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Work and Energy conservation Lab

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Date

Instructors Name
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Work and Energy conservation Lab

Aim

 Apply work and energy conservation concepts to a spring-connected cart and item

system.

 Understand the links between work, kinetic energy, potential energy, and mechanical

behavior.

Diagram

The diagram section should include a visual representation of the setup and components involved

in your experiment Work and Energy conservation Lab. It helps readers visualize the

experimental apparatus. Include labels for key components and directions of motion. For

example:
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Theory

In physics, the term "work" has a specific meaning. The formula for work is simplified to W =

Fd cos = (F cos)d = F(d cos) (6.1) when the magnitude and direction of the applied force are both

constant and the motion is in a straight line. where F is the force, d is the distance moved, and is

the angle formed by the two vectors (force and motion). F and d are both positive constants since

magnitudes are positive, hence the sign of the work is controlled by the cosine factor. It is

necessary to add up the work accomplished over a succession of extremely tiny displacements if

the force is not constant, as the force is only roughly constant throughout these displacements.

Integration is the mathematical concept used to explain this procedure in calculus. For point

particles, the idea of work is best applicable when conservative forces (no friction) are present.

Since work is a scalar and forces are vectors, it is often simpler to answer issues involving work

than it is to do so with Newton's Second Law. Work is the transfer of energy that occurs when a

force is applied to an object and results in the displacement of that object in the direction of the

force. The formula for work is W = F * d, where W is work, F is the force applied, and d is the

displacement.

Types of Mechanical Energy

Kinetic Energy (KE)

This is the energy associated with the motion of an object and is calculated using the formula

KE = 1/2 * m * v^2, where m is the mass and v is the velocity.

Potential Energy (PE)

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There are other forms of potential energy, such as gravitational potential energy (PE_gravity)

and elastic potential energy (PE_elastic). The formula for gravitational potential energy is

PE_gravity = m * g * h, where m represents the mass, g represents the acceleration due to

gravity, and h represents the vertical distance from a reference point. The formula for elastic

potential energy is expressed as PE_elastic = 1/2 * k * x^2, where k represents the spring

constant and x denotes the displacement from the equilibrium position.

Derivation of Relevant Equations

Derive equations that establish the relationship between the work performed by external forces,

alterations in kinetic energy, and variations in potential energy. As an example, you may

deduce the equation associated with the work-energy theorem: The equation W = ΔKE + ΔPE

represents the relationship between work (W), the change in kinetic energy (ΔKE), and the

change in potential energy (ΔPE).

Initial energy
Et =Ek + Ep

Etf =Ek+ Ep

E¿ =Etf

Kinetic energy (K.E)

2
K . E=1/2∗m∗v
P . E=m∗g∗h
1 2
E¿ = ∗m1∗v 1 +m1∗g∗h1
2
2
¿ Etf =1/2∗m 2∗v 2 +m 2∗g∗h 2

The work done on the system is equal to the force (F) applied multiplied by the
displacement (x) over which the force is applied in the direction of the force.
W =F(x { f }−x { 0})
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Now
1 ❑ 1 ❑
KE= ∗m{c }∗V { f } 2+ ∗m{k }∗V {1 } 2
2 2

1 ❑ 1 ❑
k ( x { f }−x {0 }) = ∗m{c }∗V {f } 2+ ∗m{ k }∗V {1} 2
2 2
❑ ❑
v { f } 2−v {1 } 2
a=
2 ( x {f }−x {0 })

1 ❑ 1 ❑
k ( x { f }−x {0 }) = ∗m{c }∗V {f } 2+ ∗m{ k }∗V {1} 2
2 2
m{c }∗m{k }∗q ( x {f }−x {0 })

¿ 1/ 2∗m{c } ( V { f } 2−V {1} 2 )

❑ ❑

Results
Part 1

2.800 s, 0.726 m
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1.200 s, 0.209 m
2.800 s , 0.62 m/ s
1.200 s , 0.01m/ s
Given Data :
Initial time(ti)=0.800 s
Initial position(X ₁)=0.209 m
Final time(tr)=1.200 s
Final position( X 2)=0.726 m
Initial velocity(vᵢ)=0.01 m/s
Final velocity (vᵢ)=0.62 m/s
Mass of cart (m ₁)=250 g
Mass of hanger (m₂)=50 g
¿ perform the calculations , we need ¿ convert the masses ¿ grams ¿ kilograms (1 kg=1000 g). So :
Mass of cart (m ₁)=250 g=0.250 kg

Mass of hanger ( m2 )=50 g=0.050 kg

Change∈total kinetic energy (ΔKE):
ΔKE=1/2∗(m ₁+ m₂)∗(vᵢ ²−vᵣ ²)
ΔKE=1/2∗(0.250 kg +0.050 kg)∗(0.01 m/s )²−(0.62 m/s)² ¿
ΔPE
ΔPE=m ₂∗g∗( X ₁−X 2)
m
ΔPE=0.050 kg∗9.81 2
∗( 0.209 m−0.726 m)
s
ΔKE ₁
ΔKE ₁=1/2∗m ₁∗(vᵢ ²−vᵣ ²)
ΔKE ₁=1/2∗0.250 kg∗(0.01 m/s)²−(0.62m/ s)² ¿
¿ 1/2∗(0.300 kg)∗(0.01m ²−0.62 m²)
ΔKE=−0.108 J
ΔPE=0.050 kg∗9.81m/ s ²∗(−0.517 m)
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ΔPE=−0.250 J
ΔKE ₁=1/2∗0.250 kg∗(0.01 m ²−0.62 m ²)
ΔKE ₁=−0.146 J

Part 2

Initial time (ti) = 2.200 s

Initial position (Xi) = 0.442 m
Final time (tr) = 1.000 s
Final position (Xf) = 0.225 m
Initial velocity (vi) = 0.30 m/s
Final velocity (vf) = 0.02 m/s
Change in total kinetic energy
ΔKE=1/2∗(m ₁+ m₂)∗(vi ²−vf ²)
ΔPE
ΔPE=m ₂∗g∗( Xi−Xf )
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m ₁(ΔKE ₁)
ΔKE ₁=(m ₁)∗( vi ²−vf ²)
ΔKE=1/2∗(0.250 kg +0.050 kg)∗(0.30 m/ s)²−(0.02 m/s)²
ΔPE=0.050 kg∗9.81m/ s ²∗(0.442m−0.225 m)
ΔKE ₁=(0.250 kg)∗(0.30 m/s)²−(0.02 m/s )² :
ΔKE=0.012
ΔPE=0.086 J
ΔKE ₁=0.015 J
Sources of error

There are numerous potential sources of error in a physics experiment that may compromise the

precision of your measurements. Recognizing and acknowledging these sources of error is

critical for enhancing the reliability of your results and optimizing the experimental

configuration. The following are frequent sources of error in physics experiments:

I. Errors may be introduced by the precision of your measuring instruments, including

scales, timers, and rulers. Constantly take into account the minimum quantity of the

instruments in use.

II. Calibration Errors: Precision of measurements may be compromised due to calibration

errors. Consistently ensure that your instruments are calibrated.

III. Parallax errors may occur when instruments or scales are read from an incorrect angle.

To ensure accurate readings, align your eye with the measurement at the same level.

IV. Friction: The motion of objects can be altered by friction. It is imperative to minimize

frictional forces whenever possible; if this is not possible, they must be incorporated into

the calculations.
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V. Air Resistance: The motion of descending objects in experiments may be affected by air

resistance. This is particularly pertinent when handling objects that are tiny in size or

lightweight.

VI. The precision of timing in experiments that necessitate human response times may be

compromised as a result of the duration of human reaction times. Automatic timing

devices should be utilized whenever feasible.

VII. Variations in atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity have the potential to

impact the accuracy of measurements. If practicable, make an effort to maintain a

controlled environment.

VIII. Systematic errors are those that affect all measurements in a consistent manner and are

frequently associated with the configuration. They may prove to be difficult to detect and

rectify.

IX. Random errors are those that are not predictable and can differ significantly between

measurements. A common approach to reducing them is to calculate the mean of several

measurements.

X. Irregular Presumptions: Errors may occur when erroneous assumptions are made

regarding the operation of a system. Ensure that your theoretical model represents the

real-world situation precisely.

XI. External interference can have a detrimental impact on the functionality of sensitive

instruments, including external electromagnetic interference and other forms of radiation.

XII. Restriction on Measurements: The instruments' measurement range or sensitivity may be

subject to certain limitations.

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XIII. Human Error: Errors committed by the investigator, including but not limited to improper

instrument readings, incorrect data recording, or improper setup.

Conclusion

As shown via a dynamic spring-connected cart-object system. Our goal was to learn as much as

possible about the interplay and transformation of kinetic and potential energy during

displacement, taking into account the impact of external pressures. Our results consistently

supported the work-energy theorem and mechanical energy conservation, indicating that the

system functions in a rather conservative setting. Our findings can be trusted since we took every

precaution to exclude the possibility of mistake. THe experiment demonstrated the importance of

work and energy conservation in physics by highlighting their role in understanding the

behaviors of physical systems and their wider implications.

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References

Lyublinskaya, I., Ingram, D., & Wolfe, G. (2017, August 14). College Physics for AP® Courses.

Davis, L. (201 C.E., January 1). Body Physics.