6.

1 Digestion absorption

The contraction of circular longitudinal muscle layers of the smallintestinemixesthefood w

enzymes moves it alongthegut

The pancreases secretes enzymes intothe lumen ofthe small intestine

Enzymes digest most macromolecules in foodinto monomers inthesmallintestine

Villi increase thesurface area of epithelium overwhich absorption is carried out

Villi absorbs monomers formed

bydigestion as well as mineral ions vitamins

Different methods of membrane transport are required to absorb different nutrients

Structure of the digestive system

The role of digestion is to breakdownthe food to yieldsmaller

compoundsthat canbe absorbed

my Structure Function

h chemical digestion containing amylase which starts

starch digestion Alsolubricates toform bolus

g Esophagus Connects mouth to stomach movement of food b

peristalsis

Churning a mixing secreted water acids kills

stomach foreign bacteria pathogens Initialstageofprotein

digestion

small final stages of digestion oflipids carbohydrates

intestine proteins nucleic acidsneutralizingstomach acids plus

absorption of nutrients
Pancreas secretion of lipase amylase protease

Liver secretion of surfactants in bile to break up lipid droplets

Gallbladder storage regulated release of bile

Reabsorption of water further digestion especially of carbohydrates

bysymbiotic bacteria plus
Large intestine formation storage of fecesrectum

structure of the wall of the small intestine

villi
serosa

giddy
longitudinalmuscle

i
i muscularis
R
alarm
submucosa it

i
É

Small intestine

serosa outer coat

musclelayers longitudinal circular muscle

submucosa tissuelayer containingblood lymphvessels

mucosa lining of small intestine with the epitheliumthatabsorbs nutrients on its inner surface
Peristalsis

circularongitudinamuscle
The contraction of layers of the small intestine mixes food w enzymes
moves it along the
gut
L

I
o consists of short cells

n n y g p
ratherthanremaining relaxed unless stimulated to contract

Peristalsis waves ofmuscle contraction churning of chyme tomix w enzymes thusspeeduptheprocessof digestion

Circularmuscles behindthefood prevent chymes bolus to be pushed back towards themouth

Longitudinal muscles happenswherethefood is located moves it on along thegut

Themovement is uncounciously controlled

by the enteric nervous system

tohappens in on direction awayfrom mouth at slow pace allowingtime for digestion

Vomiting abdomial muscles are used rather thanthe smoothmuscles

Pancreatic Juice
1
Pancreas secretes enzyme into lumen
tofigof small intestine

contains twotypes of gland tissue exocrine endocrinetissue

Endocrine hormones insulin glucagon intoblood

Exocrine digestive enzymes pancreaticjuice

Digestive enzymes aresynthesized in pancreatic glandcells on ribosomes on theRER Processed

in Golgiapparatus
secreted
by exocytosis
Ducts within thepancreas mergeinto largerducts finallyformingonepancreaticduct
A litre ofpancreaticjuicesecretedper day into the lumen
 Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest s maintypes of macromolecules

amylase to digest starch

lipase to digest triglycerides phospholipids

proteases to digest proteins peptides

Digestion in the small intestine

Enzymes digest most macromolecules infood into monomers in the small intestine

The enzymes in thelumen secreted

by pancreas carryout hydrolysis reactions

starch lases maltose

Triglycerides 0s fatty acids glycerol monoglycerides

phospholipase
Phospholipids
fattyacids glycerol phosphate

Proteins a polypeptides teases shorter peptides

DNA RWANucleases nucleotides Peptides.IEP

a
i I dipeptide

Maltose ses glucose peptides É aminoacids

Lactose lactase glucose a gang d

Sucrose 5 glucose fructose

Cellulose cannot
be digested dietary fibre

mi m n go
villiincreasethe surface area of epithelium over which absorption takes place

to smallfingerlike projections of themucosa increase by

surface area a factor ofabtto
Absorption by villi
d

i iii
vitamins

A Villus cells absorbthese products

layer ofmicrovilli

n glucose fructose galactose other monosaccharides

mineralions calcium potassium d bases from digestion of nucleotides

vitamins vit C ascorbic acid fatty acids mono

glycerides glycerol

Harmful substances
pass through the epithelium are removed fromblood detoxed
by liver
Lopassed out in urine

Methods of absorption

nutrients
lumen villi epithelium cells capillaries or lacteal

simple diffusion shortchainfattyacids can pass between phospholipids in the plasma membrane

Lo inthe epithelialcell fattyacid t mono

glycerides cannot diffuse backthelumen

Lo makes lipoprotein to interior of villus

facilitated diffusion fructose
Active transport Nat
Lo cotransport glucose

glucosecannot passthrough since polar

Sodium potassium pumps in the inwards

part ofplasma membrane via activetrans

creates lowconc of Natinsideepi

facilitated diffusion depends on conc gradient
Stomach in depth

sphincters prevent reflux

Chemical digestion

Sight or smell of food causes brain to send nerve impulses viathe vagus nerve fromthemedulla
Also receptors in thestomach chemoreceptors stretch receptors sends impulses to thebrain
endocrine cells
impulse
to secrete gastrin

Releases hormone Gastrin which in turn stimulates secretion of HCl pepsinogen

Gastric Juice mixture of pepsin HCl mucus other secretions

Parietal cells secrets acid acid disruptsthe extracellular matrixthat holds acell together
denaturingthe protein Exposing polypeptide chains to pepsin
also helps control pathogensingested
Chief cells secrets pepsinogen inactive pepsinogen when in contact w acid converts to pepsin

Mucus lines protects stomach wall from acid

Exocrine glands

secretes to the surface ofthe body or thelumen of thegut

Secretesinto ducts surface or lumen

acinus group of cell

lots of ER to synthesize enzymesprotein lots of mitocho

secretory vesicles
also vesicles to secrete
enzyme out through exocytosis
Endocrine glands

Losecrets into blood stream

ex hormones insulin glucagon

stomach Ulcers t Hpylori

stomachulcers are open sores caused
by partial digestion ofthe stomach lining by pepsin Hd
Hpylori bacteria can also cause ulcers also associated w stomachcancer

Proton pump inhibitors PPI

Some disease are made worse by acidrelease
ex ulcers acid reflux

ppl is used a proton pumpinhibitor drug that irreversibly inhibits H Kt ATPase proton pump inthe
parietal cell 7 inhibiting HCl

Small Intestine

Chyme enters the small intestine through pyloric sphincter

Digestion of lipids carbohydrates DNA RNA remainingprotein monomers

Digestion of lipids

Epithelial cells secretes

1 Cholecystokinin CCK

signals pancrease to release pancreatic juice gallbladder to release bile

Lo from acinar

2 Secretin

Pancrease to release Bicarbonate ions HC03 neutralizes acidic chyme

Signals liver toreleasebile pancreases to secrete lipases protease

3 Bile

Liver produces bile is stored inthe Gallbladder

Bile emulsifies fat globules into fat droplets called Micelles

Absorption

Epithelial cellsform tightjunctions

Microvilli further maximizes surface area

Epithelial cells contain large of pinocytic vesicles endocytosis

Apical Basal surface

amylose a glucose
1,4 amylase

amylopectin a glucose 1,4 a 1,6

Dextrins undigested 1,6 Finsen glucose

Cholera

Caused
by bacterium Vibrio cholera

Lo enters cell via endocytosis

efflux of CT a Host from cell to stomach osmosis watery diarrhoea

Leads to severe dehydration

Arteries

a enzymstution mass of bolus

b i starch was the nut abundant as thechange in mass was gratest in

the amylase solution since amylase digests starchinto maltose which
can permeate through

C no protein present

15
e the permiability

ii body temp

iii