton can
exist in any finite number of dimensions.)
• Each cell has a state. The number of state possibilities is typically
finite. The simplest example has the two possibilities of 1 and 0
(otherwise referred to as “on” and “off” or “alive” and “dead”).

170 Lost and Found in Mathematics

• Each cell has a neighborhood. This can be defined in any number
of ways, but it is typically a list of adjacent cells.[36]

Now consider a set of simple rules that would allow that pattern to
create copies of itself on that grid. This is essentially the process of
a CA that exhibits behaviour similar to biological reproduction and
evolution. (Incidentally, von Neumann’s cells had twenty-nine possible
states.) Von Neumann’s work in self-replication and CA is conceptually
similar to what is probably the most famous cellular automaton: the
“Game of Life.” Perhaps the most significant scientific (and lengthy)
work studying cellular automata arrived in 2002: Stephen Wolfram’s
A New Kind of Science ([Link] [36].
A plausible method to describe cellular automata model of wave
equation was described for instance by Yang and Young [33]. For the
1D linear wave equation, where c is the wave speed they presented a
scheme:

(25)
After some steps eq. (25) can be rewritten in a generic form (by
choosing t  x   t  ) as follows , which is
reversible under certain conditions. This property comes from the
reversibility of the wave equation because it is invariant under the
transformation: t  –t.
O’Reilly has shown that the coupled Maxwell-Dirac electrodynamic
system can be implemented in an analog cellular-automaton operating
within a 3D regular face-centered cubic lattice [34]. The result of this
approach can be expressed in terms of a second order wave equation,
namely: . He concludes that the second order wave equation
is arguably one of the simplest possible continuous-valued cellular
automata update equations that do anything physically interesting,

Lost and Found in Mathematics 171

though all of electrodynamics can be built of elaborations of this one
fundamental interaction.
Thus, cellular approach allows one to construct equations that
describe physical systems without using second order equations.

Correspondence with Konrad Zuse’s work:

from static space to calculating space
To trace the development of physical thoughts in this field, we
would like to mention two books. In the late 1970s, Konrad Zuse
conceived an essay entitled Calculating Space, in which he advocated
that physical laws are discrete by nature and that the entire history of
our universe is just the output of a giant deterministic CA.[37]
It shall be clear, that we should let go our assumption of static
space (Newtonian), nor dynamical space (Einsteinian), toward
calculating space (Zusian). In this new model, space itself has a kind
of computing capability, hence intelligence, albeit perhaps not the
same kind of human intelligence. If such a new proposition can be
proved true, then it may open up an array of explanations on many
puzzling cosmology questions, such as: why galaxies apparently grow
and then move to other directions (for instance, it is known that our
Milky Way is moving toward The Great Attractor). Such an observed
dynamics is very difficult to comprehend in terms of classical picture
based on static space (differential equations).
In closing, we would like to quote Zuse’s perceptive predictions
made forty years ago: “Incorporation of the concepts of information and
the automaton theory in physical observations will become even more critical,
as even more use is made of whole numbers, discrete states and the like.”[37]
Nonetheless, we shall also keep in mind Zuse’s question: “Is nature
digital, analog or hybrid?” It is clear that classical physics is built in
analogue way, but it does not mean that Nature is perfectly working

172 Lost and Found in Mathematics

in accordance with that model. That question needs to be investigated
in more precise manner. [37, p. 22]
One way to investigate such a discrete model of space is by assuming
a tessellattice model of space, as will be discussed in the next section.
4. The Tessellattice as the Source for the Formalism of
Conventional Quantum Mechanics
A detailed theory of real physical space was developed by Bounias
and Krasnoholovets starting from pure mathematical principles (see
e.g. Ref. [35]). A submicroscopic theory of physical processes occurring
in real physical space was elaborated by Krasnoholovets in a series of
works (see e.g., monograph [15]). Those studies show that our ordinary
space is constructed as a mathematical lattice of primary topological
balls, which was named a tessellattice.
In the tesselllattice, primary topological balls play the role of
cells. This is a physical vacuum, or aether. Matter emerges at local
deformations of the tessellattice when a cell (or some cells) changes its
volume following a fractal law of transformations. Such a deformation
in the tessellattice can be associated with the physical notion of mass.
The motion of a fractal-deformed cell, i.e. a mass particle, is
occurred with the fractal decomposition of its mass owing to its
interaction with ongoing cells of the tessellattice. This is a further
development of Zuse’s idea about calculating space because cells can
exchange by fractals, which locally change properties of space.
The interaction of matter with space generates a cloud of a new
kind of spatial excitations named ‘inertons’. This means that “hidden
variables” introduced in the past by Louis de Broglie, David Bohm and
Jean-Pierre Vigier have acquired a sense of real quasiparticles of space.
Thus in monograph [15] it has been shown that inertons are carriers
of a new physical field (the inerton field), which appears as a basic
field of the universe. Inertons as quasi-particles of the inerton field

Lost and Found in Mathematics 173

are responsible for quantum mechanical, nuclear and gravitational
interactions of matter. Inertons carry mass and also fractal properties
of space, i.e. they are real carries of information.
A particle moving in the tessellattice is surrounded with its inerton
cloud. The particle actualizes the real motion between ongoing
cells, though its inertons emitted when the particle rubs again the
tessellattice’s cells, migrate as excitations hopping from cell to cell.
Such sophisticated motion in which the particle is surrounded with its
inerton cloud can easily be compared with the formalism of quantum
mechanics because the particle wrapped with its inertons can be
projected to the particle’s wave -function determined in an abstract
phase space. In such a pattern, the overlapping of wave -functions of
nearest particles means that the particles’ inerton clouds overlap and
thus we obtain real carriers of the quantum mechanical interaction,
which provide a short-range action between the particles studied.
The particle’s de Broglie wavelength  plays the role of a section
in which the moving particle emits its inerton cloud (an odd section)
and in the next even section  these inertons come back to the
particle passing the momentum on to it. Inertons emitted by the freely
moving particle come back to the particle owing to the elasticity of
the tessellattice as such.
How can we write the interaction of a moving particle with its
inerton cloud? The interaction can be written between the particle
and an ensemble of inertons, which accompany the particle. The
ensemble is presented as one integral object, an inerton cloud. The
speed v0 of the particle the particle satisfies the inequality v0<<c . At
such presentation, our study is significantly simplified and is reduced to
the consideration of a system of two objects: the particle and its cloud
of inertons, which the particle periodically emits and adsorbs when
moving along its path. In this case the Lagrangian (2.1) is transformed
to the following one written in two-dimensional Euclidean space.

174 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 (26)
In the Lagrangian (26)(2.49) the first term describes the kinetic
energy of the particle with the mass m and the velocity ẋ, which
moves along the axis X; the second term depicts the kinetic energy of
the whole inerton cloud whose mass is 0 and its center-of-mass has
the coordinate XD along the particle’s path and X is the transverse
coordinate; the third term is the interaction energy between the particle
and the inerton cloud where 1/T is the frequency of their collisions.
By using the substitution
(27)
we carry out a kind of a canonical transformation that leads to the
following Lagrangian
(28)
We can see from the effective Lagrangian (28)(2.51) that in such a
presentation the particle’s behavior is described as a classical harmonic
oscillator and the accompanying inerton cloud moves by its own hidden
principle (though it does not disturb the particle).
The Hamiltonian function according to the definition

In our case the Hamiltonian is

(29)
The effective Hamiltonian based on the Lagrangian (28)(2.51) of
the oscillating particle in the system of the center-of-mass of the particle
and its inerton cloud in the explicit form becomes
(30)

Lost and Found in Mathematics 175

 Solutions of the equations of motion given by the Hamiltonian (30)
are well known for different presentations. In particular, the function
(30) allows one to derive the Hamilton-Jacobi equation
(31)
from which we obtain the equation for a shortened action

(32)
The function (32)(2.55) enables the solution x as a function of t in
the form

(33)
Now we can calculate the increment S1 of the action (32)(2.55) of
the particle during the period T; in terms of the action-angle variables

(34)

The final result (34) can be rewritten as follows

(35)
where the notation v = 1/T is entered.
Since the constant E is the initial energy of the particle, i.e.,
the increment of action (35) can also be presented in the form
(36)
where the parameter  is the spatial amplitude of oscillations of the
particle along its path.

176 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 If we equate the increment of the action S1 to the Planck constant
h, we immediately arrive at the two major relationships of quantum
mechanics introduced by de Broglie for a particle:
(37)
Thus the amplitude of special oscillation of a particle is exactly the
particle’s de Broglie wavelength.
Having obtained the relationships (37), we can present the complete
action for a particle
(38)
in two equivalent forms: and
(39)
and
(40)
The relationships (39), (40) and (37) allow the derivation of the
Schrödinger equation. If in a conventional wave equation

(41)
(where ½v0 is the average velocity of the particle in the spatial period
) we insert a wave function, whose phase is based on the action (40),
(42)
and set v0=.2v, we get the wave equation in the following presentation:
(43)
Then putting =h/p and extracting the momentum p from the function
(32) (i.e., p2=2mE ) we finally obtain a conventional time-independent
Schrödinger equation

(44)

Lost and Found in Mathematics 177

 Thus, we can see that the moving system of a particle and its inerton
cloud obeys the Schrödinger equation.
5. The Deformation Coat of Particle & the Klein-Gordon
Equation
As we discussed above, Ward and Volkmer [29] demonstrated
the derivation of the Klein-Gordon equation (21) for a mass particle
starting from its total relativistic energy 2=p2c2+m02c4 (20). They also
showed that a non-relativistic approximation of the same energy (20)
results in the Schrödinger time-dependent equation (23).
Usually the Klein-Gordon equation [30, 31] is applied for the
description of an abstract relativistic particle that does not possess
spin. However, the submicroscopic concept of physics presented in
monograph [15] makes it possible to relate the Klein-Gordon equation to
a real object, namely, a deformation coat that is developed around the
mass particle created in the tessellatice.
In fact the creation a particle means the appearance of a local
deformation, i.e. a volumetric fractal deformation of the appropriate
cell of the tesselllatice. The local deformation must induce a tension
state in ambient cells, which may extend only to a definite radius R.
So behind the radius R, the tessellattice does not have any distortion,
it is found here in a degenerate state.
The study [15] shows that in the microworld such fundamental
physical parameters as mass and charge vary at the motion. Namely, in
a section (the even section) equal to the particle’s de Broglie wavelength
 the mass m is transferred to a tension  and the charge e changes to
the magnetic monopole g. In the odd section  the mass and charge
are restored. The same happened with cells that form the particle’s
deformation coat. When the particle is moving, it pulls its deformation
coat as well, i.e. ambient cells adjust to state of the particle. In the
deformation coat the state of cells oscillates between the tension 

178 Lost and Found in Mathematics

and mass m. A collective oscillating mode of the deformation coat
is specified by the energy [15] E=ħ, which in turn equals the total
energy of the particle mc2.
The discussed oscillations can be described by a plane wave
mode E(x,t)=E0ei(kx–t) (17). Then following the arguments (17) – (21),
we immediately derive the Klein-Gordon equation (21). Note that
in our case the particle that obeys the Klein-Gordon equation is
the deformation coat that accompanies the moving particle. This
deformation coat is specified with the radius equal to the particle’s
Compton wavelength [15] (see p. 57).
If the speed v of a particle satisfies the inequality v<< c, we following
reasoning (22) and (23) will arrive at the Schrödinger equation (23).
6. Conclusion
We have reviewed a plausible cellular automaton molecular model
for classical wave equation, as an alternative to Cellular automaton
quantum mechanics (by Elze, Gerard ‘t Hooft etc).
Then we have considered the submicroscopic concept that allows
one to easily derive the Schrödinger and Klein-Gordon equations
starting from first submicroscopic principles. It is interesting that for
the first time we now can identify the Klein-Gordon equation with
a real object that is described by this equation – it is the particle’s
deformation coat that is induced in the tessellattice at around the
appropriate created canonical particle.
The submicroscopic concept, which is based on space constituted as
the tessellattice of primary topological balls, introduces a new physical
field, namely the inerton field, which appears as a fundamental field of
the universe. Inertons emerge at any motion of particles; in particular,
they arise in atoms and around owing to uninterrupted motion of
electrons, nuclei and nucleons.

Lost and Found in Mathematics 179

 Thus the motion of a quantum system is characterized by its
separation to two joined subsystems: the particle itself and its inerton
cloud. Their oscillation dynamics exhibits obvious features of the wave
motion. Although the deformation coat that accompanies the moving
particle behaves in a special way, it is described by the Klein-Gordon
equation, which also manifests the wave properties.
Our analysis shows that oscillations of inertons are present in
any movement of a material object. Inertons clearly demonstrate
wave behavior. This means that inerton oscillations appear in atoms
and molecules. Hence inerton oscillations justify Shpenkov’s model
[4–14], which applies a classical wave equation of sound to atoms and
molecules: the wave function  used by Shpenkov describes oscillations
of an inerton field and the location of the corresponding nodes in the
oscillating wave studied.
Thus, quantum mechanical models, cellular automata, and a cellular
automaton molecular model that uses a wave equation can be covered
by studies originated from the tessellattice and the submicroscopic
behavior of quantum systems, which involves an inerton field that
binds canonical particles with the tessellattice and between themselves.
Nonetheless, there remains many questions to ponder, for example:
whether the notion of cellular automata corresponds neatly to Zuse’s
calculating space hypothesis [37], and whether the latter in turn leads
to cellular intelligence (see for instance [37a]). Therefore, further
investigations in this direction are recommended, which will shed
light on the cornerstones of the microworld.
Acknowledgement
Thanks to Prof. George Shpenkov for replying to some questions
regarding his wave model of the periodic table of elements and sending
some of his works.
Received October 27, 2019; Accepted December 10, 2019

180 Lost and Found in Mathematics

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184 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Concluding Remark

If we consider that this book suggests that the reality can be

modelled in quite simple but convincing way, especially the nature of
gravitation, via correspondence between cosmology phenomena and
low temperature physics, yes it feels almost like miracle for us.
As always we are sure that such a miracle in finding realistic
description of physics, cannot be manufactured. As this popular song
lyrics goes:
You can’t manufacture a miracle
The silence was pitiful, that day
And love is getting too cynical
Passion’s just physical, these days25

What we can say, is that such a comprehension is even more

mysterious, as Wigner once argue: that whether mathematics can be
useful to describe physical nature, is itself another question.
After all, we are just humble truths-seeker, because after all this
entire Cosmos belongs to God Almighty, and no one else:

25 Song writer: Guy Antony Chambers / Robert Peter Williams. Lirik Something
Beautiful © BMG Rights Management, Universal Music Publishing Group

Lost and Found in Mathematics 185

 The heavens declare the glory of God;
And the firmament[a] shows [b] His handiwork.
2 Day unto day utters speech,
And night unto night reveals knowledge.
3 There is no speech nor language
Where their voice is not heard. (Psalm 19, NKJV)

Soli Deo Gloria

Medio April 2022, Passover Day

186 Lost and Found in Mathematics

 Victor Christianto
Personal website: [Link]
Link at academia: [Link]
Scopus Publications List, as per 16 April 2021
 Short biography of Professor Florentin Smarandache, PhD.
(postdoc in mathematics and sciences)

Florentin Smarandache is a professor of mathematics at the University of New Mexico,

United States. He got his MSc in Mathematics and Computer Science from the University of
Craiova, Romania, PhD in Mathematics from the State University of Kishinev, and
Postdoctoral in Applied Mathematics from Okayama University of Sciences, Japan, and The
Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. \
He is the founder of neutrosophy (generalization of dialectics), neutrosophic set, logic,
probability and statistics since 1995 and has published hundreds of papers and books on
neutrosophic physics, superluminal and instantaneous physics, unmatter, quantum paradoxes,
absolute theory of relativity, redshift and blueshift due to the medium gradient and
refraction index besides the Doppler effect, paradoxism, outerart, neutrosophy as a new
branch of philosophy, Law of Included Multiple-Middle, multispace and multistructure,
hypersoft set, SuperHyperGraph, SuperHyperAlgebra, Neutrosophic SuperHyperAlgebra,
degree of dependence and independence between neutrosophic components, refined
neutrosophic set, neutrosophic over-under-off-set, plithogenic set / logic / probability /
statistics, neutrosophic triplet and duplet structures, quadruple neutrosophic structures,
extension of algebraic structures to NeutroAlgebras and AntiAlgebras, NeutroGeometry &
AntiGeometry, Dezert-Smarandache Theory and so on to many peer-reviewed international
journals and many books and he presented papers and plenary lectures to many
international conferences around the world.
In addition, he published many books of poetry, dramas, children ’ stories, translations,
essays, a novel, folklore collections, traveling memories, and art albums [
[Link] ].