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FIRST YEAR
IMPORTANT MATERIAL
FOR
BOARD EXAMINATIONS
IN

PHYSICS
2023-2024

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PHYSICAL WORLD
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is the discovery of C.V. Raman?

Ans: Inelastic scattering of light by molecules.

2. Which of the following has symmetry.

a) acceleration due to gravity b) law of gravity
Ans: Law of gravitation.
For example, the acceleration due to gravity at the moon is one–sixth that at the earth, but the law of
gravitation is same both on the moon and the earth.

3. What is the contribution of S. Chandra Sekhar to physics?

Ans: While studying the constitution of the stars, he has proved that the maximum mass that a white dwarf can
have is 1.4 times the solar mass. This mass is known as Chandrasekhar limit. If a star crosses this limit, it
has to face a catostropic collapse.

4. What are the fundamental forces in nature?

Ans: (i) Gravitational force (ii) Electromagnetic force
(iii) Strong nuclear force (iv) Weak nuclear force

5. What is physics ?
Ans: Physics is a branch of science which deals with the study of nature and natural phenomena.

6. What is beta    decay? Which force is a function of it?

Ans: In  -decay the nucleus emits an electron and an uncharged particle called neutrino.  -decay is due to
weak nuclear forces.

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Distinguish between accuracy and precision.

Ans: Accuracy Precision
1. The accuracy of a measurement of any physical 1. The precision of the measuring instrument
quantity made by any measuring instrument is a denotes upto what limit or resolution the
measure of how close the measured value is to the quantity can be measured with the given
true value of the quantity. instrument.
2. The accuracy depends on the errors. 2. The precision does not depend on errors.

2. How can systematic errors be minimised or eliminated.

Ans: Systematic errors can be minimized by improving experimental techniques, selecting better instruments and
removing personal bias as far as possible. For a given set up, these errors may be estimated to a certain
extent and the necessary corrections may be applied to the readings.

3. What are significant figures and what do they represent when reporting the result of a
measurement?
Ans: The digits of a number that are definitely known plus one more digit that is estimated are called significant
digits (or) significant figures.
Example: Time period of a simple pendulum is 1.62, the digits 1 and 6 are reliable while the digit 2 is
uncertain. They measured value has three significant figures.

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4. Distinguish between fundamental and derived units.
Ans: (i) Units of fundamental quantities are called fundamental units. Fundamental units can neither derived from
one another, nor can they be resolved into other units.
(ii) Units of derived quantities are called derived units.

5. Express unified atomic mass unit in kg.

1 12
Ans: 1 unified atomic mass unit = of the mass of carbon (C ) atom
12
–27
1 amu = 1.66 x 10 kg.

6. What are the different types of errors that can occur in a measurement?
Ans: Mainly there are three types of errors.
1. systematic errors 2. random errors 3. Gross errors

2
7. The velocity of a body is given by V = At + Bt + C. If v and t are expressed in SI, what are the units
of A, B, C?
2
Ans: Given V = At + Bt + C.
According to principle of homogeneity
V LT 1
(i) V  At 2  A    [LT 3 ]  A  ms3
t2 T2
V LT 1
(ii) V  Bt  B    [LT 2 ]  B  ms2
t T
–1 –1
(iii) V = C  C = LT  C = ms .

8. State the number of significant figures in the following:

(a) 6729 (b) 0.024 (c) 0.08240 (d) 6.032 (e) 4.57  108
Ans. Significant figures
a) 6729 – 4
b) 0.024 – 2
c) 0.08240 – 4
d) 6.032 – 4
8
e) 4.57 x 10 – 3

9. The measured mass and volume of a body are 2.42 g and 4.7cm3 respectively with possible errors
0.01 g and 0.1cm3 . Find the maximum error in density.
Mass(m)
Ans: Density, d 
Volume(V)
Here m = 2.42 g, m = 0.01 g
3
V = 4.7 cm , V = 0.1 cc
d m V
Maximum error in density  100   100   100
d m V
0.01 0.1
 100 
=  100
2.42 4.7
= 0.413% + 2.127%
= 2.54%
 The maximum error is about 2%.

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10. The error in measurement of radius of a sphere is 1%. What is the error in the measurement of
volume?
r
Ans:  100  1%
r
4 3
Volume of sphere V  r
3
V r
Error in the measurement of volume  100  3  100
V r
= 3 x 1 = 3%.

11. The percentage error in the mass and speed are 2% and 3% respectively. What is the maximum error
in kinetic energy calculated using these quantities?
M V
Ans.  100  2%,  100  3  1%  3%
M V
1
Kinetic energy = mV 2
2
K M V
 100   100  2  100
K M V
= 2 + 2(3) = 2 + 6 = 8%

13. Why do we have different units for the same physical quantity ?
Ans: We have different systems like C.G.S system, M.K.S system, F.P.S system and S.I system. Hence we have
different physical units for the same physical quantity.

14. What is dimensional analysis ?

Ans: Dimensional analysis is the study of derived physical quantities in terms of units of fundamental quantities.
With the help of dimensional analysis we can check the correctness of the equation, convert one system of
units into other system and derive certain equations relating physical quantities.

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MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. The states of rest and motion are relative. Explain.

Ans: Rest and motion are relative. They are not absolute. A body can be in the rest or in motion w.r.t. reference.
A man in a moving train is at rest w.r. to a co-passenger, but he is in motion with respect to a man on the
ground.

2. How is average velocity different from instantaneous velocity?

Ans: The average velocity does not give any details of the motion of the particle. It gives only the result of the
motion. The instantaneous velocity defines how fast the particle moves at a particular instant of time. In
uniform motion the instantaneous velocity is equal to the average velocity.

3. Give an example where the velocity of an object is zero but its acceleration is not zero.
Ans: When the body is projected vertically upwards, at the highest point, its velocity is zero. But its acceleration
(a = g) is not equal to zero.

4. If the trajectory of a body is parabolic in one frame can it be parabolic in another frame that moves
with a constant velocity with respect to the first frame? If not what can it be?
Ans. The trajectory is a vertical straight line if horizontal component of the body is same other wise it is parabolic.

5. A vehicle travels half the distance L with speed v1 and the other half with speed v2. What is the
average speed?
total length of the path L 2v1v 2
Ans. Average speed =  
total time taken L / 2 (L / 2) v1  v 2

v1 v2

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Can the equations of kinematics be used when the acceleration varies with time? If not what from
would these equations take?
(v  u)
Ans: No. The equations of kinematics i.e 1). v = u + at 2). S  t
2
1 2 2 2 a
3). S  ut  at 4). v = u + 2as 5. sn = u + (2n – 1)
2 2
cannot be used in the above form if the acceleration is not constant.
If the acceleration of an object is time dependent, then calculus methods are required for motion analysis.
The relationships between position, velocity and acceleration can be expressed in terms of derivatives or
integrals.
Motion with Variable Acceleration
(i) If acceleration is a function of time
a  f(t) , then
t
v u  0
f(t)dt

   f(t) dt  dt
t
and s  ut 
0

(ii) If acceleration is a function of distance

a  f(x) , then
x
v 2  u2  2  x0
f(x)dx

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1 2
2. Derive the equation S  v 0 t  at using graphical method where the terms have usual meaning.
2
Ans. In this velocity-time graph consider,
OABC as a trapezium
wkt,
area of trap = ½ (sum of parallel sides) × h
so, area of trap is the distance covered
so area of trap = s
now parallel sides are AO and BC and h is OC
so,
1
S   AO  BC   OC
2
1
Or, (according to graph) s   v  v 0   t
2
(by first equation of motion)
 v  v 0  at 
1
s v 0  at  v 0  t
2
1
S  v 0 t  at 2
2

3. Explain the terms the average velocity and instantaneous velocity. When are they equal?
Ans. Average velocity:
The average velocity of the particle is defined as the ratio of displacement  x  to the time interval t
x x 2  x1
v 
t t 2  t1
Average velocity is independent of the path followed by the particle between the initial and final position. It
gives the result of the motion.
Instantaneous velocity:
The velocity of a particle at a particular instant of time is known as instantaneous velocity.
x
V  lim
x 0 t

The instantaneous velocity may be positive (or) negative in straight line motion.
In uniform motion the instantaneous velocity of a body is equal to the average velocity.

4. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 20ms1 from the top of a multi-storey building.
The height of the point from where the ball is thrown is 25.0 m from the ground.
(a) How high will the base rise? and (b) how long will it be in air before the ball hits the ground?
Take g  10ms2 . (actual value is 9.8ms2 )

Ans. (a) v 2  u2  2as

v  0; u  20m / s, a  g  10m / s2
02  u2  2gs  u2  2 10  y  y 0 

  20   20  y  y0   20  20  20  y  y0   y  y0  20m
2

1 2 1 2
(b) s  ut  at , y  y 0  ut  at
2 2
y0  25m, y  0, u  20m / s, a  10m / s2
1
0  25  20t   10  t 2  25  20t  5t 2
2
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2 2
 5t  20t  25  0  5t  25t  5t  25  0
 5t  t  5   5  t  5    5t  5  t  5   0  t  5  0  t  5 sec

5. A car travels the first third of a distance with a speed of 10 kmph, the second third at 20 kmph and
the last third at 60 kmph. What is its mean speed over the entire distance?
Ans. v1  10kmph; v 2  20kmph;
v 3  60kmph;v  ?
3 1 1 1 3 6  3  1 3 10
   ,   
v 10 20 60 v 60 v 60
 v  18kmph

6. A bullet moving with a speed of 150ms1 strikes a tree and penetrates 3.5 cm before stopping. What
is the magnitude of its retardation in the tree and the time taken for it to stop after striking the tree?
Ans. u = 150 m/s, s = 3.5 cm = 0.035 m, v = 0
2 2
v – u = 2as
2
0 – 150 = 2 x a x 0.035
150  150
a
2  0.035
 3.214  105 m / s2  3.214  105 m / s2
v u 0  150 150
Time =  5

a 3.214  10 3.214  105
–4
= 4.67 x 10 sec.

7. A particle moves in a straight line with uniform acceleration. Its velocity at time t  0 is V1 and at
V1  V2
time t  t is V2 . The average velocity of the particle in this time interval is . Is this correct?
2
Substantiate your answer.
Ans. Consider a particle moving with uniform acceleration a.
At t = 0, the (initial) velocity = v1
At t = t, the (final) velocity = v2
Time interval = t
v 2  v 1  v 2  v1 
Acceleration, a   
t  0  t 2  t1 
1 2  1 2
Displacement S = v1t 
2
at  S  ut  at 
 2 
1  v 2  v1  2
S  v1t  t
2  t 
 v v   v  v2  S  v  v2 
S  t  v1  2  1   t  1    1
 2 2  2  t  2 
S v1  v 2
Average velocity  
t 2
v1  v 2
Hence value 
2
 The given statement is true.

8. Can the velocity of an object in a direction other than the direction of acceleration of the object? If
so, give an example.
Ans: Yes, the velocity of an object can be in a direction other than the direction of acceleration of the object.
Ex: When a body is projected vertically upwards, the direction of velocity is upwards where as the direction
of acceleration is downwards.
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9. A parachutist flying in an aeroplane jumps when it is at a height of 3 km above ground. He opens his
parachute when he is about 1 km above ground. Describe his motion.
Ans: When the parachutist has just jumped out of the aeroplane, he falls Terminal
velocity
faster and faster (i.e., accelerates due to earth’s gravitational force). As

velocity
his speed increases, the air resistance increases. When the air
decelerates
resistance equals his weight, his speed will not increase further. That
means, he travels with a constant velocity, known as terminal velocity. Terminal
accelerates velocity
time
lands
When he opens parachute, air resistance increases very rapidly, so that the parachutist decelerates. For a
few seconds, the air resistance is greater than his weight. As he decelerates, the air resistance decreases.
The forces on him once again balance each other and he reaches a terminal velocity which is very low so
that he can land safely.

10. A ball is dropped from the roof of a tall building and simultaneously another ball is thrown
horizontally with some velocity from the same roof. Which ball lands first? Explain your answer.
2h
Ans: In both the cases, the initial downward velocity is zero. And the time of fall t  . Both will take the same
g
time to reach the ground, because h, g are same in both the cases.

11. A man runs across the roof of tall building and jumps horizontally on to the (lower) roof of an
adjacent building. If his speed is 9ms1 and the horizontal distance between the building is 10 m
and the height difference between the roofs is 9 m, will he be able to land on the next building ?
-2
(take g = 10ms )
Ans. Given that,
Initial speed, u  9ms1 ; g  10m / s2
Height difference between the roofs, h = 9m
Horizontal distance between two buildings, d = 10 m
2h 29
Time of flight, T    1.8  1.341s
g 10
Range of the man  R  u  T  9  1.341  12.069m
Since R > d, the man will be able to land on the next building.

12. A bullet moving with a speed of 150ms1 strikes a tree and penetrates 3.5 cm before stopping. What
is the magnitude of its retardation in the tree and the time taken for it to stop after striking the tree ?
Ans. Velocity of bullet , u= 150 m/s;
Final velocity, v = 0
Distance travelled, s  3.5cm  3.5  10 2 m,
v 2  u2
(a) Acceleration, a 
2s
02  1502
2  3.50  102
22500

7  102
 3.214  105 m / sec 2 (-ve sign for retardation)
v u
(b) Time taken to stop, t 
a
150
  4.67  10 4 sec
3.214  105

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MOTION IN A PLANE

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. A  i  j , what is the angle between the vector and X-axis?

 
Ans. A i j
Ax
cos    A x  1
A
1 1
 
2
1 1 2 2
 1 
  cos1    45
0

 2

2. When two right angled vectors of magnitudes 7 and 24 units combine find the magnitude of their
resultant.
Ans.   900 ,P  7units,Q  24units

R  P2  Q2  2PQ cos 

R  72  242  2  7  24  cos900  49  576  625  25units

3. Can a vector of magnitude zero, have non-zero components?

Ans. A vector with zero magnitude cannot have non-zero components. Because magnitude of given vector
V  Vx2  Vy2 must be zero. This is possible only when Vx2 and Vy2 are zero.

4. What is the acceleration of a projectile at the top of its trajectory?

Ans: The acceleration of a projectile at the top of its trajectory is g vertically downwards.

5. The vertical component of a vector is equal to its horizontal component. What is the angle made by
the vector with x-axis?
Ans: x=y
y
tan   1
x
–1
  = tan (1) = 45

6. Two forces of magnitudes 3 units and 5 units act at 60 with each other. What is the magnitude of
their resultant?
0
Ans: Let P = 3 units, Q = 5 units,  = 60

Resultant (R) = P2  Q2  2PQ cos 

 32  52  2  3  5  cos 600
1
 9  25  150   49  7units
2

7. A vector v makes an angle  with the horizontal. The vector is rotated through an angle  . Does this
rotation change the vector v.
Ans: Magnitude of vector = V;
Let initial angle with horizontal  

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Angle rotated  
So new angle with horizontal    
Now horizontal component, Vx  V cos    

Vertical component, Vy  V sin   

Magnitude of vector, V  Vx2  Vy2  V

So rotating the vector does not change its magnitude.

8. Write the equation for the horizontal range covered by a projectile and specify when it will be
maximum.
u2 sin 2
Ans: Range of a projectile (R) =
g
When   45 , range is maximum.
u2
Maximum range Rmax  
9
   
9. If P  2iˆ  4ˆj  14kˆ and Q  4iˆ  4ˆj  10kˆ , find the magnitude of P  Q ?
 
Ans: P  Q  (2iˆ  4ˆj  14k)ˆ  (4iˆ  4ˆj  10k)
ˆ  6iˆ  8ˆj  24kˆ
 
P  Q  36  64  576  676  26

10. Can two vectors of unequal magnitude add upto give the zero vector? Can three unequal vectors?
Ans: No, two vectors of unequal magnitude cannot be equal to zero.
According to triangle law three unequal vectors in equilibrium can be zero.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. State parallelogram law of vector addition. Derive an expression for the magnitude and direction of
the resultant vector.
Ans: Statement: If two co-initial vectors are represented both in magnitude and direction by the adjacent sides of
a parallelogram, then their resultant both in magnitude and direction is given by the diagonal of the
parallelogram passing through the same point.
 
B
Let P and Q be two vectors having the same origin O. Let  be the C
angle between two vectors. Let the side OA be represented by vector 
  Q 
R
P and side OB is represented by Q . The parallelogram OACB is

completed. The points O and C are joined. Now OC represents the  
 O  A
resultant R in magnitude and direction. P D

Calculation of the resultant:

     
In the figure OA  P, OB  Q, OC  R

 OA = OA = P

OB = OB = Q

OC = OC = R
2 2 2
in the triangle COD, OC = OD + CD
2 2 2
OC = (OA + AD) + CD
2 2 2 2
OC = OA + 2 [Link] + (AD + CD )
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2 2 2
OC = OA + 2 [Link] + AC
2 2 2
[ From the triangle CAD, AD + CD = AC ]
2 2 2
 R = P + 2P. AD + Q
AD
From the  CAD, cos  
AC
AD = AC cos 
AD = Q cos  ( AB = OC)
2 2 2
 R = P + Q + 2 PQ cos 

P2  Q2  2P Qcos  , this gives the magnitude of the resultant

R=
 
Let  be the angle made by the resultant vector R and P .
CD
Then tan  =
OD
CD
In the triangle CAD, sin  
AC
 CD = AC sin 
CD = Q sin 
Q sin 
 tan   [ AD = Q cos ]
P  Q cos 
 Q sin  
  tan1   this gives the direction of the resultant.
 P  Qcos  

2. Show that the trajectory of an object thrown at certain angle with the horizontal is a parabola.
Ans: Consider a body projected with an initial velocity (u) making an angle ‘’ with the horizontal OX. OX and OY
be the coordinate axes with ‘O’ as origin. The body is subjected to not only acceleration due to gravity which
acts vertically downwards.
The body does not experience acceleration in horizontal Y
direction. The velocity of the projectile is resolved along the
horizontal OX and vertical OY. Let u cos  and u sin  be the
u sin 

components along OX and OY. The horizontal component of u

p  x,y
velocity remains constant throughout the flight. Only its vertical h
component changes due to acceleration due to gravity ‘g’.  X
O u cos  R A

Equation for the trajectory of the projectile:

The distance travelled along OX in time ‘t’
x = (u cos )t ………….(1)
x
t ………….(2)
ucos 
The distance travelled along OY in time t
1 2  1 
y  usin t  gt ,  from s  ut  at 2  ………….(3)
2  2 
By substituting equation (2) value of t in equation (3)
2
 x  1  x 
y  usin     g 
 ucos   2  ucos  
 g  2
i.e., y  x tan    2 x
 2u cos2  

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g
Let A  tan  and B 
2u cos2 
2

Where A and B are constants

2
Y = AX – BX
This is the equation of parabola.
 The trajectory of a projectile is parabola.

u2 sin2  u2 sin 2
3. Show that the maximum height and range of a projectile are and respectively
2g g
where the terms have their regular meanings.
Ans: Maximum height: When the projectile is at the maximum height its vertical component of
velocity vy = 0
Initial vertical velocity = u sin  Y
Final vertical velocity = 0
Vertical distance S = h;
h = maximum height reached by the body; u sin  u
acceleration a = –g
2 2 h
From the equation v – u = 2as 
0 – (u sin  ) = – 2gh
2 2 X
u cos 

u2 sin2 
Maximum height attained by the projectile h  ………….(1)
2g
Horizontal range of projectile (R):
The horizontal distance travelled by the projectile from the point of projection during the time of flight is
called its range.
Range R = horizontal velocity x time of
flight Y
2u sin  A
R  ucos   T  ucos  
g
u sin 

u
2
u 2 sin  cos 
R 
g X
O u cos  R B
u2 sin2
R ………….(2)
g

4. Define unit vector, null vector and position vector.

Ans: Unit vector: A vector whose magnitude equals one and used to specify a convenient direction is called a
unit vector.
A
â is a unit vector =
A
Null vector: A vector whose magnitude equals zero is called a null vector. Its direction is indeterminate. It is
represented by O.

Position vector : The position of a particle is described by a position vector which is drawn from the origin
of a reference frame. The position vector helps to locate the particle in space.
The position of particle P is indicated by a position vector OP = r = xi + yj + zk.

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5. Show that the maximum height reached by a projectile launched at an angle of 45 is one quarter of
its range.
Ans: When  = 45

u2 sin 2 u2 sin 2  45
Range R  
g g

u2 sin90 u2
 
g g

u2
 R
g

u2 sin2 
maximum height H 
2g

u2 (sin 45)2

2g

u2 (1/ 2) u2
 
2g 4g

1 u2 1
  (R)
4 g 4

6. If |a + bI = la – b| prove that the angle between a and b is 90°.

   
Ans: ab  ab

 a2  b2  2ab cos   a2  b2  2ab cos 

2 2 2 2
a + b + 2ab cos  = a + b – 2ab cos 
2ab cos  = –2ab cos 
4ab cos  = 0
cos  = 0 but 4ab  0.
  = 90
 
hence the angle between a and b is 90

7. Show that a boat must move at an angle 90° with respect to river water in order to cross the river in
minimum time?
Ans: Let a boat starts from a point A on one bank of a river B

with a velocity Vbr which makes an angle   900 with
the direction of river flow, as shown in figure. The river y
is flowing along positive x- direction with a W

velocity Vr .Width of the river is W. Then the velocity
Vbr  x
boat along y-direction is given by
Vby = Vbr cos  …………(1) Vr
A

 time taken by the boat to cross the river is

W W
t  …………(2)
Vby Vbr cos 
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From equation (2),time will be minimum ,if
cos  =1    00
 the boat should move at an angle of 90° with respect to river water in order to cross the river in a minimum
time.

8. What is relative motion. Explain it?

Ans. Relative velocity is defined as the velocity of one body Y Y'
with respect to another body.
Frame B
Frame A X PB P
Let us consider two observers A and B are making
measurements of an event P in space from two frames X BA
of reference as shown in figure. At the beginning let the
X PB  X PB  X BA
two origins of the two reference frames coincide and
are on the same line.

VBA
Let the observer B is moving with a constant X'
velocity VBA with respect to A. Now we can O'
connect the positions of the event P as measured X
by A with the position of P as measured by B. O
As B is moving with constant velocity at the time of observation of event P, the frame B has moved a
distance XBA with respect to A.

XPA  XPB  XBA  (1)

“The position of P as measured by observer A is equal to the position of P as measured by B plus the
position of B as measured by A”.
Eq (1) can also be written as VPA  VPB  VBA

9. If the trajectory of a body is parabolic in one reference frame, can it be parabolic in another
reference frame that moves at constant velocity with respect to the first reference frame? If the
trajectory can be other than parabolic, what else it can be?
Ans: Yes. According to Newton’s first law, a body at rest or a body moving with uniform velocity are treated as
same. Both of them belong to inertial frame of reference.
The trajectory is a vertical straight line if horizontal component of the body is same, other wise it is parabolic.

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LAWS OF MOTION
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun gives a kick in the backward direction. Explain?
Ans: According to law of conservation of momentum, the total momentum before and after firing should be same
and is equal to zero. So, as the bullet gets forward momentum, the gun will get equal and backward
momentum.

2. If a bomb at rest explodes into two pieces, the pieces must travel in opposite directions. Explain?
Ans: Due to law of conservation of momentum, initial momentum of the bomb is zero. So, if one shell travels in a
direction then other shell must travel in opposite direction.
MU = m1v1 + m2v2
Initially the bomb is at rest U = 0
 m1v1 + m2v2
m1v1 = – m2v2

3. Can coefficient of friction be greater than one?

Ans: Generally it is not, practically coefficient of friction is less than one. But in some extra ordinary cases like
polishing the surfaces to the thickness of an atom it may be possible. As the planes are separated by
molecular distances force of friction will be high due to molecular attraction. Then ‘’ may be greater than 1.

4. Why does the car with a flattened tyre stop sooner than the one with inflated tyres?
Ans: Flattened deforms more than the inflated tyre. Due to greater deformation of the tyre rolling friction is large
hence it stops soon.

5. A horse has to pull harder during the start of the motion than later. Explain?
Ans: For starting motion of the cart, the limiting friction is to be overcome. Once motion is set, the frictional force
reduces. Therefore, the horse has to pull harder during starting of the cart.

6. What happens to the coefficient of friction if the weight of the body is doubled?
Ans: If weight of a body is doubled, coefficient of friction does not change coefficient of friction is ‘independent of
normal reaction. If weight is doubled, normal reaction doubles and correspondly frictional force doubles, so
coefficient of friction does not change.
f

N

7. Why are shock absorbers used in motor cycles and cars?

Ans: When a scooter or a car moves on a rough road or negotiates some pet, it receives an impulse due to the
jerky motion. In case the shockers are used in the vehicle, the time of impact increases, since impulse
received is the product of force and the time of impact, due to increased value of the time of impact the
force of impact is reduced. It saves the vehicle and its occupants from experiencing reverse jolts.

8. Why does a heavy rifle not recoil as strongly as a light rifle using the same cartridges?
mu
Ans: Recoil velocity of the gun V = , where M is the mass of gun.
M
Due to heavy mass of rifle the recoil is less.

9. Define force. What are the basic forces in nature?

Ans: The force is one which changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion of a body. Basic forces:
1. Gravitational force
2. Electromagnetic force
3. Nuclear force
4. Weak interaction force.
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10. Why are spokes provided in a bicycle wheel?
Ans: The spokes of cycle wheel increase its moment of inertia. The greater the moment of inertia, the greater is
the opposition to any change in uniform rotational motion. As a result the cycle runs smoother and steadier.
If the cycle wheel had no spokes, the cycle would be driven with jerks and hence unsafe.

11. According to Newton’s third law, every force is accompanied by an equal and opposite force. How
can a movement ever take place?
Ans: Because both action and reaction are taking place on different bodies.

12. What is inertia? What gives the measure of inertia?

Ans: The resistance of the body to unable to change its state of rest or state of uniform motion in a straight line is
called inertia of the body.
force
Acceleration =
mass
 The more is the mass less is the acceleration and more is the inertia. The mass of a body is a
quantitative measure of its inertia.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Define the terms momentum and impulse. State and explain the law of conservation of linear
momentum. Give examples.
Ans: Momentum: The momentum(p) of a body is defined as the product of its mass (m) and velocity (v)
p  mv . p  mv
Impulse: “It is defined as finite change in momentum during small interval of time”.
(or)
Impulse (J) = force × time interval
J  mv  mu  F  t
Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum:
Law of conservation of linear momentum states that “the total momentum of an isolated system remains
constant if there is no net external force acting on it”.
Example:-
1) A gun gives a kick in backward direction, when a bullet is fired from a gun. According to law of
conservation of momentum, the total momentum before and after firing should be same and is equal to zero.
So, as the bullet gets forward momentum, the gun will get equal and backward momentum.
2) Explosion of bomb into two pieces: Bomb is initially at rest. So, initial momentum of the bomb = 0.
According to law of conservation of linear momentum
Initial momentum of the bomb = final momentum of the bomb
0  m1v1  m2 v 2
m1v1  m2 v 2 i.e., p1  p2
Hence the two parts fly off in opposite directions.
3) Motion of a Rocket:When a rocket is fired the fuel burns releasing exhaust gases downwards pushing
the rocket upwards with an equal and opposite momentum. So, the rocket moves upwards.

2. Why is pulling lawn roller is preferred to pushing it.

Ans: Pulling of lawn roller
Let a lawn roller be pulled on a horizontal road by a force ‘F’, which makes an angle  with the horizontal, to
the right (figure (a)). The vertical component of weight of the body ‘mg’ acts vertically downwards.
Let the force ‘F’ be resolved into two mutually perpendicular components F sin , vertically upwards and F
cos , horizontally along the road. The normal reaction is given by N = mg - F sin .

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Then the frictional force acting towards left is given by
fR  R N , where R is the coefficient of rolling friction between
the roller and the road.
or fR  R (mg  F sin )
 The net pulling force is given by
P = F cos  – fR = F cos  –R (mg – F sin )
or P = F(cos  + R sin ) – R mg. ………………….(1)

Pushing of lawn roller

When a lawn roller is pushed by a force ‘F’. which makes an angle  with the horizontal, the component of
force acting vertically downwards is F sin . The horizontal component F cos  pushes the roller to the right
(figure (b)).
The weight ‘mg’ of the lawn roller acts vertically downwards.
Therefore the normal reaction N of the surface on the roller is
given by
N = mg + F sin 
Then the frictional force acting towards left is given by
fR = RN = R (mg + F sin )
 The net pushing force is given by
P '  F cos   fR  Fcos   R (mg  F sin )
or P '  F(cos   R sin )  R mg ………………….(2)
We infer from equations (1) and (2) that it is easier to pull than push a lawn roller.

3. State the laws of rolling friction.

Ans: Laws of friction - rolling friction
(1) The smaller the area of contact, the lesser will be the rolling friction.
(2) The larger the radius of the rolling body, the lesser will be the rolling friction.
(3) The rolling friction is directly proportional to the normal reaction.
If f is the rolling friction and N is the normal reaction at the contact, then
fR  N
fR  RN
Where R is the coefficient of rolling friction.

4. Mention the methods used in decreasing friction.

Ans: (1) Polishing : By polishing the surfaces of contact, friction can be reduced.
(2) Bearings : The rolling friction is less than the sliding friction hence free wheels of a cycle, motar car,
dynamos etc., are provided with ball bearings to reduce friction. Bearings convert sliding motion into
rolling motion.
(3) Lubricants : The lubricant forms a thin layer between surfaces of contact. It reduces the friction. In light
vehicles or machines, oils like “three in one” are used as lubricants. In heavy machines grease is used.
In addition to this they guard the mechanical parts from over heating.
(4) Streamlining : Automobiles and Aeroplanes are streamlined to reduce the friction due to air.

5. Explain advantages and disadvantages of friction.

Ans: Advantages of friction
(1) Safe walking on the floor, motion of vehicles etc. are possible only with friction.
(2) Nails, screws etc. are driven into walls, wooden surfaces etc. due to friction.
(3) Writing with pens, pencils, holding things with hands etc. is possible if friction is present.
(4) Speed running vehicles etc. can be stopped suddenly when friction is present, otherwise accidents
become large.
(5) The mechanical power transmission of belt drive is possible due to friction.

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Disadvantages of friction
(1) Due to friction there is large amount of loss of energy in machines and engines.
(2) Due to friction wear and tear of engines increase.
(3) Due to friction some energy gets converted into heat which goes as waste.

6. Explain the terms limiting friction, dynamic friction and rolling friction.
Ans: Limiting friction : The maximum value of static friction is called ‘Limiting friction’.
Kinetic friction or dynamic friction
When the applied force overcomes the limiting friction and the body into motion. In this condition motion of
the body is resisted by another friction called Dynamic friction or Kinetic friction”.
‘The resistance encountered by a sliding body on a surface is known as kinetic friction or dynamic friction fk.
Rolling Friction
If a wheel or a cylinder or a spherical body like a marble rolls on horizontal surface, the speed of rolling
gradually decreases and it finally stops. The resistance encountered by a rolling body on a surface is known
as “Rolling friction”.

7. A stone of mass 0.1 kg is thrown vertically upwards. Give the magnitude and direction of the net
force on the stone (a) during its upwards motion, (b) during its downward motion, (c) at the highest
point, where it momentarily comes to rest.
Ans. Mass of stone, m = 0.1 kg
(a) During upward motion force acts downwards due to acceleration due to gravity.
Magnitude of force F  mg  0.1 9.8  0.98N   

(b) During downward motion force acts downward. Magnitude of force F  mg  0.1 9.8  0.98N   
(c) At the highest point velocity v =0. but still g will act on it only in downward motion so resultant force F =
0.98 N downward.
Note : In the entire journey of the body force due to gravitational pull acts only in downward direction
(d) if the body is thrown with an angle of 30 with horizontal then vertical component of gravitational fore
does not change, hence in this case
Downward force F  mg  0.1 9.8  0.98newton

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. (a) State Newton’s second law of motion. Hence derive the equation of motion F = ma from it.
(b) A body is moving along a circular path such that its speed always remains constant. Should
there be a force acting on the body?
Ans: (a) Newton’s second law of motion states that “The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the resultant or net external force acting on the body and takes place in the direction in
which the force acts”.

A body of mass m moving with velocity v is under the action of a net external force F in the direction of
velocity. If its velocity is increased by v in a time interval t then by the second law.
p
F
t

or F (mv) ( p  mv)
t
in the limit t  0
d
F (mv)
dt
d
Fk (mv)
dt
assuming that the mass of the body is constant

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dv  dv 
F  km  k ma   a
dt  dt 
which show that the net force is proportional to the product of mass and acceleration.

The proportional constant k is made equal to one, by properly selecting the unit of force. The S.I unit of force
-2
is Newton which is defined as the force that causes an acceleration of 1 ms on a body of mass 1 kg.
Substituting k = 1 in F = k m a, we get
F = ma.
(b) YES, there should a force(centripetal force) acting on it.

2. Define angle of friction and angle of repose prove that angle of friction is equal to angle of repose
for a rough inclined plane.
Ans: Angle of friction: The angle of friction may be defined as the angle which the resultant of the limiting
friction and normal reaction makes with the normal reaction.
In figure, the resultant of limiting friction and normal reaction R makes an angle  with the norm reaction.
Therefore, by definition,  is the angle of friction. It follows that
BC OA
tan   
OB OB
F
or tan  
R
F
But   , the coefficient of limiting friction,
R
 tan   ……………..(1)
Hence, coefficient of limiting friction is equal to the tangent of the angle of friction.
Angle of Repose: The angle of repose is defined as the angle of
the inclined plane at which a body placed on it just begins to slide.
Consider an inclined plane, whose inclination with horizontal is
gradually increased, till the body placed on its surface just begins to
slide down. If  is the inclination at which the body just begins to
slide down, then  is called the angle of Dose (figure).

The body is under the action of the following forces

(i) The weight Mg of the body acting vertically downwards.
(ii) The limiting friction F acting along the inclined plane in the upward direction. In magnitude, it is equal to
the component of the weight Mg acting along the inclined plane i.e.,
F = Mg sin  ……………..(2)
(iii) The normal reaction R acting at right angle to the inclined plane in the upward direction. It is equal to the
component of the weight Mg acting perpendicular to the inclined plane i.e.,
R = Mg cos  ……………..(3)
Dividing the equation (2) by (3), we have
F Mgsin 
  tan 
R Mgcos 
F
since ,
R
tan   
from equation (1) and (3), it follows that

i.e., angle of repose is equal to the angle of friction.

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WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Define work, power and energy. State their SI units.

Ans: Work: Work is said to be done by a force when a body undergoes displacement parallel to the line of action
of the force.
 
W = FS
= FS cos 
Units : Joule
Power : Work done per second is called power.
work done W
power P  
time taken t

F.s   s
p  F.v  = velocity
t t
The dot product of force and velocity is called power. S.I. unit of power is watt.
Energy: Energy of a body is its capacity to do work.
Units : Joule.

2. State the relation between kinetic energy and momentum of a body.

2
1 1 p
Ans: Kinetic energy K  mv 2  m  
2 2 m
P2
K
2m
Where p is the momentum of the body.

3. Which physical quantity remains constant.

i) in an elastic collision
ii) in an inelastic collision
Ans: (i) Both momentum and kinetic energy is constant.
(ii) Momentum remains constant.

4. State the conditions under which a force does no work.

Ans: (i) When the displacement is zero.
(ii) When the displacement is perpendicular to the direction of the force.
(iii) When the body moves under the action of a conservative force over a closed path.

5. State the sign of work done by a force in the following.

(a) work done by a man in lifting a bucket out of a well by means of rope tied to the bucket.
(b) work done by gravitational force in the above case.
Ans: Man does positive work in lifting the bucket from the well as force and displacement are in the same
direction and gravity does negative work.

6. State the sign of the work done by a force in the following.

(a) work done by friction on a body sliding down an inclined plane.
(b) work done by gravitational force in the above case.
Ans: (a) Friction acts in a direction, opposite to the direction of motion. Hence work done is negative.
(b) The work done is positive.

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7. State the sign of work done by a force in the following.
(a) work done by an applied force on a body moving on a rough horizontal plane with uniform
velocity.
(b) work done by the resistive force of air on a vibrating pendulum in bringing it to rest.
Ans: (a) The applied force and the displacement are in same direction. Work is positive.
(b) The direction of resistive force is opposite to the direction of motion of the pendulum. Hence work done
is negative.

8. A body freely falling from a certain height ‘h’, after striking a smooth floor rebounds and rises to a
height h/2. What is the coefficient of restitution between the floor and the body?
h2
Ans: e=
h1

h
h1 = h, h2 
2
h/ 2 1 1
 Coefficient of restitution e     0.7
h 2 2

9. If a bomb at rest explodes into two pieces the pieces must travel in opposite directions. Explain.
Ans: According to law of conservation of A momentum
MU = m1v1 + m2v2
Initially the bomb is at rest U = 0
 m1v1 + m2v2
m1v1 = – m2v2

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. S.T. in the case of one dimensional elastic collision the relative velocity of approach of two colliding
bodies before collision is equal to relative velocity of separation after collisions.
Ans. Consider two smooth, non–rotating spheres of masses m1 and m2 moving along a straight line which
coincides with the line joining the centres of mass in the same direction with initial velocities u1 and u2 (u1 >
u2) and after the collision two bodies move with final velocities v1 and v2 respectively in the same direction.
Let the collision be elastic, then both momentum and K.E. are conserved.
According to law of conservation of linear momentum,
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
m1 (u1 – v1) = m2(v2 – u2) ………………….(1)
According to law of conservation of kinetic energy,
1 1 1 1
m1u12  m2u22  m1v12  m2 v 22
2 2 2 2
m1u12  m1v12  m2 v 22  m2u22

m1(u12  v12 )  m2 (v 22  u22 ) ………………….(2)

dividing (2) by (1)
m1(u12  v12 ) m2 (v 22  u22 )

m1(u1  v1 ) m2 (v 2  u2 )
u1 + v1 = u2 + v2
u1 – u2 = v2 – v1 ………………….(3)
Relative velocity pf approach = Relative velocity of separation after collision.

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2. Derive an expression for the height attained by a freely falling body after ‘n’ number of rebounds
from the floor.
Ans. Let a small sphere be allowed to fall freely from a height ‘h’ onto the floor. It strikes the floor with a velocity
u1 so that
u1  2gh ……….. (1)
during this collision between the sphere and the floor, the initial and the final velocities of floor are zero i.e.
u2 = 0 and v2 = 0.
Let v1 be the final velocity of the sphere after first collision i.e., the velocity with which the sphere ebounds
st
for the 1 time.
v 2  v1
Now e ……….. (2)
u1  u2
0  v1
e
2gh  0

 v1  e 2gh ……….. (3)

(–) sign indicates that the sphere rebounds.
st
 The height (h1) attained by it after 1 rebound can be written as
v12 (e 2gh)2
h1    e 2h
2g 2g
2 1
or h1 = (e ) h ……….. (4)
Now for the second time the sphere falls from this height h1 and strikes the ground with a velocity 2gh1 .
If the sphere rebounds for the second time with a velocity v2 using equation (2) we can write
0  v1
e
2gh1  0

 v 2  e 2gh 1
using equation (4) for h1 we get

v 2  e 2gh 1  2 2ge2h  e2 2gh

the maximum height attained by the sphere after second rebound
[(v1 )2 ]2 (e2 2gh)2 4
h2   e h
2g 2g
similarly we can show that the velocity with which the sphere rebounds after n collisions
v n  en 2gh
from equation(5) that the maximum height attained by the sphere after n rebounds hn
2 n
hn = (e ) h.

3. Show that two equal masses undergo oblique elastic collision will move at right angles after
collision, if the second body is initially at rest.
Ans. Let A and B be two particles which have an elastic oblique (non–head on) collision with each other, the
particle B being at rest. The particle A is called the incident particle and the particle B is called target
particle.
Let m be the mass of each particle. Let the velocity of a before collision is u1.
 total momentum of A and B before collision along X–axis = mu1 + 0 = mu1.
Total momentum of A and B before collision along Y–axis = 0 + 0 = 0 (because in Y–direction there are no
velocity components)

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y

v1 sin v1

A v1 cos

m u1 m  x
A B 

B  v2 cos
v2 sin v2

Let v1, v2 be the velocities of A and B after collision.

Since the collision is oblique, let v1 and v2 make angles  and  respectively with X–axis as shown in the
figure.
     
Let m1u1  P1  m1u1  P11, m2u2  P21

Where P1 = momentum of A before collision

P11 = momentum of A after collision

P21 =momentum of B after collision
The initial moment of B is zero because it is at rest.
From the law of conservation of momentum.
Total momentum before collision = total momentum after collision
  
P1  P11  P21 ………………..(1)
Since the collision is elastic, K.E is also conserved
 2 2
P12 P11 P21  P2  2 12 12
Thus,    K.E    P1  P1  P2 ………………..(2)
2m 2m 2m  2m 
2 2
P12  P11  P21  2P11 P21 cos(  ) ………………..(3)
From equation(2) and (3)
2P11 P21 cos(  )  0  cos(  )  0      90o
Thus the two identical particles move at right angles after elastic oblique collision.

4. What is potential energy? Derive an expression for gravitational potential energy.

Ans. Potential energy: Definition: It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or state.
e.g.: 1. Energy stored in a wound spring of a watch.
2. Energy possessed by water stored in a dam.
3. A stretched rubber cord.
4. The stone lifted above the ground.
Formula for P.E. = mgh :
The potential energy is measured by the work done in lifting a body through a height ‘h’ against gravity.
Consider a body of mass m at the ground level. If it is lifted to a height h from the ground level, work is done
on the body against gravitational force.
 Gravitational force F = Weight of the body
Minimum force needed to lift the body = F in upwards direction
F = mg

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Height lifted = h
Work done W = gravitational force x height lifted
W = mgh
This work done is stored in the body as potential energy.
 Potential energy = mgh

5. A pump is required to lift 600 kg of water per minute from a well 25m deep and to eject it with a
speed of 50ms1 . Calculate the power required to perform the above task?
Ans. Mass of water lifted (m) = 600 kg
Depth of well (h) = 25 m
Work done to lift water  Wt   mgh  600  9.8  25  147000 J

Speed of water  v   50ms1

Mass of water  m   600kg

1 1
Work done to given K.E to water, w 2  mv 2   600  2500  750000 J
2 2
Total work done, w  w1  w 2  147000  750000  897000 J
Time taken  t   1minute  60 s

work done 897000

 Power required    14950 w  14.95 kW
time 60

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. (a) State and prove law of conservation of energy in case of a freely falling body.
(b) A machine guns fires 360 bullets per minute and each bullet travels with a velocity of 600ms1 . If
the mass of each bullet is 5 gm. Find the power of the machine gun.
Ans. (a) Statement: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. But it can be converted from one form to
another form. The total energy of a closed system always remains constant.
or
The total mechanical energy of a system is constant if the internal forces doing work on it are conservative
and the external forces do not work.
Verification in the case of freely falling body:
Let a body of mass ‘m’ be at a height h above the ground. When it is freely falling with an acceleration due
to gravity g, the potential energy gradually decreases and at the same time the K.E of the body increases.
When the body is at A;
At the highest point initial velocity v = 0
1
Kinetic energy K.E.= mv 2 = 0
2
potential energy P.E. = mgh
Total energy at A = E = P.E. + K.E. = mgh + 0
 total energy at A, E = mgh ……………….(1)
When the body is at B:
As the body falls freely, after travelling a distance x, reaches the point B.
At B the body possesses both P.E. and K.E.
Potential energy P.E.= mg (h – x)
P.E. = mgh – mgx
freely falling body

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1
Kinetic energy K.E  mv12
2
1
Total energy at B = P.E + K.E = mgh – mgx + mv12
2
For freely falling body s = x, u = 0, v = v1, a = g,
2 2
Sub. These values in equation v – u = 2as
v12  02  2gx

v12  2gx
1
total energy at B = mgh – mgx + m.2gx
2
= mgh – mgx + mgx = mgh
 total energy of BE = mgh ……………..(2)
When the body is at C:
The body falls through a distance of h’ and touches the ground at C with a velocity v2.
Potential energy at C = 0
1
Kinetic energy K.E. = mv 22
2
1 1
Total energy at C = 0 + mv 22  mv 22
2 2
For freely falling body s = h, u = 0, v = v 2, a = g
2 2
Sub. These values in equation v – u = 2as
v 22  02  2gh

v 22  2gh
sub. This value in total energy we get
1 1
total energy at C  mv 22  m 2gh
2 2
 total energy at C E = mgh.
In the above three cases total energy of the body is proved constant. Hence law of conservation of energy is
proved.
(b) Given,
Number of bullets, n  360
Mass of bullet, m = 5 gram = 0.005 kg
Kinetic energy of 360 bullets,
1 1
K.E = n  mv 2  360   0.005  6002  324000J
2 2
kinetic energy 324000
Power    5400 watt
time 60

2. Develop the notions of work and kinetic energy and show that it leads to work-energy theorem.
Ans. Work: Work is said to be done by a force when a body undergoes displacement parallel to the line of action
of the force.
 
W = FS
= FS cos 
Units : Joule

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Kinetic Energy: Energy by virtue of its motion is called as kinetic energy. An object that has motion,
whether it may be vertical or horizontal motion, has kinetic energy. Kinetic energy depends on mass (m) of
the object and speed (v) of the object. The equation used to represent kinetic energy is:
1
KE  mv 2
2
Statement: The work done on a particle by the net force is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.
Proof: A particle of mass m is moving with an initial velocity u. When it is under the action of a constant net
force F its uniform acceleration is a. Its velocity becomes v after a displacement S. work done by the net
force w = FS = maS. ( F  ma)

 v 2  u2   v 2  u2 
 m S  a 
 2S  2S

   
 v 2  u2 

 2 
 
1 1
 mv 2  mu2
2 2
W  K f  Ki
where Kf and Ki are the final and initial kinetic energies of the particle. Kf – Ki is the change in kinetic energy
of the particle.
Hence, the theorem is proved.
The theorem is applicable not only for a single particle but also for a system. When it is applied to a system
of two or more particles, change in the kinetic energy of the system is equal to work done on the system by
the external as well as the internal forces.
Work–energy theorem can also be applied to a system under the action of variable forces, conservative and
non–conservative forces.

3. What are collisions? Explain the possible types of collisions? Develop the theory of one dimensional
elastic collision.
Ans. Collision: A strong interaction between two bodies that occur for a very short interval of time during which
redistribution of momenta occur is called collision.
If two bodies collide in a short time interval then
(i) Velocities of colliding bodies change
(ii) Total Momentum will be conserved
(iii) Total kinetic energy will be changed or conserved
Types of collisions:
(i) Elastic collision
(ii) Inelastic collision (Perfect, Partial)
(i) Elastic collision: The collision in which Momentum is conserved and Kinetic energy before collision is
equal to kinetic energy after collision known as elastic collision.
Ex: Collision between 2 smooth Billiard balls, collisions between gas molecules
(ii) Inelastic collision: The collision in which only Momentum is conserved but not kinetic energy, is called
as inelastic collision
Ex: Hitting a ball with a bat, collision between a bullet and its target
One dimensional elastic collisons: If the velocities of colliding bodies, are confined along a straight line,
before and after the collision, the such collisions are called one dimensional collisions (or) head-on
collisions.
Consider two spheres of masses m1 and m2 moving with initial velocities u1 and u2 undergo an
elastic collision. Let v1,v 2 be the velocities after collision.

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As the collision is elastic, law of conservation of kinetic energy and momentum are obeyed.
From the law of conservation of momentum.
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision.
 m1u1  m2u2  m1v1  m2 v 2  m1 u1  v1   m2  v 2  u2  ………(1)

Total initial K.E before collision = Total final K.E after collision
1 1 1 1
m1u12  m2u22  m1v12  m2 v 22
2 2 2 2


1
2
 1

m1 u12  v12  m2 v 22  u22
2
 
  
 m1 u12  v12  m2 v 22  u22 ……..(2) 
 2  m1 u1  v1  m2  v 2  u2 
2 2 2 2

Now,  
1 m1  u1  v1  m2  v 2  u2 
u1  v1   u1  v1   v 2  u2   v 2  u2 
 
 u1  v1   v 2  u2 
 u1  v1  v 2  u2 ………….(3)
To find v1 : From (3) we have, v 2  u1  v1  u2
Substituting the above value of v 2 in (1) we get

m1u1  m2u2  m1v1  m2  u1  v1  u2   m1u1  m2u2  m1v1   m2u1  m2 v1  m2u2 

 m1u1  2m2u2  v1  m1  m2   m2u1  v1 m1  m2   m1u1  m2u1  2m2u2

 m1  m2  2m2u2
 v1  m1  m2   u1  m1  m2   2m2u2  v1  u1 
m1  m2  m1  m2

To find v 2 : From (3) we have v1  v 2  u2  u1

Substituting the above value of v1 in (1) we get

m1u1  m2u2  m1  v 2  u2  u1   m2 v 2  m1u1  m2u2   m1v 2  m1u2  m1u1   m2 v 2

 2m1u1  m2u2  m1u2  m1v 2  m2 v 2  v 2  m1  m2   2m1u1  u2  m2  m1 

2m1u1 u m  m1 
 v2   2 2
m1  m2  m1  m2 

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SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Is it necessary that a mass should be present at the centre of mass of any system?
Ans: It is not necessary to have any mass at the centre of mass.
Ex: The circular ring has centre of mass as its centre, where there is no mass.

2. Why are spokes provided in a bicycle wheel?

Ans: To reduce the jerks in the cycle, the moment of inertia is increased to maximum possible value for minimum
possible weight. A large moment of inertia is obtained by putting more mass far away from axis. Thus
spokes are fitted in the cycle wheel.

3. We cannot open or close a door by applying force at the hinges. Why?

 
Ans: Torque     r  F  rF sin 

1
r sin     constant 
F
If the force is applied at one of hinges r  0
If r  0 , then force required to rotate the door becomes infinity. So it is not possible to rotate the door by
applying force at hinges.

4. By spinning eggs on a table top. How will you distinguish a hard boiled egg from a raw egg?
Ans: The raw egg contains liquid in it. When the raw egg is rotated on a table top, liquid in it tries to move away
from the axis of rotation because of centrifugal force. Due to this, moment of inertia increases there by
angular velocity decreases and comes to rest quickly.
In case of boiled egg, it is rotated on the table top, moment of inertia is less hence angular velocity is more.

5. Why should a helicopter necessarily have two propellers?

Ans: If the helicopter had only one propeller, then due to conservation of angular momentum, the helicopter itself
would turn in the opposite direction. To reduce this motion second propeller provides opposite Torque.

6. Why is easier to balance a bicycle in motion?

Ans: Due to law of conservation of angular momentum, bicycle is balanced in motion.

7. If the polar ice caps of the earth were to melt, what would the effect of the length of the day be?
Ans: When the polar ice caps melts, water flows towards the equator, then moment of inertia of the earth
increases, so angular velocity decreases.
2
I  constant  I   constant
T
 As I increases,  decreases
2

T
 1
 The time period increases  I   . Hence the length of the day be decreases
 T 

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SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Define vector product. Explain the properties of a vector product with two examples.
Ans: Vector Product of Two Vectors:
Definition: The vector product (or) cross product of two vectors is defined as a vector having a magnitude
equal to the product of the magnitudes of two vectors with the sine of angle between them, and direction
perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors in accordance with right hand screw rule.
    
If A and B are two vectors, then their vector product written as A  B is a vector C defined by
  
C  A  B  AB sin  nˆ ------------(i)
    
The direction of A  B, i.e. C is perpendicular to the plane containing vectors A and B and is given by
right handed screw rule.
Properties of vector product:
     
(i) Vector product of two vectors is not commutative, i.e., A  B  B  A [but  B  A]
(ii) Vector product of any two vectors is always a vector perpendicular to the plane containing these two
   
vectors, i.e., orthogonal to both the vectors A and B, though the vectors A and B may or may not be
orthogonal.
(iii) The vector product is distributive when the order of the vectors is strictly maintained, i.e.
      
A  (B  C)  A  B  A  C
(iv) The vector product of two vectors will be maximum when , sin   1, i.e.,   90o
 
[A  B]max  AB nˆ
(v) The vector product of two non- zero vectors will be minimum when | sin  |  0, i.e.,   0o or 180o
 
i.e [A  B]min  0
i.e. if the vector product of two non-zero vectors vanishes, the vectors are collinear.
(vi) The self cross product, i.e., product of a vector by itself vanishes, i.e., is null vector
  
A  A  AA sin0o nˆ  0
 
(vii) In case of unit vector nˆ  nˆ  0 so that ˆi  ˆi  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  0

(viii) In case of orthogonal unit vectors, ˆi, ˆj,kˆ in accordance with right hand screw rule :
ˆi  ˆj  k,
ˆ ˆj  kˆ  ˆi and kˆ  ˆi  ˆj
And as cross product is not commutative,
ˆj  ˆi  kˆ , kˆ  ˆj  ˆi and ˆi  kˆ   ˆj

Example of vector product:

(i)TORQUE (Moment of a force)
Torque or moment of force is the turning action of the
force about given point. 
  Line of action of F

F

The torque vector  of a force F about the given
point O is defined as the vector product h
   
r
 = r  F = rF sin  n̂
O

(ii) Angular Momentum

Angular momentum of a particle about a given point is defined as
   
L  r p p

Here r = position vector of the particle with respect to the given point.

p = linear momentum of the particle relative to the point. 
r

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2. State and prove law of conservation of angular momentum. Explain with examples.
Ans: Conservation of angular momentum:
Statement: “In absence of any net external torque about an axis, the total angular momentum of the system
 
about that axis remains constant”. i.e if ext = 0, then L = constant.
Proof: Angular momentum of a particle about a given point is defined as
  
L  r  p -------------(i)

where r = position vector of the particle with respect to the given point.

p = linear momentum of the particle relative to the point.
Differentiating equation (i) ,we get
  
dL dr   dp
 p  r 
dt dt dt
 
dr   dp    

dt
p  r 
dt
 
 v  mv  r  Fext

   dL 
= 0 + r  Fext  ext   ext --------(ii)
dt

 dL
If ext  0   0  L= I=constant  I1 1 = I2 2
dt
Examples of Conservation of angular momentum:
Example I: Let’s consider a woman dancer be standing on a friction less turn table and rotating with uniform
angular velocity, keeping her two arms stretched. When she folds her arms, her moment of inertia
decreases. As there is no external torque on the system we can apply conversation of angular momentum.
If I1 and I2 be the moment of inertia of the women with her arms stretched and folded respectively and 1
and 2 be her angular velocity in these conditions respectively then
I11 = I2 2
I 
2 =  1  1
 I2 
as I1 > I2  1 < 2
Ball dancers and skaters use this principle
Example II: When a diver jumps from the diving platform the only force that acts on the diver is his weight,
which passes through his centre of gravity. So weight can’t produce any torque about his centre of gravity. If
the diver wants to make some rotations in space, he has to increase his angular speed. He can do so by
decreasing the moment of inertia about the centre of gravity. Therefore when the diver folded his arms and
legs inward his angular speed increases, thereby increasing number of turns.

3. Define angular velocity. Derive v  rw .

Ans. Angular velocity   :
The rate of change of angular displacement of a body is called angular velocity.
d
i.e.,   rad/sec
dt
Derivation of v  r
Consider a rigid body be moving with uniform speed (v)along the circumference of a circle of radius r. Let
the body be displaced from A to B in a small interval of time t making an angle  at the centre. Let the
linear displacement be x from A to B.
From the property, length of arc = radius  angle
x  r ---------------(i)
Equation (i) is divided by t , and taking ,Limit t  0 on both sides.
Lt x Lt 
We get r
t  0  t t  0 t

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Lt x Lt 
But  v and 
t  0  t t  0  t
 v  r --------(2) is the relation between r and  .

4. Define angular accelerations and torque. Establish a relation between angular acceleration and
torque.
Ans: Angular acceleration:
The rate of change of angular velocity is defined as angular acceleration
d 2 V
i.e.,   rad/s
dt
Torque: The rate of change of angular momentum is M
called torque (or) the moment of force

Relation between angular acceleration and Torque: Consider a rigid of mass ‘M’ rotating in a circular
path of radius ‘R’ with angular velocity  about fixed axis.
dL d I
By definition,  
dt dt
d
  I , where I = moment of inertia of a body [ I = constant]
dt
d
   I , as 
dt

5. Derive expressions for the final velocity and total energy of a body rolling without slipping.
Ans: Expression of velocity of a body rolling down an inclined plane:
Consider a rigid body of mass M and radius R rolling down an inclined plane from a height h. Let v the linear
speed acquired by the body when it reaches the bottom of the plane and k is its radius of gyration
According to law of conservation of Energy, we have PE of body on top of inclined plane = K.E of body at
the bottom of inclined plane
When a body rolls down an incline of height h, we apply the principle of conservation of energy. PE at the
top = (K.E of translation + K.E of rotation) at bottom
1 1
i.e., Mgh  mv 2  Iw 2
2 2
1 1 V2  V
 Mgh  mv 2  Mk 2 2 2
I  MK &   R 
2 2 R  
1  k2 
 Mgh  MV 2 1  2 
2  R 
2gh
v  -------(1)
 k2 
 1  2 
 R 

Expression of Total energy of a body rolling down on an inclined plane:

Suppose a body (Sphere) is rolling on a surface. Its motion can be treated as a combination of the
translation of the centre of mass and rotation about an axis passing through the centre of mass. The total
kinetic energy E can written as
E  ET  ER -------------(2)
where ET = translational kinetic energy and ER = rotational kinetic energy

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1 2 1 2 1 1
 E Mv  I  MR2 2  Mk 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2  K2   V
 E  -----(3)     ,
Mv  1  2 where k is radius of gyration .
2  R  R
 
Equations (1) and (3) are the expressions for the final velocity and total energy of a body rolling without
slipping, respectively.

6. Distinguish between centre of mass and centre of gravity.

Ans.
Centre of mass Centre of gravity
1. Point at which entire mass of the body is supposed 1. Fixed point through which the weight of the
to be concentrated and the motion of the point body acts.
represents motion of the body.
2. It refers to the mass of the body. 2. It refers to the weight acting on all particle of
the body (It is resultant of all parallel forces)
3. ln a uniform gravitational field centre of mass and 3. In a non-uniform gravitational field, of gravity
centre of gravity coincide and centre of mass do not coincide.
4. Centre of mass of the body is defined to describe 4. Centre of gravity of a body is defined to the
the nature of motion of a body as a whole. amount of stability of the body supported.

7. Explain about the centre of mass of earth-moon system and its rotation around the sun.
Ans. In the solar system the planets have different velocities and have
complex two dimensional motion. But the motion of the centre of
mass of the planet is simple and translational. Consider the earth
and moon system. We consider that the earth is moving around the
sun in an elliptical path. But actually the centre of mass of earth
and moon moves in an elliptical path round the sun. But the motion
of either earth or moon is implicated when considered separately,
moreover we say that moon goes round the earth.
But actually earth and moon are revolving round their centre of mass such that they are always on opposite
sides of the centre of mass. Here the forces of attraction between earth and moon are internal forces.

8. Find torque of a force 7 i  3 j  5k about the origin. The force acts on a particle whose position
vector is i  j  k .

Ans: Here r  i  j  k and F  7i  3j  5k

We shall use the determinant rule to find the torque   r  F
i j k
  1 1 1   5  3 i   5  7  j   3   7   k or   2i  12j  10k
7 3 5

9.  
Find the scalar and vector products of two vectors a  3iˆ  4 ˆj  5kˆ and b  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  
Ans: F  mg
i j k
a  b  3 4 5  7i  j  5k
2 1 3

GM
Note g 
R2

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LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. State and prove perpendicular axes theorem.

Ans. Statement : The sum of moments of inertia of a plane lamina
about any two perpendicular axes in its plane is equal to its
moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the plane and
passing through the point of intersection of the first two axes.
Proof: Consider a plane lamina revolving about the Z axis. Let ‘O’ be
the origin of the axis. Imagine particle of mass ‘m’ lying at a
distance ‘r’ from point ‘o’ on the plane. Let (x, y) be the
coordinates of the point P.
Thus r 2  x 2  y 2

Then the moment of the body about x – axis

Ix  m y 2
-------------(i)
The moment of inertia of the body about y – axis
Iy  m x 2
-----------(ii)
Then the moment of inertia of the body about Z-axis
Iz  mr 2


 Iz  m x 2  y 2 
 Iz  m x 2  m y 2  Iy  Ix
 Iz  Ix  Iy
Hence perpendicular axes theorem is proved

2. State and prove parallel axes theorem.

Ans. Statement: The moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia
about a parallel axis passing through the centre of mass and the product of its mass and square of the
distance between the two axes
i.e., mathematically, I  Ig  Mr 2
Let Ig is the moment of inertia of the rigid body about the axis Z2 passing through the centre of mass.
I0 is the moment of inertia of the rigid body about an axis Z1 .
Let M be the mass of thebody and r be the distance between the two axes Z1 and Z2.
Proof: Let a particle of mass m is situated at P ,Moment of inertia about the axis passing through Z2 is
d  m(OP)2 or I   m(OP) 2
---------(i)
Join the lines PO and PG and draw the line PQ and join with the line extending from OG.
From the triangle POQ, OP2  OQ2  PQ2
OP2   OG  GQ   PQ2 ( OQ  OG  GQ )
2

OP2  OG2  [Link]  GQ2  PQ2  


OP2  OG2  [Link]  GP2  From the lePGQ, GP2  PQ2  GQ2 
OP2  OG2  GP2  [Link] ---------(ii)

Multiplying with  m on both sides of equation (ii)

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 mOP   mOG   mGP   [Link] -----------(iii)

2 2 2

But  mOG  Mr , ( OG is constant and  m  M total mass of the body)

2 2

 mGP  I and  mOP  I

2
g
2
0

 Eq (iii) becomes, I Mr  I  2r  mGQ , here  [Link]  0 [ the moment of all particles about the
0
2
g

centre of mass is always zero]

 I0  Ig  Mr 2 --------(iv)
Thus the theorem is proved

3. State and prove the principle of conservation of angular momentum. Explain the principle of
conservation of angular momentum with examples.
Ans: Conservation of angular momentum:
Statement: “In absence of any net external torque about an axis, the total angular momentum of the system
 
about that axis remains constant”. i.e if ext = 0, then L = constant.
Proof: Angular momentum of a particle about a given point is defined as
  
L  r  p -------------(i)

where r = position vector of the particle with respect to the given point.

p = linear momentum of the particle relative to the point.
Differentiating equation (i) ,we get
  
dL dr   dp
 p  r 
dt dt dt
 
dr   dp    

dt
p  r 
dt
 
 v  mv  r  Fext

   dL 
= 0 + r  Fext  ext   ext --------(ii)
dt

 dL
If ext  0   0  L= I=constant  I1 1 = I2 2
dt
Examples of Conservation of angular momentum:
Example I: Let’s consider a woman dancer be standing on a friction less turn table and rotating with uniform
angular velocity, keeping her two arms stretched. When she folds her arms, her moment of inertia
decreases. As there is no external torque on the system we can apply conversation of angular momentum.
If I1 and I2 be the moment of inertia of the women with her arms stretched and folded respectively and 1
and 2 be her angular velocity in these conditions respectively then
I11 = I2 2
I 
2 =  1  1
 I2 
as I1 > I2  1 < 2
Ball dancers and skaters use this principle
Example II: When a diver jumps from the diving platform the only force that acts on the diver is his weight,
which passes through his centre of gravity. So weight can’t produce any torque about his centre of gravity. If
the diver wants to make some rotations in space, he has to increase his angular speed. He can do so by
decreasing the moment of inertia about the centre of gravity. Therefore when the diver folded his arms and
legs inward his angular speed increases, thereby increasing number of turns.

Wish you all the best

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