Basic Electrical Engineering (2019 course) (Lab Manual)
Experiment No:
Date of Performance: / / Timely /10
Completion:
Date of Assessment: / / Understanding: /10
Presentation: /10
Signature of Faculty:
Total: /30
Title: Resonance in Series RLC circuits
Aim: To derive resonance frequency and analyze resonance in series RLC circuit.
Prerequisite:
(1) AC fundaments
(2) The response of RL, RC, and RLC to AC supply
(3) Concept of inductive and capacitive reactance
Learning outcomes: At the end of this experiment students will be able to
(1) Justify effect of frequency on resistance, inductive and capacitive reactance.
(2) Calculate impedance of series RLC with variable frequency AC supply.
(3) Derive the formula for resonance frequency
Theory:
(A) Series RLC circuits:
Let a single-phase AC supply 𝒗 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕
with constant 𝑽𝒎 and variable frequency
𝒇(𝑯𝒛) is applied across a series circuit of
resistance 𝑹(Ω) , inductance 𝑳(𝑯) and
capacitance 𝑪(𝑭) as shown inthe following
figure.
(B) Effect of variable frequency:
• Resistance is independent of frequency
• Inductive reactance is given by 𝑿𝑳 =
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳 i.e. 𝑿𝑳 𝜶𝒇. It indicates that as frequency
increases inductive reactance increases.
𝟏
• Capacitive reactance is given by 𝑿𝑪 =
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪
𝟏
i.e. 𝑿𝑪 𝜶 . It indicates that as frequency increases
𝒇
capacitive reactance decreases.
• Impedance 𝒁 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝑿𝑳 − 𝒋𝑿𝑪 i.e. 𝒁 =
𝑹 + 𝒋(𝑿𝑳 − 𝑿𝑪 )
• The magnitude of the impedance is 𝒁 =
√𝑹 + (𝑿𝑳 − 𝑿𝑪 )𝟐 i.e. Z varies from RC to RL with
𝟐
frequency.
𝑿 −𝑿
• Power factor or angle∅ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝑳 𝑪 it
𝑹
varies −𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒐 + 𝟗𝟎𝟎 with frequency.
• Hence Power factor cos ∅ varies from
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Basic Electrical Engineering (2019 course) (Lab Manual)
leading to unity to lagging with frequency
• As a result, current also varies from low to maximum and then again to low
I cos
I max
1
I m ax
2
leading
lagging
f1 f0 f2 f ( Hz ) f0 f ( Hz )
(C) Resonance in series RLC:
It is observed that at a certain frequency, inductive reactance becomes equal to capacitive
reactance i.e. 𝐗 𝐋 = 𝐗 𝐂 , this frequency in series RLC is called resonant frequency.
Hence at the resonance frequency,
• Impedance 𝒁 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝑿𝑳 − 𝒋𝑿𝑪 will be 𝒁 = 𝑹. The circuit is purely resistive
𝑽 𝑽
• The magnitude of the current in the circuit is 𝑰 = = hence it is maximum than all
𝒁 𝑹
other frequencies
𝑿 −𝑿
• The power factor angle∅ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝑳 𝑪 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟎 = 𝟎𝟎
𝑹
• Power factor 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ = 𝟎 = 𝟏 i.e. unity
To derive resonance frequency 𝒇𝟎 we have 𝐗 𝐋 = 𝐗 𝐂 .
𝟏
𝛚𝟎 𝐋 =
𝛚𝟎 𝐂
𝟏
𝛚𝟐𝟎 =
𝐋𝐂
𝟏 𝟏
𝛚𝟎 = √ = rad /sec
𝐋𝐂 √𝐋𝐂
Resonance frequency is
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐𝛑𝐟𝟎 = √ =
𝐋𝐂 √𝐋𝐂
𝟏
𝐟𝟎 = 𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝛑√𝐋𝐂
Apparatus:
Sr. No. Equipment Specification
1 Resistor
2 Inductor
3 Capacitor
4 Function Generator
5 Digital Multimeter
(for Voltage & Current)
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Basic Electrical Engineering (2019 course) (Lab Manual)
Connection Diagram:
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Basic Electrical Engineering (2019 course) (Lab Manual)
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig.
2. Connect Digital Multimeter (for current measurement) in series with given circuit.
3. Switch ON the power supply.
4. Vary the frequency step by step in small steps by adjusting frequency variation knob of
function generator.
5. Note down the ammeter & voltmeter reading which indicates current flowing through RLC
circuit voltage across the resistance.
6. Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect the circuit.
Observation and Result Table:
Resistance R=_________ Ω, Inductance L=________H, Capacitance C=_________F
𝑋𝐶 𝑍
𝑋𝐿 1 I
Sr. f = 𝑅 + 𝑗(𝑋𝐿 VR I = VR/R
= 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑳 = (mA)
No (Hz) 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪 − 𝑋𝐶 ) (volt) (mA)
(Ω) (Theoretical)
(Ω) In polar (Ω) (Theoretical)
1 ∠
2 ∠
3 ∠
4 ∠
5 ∠
6 ∠
7 ∠
8 ∠
9 ∠
10 ∠
11 ∠
12 ∠
13 ∠
14 ∠
15 ∠
16 ∠
17 ∠
18 ∠
19 ∠
20 ∠
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Basic Electrical Engineering (2019 course) (Lab Manual)
Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
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LAB ASSIGNMENT
Multiple Choice Question
Q1) Fill in the blank: As the frequency decreases inductive reactance /0.5M
_______________ and capacitive reactance __________________.
Q2) Which is the true condition for series resonance? /0.5M
• 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶 • 𝑋𝐿 < 𝑋𝐶
1 1
• 𝜔𝐿 = • 𝐿=
𝜔𝐶 𝐶
Q3) What will be the power factor at series resonance frequency? /0.5M
• 0.5 lag • 0.5 lead
• 0 lag • Unity
Q4) How does the series resonant circuit behave under the resonance condition? /0.5M
• Current Amplifier • Frequency Amplifier
• Voltage Amplifier • Voltage regulator
Theory Question
Q5) Draw the phasor diagram of series RLC circuit quantities under series resonance /1M
condition.
Q6) Define bandwidth and Q factor in series resonance. Also, give the relation /1M
between them.
Q7) A resistor and capacitor are in series with a variable inductor. When the circuit is /1.5M
connected to 200V, 50Hz supply. The maximum current obtained by varying the
inductance is 0.314A. The voltage across the capacitor when the current in the circuit
is maximum is 800V. Find the values of the series circuit elements.
Q8) A series R-L-C circuit has the values: R= 10-ohm, L=0.01H, C=100microfarad. /1.5M
Calculate resonant frequency, quality factor, and bandwidth.
Q9) How the phenomena of resonance are utilized in Electrical Engineering in filter? /3M
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