ASSIGNMENT OF EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. MUHAMMAD SAEED
SUBMITTED BY:
KHADIJA NAZEER
SUBJECT:
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
MS (EDUCATION) SEMESTER 1
LAHORE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY LAHORE.
Table of CONTENTS
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What is teaching?
Teaching is the ability to assist learners in orga- nizing, directing, and maximizing the stream of
developing life experiences. As Dewey stated, teaching relies upon “the educational significance
of social arrangements means used to educate the young” (1916/Dewey 1997a, p. 89).
Online Teaching:
Online learning (e-learning) describes any form of pedagogy delivered using digital technology.
Such methods incorporate visual graphics, text, animations, videos and audio. In addition, online
pedagogy can also facilitate group learning, and the assistance of instructors within specific
fields (Wan Aziaris, 2015).
For the purpose of this study, online learning is defined as a teaching and learning process
between teachers and pupils that involves various digital mediums, such as 'Whatsapp', 'Zoom',
and 'Google Classroom'. In addition, online learning does not refer to direct learning alone. Any
assignments or activities, provided by the teacher online, are considered part of online learning.
Principles of Online Teaching
For online teaching to be successful, it is recommended that the instructor should follow the
following seven
principles [5]: (1)encourage student participation, (2) encourage student cooperation, (3)
encourage active learning, (4)
give prompt feedback, (5) emphasize time on task, (5) communicate high expectations, (7)
Respect diverse talents and
ways of learning. To these principles one may add seven more [6]: (1) address individual
differences, (2) motivatethe
student, (3) avoid information overload, (4) create a real-lifecontext, (5) encourage social
interaction, (6) provide handsonactivities, and (7) encourage student reflection
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Challenges Posed by Online Learning
While web-based learning opens up a scope of new chances for bestowing education, it
accompanies its
portion of difficulties too. Pakistan needs to go a long way to give access to education to every
individual
living in a state to make web-based learning accessible to every one of the students in the
country through
appropriate improvements in such a manner. A portion of the difficulties that web-based
development now
faces in Pakistan include.
1. Lack of Interaction
While schools take into consideration live chat practically to augment the lessons, this isn't
generally accessible or possible in different schools. (Barrot et al., 2021) This can sometimes
prompt an absence of collaboration among students and their teachers, which might be dangerous
relying on the situation.
2. Low-Quality Lessons
Some web-based courses may not give the excellent illustrations or lectures that students would
find in an offline setting. This typically lacks to make fascinating substances when they realize
learners can get to it from any place every time.
3. Distance Learning
Some internet-based courses don't offer distance learning choices which imply learn that the
learner insight has to make a trip to school to participate(Milman, 2014). This can be especially
precarious for individuals who live in the countryside or have small kids that stop them from
having
the option to leave their homes every day.
4. Lack of Accreditation
Accrediting organizations don't necessarily certify online courses, and that means students will
be
unable to use the lessons they gain from them to earn their degrees. This is generally because
these
courses don't meet entirely all norms that offline projects might be considered responsible for.
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5. Decreased Teacher Accountability
When a course is completely on the web, learners have no justifiable excuse to think often about
how well they act in it since they get credit without going to classes or meeting with their
teacherson regular basis(Blackley & Sheffield, 2015). This can be especially problematic for
educators attempting to keep up with command over their classes and authorize discipline in the
manner in which they usually would take up learners in an offline setting.
6. Increased Cheating
Because no checking authority or figure can manage what occurs within an internet-based
course,
learners may not confront any outcomes when they undermine their tests. This can make a few
students abandon learning and attempt to dodge their teachers to procure a high grade without
taking any genuine information or expertise.
7. Poor Student-Teacher Interaction
Students might feel like they are missing out on the individual collaboration that happens
between them and their teachers in distance learning courses. This is because they can't talk with
their teachers beyond assigned times or areas, which might lead them to feel isolated from the
remainder of the class and alone in their work.
8. Difficulty Finishing Assignments
Since numerous web-based learners have different obligations that keep them from having the
option to invest as much time in their coursework as they would like, they might struggle to
expeditiously complete tasks or complete them. This can prompt them to endure issues with
relaxation(Barrot et al., 2021).
Online Learning: Issues and Opportunities
751
9. A Decrease in Job Opportunities
Since certain companies are hesitant to employ individuals who took classes completely on the
web, learners will be unable to utilize that education to find a job. This can be tricky if they are
jobless or need the additional cash that is given by their jobs to pay leases, bills, and different
costs(Schmidt et al., 2016).
10. Expensive Tuition
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Online courses frequently cost more than many offline choices means students will most likely
be
unable to bear the cost of them because of a shortage of money. This can be hazardous if they
need
to take classes to work on their abilities and procure promotions at work, get into school, or excel
in the market.
11. Failure to concentrate on Screens
Another problematic side of web-based education for some students is the failure to concentrate
on a screen for long a time. Learners are easily distracted by virtual entertainment or many
websites become the reason for diffraction while taking online classes(Graham & Misanchuk,
2004). Consequently, teachers should prepare their internet-based lectures interns testing,
intriguing, and instinctive to keep students concentrated on the subject.
12. Technical Issues
One more major issue which is faced by the students is the n-availability of the internet. Though
web consumption has extended huge usage at a time, keeping a stable connection with
satisfactory speed becomes a problem in urban areas and various communities (Blackley &
Sheffield, 2015). It becomes the reason for the low learning process and low progress rate seen in
learning for youngsters on the off chance that students or educators can't access the network
constantly. This damages the educational process.
13. Feeling of Isolation
Being part of an organization and staying for long hours with friends can teach many lessons to
learners in so many ways. Although, there are not many bitter experiences among students and
educators in online classes. The students frequently feel alone while facing different issues. To
cope with this situation, the institution should take it seriously and adopt alternative channels of
correspondence between students, cohorts, and tutors(Gillett-Swan, 2017). This can integrate
matters like information on the internet and video conferencing, which consider the close
relationship and personal commitment and reduce the distance between students.
14. Teacher Training
Educators should have a vital conception of how to utilize computer-based techniques of figuring
out how to instruct on the web. Though, this is not normally the condition. They don't usually
have
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the up-graded devices and apparatuses that they can easily off internet-based learning (Cazan &
Indreica, 2014). To overcome this situation, schools must have to provide resources to educators
with the most state-of-the-art specialized preparation with the goal that they can undoubtedly
direct
their internet-based asses.
15. Oversee Screen Time
A lot of parents are conscious of the above health issues of their children while spending a lot of
time
on screens. Quite possibly the most difficult issue and drawback of web-based learning is the
plenty of the
that adults spend on screens no adults spend on screens that are not only dangerous for their
mental and
strong point of view are accessible, while other problems because of sitting squatted in front of a
screen for
long times(Park & Bonk, 2007).
Advantages of Online Learning
The virtual mode of learning is suitable for learners who are eager to learn but cannot join
physical classes
due to some personal issues. Distance learning is the way of learning that suits this kind of
student in the
educational landscape. Let’s have a look at the core advantages one can take from a distance and
online
learning. Following are the key remunerations of online learning.
1. Flexibility
The best thing about distance learning is that it permits studentsto learn in a general setting of
their decision.
They can opt for adaptable timetables, particularly if they have some work or need to focus on
youngsters
Mumtaz, Rabia, & Latif
752
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or other relatives(Boling et al., 2012). It gives them the choice to go on with school from any
area they
pick, be that from home, worship place, or whatever other area others easy for them.
2. Affordable
Online learning makes advanced education accessible and reasonable to students who probably
won't have
the option to go to class. Courses cost about correspondent to what they would in a proper setting
since they
do exclude instruments and supplies. They do, in any case, give all that students need to take the
courses
and get well-organized schooling.
3. Convenience
Students can get to their lectures any place anywhere there is a web connection, which generally
can
realize when it is usually helpful for them. (Jaques & Salmon, 2007) They can enjoy reprieves
from what
they are doing or concentrate in between different tasks without holding on until they can get to
their PC.
4. Experienced Tutors
With web-based learning, students get access to specialists in the field and get training from
experts who
have had long-time experience in that specific subject. Internet coaching moreover offers the
students more
adaptability and chance for tutoring and one-on-one training than an offline setting could
incorporate eyeto-eye mentoring(Prensky, 2001).
5. Flexible Schedules for Online Learning
Online learning permits students to plan their lessons appropriately, particularly assuming they
are likewise
working, need to deal with youngsters or older relatives, or have different commitments that
would keep
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them from going to conventional classes nearby(Milman, 2014). This adaptability makes it
simpler for
individuals with less free time to keep going to class without stressing over when classes are
going to start.
6. New Curriculum
The curriculum might be tailored explicitly to the requirements and wants of individual students
when they
pursue classes online because it very well may be easily different or refreshed to expeditiously
address their
issues. This likewise empowers them to learn at their speed and not be hurried by a class plan.
7. Increased Student-to-Teacher Ratio
Web-based learning makes it feasible to take classes any place, there is no worry about students
missing
out on the one-on-one time they would typically get with their teachers assuming they were in an
offline
setting. This takes into consideration a more prominent student-to-teacher proportion
empowering teachers
to more effectively give time to students who need it(Napier et al., 2011).
8. More Study Options
Students can concentrate completely all alone in the way that they decide, or they might have the
choice of
collaborating with a group of individual students to frame a review group that meets online for
class(Jaques
& Salmon, 2007). They may likewise have the choice of joining an internet-based discussion
board or
gathering where they can coordinate with different students who share their inclinations.
9. Student Reach
Students are not generally restricted by area while taking courses that numerous institutions offer
webbased learning and individuals can take admission from anywhere in the world, giving them
open options
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they probably won't have in any case had to join their school was just accessible in their area or
district.
10. Faster, Easier Access to Information
Since students don't need to stress over investing time in travelling for taking classes, the other
hand, they
can spend more time studying and learning their course material and subjects which they have
been taught
by teachers. This implies they can learn quickly and utilize the knowledge they are given.
11. Proficiency
Tutors can hand over graphics to learners so that they could easily understand the lesson
proficiently.
Instructors can use an assortment of internet-based learning devices, like footage, PDFs, and
footage dings,
as a component of the class activities. Teachers can produce more productive teachers by
reinforcing their
lesson plans, improving plans, and standardized course readings to incorporate internet-based
course
materials.
12. Availability of Time and Place
Another benefit of web-based learning is the learning that allows learners to take classes from
any place
they can. Similarly, it enables schools to bound groups of students instead of being constrained
by
geological cutoff points(Williams et al., 2012). Online debates can similarly be recorded, saved,
and shared
Online Learning: Issues and Opportunities
753
for future review. This allows students to take to the edifying resources at whatever topic it is
helpful to
form accordingly, web-based learning gives students the adaptability to general settings in their
schooling.
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13. Affordability
Affordability is another advantage of online learning in which expenses could be controlled
accordingly.
When it is compared with traditional education, online teaching is essentially less expensive.
However,
internet learning, courses/ programs expense student transportation, refreshments, and certainly,
areas there
where is the need of travelling long hours to take classes regularly. Besides, all process of
learning goes
smoothly and the environment decreases the expenditures of stationery. In this situation healthy
learning
atmosphere is more feasible for teachers and students, being harmless and it is environment
friendly too.
14. Better Student Attendance
There are fewer chances of students missing classes as online classes can be taken from home or
anywhere
else. Students belonging to all areas take classes regularly because they have shown their
commitment and
interest in the continued learning process(Williams et al., 2012). In this way, students’
attendance is
improved through an online mode of study.
15. Combination of various Learning Styles
Every youngster has a distinctive scholastic experience. Only a few students are eager to learn
through
images, on the other hand, some students like to learn through sounds. Same like this, some less
like to
study in groups, whereas some students feel uneasy sitting and studying sittings and studying
settings to
join meetings. With its range of selections, web-based education, and frameworks are adopting
different
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strategies and they can be improved in various types(Benson & Brack, 2010). It is a suitable
method to
enhance the perfect learning environment for every learner.
16. Prospects of Online Learning
Numerous web users feel learning is easy by using g different tools on the internet. Web-based
learning
can utilize as an expected option in contrast to traditional training yet just through reasonable
preparation
and execution by the public authority. With the various prospects accessible with online training,
numerous
educationists have tracked down it to turn it into the favourite-oriented method of learners in the
upcoming
scenario.
CONCLUSION
Online education has turned
Benefits of Online Teaching and Learning
The most obvious benefit of online teaching and learning approaches are the
hassle of getting into class physically. This means that this meets the needs of the
ever-growing population of online learners who cannot and prefer not to participate in the
traditional classroom settings. According to Stern (2019), these learners include those
unable to attend traditional classes, who cannot find a particular class at their chosen
institution, who live in remote locations, who work full-time and can only study at or
after work, and those who simply prefer to learn independently.
The main advantage of the online learning includes:
❖ Convenience: 24/7 access from any online computer; accommodates busy
schedules; no commuting, no searching for parking.
❖ Enhanced Learning: Research shows increased depth of understanding and
retention of course content; more meaningful discussions; emphasis on writing
skills, technology skills,and life skills like time management, independence, and
self-discipline.
❖ Leveling of the Playing Field: Students can take more time to think and reflect
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before communicating; shy students tend to thrive online; anonymity of the online
environment.
❖ Interaction: Increased student-to-teacher and student-to-student interaction and
discussion; a more student-centered learning environment; less passive listening
and more active learning; a greater sense of connectedness, synergy.
❖ Innovative Teaching: Student-centered approaches; increased variety and
creativity of learning activities; address different learning styles; changes and
improvements can translate to on-ground courses as well.
❖ Improved Administration: Time to examine student work more thoroughly;
ability to document and record online interactions; ability to manage grading
online.
❖ Savings: Accommodate more students; increased student satisfaction = higher
retention and fewer repeats.
❖ Maximize Physical Resources: Lessen demand on limited campus infrastructure;
decrease congestion on campus and parking lots.
❖ Outreach: Give students options; reach new student markets; appeal to current
students thus increasing enrollments.
Challenges of Online Teaching and Possible Solutions:
1. Engaging Students:
One of the problems faced by teachers during online classes is the difficulty with engaging
students. Students are forced to move towards online learning these days. It is a new method of
learning for students. So, it becomes hard for teachers to engage students in online teaching.
Students learn from their homes. So, they get quickly distracted and lose their concentration even
during the live sessions.
How to Overcome?
Of course, you are new to online teaching like your students. Nevertheless, you can understand
better than them. You should understand that online learning has many benefits. For instance,
you can find interesting platforms and tools. Many kinds of learning approaches like videos and,
podcasts are available. Even, you can find different assessment methods these days. You can
make the best use of these tools to keep your students engaged.
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2. Passive Students:
One of the most common online teaching challenges faced by teachers is that online teaching can
turn students into passive learners. Students may participate in the online classes. Nevertheless,
they often find it difficult to apply what they have learned in real-life situations. Also, they
cannot connect themselves with the materials that they learned previously. The reason is that
they need a lot of instructions to fully absorb the new material.
What can be the Solution?
For teaching to be effective, students should get an in-depth learning experience online. As an
educator, teacher should recognize that your students will engage with the course materials only
when they find them useful. So, you should aid your students to take part with content in a way
that makes sense to them. It is better to ensure that you provide flexibility to them. They should
get the opportunities to have concepts reinforced. Even after they complete their final exams, it is
better to ensure the availability of course materials online. In turn, they can refresh what they
have learned in online classes and can apply them in real-life scenarios.
3. Communication Challenges:
Communication is one of the online teaching challenges for teachers and students. Both should
communicate with each other. You should effectively communicate with all students. On the
same day, your students should be able to communicate with you easily. In turn, they can come
up with their doubts to get them clarified. This challenge can be handled with ease by following
some etiquette in communication on both sides.
How to Overcome?
You can resolve this challenge with the following tips:
Ask students to Unmute Microphone only when they speak:
When they keep the microphone unmute at all times, there are chances that the external
noise from the homes of each student or even a few students can disturb your
communication with all.
Speak directly to your students:
When you converse with your students only, it is better to look at the camera. Naturally,
you will be tempted to see the video image, where you can see all your students. But,
when you look at the camera, all of them get a feel that you are talking to them. Also,
when you do this, your students can see that you are looking at them and not elsewhere.
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Account for Audio Delays:
After you speak, pause for a few seconds. Also, if one of your students raises a doubt, it is better
to wait for a few seconds before you respond. In general, in online coaching, the chances of
audio delays are more. You cannot converse as you do in your physical classes. Make it a
practice to pause after each discussion so that all students can get what you communicate.
Keep things professional:
You might be making a video call to all your students. Otherwise, you might be communicating
via live chat. Irrespective of the mode, keep your communication professional and to the point.
This will make communications clear.
4. Lack of Tech Knowledge:
One of the problems faced by teachers in online teaching is a lack of tech knowledge. Of course,
young teachers do not face any issues with tech knowledge. But, this is one of the biggest
challenges of distance learning for teachers, particularly those in their 45s, the 50s and 55s. But,
this challenge is again easy to address.
How to Address?
Schools should be particular about choosing user-friendly platforms like Ken42 to help their
teachers. Even, schools can provide training to teachers, who are not well-versed in handling
these education tools. Even, after training, schools can provide tech support to these teachers if
they are stuck somewhere. Schools can also provide teachers with essential tools like a PC, web
access and related stuff to make things easier for teachers.
5. Time Challenge:
Again, one of the challenges in online teaching is that students do not keep up the time. When
they have schools, they know that they should reach the school at a particular time. If they do not
do it, they will be punished or fined they know. But, they do not follow a time schedule in online
learning. As a teacher, you should ensure that a time commitment is established.
How to Handle?
To bring time discipline, you need not have to be rude with students. You can use a friendly tone
to communicate with them and establish a rapport. You can set reminders for assignments and
projects. You can send reminders to students a week before the submission deadline.
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Now, you have a list of challenges in online teaching. Also, you have the tips to handle these
challenges effectively. Online teaching and learning is going to be a hassle-free experience for
you and your students from here on, isn’t it?
Summary:
MINIMIZE THE TECHNICAL ISSUES
Technical issues are a normal occurrence in virtual learning, and sadly, it is impossible to
eliminate them. For example, you may have a stable internet connection but experience a power
outage. There’s also a chance that your child has difficulties navigating online systems or
downloading resources. When this happens, ensure you communicate to your child’s tutors and
that you seek technical support. Virtual learning is highly reliant on technology, and constant
disruptions will only minimize your child’s productivity.
JOIN VIRTUAL LEARNING COMMUNITIES
Here’s the thing; there are other parents who have been abruptly thrown into a virtual learning
environment, experiencing the same challenges you are. There are also other students finding it
hard to navigate e-learning. Join online platforms where you and your child can interact with
people in the same predicament as you are. For instance, if your child is having challenges with
their homeschool math curriculum, you could look up virtual learning communities for the same
and encourage them to actively participate.
Tech Knowledge in Online Learning
Online classes rely heavily on the use of technology. You’ll need a computer, internet access,
and the software you need to participate in your virtual class and complete your work.
Check with your school’s IT department before your classes begin to ensure you have all the
necessary technical requirements, such as high-speed Internet, compatible browsers, and access
to your student email account. Attend your on Attend your online orientation. Once you have
access to your web courses, familiarize yourself with the discussion forum, the webmail portal,
and the other features it has to offer. You can even reach out to your instructor or the IT team for
extra help if you need to.
Time management:
Create a distraction-free zone in your home where you can work. Set regular days and times to
attend virtual class and complete assignments. Use course syllabi to build out a calendar of
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upcoming tasks and be sure to give yourself a realistic amount of time to complete them. When
you have a big assignment ahead of you, break it down into smaller goals.
Create a Productive Learning Environment
Setting up a productive learning environment will help you get the most out of your learning
experience. Implement the following:
● Locate a specific study area where you can concentrate without being interrupted.
● Ensure your desk and seating are comfortable
● Clean up the area
● Ensure the area gets adequate lighting
● Use tools and resources, such as online research tools or noise-canceling headphones, to
improve your learning.
Participate Actively in the Learning Process
Active participation is essential when learning online. Beyond attending classes, you must
participate actively. Request clarification, raise issues, and participate in discussions. Take
advantage of the chance to meet with peers and educators virtually. Create study groups and
work on projects together.
Do not just watch things happen. Be involved, talk to others, and take advantage of how
engaging learning online can be.
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