Thermodynamics and

Fluids mechanics II
MM2TF2

more Air-conditioning
 By the end of this lecture
◼ Dry and wet bulb thermometers
◼ Psychrometric Chart
◼ Elements of the air-conditioning plant
◼ Ph diagram
◼ Refrigeration cycle
◼ Elements of the refrigeration cycle
◼ Coefficient of performance ( efficiency of
the refrigeration cycle)
 Wet bulb/dry bulb thermometers

Dry bulb

Wet bulb

Air flow

Tdb T
wb
 Components of air-conditioning plant
Chiller plant ( compressors) Cooling tower ( evaporative cooling)

Water for heat

rejection from
the chiller

Chilled water

Air Handling Unit (AHU) Distribution ducts and diffusers

Air Handling Unit (AHU)
 Air conditioning plant
This regulates the humidity and temperature
of a supply of atmospheric air.

1 2 3 5
4-Drain
1 to 2 Work input from fan
2 to 3 Heat rejected, mixture is saturated at 3 and the saturated water is drained to 4
3 to 5 Heat is supplied to raise conditions to the desired humidity (ø) at temperature T
 1 2 4-Drain
3 5
(m h )a2 + (m h )v2 + Q23 = (m h )a3 + (m h )v3 + (m h )w4
Energy in (-ve) Energy out
Analysis assumptions:
1) Mixture pressure (Pa +Pv) is constant throughout
2) SFEE applies across any section; particularly the cooler
Refrigeration for laboratory
 COLD 1- HOT

4- 3-Expansion 2-
valve
 A heat pump is a device that drives a fluid
around a process, by which heat is transferred
from a cool place to a hot one. This is achieved
by applying work!

Compressor
Warm

Qhigh

Win Expansion valve

Qlow
Cool

Evaporator, p low, T low Condenser, p high, T high

Qhigh – Qlow = Win
p, bar
100

40C
10

10C

1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

h, kJ/kg
0.1

For Klea 134a refrigerant

p, bar
100

10 Condenser

Throttle Compressor

1 Evaporator
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

h, kJ/kg
0.1
For Klea 134a refrigerant
 ENTHALPY

TEMPERATURE

PRESSURE

ENTROPY
QUALITY
 State diagram for phase change
T-s diagram for steam/water
700

600

500
T [ºC]

400

300

200

100

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
s [kJ/kgK]
 T-s diagram for refrigerant R134a

120

100

80

60
T [ºC]

40

20

0
0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9
-20

-40

s [kJ/kgK]
 Analysis of
Refrigeration devices
Compressor work

 =m
W  Δh = m
 (h4 - h 3 )
 Condenser

As it enters the condense, vapour cools down to Tsat

and starts to boil.
By the time it reaches the end of the condenser, all is
condensed and the liquid gains a little subcooling.

 air ΔT = m
m  Ref h fg
T Vap,in

T warm

Vapour in Liquid out

( Superheated) ( sub cooled)
Condenser
Condensers
 Throttle
The condensed and slightly sub cooled liquid passes
through the throttle. This reduces the pressure of the fluid
and therefore the t sat reduces to a point just below the
cool reservoir (which contains the evaporator)
temperature.

h1

h2

h1= h2
 0 0

 +W
Q  =m
 Δh = m
 (h 2 - h1 )
We know that the throttle is short and should be well
insulated (it often is NOT at all well insulated!!),
and so Q is zero.

There is obviously no work – no paddles, pistons, hands

etc, and so W is zero.

(h2-h1) = 0 h1=h2
 Evaporator

As it enters the evaporator, liquid heats up to Tsat and

starts to boil.
By the time it reaches the end of the evaporator, all is
evaporated and the vapour gains a little superheat.

 air ΔT = m
m  Ref h fg
T T cool

Liquid in Vapour out

( sub cooled) ( Superheated)
Evaporator
Evaporators
HEAT PUMPS AND REFRIGERATORS
Heat pumps and refrigeration units are reversed heat
engines. Work is done on the system in order to reject a
net amount of heat.
Q1 = Q2 + W

Hot reservoir The efficiency η is not useful. Why?

Q1 The Coefficient Of Performance is

COP = Desired output / Required
input
Q1 –Q2 =W
W
Q2 COP can be >1 whilst η
cannot be > 1
Cold reservoir
 Refrigerators Heat Pumps

The objective of a The objective of a heat

refrigerator is to cool a pump, is to heat a space
space be removing heat by pumping heat into it
from it

The aim, therefore, is maximize The aim, therefore, is maximize

Q2 and minimize W. Q1 and minimize W.

COPR = Q2/W = Q2/(Q1- Q2) COPHP = Q1/W = Q1/(Q1- Q2)

COPR = 1/ [(Q1/Q2) – 1] COPHP = 1/ [(1 – (Q2/Q1)]

COPHP = COPR + 1

Therefore COPHP > 1

Now Try this
A refrigerator working with R 134a , the
refrigerant leaves the evaporator at a
pressure of 2 bars and with a 10˚C of
superheat, the condenser pressure is 13
bars and the refrigerant is leaving the
condenser with a 4 ˚C of sub-cooling,
assuming ideal compressor and no
pressure drop in the condenser and
evaporator plot the cycle on the Ph
diagram and find the COP of the
refrigerator. ( what is the COP as heat
pump?)
 h1 = h4 = 165 kJ/kg
h2 = 302 kJ/kg
h3 = 342 kJ/kg
4˚C sub-cool

10˚C superheat
Qin = h2 - h1 = 302-165 = 137 kJ/kg
Qout = h3 - h1 = 342-165 = 177 kJ/kg
W = h3 – h2 = 342-302 = 40 kJ/kg
COPR = Qin /W = 137/40 = 3.425
COPH = Qout /W = 177/40 = 4.425
COPH = COPR + 1
Now Try this
Use the psychrometric chart to find the
specific humidity (ω) and the relative
humidity (ϕ) if the dry bulb
temperature and the wet bulb
temperatures were 25 ˚C and 20 ˚C
respectively.
Specific humidity, ω = 12.5 grams/kg
Relative humidity, ϕ = 64%
 Now… do you know these?
◼ Dry and wet bulb thermometers
◼ Psychrometric Chart
◼ Elements of the air-conditioning plant
◼ Ph chart
◼ Refrigeration cycle
◼ Elements of the refrigeration cycle
◼ Coefficient of performance ( efficiency of
the refrigeration cycle)