Physical Sciences

Gr.11 Junior Tukkie Summer School 2019

Facilitator: Dr. S. Swanepoel

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 1 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 2 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)
 Physical Sciences

Contents

1 Forces and Newton’s Laws 4

2 Mole concept and stoichiometric calculations 16

3 Circuits 29

4 Acids and bases 42

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 3 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

1 Forces and Newton’s Laws

Resultant and components

Force diagrams: The forces on the object are drawn where they act.
⊲ Weight (Fg ) is drawn from the centre of mass.
⊲ Contact forces: Frictional force and normal force is on/from the surface.

Free body-diagram: Forces are drawn emanating from the object (dot).
N F N

f
f
F

Fg F
g

(Draw only Fg OR both components Fg⊥ and Fg ||.)

Resultant or net force is the single force whose effect is the same as the individual
forces acting together.

Head-to-tail Tail-to-tail

The resultantn starts where the first vec- Complete the parallelogram. The resul-
tor starts and ends where the last vector tant is the diagonal of the parallelogram.
ends.
F1 F2 F1

Fres Fres
F2 1

Components are two perpendicular vectors, that gives the original vector when they
are combined.

Fy F
Θ
Fgk
Θ
F Fg⊥
Θ Fg

F = F cos Θ Fg⊥ = Fg cos Θ

Fy = F sin Θ Fgk = Fg sin Θ
Θ relative to horisontal Θ relative to horisontal

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 4 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

QUESTION 1

1.1
Indicate which method of vector addition is used and draw the resultant vector.

1.2
Three forces A, B and C acts on an C C
object. Indicate whether the following B B
statements are true or false. A A

a C is the resultant of A and B.

b A+B+C=0
c The three forces are in equilibrium.

d B is the resultant of A and C

e −C is the resultant of A and B

f The object accelerates.

1.3 Three charged spheres are placed as indicated in the diagram. X Y

The magnitude of the electrostatic force between between... + +
X and Y is 2,4 mN.
X and Z is 1,2 mN.
Calculate the net electrostatic force on X. Z
-

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 5 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

Normal force and frictional force

Normal force, N, is is the force or the component of a force which a surface exerts
on an object with which it is in contact, and which is perpendicular to the surface.

N
N
N N ◦
Fy
ƒk F ƒk ƒk
• • F • F Θ◦
Fgk
Fy Fg⊥
Fg Fg Fg Θ Fg

Fnet = 0 (Vertical) Fnet = 0 (Vertical) Fnet = 0 (vertical) N = Fg⊥ = Fg cosΘ

N = Fg N = Fg − Fy N = Fg + Fy

Frictional force, f, is the force that opposes the motion of an object and which acts
parallel to the surface.

Frictional force is:

- Directly proportional to the normal force (N)
- Depends on the smoothness of the surface (μ)
- Independant of contact area
- Independant of the velocity of the movement

Static frictional force, fs , is the force that opposes the tendency of motion of a
stationary object relative to a surface (parallel with the surface).
f(m)s = μs N μs is the static frictional coefficient.

Kinetic frictional force, fk , is the force that opposes the motion of a moving object
relative to a surface (parallel to the surface).
fk = μ k N μk is the kinetic frictional coefficient.

f (N)
Just before
moving

f(max)s
moving
fk
ill
st
ng
di
an
st

FT (N)

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 6 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

1.4
A crate (10 kg) rests on the floor. The static and
kinetic frictional coefficients are 0,2 and 0,18. John
exert a horisontal forces to the right on the crate.

a. Draw a labelled free body diagram of the forces acting on the crate.
b. Calculate the magnitude of the maximum static friction between the floor and the crate.
c. Calculate the magnitude of the kinetic frictional force between the floor and the crate.
d. John exerts 18 N to the right on the crate. Will the crate start to move? Determine the type
and magnitude of the frictional force.
e. John exerts 20 N to the right on the crate. Will the crate start to move? Determine the type
and magnitude of the frictional force.
f. Draw a graph of the frictional force on the crate versus the applied force.
g. The crate is turned on its side and the contact area is reduced. How will this influence the
magnitude of the kinetic frictional force? Write only SMALLER, BIGGER or CONSTANT.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 7 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton I Newton’s first law of motion:

Fnet = 0 a = 0 A body will remain in its state of rest or motion at constant velocity unless
v = 0 of v = k a non-zero resultant/net force acts on it.

Newton II Newton’s second law of motion:

Fnet a When a resultant/net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in
a ∝ Fnet the direction of the force at an acceleration directly proportional to the force
1
a∝m and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. Fnet = ma

Newton III Newton’s third law of motion:

FAB = − FBA When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts
a force of equal magnitude in the opposite direction on the first body.

Newton’s third law of motion:

A girl sits on a chair.

1.5

a. Name the reaction force of the girl’s weight.

b. Name the reaction force of the normal force on the girl.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 8 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

Newton’s first law of motion

Two ropes are tied to a heavy crate. One of the ropes is tied
1.6 to the ceiling.

a. The lower end of the rope is pulled quickly. Which rope

will break (X or Y)? Explain. X

b. The lower end of the rope is pulled slowly. Which rope

will break (X or Y)? Explain.

1.7 A crate of bananas is on the back of a truck. The truck stops quickly and the crate moves forward.
Use scientific principles to explain this phenomenon.

Inertia is a property of matter. It is the resistance of any physical object to any change in
its state of motion; this includes changes to its speed, direction or state of rest. It is the
tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at constant velocity. Mass is a measure
of the amount of inertia.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 9 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 Newton I: Forces in Equilibrium
40o
A parcel (with mass 50 kg) hangs from a rope T
fixed to the ceiling. The rope is supported by a
S
beam S. Determine the tenstion in the rope T and 60o
the force exerted by the beam S on the rope at
point P.

Method 1&2: With a drawing Method 3: With components

Forces in equilibrium : Fnet = 0 Forces in equilibrium: Fnet = 0

A head-to-tail drawing of forces should For the horisontal/x-components Fnet = 0
give a closed triangle. and for the vertical y-components Fynet = 0

Method 1. Scale drawing

Draw Fg first (magnitude and direction known).
For S and T (only directions is known) draw long Resolve forces into components with sin and cos
lines in the right directions. Where the lines intercept Work with horisontal x-componets seperately.
the vectors end.
Work with vertical y-componets seperately.
Metod 2. Calculate: sinus rule

Method 1: Scale drawing Method 3: With components

Fg = mg = 50 × 9,8 = 490 N, down
Scale 2 mm: 10 N
40o 40o 30o
60o
2 mm: 10 N
50o T 60o S
x mm: 490 N T
x = 98 mm
Fg Fg
Measure T and S
and convert with
scale. In x-direction: Fnet = 0
60o S
T = 152 N ∴ T = S
S = 400 N T cos 40◦ = S cos 30◦
cos 40◦
S= T
Method 2. Calculation cos 30◦
 b S = 0, 69 T
=
sin A sin B
490 T In y-direction: Fnet = 0
Not to sacle =
sin 70◦ sin 60◦ ∴ Fg = Ty + Sy
40o
50 o
T T = 451, 59 N Fg = T sin 40◦ + S sin 30◦
(50 × 9, 8) = T sin 40◦ + (0, 69 T) sin 50◦
Fg 70o
T = 451, 59 N
 b
60o
=
S sin A sin B S = 0, 69T
490 S
= = 0, 69 (451, 59)
sin 70◦ sin 50◦ = 399, 45 N
S = 399, 45 N

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 10 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 Determine the mass m and the angle θ with two different methods:

Calculation with sinus rule: Calculation with components:

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 11 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

Newton’s second law of motion

The kinetic coefficient of friction between block A and the surface is 0,2.
The pulley is frictionless.
Calculate the tension in the rope.

A B

Components

Free-
body-
diagram

fk

Fnet

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 12 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

1.8 Two crates with apples are being pulled up an inclined surface with a constant force F.
The inclined surface is at an angle of 30◦ with the earth. Crates A and B have masses of
6 kg and 4 kg. Both crates have kinetic friction coefficients of 0,2 with the surface. The
crates accelerate from 2 m·s−1 to 2,5 m·s−1 over a distance of 4 m.

F
a. Are the forces on the crates in equilibrium? B A
Explain. 4 kg

6 kg
T
b. Draw labelled free force diagrams
to show ALL forces acting on the crates.
30o

c. Use equations of motion to calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the crates.
(ans 0,28 m·s−2 )

d. Calculate the magnitute of the tension in the rope (ans 41,26 N)

e. Calculate the magnitude of the applied force F. (ans 68,26 N)

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 13 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 Positive ions
Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol Name
H+ hydrogen Be+2 berillium Al+3 aluminium
Li+ lithium Mg+2 magnesium Fe+3 iron(III)
N+ sodium C+2 calsium Cr+3 chromium(III)
K+ potassium Cr+2 chromium(II) As+3 arsenic(III)
Ag+ silver B+2 barium
Hg+ mercury(I) Sn+2 tin(II)
C+ copper(I) Pb+2 lead(II)
N H4 + ammonium Zn+2 zinc
Fe+2 iron(II)
Ni+2 nickel
C+2 copper(II)

Negative ions
Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol Name
F− floride O−2 oxide N−3 nitride
Cℓ− chloride S−2 sulfide P O4 −3 phosphate
Br− bromide C O3 −2 carbonate
− iodide S O4 −2 sulphate
O H− hydroxide S O3 −2 sulphite
N O3 − nitrate Cr O4 −2 chomate
N O2 − nitrite Cr2 O7 −2 dichromate
Cℓ O3 − chlorate Mn O4 −2 manganate
Mn O4 − permanganate C 2 O4 −2 oxalate
 O3 − iodate (COO)2 −2 oxalate
C H3 C O O− ethanoate(acetate)

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 14 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

Write formules for the following compounds:

Compound Cation Anion Formula

1 sodium bromide

2 aluminium chloride

3 lithium oxide

4 magnesium hydroxide

5 sodium sulphide

6 copper(II)iodide

7 sodium sulphate

8 zinc nitrate

9 sulphur(IV)oxide

10 ammonium carbonate

11 potassium dichromate

12 iron(II)sulphide

13 manganese dioxide

14 nickel oxalate

15 sodium acetate

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 15 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

2 Mole concept and stoichiometric calculations

Basic mole calculations

Mass Particles Gas at STP Solutions

N V
n= m n= n= c= n
v or c= m
M NA Vm Mv

m mass g NA = 6,02 × 1023 VM = 22,4 dm3 mol−1 c concentration [Link]−3

M molar mass [Link]−1 N number of particles v volume dm3 v volume dm3

1. Calculate the number of water molecules in 0,25 mole of water.

2. Calculate the volume of 0,2 mole nitrogen gas at STP.

3. Calculate the number of moles of NH3 molecules in 300 g of ammonia.

4. Calculate the mass of silver nitrate in 250 cm3 of a 0,18 [Link]−3 solution.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 16 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

a) 300 cm3 solution contains 100 b) How many moles is 9,03 x 1024 c) How many mol CO2 (g) are
g NaCl. Calculate the solution NH3 molecules? there in 4,48 dm3 at STP?
concentration.

d) What is the volume of 2,7 mol e) What is the mass of f) How many molecules are there
N2 (g) at STP? 3,6 mol potassium sulphate? in 4,2 mol ammonia?

g) Caluculate the mass of HCl(g) h) Calculate the mass of sodium i) What volume of a 0,3 [Link]−3
that fills 250 cm3 at STP. carbonate in 200 cm3 of a hydrochloric acid solution contains
0,3 [Link]−3 solution. 22,5 g hydochloric acid?

j) How many ammonia molecules k) Calculate the mass of 11,2 dm3 l) Calculate the volume occupied
are there in 33,6 dm3 gas at STP? of ethane gas (C2 H6 ) at STP. by 100 g of oxygen gas at ATP.
Stoichiometry

When the substance given is not the substance asked, the ratio must be used.
This step must be shown even if the ratio is 1:1

Calculate the mass Na2 O that can be produced when 4,93 dm3 oxygen gas (at STP)
reacts with an excess of sodium. Na + O2 Na2 O

4Na + O2 2Na2 O
n n

v = 4, 93 dm3 m =?

v m
n = O2 : Na2 O n =
Vm M
1 : 2 m
4, 93 0,22 : x 0, 44 =
= 62
22, 4 1×x = 2 × 0,22
x = 0,44 mol Na2 O m = 27, 28 g Na2 O
= 0, 22 mol O2

1. What mass of C4 H10 is required to react completely with 4,48 dm3 oxygen gas at STP?
2C4 H10 + 13O2 CO2 + 10H2 O

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 18 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 2. What mass of glucose will be produced when 100 g carbon dioxide
reacts completely?
6CO2 (g) + 6H2 O (ℓ) → C6 H12 O6 (s) + 6O2 (g)

3. Calculate the volume nitogen dioxide (at STP) that will be produced when
1, 5 × 1024 N2 O5 molecule decompose.
2N2 O5 (g) → 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

4. Calculate the volume of a 0,2 [Link]−3 HCℓ -solution that is needed to produce
3,36 dm3 Cℓ2 (g) at STP.

2KMnO4 + 16HCℓ → 2KCℓ + 2MnCℓ 2 + 8H2 O + 5Cℓ2 (g)

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 19 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

Volumes of gasses and stochiometry

Avogadro’s law: Equal volumes of all gasses, at the same temperature and pressure, have
the same number of molecules (and therefore the same number of moles).

Gas volume to gas volume calculations: Reagents (in the same container) are at the same
temperature and pressure. The volume ratio is the same as the mole ratio.

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

Calculate the volume of ammonia gas that will be produced when 2,24 dm3 nitrogen gas
reacts completely with an excess of hydrogen gas.

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)

n n
V = 2,24 dm3 V=?

N3 : NH3
mole ratio 1 : 2
volume ratio 1 : 2
2,24 dm3 : x
4,48 dm3 NH3 is produced

4 The following reaction take place in a container where CONDITIONS ARE NOT STP!
Calculate the volume nitogen dioxide that will be produced when 4,86 dm3
N2 O5 decompose.
2N2 O5 (g) → 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

5. The following reaction occurs under non-standard conditions:

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
What volume ammoniak gas is produced when 4,48 dm3 hydogen gas reacts completely
with an excess of nitrogen gas?

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 20 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 When the substance given is not the substance asked, the ratio must be used.
This step must be shown even if the ratio is 1:1

How many moles of hydrogen atoms are there in 448 cm3 ammonia gas at STP?
| {z } | {z }
asked given
v
nNH3 = NH3 : H-atoms
Vm
1 : 3
0, 448
= 0,02 : x
22, 4 1×x = 3 × 0,02
= 0, 02 mol NH3 x = 0,06 mol H -atoms

1. Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen atoms in 3,6 g water.

2. Calculate the number of moles of ions in 200 cm3 of a 0,25 [Link]−3 zinc nitrate solution.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 21 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

Limiting agents

Sodium burns in oxygen according to the following equation:

4Na + O2 → 2Na2 O
483 g sodium is placed in a container with 129,92 dm3 oxygen gas.

a. Determine the limiting agent. Show all calculations.

b. Calculate the mass of sodium oxide that can be form.

c. Calculate the mass that remain of the reagent that is in excess.

4Na + O2 (g) → 2Na2 O

n n n

m = 483 g V = 129,92 dm3 m=?

a.
m V For all the Na
n= n= Na : O2
M Vm
483 129, 92 4:1
= = 21 : 
23 22, 4
= 21 mol Na = 5, 8 mol O2 5,25 mol O2 required
O2 available > O2 required
available available ∴ O2 in excess
∴ Na limiting agent

b. Work with limiting agent

m
n=
Na : Na2 O M
m
4:2 10, 5 =
21 :  62
m = 651 g Na2 O
x = 10,5 mol Na2 O

c. m
O2 remain = 5,8 - 5,25 n=
= 0,55 mol M
m
0, 55 =
32
m = 17, 60 g O2

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 22 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

1) 100 g nitrogen and 20 g hydrogen are available. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)

a. Determine which reactant is the limiting agent.

b. Calculate what volume of ammonia can be produced at STP.
c. Calculate what mass of the reactant in excess will remain.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 23 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

2) Calcium oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid: CaO + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2 O

19,5 g CaO and 200 cm3 of a 2 [Link]−3 HCl solution are mixed.

(a) Determine the limiting agent.

(b) Calculate the mass of CaCl2 that can be produced.
(c) Calculate how many mol of the reactant in excess will remain unreacted.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 24 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

3) 100 g magnesium and 336 dm3 oxygen at STP are available.
2Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(s)

(a) Determine the limiting agent.

(b) Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide that can be produced?
(c) Calculate how many mol of the reactant in excess will remain unreacted.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 25 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 Percentage yield and percentage purity

mass of compound(theoretical)
% purity = × 100%
mass of sample
actual yield
% yield = × 100%
theoretical yield(possible)

1) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)

42 g H2 reacts and produces 200 g ammonia. Calculate the percentage yield.

2) 2AgNO3 (aq) + MgCℓ 2 (aq) → 2AgCℓ(s) + Mg(NO3 )2 (aq)

100 g of silver nitrate reacts with an excess of magnesium chloride. The percentage yield for the
reaction is 80%. Calculate the mass precipitate that has formed.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 26 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

3) 95 g of an unpure magnesium sample is burned. 150 g magnesium oxide is produced.
a. Calculate the mass of magnesium in the sample.
b. Calculate the percentage purity of the sample.

4) 20 g of a contaminated nickel sample reacts with hydrochloric acid. If the sample is 70% pure,
calculate the volume hydrogen gas that is produced at STP.

5) 2AgNO3 (aq) + MgCℓ 2 (aq) → 2AgCℓ(s) + Mg(NO3 )2 (aq)

John reacts 139 g of MgCℓ2 with an excess of silver nitrate. He produces 400 g of precipitate.
What was his percentage yield?

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 27 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

Percentage composition

During photosynthesis glucose is produced according to the following reaction:

6CO2 + 6H2 O → C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

Calculate the percentage composition of glucose.

72
%C= 180
× 100 = 40%
12
%H= 180
× 100 = 6, 67%
96
%O= 180
× 100 = 53, 33%

Calculate the mass of carbon in 1 kg of glucose.

40
mass of C = 1000 × 100
= 400 g

Empirical and molecular formulae

Testosterone, the male sex hormone, contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The
hormone consists of 79,12 %C, 9,79 %H and 11,09 %O by mass. Each molecule contains two
O atoms. Prove that the empirical formula of the compound is C19 H28 O2 .
m 79,12
n= M
C: n= 12
= 6, 593 mol
H: n = 9,79
1
= 9, 790 mol
11,09
O: n = 16 = 0, 693 mol

C : H : O
6, 593 : 9, 790 : 0, 693 n
6,593 9,790 0,693
0,693
: 0,693
: 0,693
Divide by smallest
9, 51 : 14, 13 : 1 0,5 too much to round up/down ∴ x2
19 : 28 : 2 Ratio
C19 H28 O2 Empirical formula

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 28 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

3 Circuits

Symbol Term Unit Unit symbol

V potential difference volt V
I current amper̀e A
R resistance ohm Ω
Q charge coulomb C
W energy/work joule J
Δt time seconds s
P power watt W

Series and parallel circuits.

QUESTION 1

Assume that the wire connectors have no resistance. X

Indicate whether circuits A to H are identical to X:

A B C D

E F G H

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 29 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

QUESTION 2 X

Indicate whether circuits A to H are identical to X:

A B C

D E F

QUESTION 3

Calculate the effective resistance of thte circuit.

A.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 30 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

Principles

Current Potential difference

Q = It V= W
Q
Q 4J
I= t 4V =
1C
3A = 3C Energy needed/work done
1s
Rate of flow of charge to move 1C charge between
at a point in the circuit two points in the circuit

SERIES
VT

V1 V2

Current the same everywhere. VT = V1 + V2

RT = R1 + R2
PARALLEL
VT

V1

V2
Iseries = I1 + I2 VT = V1 = V2

1 1 1
= +
Rk R1 R2

Ohm’s law Use Ohm’s law for:

V=I×R ⊲ a specific resistor or
⊲ the whole circuit.

EMF and Energy supplied = energy used

internal resistance E = Vused in circuit + Vused in cell
E = Vexternal + Vinternal
E = IR + Ir
E = I(R + r)

Power Power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted in Watt

2
P= W
Δt
= VI = I 2R = V
R

Energy Work done or energy converted (W or E) in Joule:

2
W = P Δt = VIΔt = I2 RΔ = V Δt
R

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 31 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

QUESTION 4

Give the relationships between the ammeter readings (Ex. I1 = I4 )

A A1 B A1

A2

A3 A2 A3 A4

A4

C A1 D V A1

A2

A5

A3
A4 A2

A3 A4

E A1
A2

A7
A5 A3
A6

A4

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 32 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

QUESTION 5

Give the relationships between the voltmeter readings (Vb. V1 = 2V4 )

A V1 B V1
V2 V3
V2

V4

V3 V4
V5 V5

C D V1

V1

V4

V2

V2

V3 V3

E
V1 F
V1

V2 V2 V4

V3 V3

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 33 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 G H
V1 V2 V1 V2

V5

V3 V4 V3 V4

QUESTION 6

What is the potential difference measured by the unknown voltmeters?

A 3V 4V B 4V
V1 V2 V1 V2

V3 V4 V3 V4 6V
2V

12V

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 34 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 QUESTION 7
The internal resistance is negligible.

a. Determine the reading of the ammeter.

6V

A V 4V
6Ω

3Ω

b. Determine the current on ammeter A1 .

6V

2A A V 3V
A1

2Ω

c. Determine the voltmeter reading.

12V

1A
3A A V
A1

2Ω

d. Calculate the value of resistor R.

12V

3A A V 8V
R

4Ω

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 35 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

Energy, power and the cost of electricity

QUESTION 8

Electrical energy (W or E) is measured in joule (J).

V 2 Δt
W = Vq = VIΔt = I2 RΔt =
R

8.1 Calculate the amount of energy that is needed to send a current of 2 A for 10 minutes through a
2 Ω-resistor.

Power is the rate at which electrical energy is coverted/used in an electrical circuit.

W V2
P = Δt = IV = I2 R =
R

8.2 20 000 C charge moves in 2 minutes through a resistor when the potential difference over the
resistor is 12 V. Calculate the power delivered by the resistor.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 36 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 Electricity use (energy) is measured in kilowatt-hour (kWh). 1 kWh is the energy used
when 1 kW is used for an hour.

P= W
Δt
with P in kW, W in kWh and Δt in hours.

The cost of electricity:

Cost = Tariff × W (kWh)

8.3 Calculate the cost to use a 3000 W oven for 2 hours if the tariff is R 1,40 per kWh.

8.4 Calculate how long a 800 W microwave can function for R 100,00 if the tariff is R 1,80 per kWh.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 37 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

QUESTION 9

9.1 Two bulbs (resistance R and 2R) are connected. Which of the bulbs will glow brighter when . . .

a. they are connected in series?

b. they are connected in parallel?

R 2R
R

9.2 A electric heater is marked 2000 W, 240 V. The tariff for electricity is R 1,50 per kWh.
a. What does 2000 W indicate?
b. Calculate the current through the heater.
c. Calculate the energy (in kWh) needed to use the heater for 80 minutes.
d. Calculate the cost to use the heater for 80 minutes.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 38 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

Internal resistance

Switch open:
Voltmeter reads EMF if connected to both sides of the cell
Voltmeter reads zero if not connected to both sides of the cell

Switch closed:
Voltmeter over cell reads Terminal potential difference (smaller than EMK)
Voltmeter reads zero if connected over a conductor, ammeter or switch
(no energy change)

The cell has an emf of 24V and a unknown internal resistance.

Give the reading on every voltmeter with the switch open and closed.
Choose from 0, 24V, more than 24V, less than 24V

Voltmeter Reading with switch open Reading with switch closed

V1

V2

V3

V4

V5

VXY

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 39 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 Physical Science/HG/P1 18 DBE/2011
SCE

QUESTION 10 (START ON A NEW PAGE.)

In the circuit represented below, the battery has an emf of 10 V and an unknown
internal resistance. Voltmeter V1 is connected across the battery and voltmeter V2 is
connected across the open switch, S. The resistance of the connecting wires and
ammeter can be ignored.



emf = 10 V; 
6: 3:
A

1: S

V2
Switch S is open.

10.1 What is the reading on V1? (2)

10.2 What is the reading on V2? (2)

When switch S is closed, the reading on V1 drops to 7,5 V.

10.3 What is the reading on V2? (2)

10.4 Calculate the reading on the ammeter. (8)

10.5 Calculate the internal resistance of the battery. (5)

[

QUESTION 11 (START ON A NEW PAGE.)

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 40 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 Physical Science/HG/P1 16 DoE/May-June/2009
Senior Certificate Examination

QUESTION 10 [START ON A NEW PAGE]

In the circuit represented below, the lamp L has a resistance of 43 :, and the internal
resistance of the battery is 5 :. The reading on the voltmeter decreases by 4,5 V
when switch S is closed.

r=5:
L

43 :

A R1
30 :

R2
20 :

10.1 What causes this decrease in the voltmeter reading? (2)

10.2 Calculate the current in the battery when switch S is closed. (4)

10.3 Calculate the emf of the battery. (7)

10.4 Calculate the reading on the ammeter when switch S is closed. (5)

10.5 Will the power dissipated by the lamp INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAIN
CONSTANT when resistor R2 burns out while the switch is closed?
Give a reason for the answer. (3)

TOTAL QUESTION 1: 60

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 41 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

4 Acids and bases

Acid Formula Strength Base Formula Strength

Hydrochloric acid HCl strong Sodium hydroxide NaOH strong
Sulphuric acid H2 SO4 strong Potassium hydroxide KOH strong
Nitric acid HNO3 strong Lithium hydroxide LiOH strong
Phosphoric acid H3 PO4 strong Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 weak
Sulphurous acid H2 SO3 weak Magnesium hydoxide Mg(OH)2 weak
Carbonic acid H2 CO3 weak Ammonia NH3 weak
Oxalic acid (COOH)2 weak Potassium carbonate K2 CO3 weak
H2 C2 O4
Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 weak
Acetic acid CH3 COOH weak
(etanoic acid) Sodium carbonate Na2 CO3 weak

Reactions of acids
Acid and reactive metal → salt + hydrogen gas
2HCl(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
H2 SO4 (aq) + Mg(s) → MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

Neutralisation(exothermic)
Acid and metal hydroxide → salt + water
2HCl(aq) + Zn(OH)2 (s) → ZnCl2 (aq) + 2H2 O(l)
H2 SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2 SO4 (aq) + 2H2 O(l)
If the base is NH3 :
2HCl(aq) + NH3 (g) → NH4 Cl(aq) or
2HCl(aq) + NH3 (g) → NH4 + (aq) + Cl− (aq)

Acid and metal oxide → salt + water

2HCl(aq) + ZnO(s) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 O(l)
H2 SO4 (aq) + Na2 O(aq) → Na2 SO4 (aq) + H2 O(l)

Acid and metal carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide gas

2HCl(aq) + ZnCO3 (s) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 O(l) + CO2 (g)
H2 SO4 (aq) + Na2 CO3 (aq) → Na2 SO4 (aq) + 2H2 O(l) + CO2 (g)

Write four balanced equations to show how magnesium chloride can be prepared from an ap-
propriate acid.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 42 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 Acids Bases
Brønsted-Lowry: Proton donor Brønsted-Lowry: Proton acceptor

Strong acids Strong bases

(ionise completely) (dissociate completely)

covalent → no ions → ionises ionic → has ions → dissociate

HCl(g) + H2 O(l) H3 O+ (aq) + Cl− (aq) KOH K+ (aq) + OH− (aq)

hydrochloric acid H2 O

HNO3 (g) + H2 O(l) H3 O+ (aq) + NO3 − (aq) NaOH Na+ (aq) + OH− (aq)
nitric acid H2 O

H2 SO4 (l) + 2H2 O(l) 2H3 O+ (aq) + SO4 −2 (aq) LiOH Li+ (aq) + OH− (aq)
sulfuric acid H2 O

Weak acids Weak bases

(ionise incompletely) (dissociate/ionise incompletely)

covalent → no ions → ionises Covalent NH3 ionises and forms NH4 OH that weakly dissociates

CH3 COOH + H2 O(l) H3 O+ (aq) + CH3 COO− (aq) NH3 + H2 O NH4 + (aq) + OH− (aq)
acetic acid acetate ion
ethanoic acid ethanoate ion

H2 CO3 + H2 O(l) H3 O+ (aq) + HCO3 − (aq) Ionic Mg(OH)2 dissociates incompletely

carbonic acid Mg(OH)2 Mg+2 (aq) + 2OH− (aq)

(COOH)2 + 2H2 O 2H3 O+ (aq) + (COO)2 −2

oxalic acid oxylate ion

A solution of acid HX with concentration 0,15 [Link]−3 is prepared. The concentration of

hydronium ions in the solution is 3,2 × 10−6 [Link]−3 .
a. Write an equation for the reaction of HX with water.
b. Is HX a strong acid? Explain.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 43 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 Write balanced equations for the following reactions:
a. Reaction between magnesium hydroxide and nitric acid

b. Reaction of nitric acid and water

c. Reaction of lithium hydroxide in water

d. Reaction between oxalic acid and sodium oxide

e. Reaction of ammonia with water

f. Reaction of sulphuric acid and water

g. Reaction of sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid

h. Neutralisation the gives potassium sulphate as product

i. Raection of oxalic acid with water

j. Preparation of sodium carbonate during neutralisation

k. Reaction between ammonia and hydrochloric acid

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 44 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 conjugated pair 2
base conj acid
N H3 (g) + H2 O(ℓ) NH4 + (aq) + OH− (aq)
acid conj base
Conjugated conjugated pair 1
acid-base pair

The conjugated base of a strong acid is a weak base

and the conjugated acid of a strong base is weak.

a. Write down the conjugated bases for the following acids:

a. NH4 + b. HSO4 − c. H2 O

b. Write down the conjugated acids of the following bases:

a. H2 PO4 − b. OH− c. H2 O

Concentration c = n and n = m or c= m (V in dm3 )

V M MV

Dilutions C V = C V
| 1{z 1} | 2{z 2}
old new
NB. New volume = original volume + added water !!

c. 25 ml water is added tot 75 ml of a 0,13 [Link]−3 sulphuric acid solution. Calculate the
concentration of the diluted solution.

d. Calculate the mass of NaOH that must be dissolved in 240 cm3 of water to give a
0,04 [Link]−3 solution.

e. Calulate the volume of water that must be added to 30 cm3 of a 0,06 [Link]−3
hydrochloric solution to dilute it to a 0,04 [Link]−3 solution.

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 45 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 11
VRAESTEL 1 (FISIKA)

DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 11

PAPER 1 (PHYSICS)

TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES/TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

NAAM/NAME SIMBOOL/SYMBOL WAARDE/VALUE

Swaartekragversnelling
g 9,8 m·s-2
Acceleration due to gravity
Swaartekragkonstante
G 6,67 x 10-11 N×m2×kg-2
Gravitational constant
Straal van Aarde
RE 6,38 x 106 m
Radius of Earth
Coulomb se konstante
k 9,0 x 109 N·m2·C-2
Coulomb's constant
Spoed van lig in 'n vakuum
c 3,0 x 108 m·s-1
Speed of light in a vacuum
Lading op elektron
e -1,6 x 10-19 C
Charge on electron
Elektronmassa
me 9,11 x 10-31 kg
Electron mass
Massa van die Aarde
M 5,98 x 1024 kg
Mass of the earth

TABEL 2: FORMULES/TABLE 2: FORMULAE

BEWEGING/MOTION

v f = vi + a Dt Δx = v i Δt + 21 aDt 2
æ v + vf ö
2 2
v f = v i + 2aDx Δx = ç i ÷ Δt
è 2 ø

KRAG/FORCE

Fnet = ma w = mg
Gm1m 2 fs(maks )
F= ms =
r2 N
f
mk = k
N

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 46 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 GOLWE, KLANK EN LIG/WAVES, SOUND AND LIGHT

1
v=fl T=
f
ni sinqi = nr sinqr c
n=
v

ELEKTROSTATIKA/ELECTROSTATICS

kQ1Q 2 F
F= (k = 9,0 x 109 N×m2·C-2) E=
r2 q
kQ W
E= 2 (k = 9,0 x 109 N×m2·C-2) V=
r Q

ELEKTROMAGNETISME/ELECTROMAGNETISM

DF
e=-N F = BA cos q
Dt

ELEKTRIESE STROOMBANE/ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

Q V
I= R=
Dt I
1 1 1 1
= + + + ... R = r1 + r2 + r3 + ...
R r1 r2 r3
W = Vq W
P=
Δt
W = VI D t
P = VI
W= I2R D t

2
P = I2R
V Δt
W= V2
R P=
R

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 47 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)

 DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 11
PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 11

VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES

NAME/NAAM SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/WAARDE

Avogadro's constant
NA 6,02 x 1023 mol-1
Avogadro-konstante
Molar gas constant
R 8,31 -Â.-1ÂPRO-1
Molêre gaskonstante
Standard pressure
pT 1,013 x 105 Pa
Standaarddruk
Molar gas volume at STP
Vm 22,4 dm3ÂPRO-1
Molêre gasvolume by STD
Standard temperature
Standaardtemperatuur TT 273 K

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES

p1V1 p 2 V2
pV nRT
T1 T2
m N
n n
M NA
V n m
n c OR/OF c
Vm V MV

Junior Tukkie Summer School Gr.11 48 Dr. S. Swanepoel (2019)