10 Energy and Its Conservation
ENCOUNTER THE PHENOMENON
Write the Encounter the Phenomenon question for this module.
How can energy from power plants be stored in the power grid for later use?
Use the “What I Know” column to list the things you know about the Encounter the Phenomenon
question. Then list the questions you have about the Encounter the Phenomenon question in the
“What I Want to Find Out” column. As you read the module, fill in the “What I Learned” column.
K W L
What I Know What I Want to Find Out What I Learned
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Energy and Its Conservation
1 Work and Energy
REVIEW Recall and write the definition of the Review Vocabulary term.
VOCABULARY
law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum
law of conservation of
of any closed, isolated system does not change
momentum
NEW VOCABULARY Use your book to define each term.
work
work the transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied through
joule
a displacement
energy
work-energy theorem
joule the SI unit of work and energy
kinetic energy
translational kinetic energy energy the ability of a system to produce change in itself or the world
power around it
watt
work-energy theorem states that when work is done on a system, the
result is a change in the system’s energy
kinetic energy the energy associated with motion
translational kinetic energy energy due to the motion of a system’s
center of mass
power the rate at which energy is transformed
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watt 1 J of energy transferred or transformed in 1 s; the SI unit of power
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1 Work and Energy (continued)
Complete the sentence.
When a force applied at an angle causes an object to move horizontally,
only the horizontal component of the force does work.
Get It? Determine the work you do when you exert a force of 3 N at
an angle of 45° from the direction of motion for 1 m.
2J
Draw a force diagram showing the force you exert (Fme) to the right
on a box and the force your friend exerts (Ffriend) to the left on the box.
As a result of these two forces, the box moves to the right. Also show
the gravitational force and the normal force. Explain why some forces
do no work on the box.
FN
Ffriend Fme
Fgravity
The normal force and gravity do no work on the box because they are
not along the direction of the box’s motion.
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Get It? Explain why you do positive work on the box and your
friend does negative work on the box.
You do positive work because your force is exerted in the direction of
displacement and your friend does negative work because the force
applied is in the direction opposite of displacement.
Get It? Describe another scenario in which you do work on a
system, and explain how much work is done on the system.
Sample answer: Suppose you pull straight up on a fishing line that has
bait and a sinker attached. If the bait, fishing line, and sinker have a
mass of 0.15 N and you pull it straight up 8.0 m, you do 1.2 J of work.
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153
1 Work and Energy (continued)
Summarize how you can use a force-displacement graph to
determine the work done in each case.
• If the force is constant On a constant force-displacement graph,
work is equal to the area defined by the force and displacement lines.
• If the force increases linearly On a linearly increasing force-
displacement graph, work is equal to half the area defined by the force
and displacement lines.
Use with Example
Problem 2. TRY IT !
Problem
Use this column for An ice-skater slides toward a sled sitting on the ice and hits it. The
scratch work and skater exerts a 12.6‑N force on the sled at an angle of 15.3° below the
sketches. horizontal. The sled then moves 15.4 m forward. How much work did
the skater do on the sled? Assume friction is negligible.
1. ANALYZE AND SKETCH THE PROBLEM
KNOWNS UNKNOWN
F= 12.6 N d= 15.4 m W =?
θ= 15.3°
What is the system? the sled
What is the force that is doing work on the system? the skater’s push
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2. SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN
Write the equation for work. Then insert the known quantities.
W = Fd cos θ
= (12.6 N)(15.4 m)(cos 15.3°)
= 187 J
3. EVALUATE THE ANSWER
• Explain why your units for work are correct. The unit for work is
the joule, and a newton∙meter is equal to a joule.
Explain why the sign of the answer is correct. The skater does work
•
on the sled, and the work is in the same direction as the force.
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154
1 Work and Energy (continued)
Give an example of a force that does work on a system. Then apply
the work-energy theorem to your example.
Sample answer: If a soccer player kicks a ball, the player’s foot does
work on the ball. According to the work-energy theorem, work done on
a system is equal to the change in the system’s energy. Therefore, the
change in the ball’s energy is equal to the amount of work that the
player’s foot does on the ball.
Write a sentence using the word energy with its science usage and a
sentence using the word energy with its common usage.
Science usage
Sample answer: The energy of a train changes as the force from the
engine increases the train’s speed.
Common usage
Sample answer: The little children had so much energy that they ran
and played all afternoon.
Describe the relationship between each of the following pairs of quantities.
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work and energy
The work done on a system is equal to the change in the system’s
energy.
power and energy
Power is equal to the change in energy divided by the time required for
the change.
power and work
Power is equal to the work done on a system divided by the time
required to do the work.
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1 Work and Energy (continued)
Write work, energy, or power beside each unit to identify the quantity
that it measures. Some quantities are measured by more than one
unit. Some units are used for more than one quantity.
Units Quantities
kg ∙ m2/s2 work, energy
W power
J/s power
J work, energy
Use with Example TRY IT !
Problem 3. Problem
Moving ocean water exerts a force of 375 N on a boat, causing the
Use this column for boat to move a distance of 34.7 m in 8.34 s. What power does the
scratch work and boat produce in kW?
sketches.
1. ANALYZE AND SKETCH THE PROBLEM
KNOWNS UNKNOWN
d= 34.7 m P =?
t= 8.34 s
F= 375 N
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2. SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN
Use the definition of power.
P = _
W _
= = __
Fd (375 N) (34.7 m)
= 1.56 kW
t t 8.34 s
3. EVALUATE THE ANSWER
• Explain why your units for power are correct. The unit for power
is a watt, and a newton∙meter per second is equal to a watt.
Explain why the sign of the answer is correct. The power is positive,
•
which agrees with the positive direction of the force on the boat.
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156
1 Work and Energy (continued)
Identify the equation you would use to calculate power if you know
the following quantities.
work and time force, distance, and time
_
W
P = _
Fd
P =
t t
time and change in energy force and velocity
_
∆E
P = P = Fv
t
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
19. Work-Energy Theorem How can you apply the work-energy theorem to lifting a
bowling ball from a storage rack to your shoulder?
The bowling ball has zero kinetic energy when it is resting on the rack or when it is held near your
shoulder. Therefore, the total work done on the ball by you and by gravity must equal zero.
20. Work and Energy If the work done on an object doubles its kinetic energy, does it
double its speed? If not, by what ratio does it change the speed?
Kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the speed, so doubling the energy doubles the
square of the speed. The speed increases by a factor of the square root of 2, or 1.4.
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education
21. Work Murimi pushes a 20‑kg mass 10 m across a floor with a horizontal force of
80 N. Calculate the amount of work done by Murimi on the mass.
8×102 J
22. Work Suppose you are pushing a stalled car. As the
car gets going, you need less and less force to keep it 210.0
going. For the first 15 m, your force decreases at a
Force (N)
constant rate from 210.0 N to 40.0 N. How much work
did you do on the car? Draw a force-displacement
graph to represent the work done during this period. 40.0
3 0
1.9×10 J 15
Displacement (m)
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1 Work and Energy (continued)
23. Work A mover loads a 185‑kg refrigerator into a moving van by pushing it at a
constant speed up a 10.0‑m, friction-free ramp at an angle of inclination of 11°.
How much work is done by the mover on the refrigerator?
3.46×103 J
24. Work A 0.180‑kg ball falls 2.5 m. How much work does the force of gravity do on
the ball?
4.4 J
25. Work and Power Does the work required to lift a book to a high shelf depend on
how fast you raise it? Does the power required to lift the book depend on how fast
you raise it? Explain.
No, work is not a function of time. However, power is a function of time, so the power required to
lift the book does depend on how fast you raise it.
26. Power An elevator lifts a total mass of 1.1×103 kg a distance of 40.0 m in 12.5 s.
How much power does the elevator deliver?
3.4×104 W
27. Mass A forklift raises a box 1.2 m and does 7.0 kJ of work on it. What is the mass of the
box?
6.0×102 kg
28. Work You and a friend each carry identical boxes from the first floor of a building
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to a room located on the second floor, farther down the hall. You choose to carry
the box first up the stairs, and then down the hall to the room. Your friend carries it
down the hall on the first floor, then up a different stairwell to the second floor. How
do the amounts of work done by the two of you on your boxes compare?
Both do the same amount of work. Only the height lifted and the vertical force exerted count.
29. Critical Thinking Explain how to find the change in energy of a system if three
agents exert forces on the system at once.
Since work is the change in kinetic energy, calculate the work done by each force. The work
can be positive, negative, or zero, depending on the relative angles of the force and
displacement of the object. The sum of the three works is the change in energy of the system.
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