VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELGAV1-590018

Report on

Social Connect and responsibilities

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Submitted by
Name: GURURAJ BIRADAR
USN: 1VJ22CS017

Under the Guidance Of

Mrs.Kusuma
Assistant Professor

Dept. Of CSE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

VIJAYA VITTALA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BENGALURU-560077

 2023-2024
I

VIJAYA VITTALA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BENGALURU - 560077

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to Certified that the “Social Connect and Responsibilities” has been
successfully presented at Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology by GURURAJ
BIRADAR[1VJ22CS017]in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the 3rd
Semester degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering
of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during academic year 2023-
2024. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment
have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The
Social Connect and Responsibilities has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of project work for the said degree.

……………………………… ……………………………. ………………………………

Signature of NSS Officer Signature of HOD Signature of principal Prof. Mohammed

Mannan Prof. Mangala Patil Dr. S C Lingareddy
NSS Officer, Associate Prof. & HOD, Principal
Dept of CSE VVIT, Bangalore VVIT, Bangalore
VVIT, Bangalore

Name of examiner
1………………

2………………...

DECLARATION

I am GURURAJ BIRADAR student of 3rd Semester B.E, in Computer Science &

Engineering, Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology hereby declare that “SOCIAL
CONNECT AND RESPONSIBILITIES” has been carried out by us and submitted in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the 3rd Semester in Bachelor of Engineering in Computer
Science and Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during
academic year 2023- 24.

Date: Name: GURURAJ BIRADAR

[1VJ22CS017]
Place:
I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be Incomplete
without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement
crowned the efforts with success.
We would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude to our Social Connect and Responsibilities
Mrs.Kusuma Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering for her constant
support and guidance throughout the project work.

It gives us immense pleasure to thank Mrs Mangala Patil Associate Professor and Head of Department for
her constant support and encouragement.

We would like to express our thanks to the Principal Dr. S C Lingareddy for his encouragement that
motivated us for the successful completion of Social Connect and Responsibilities.

Last, but not the least, I would hereby acknowledge and thank my parents who have been a source of
inspiration and also instrumental in the successful completion of the Social Connect and Responsibilities.
I thank Management of Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology for providing such a healthy environment
for the successful completion of Social Connect and Responsibilities.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iii-iv
List of Figures v-vi

Module No. Chapter Description Page No.

Module-1 Plantation and Adoption of a tree 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Plant Selection for Adoption 1
1.3 Activity Performed 3
1.4 Importance of Plantation 3
1.5 Awareness on the activity 8
1.6 Follow up 9

Module-2 Heritage walks and Crafts Corner 10

2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Chandra Choodeshwara temple 11
2.3 Temple Keypoints 11
2.4 Craft Corner 13
2.5 Indian Craft and Importance 13

Module-3 Organic farming and Waste management 17

3.1 What is Organic Farming ? 17
3.2 History 17
3.3 Benefits of Organic Farming 18
3.4 Limitations of Organic Farming 19
3.5 Introduction of Waste Management 20
3.6 Types of waste 21
3.7 Challenges of Waste Management 22
3.8 Strategies for Waste Management 22
iii
 3.9 Questionnaires 23

Module-4 Water Conservation 26

4.1 Introduction 26

4.2 How to conserve water in everyday life?? 26

4.3 Importance of water conservation 27
4.4 What Happens if we don’t conserve water?? 30
4.5 Strategies for Water Conservation 31
4.6 Activity 33
4.7 Waste Management 34

Module-5 Food Walk 36

5.1 Shri Sagar a food corner 36
5.2 What Makes It Awesome? 37
5.3 Awards 37

Conclusions 38
iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG FIGURE NAME PAGE

NO NO

1.1 Sapling planted 1

1.2 Plantation Activity 7

2.1 Chandra Choodeshwara Temple 10

2.2 Temple overview 12

2.3 Temple tank 13

2.4 Woodwork 14

2.5 Chariot 16

3.1 Organic Farming 17

3.2 Benefits of Organic Farming 18

3.3 Waste Management 20

3.4 Types of waste management 21

4.1 How to Conserve Water 29

4.2 Rain Water Harvesting 31
4.3 Grey Water Recycling 32

4.4 Pressure reducing valves 32

4.5 Irrigation Technology 33

4.6 Activity for Water conservation 33

4.7 Activity for waste management 35

5.1 Hotel Shri Sagar 36

5.2 Benne Dosa at Hotel Shri Sagar 37

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MODULE 1 - PLANTATION AND ADOPTION OF A TREE

1.1 Introduction

We recognize the importance of trees in maintaining ecological balance, enhancing air quality, and
supporting biodiversity. The act of tree planting not only benefits us today but also lays the
foundation for a sustainable future. Trees provide habitats for animals. So, as part of our Engineering
course on Social Connect and Responsibility, we planted and adopted a tree on campus. Figure 1.1
depicts the equipment needed to plant a sapling and a picture of the plant we planted on our campus.

Fig 1.1. Sapling planted.

1.2 Plant

In our campus the National Service Scheme provided us with the saplings. The plants were collected
from the local forest department which contained the regional trees and many more. For planting we

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 students were divided into groups and a spot was assigned. The spot was marked and even the
distance between 2 saplings was kept to 2 meters. Sapling varied from Neem tree to teak wood to
beech tree which grow in tropical regions of the world. And which are commonly seen in the forests
of Karnataka. We got a sapling of Coconut tree

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Coconut Tree
The coconut tree belongs to the palm tree family. It is often referred to as “ The Tree of Life ” because
every part of it can be utilized. The coconut tree produces fruits called coconuts. Which are not only
delicious but also very healthy .Monkeys love to climb on coconut trees, adding to their charm. Birds
build their nests on these tall trees, finding shelter among the fronds. The beach looks even more
beautiful with Coconut trees swaying gracefully in the wind. We can make various products from
different parts of the coconut tree ,including ropes from husk. The Shade beneath a coconut tree
provides an excellent place to rest and relax. Coconut oil, extracted from the fruit, has numerous uses in
cooking, skincare and hair care. In summary the coconut tree is not just a source of food and material s,
it’s a living testament to the rich cultural heritage of tropical regions.
Coconut trees iconic in many cultures. Here are key points about them:
Symbol of longevity: Banyan trees are often associated with longevity and resilience due to their
ability to survive for centuries and even millennia.
Massive size: The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) grows up to 30 meters (100 feet) tall, with pinnate
leaves spanning 4-6 meters (13-20). Old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the trunk smooth.
Unique aerial roots: Coconut palms have an adventitious root system that emerges from the stem or
trunk. These roots thrive in sandy soils and are crucial for anchoring the tree. They can withstand high
salinity, making them common in coastal tropical areas.
Sacred in many cultures:
Hinduism: The coconut symbolizes the trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesh.
Southeast Asia: The coconut tree signifies prosperity, abundance, and life, used in ceremonies and
offerings.
Tropical islands: islanders view the coconut tree as a gift from the gods, sustaining their lives
Ecological importance: Coconut trees prevent soil erosion, provide habitat for organisms, and
sustenance.
Medicinal uses: Coconut products (oil, water, milk) have antimicrobial properties and aid in hydration.
Cultural significance: Coconut is central to religious rituals and traditional practices in tropical
regions.
Historical landmarks: Ancient seafarers relied on coconuts for food and water during long voyages.
Adaptability: Thrives in full sunlight and sandy soils. well-suited for coastal areas.
Conservation concerns: Proper care during planting, growth, and harvesting ensures healthy coconut
trees. Cultivation of Coconut Tree:

Climate requirements: Coconut trees thrive in tropical and subtropical climates with warm
temperatures.

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Sunlight: They require at least 6 hours of direct sun daily for optimal growth.
Soil: Coconut trees adapt to various soils but prefer well-drained, fertile soil.
Propagation: propagate through seeds.
Spacing: Plant coconut trees adapt to various soils but prefer well-drained, fertile soil.
Watering: Regular watering during the growing season is essential.
Fertilization: Apply balanced organic fertilizers.
Pruning: Prune to maintain shape and remove dead branches.
Pests and diseases: Watch for pests like aphids and diseases like leaf spot.
Support: Coconut palms develop aerial roots that provide additional support.
Geographical Distribution: Found in coastal tropical areas across the world.

1.3 Activity Performed

Objective of planting
 To become self-reliant in meeting companies’ pulpwood requirement and thereby conserving the
natural forest.
 To develop renewable and sustainable plantations in marginal and degraded lands.
 To provide fair returns to the small and marginal farmers.
We as a group performed this activity on 16/12/2023. During our SCR classes we came to the spot of
plantation with the equipment like shovel spade etc. Then at the pre-planned spot we dug the soil and
created a pit.
Then the sapling was planted and covered the pit with soil and dried leaves. We brought water in the
can from the tap outside the hostel and watered the sapling. Thus, as a group we completed planting the
plant. As there were many groups planting the plant, wethen helped others in planting.

1.4 Importance of Plantation

Tree plantation is a process where many trees or seedlings are planted for land reclamation or
landscaping. Planting large numbers of trees helps to purify the polluted air that we breathe in. Plants play
a big role in our ecosystem by maintaining a balance among all the elements that are present in nature.
Planting more trees also helps to keep in check the climate conditions of a place. Trees release life-
supporting oxygen and absorb harmful gases like carbon dioxide during the process of photosynthesis.
They act as sponges by taking in toxic emissions and other pollutants, released into the atmosphere by
industries and vehicles.

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The roots of trees bind the soil together thereby preventing erosion. The blatant and increased rate of
deforestation is the primary cause of landslides. In addition to being the bearers of delicious fruits,
trees are the natural habitat of several species of animals, birds, and insects. Thus, the destruction of a
tree implies the destruction of an entire ecosystem.
We have inherited this planet with its many resources, from our ancestors. The onus rests on us to
protect the earth’s fragile ecosystem, so that future generations have a place they can call home. It is
indeed ironic that despite being at the top of the food chain Homo Sapiens are intent on destroying the
very things that guarantee their survival. However, there is a silver lining. The situation can be
remedied by restoring the earth’s green cover and taking concrete measures to reduce carbon
emissions. Let’s all take a vow to go green and save the earth from destruction.
Trees are the most benevolent givers in nature. They play an extremely important role in giving life and
sustaining it as well as maintaining a balance in the Eco-system.
This makes it crucial for us to understand how significant trees are to our life on earth and what we
cando to counter the problem of their depleting numbers and all the additional challenges that come
with it. Trees play an extremely important part in regulating the temperature and making the weather
conditionsconducive to rainfall. They take in carbon dioxide from the air, thereby purifying it, and
release oxygen,which is essential to the sustenance of life. Moreover, they also provide us with wood,
food, fuel, paper, which are an important part of our daily lives. Furthermore, they are home to all
kinds of animals and birds as well.
“Plant a tree today for a better tomorrow.” The significance of forest cover and tree plantation cannot
be stressed upon enough, and their importance has only increased in the present scenario, with global
warming and climate change being very real threats to our planet and all its inhabitants.
Tree plantation refers to the transplantation of saplings or sowing of seeds to facilitate green cover and
promote afforestation. Tree plantation can be a very fulfilling and fruitful activity! Not only is it good
for the environment and the earth, but it is also a way in which you can help to make the world a better
and cleaner place to live in, as trees help to bring down the levels of pollution.

Afforestation  Importance in terms of ecology and environment

Trees provide a significant contribution to their surroundings by giving oxygen, sustaining species,
improving air quality, saving water, maintaining soil, and reducing climate change. It provides more
than it gets by concentrating on its principal job of photosynthesis. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere and create oxygen for the surrounding living, breathing species. According to one
research, one acre of forest may create up to 4 tons of oxygen while absorbing up to 6 tons of carbon
dioxide, enough to feed about 20 people for a year.

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This procedure involves not just trees, but also bushes and grass. Pollutants such as carbon monoxide,
nitrogen dioxide, and Sulphur dioxide are absorbed by them, purifying the air. The contaminants are
washed away by the rain once they come into touch with the trees. The air in the atmosphere is
managed and preserved because of this process, owing to the trees. One of the most important tasks
of trees is tomanage and modify the climate. To keep the climate under control, they mitigate the
impacts of the sun, rain, and wind. The sun's rays are absorbed and filtered by the leaves, which assist
to maintain a cool temperature surrounding it.

Trees are an important component of every community, and it takes a lot of effort to keep them that
way.You may have noticed that trees border your streets, parks, playgrounds, and backyards
because of their medicinal and life-giving powers.
Trees provide a serene and tranquil environment; therefore, human settlements are incomplete
without them. The number of trees surrounding you can impact the quality of your life. Trees provide
natural aspects and wildlife habitats into urban areas, making them more desirable places to live. We
all take advantage of the shade given by trees during the day for family picnics and afternoon outdoor
activities. The relevance of planting trees and the quality of life in a community may both be
enhanced by the presence of trees. Many ancient trees serve as historic markers and act as a source of
pride for the community. Commercial buildings and pavements produce heat island effects in the
atmosphere, while trees may deflect sunlight and significantly diminish the heat island impact.

Personal Well Being

Planting trees may also help people become better versions of themselves since it gives them a sense
of accomplishment while also helping to safeguard the environment. As they grow and develop with
you andyour family, trees play an important part in the development of one's youth and chronicle the
family's history. People have an emotional connection with the trees they plant and form an
immediate link with them. Because of our close relationships with trees, there are numerous
organizations all over the globe dedicated to safeguarding and saving huge and historic trees from the
dangers of contemporary development.
Trees have spiritual and religious significance in certain nations since they are regarded as equal to
gods and are worshiped on special occasions. As a result, trees play an important role in forming our
environment.
The importance of promoting tree plantation cannot be stressed enough. It has been aptly stated that
“People who will not sustain trees will soon live in a world that will not sustain people”. A world
withouttrees is akin to a barren desert with no life. All forms of life on earth are interdependent and
one cannot hope to exist without the other.

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Preservation of all-natural resources is imperative for the balance of our ecosystem. Hence the need to
promote tree plantation on a war footing. Studies have shown that an acre of trees can absorb the same
amount of carbon dioxide produced by a car that has been driven for twenty-sixthousand miles. Strong
healthytrees act as carbonsinks, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide and reducingthe effects ofclimate
change. Also, in a year an acre of mature trees can provide oxygen for eighteen people.By absorbing
pollutants like sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and nitrogen oxide, trees play a huge part in purifying the air.
Trees help cool the environment, thereby conserving energy by reducing the need for airconditioning.
Streets and cities with a larger green cover are significantly cooler as compared to those without. Ultraviolet
rays are known to be the leading cause of skin cancer. Trees shield against UV rays by 50%. Trees play an
important part in conserving water. The shade from trees slows down the rate of water evaporation from
lawns, gardens, etc. Trees also help in preventing water pollution.

They reduce runoff by breaking rainfall, thus allowing water to flow into the earth. The power to heal is
inherent in nature. Research has shown that exposure to nature improves concentration and reduces
mentalfatigue. Children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have been found to show
improvement when they have access to nature. Studies have also shown that within minutes of being
surrounded by trees and green spaces, BP drops, heart rate slows, and stress levels reduce.
Deforestation a bane
Unfortunately, in our bid to modernize and progress we have been systematically destroying forests and
depleting the earth’s resources. The history of deforestation dates back centuries. During earlier times, it
was balanced through a natural growth process as tree cutting was done for personal or community use
only. But with the expansion of agriculture, forest lands started being cleared. Destruction increased after
the industrial revolution and the urbanization and commercial exploitation that began during the colonial
period was the main cause of deforestation. The consequences of all that mindless destruction arenow there,
for all to see- global warming, erratic weather patterns, increase in the frequency and volume of, floods,
melting of glaciers, desertification of once fertile area, loss of soil productivity, extinction of several
species, imbalance in the ecosystem and nonavailability of forest products. Franklin D. Roosevelt very
rightly said, “A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself. Forests are the lungs of our land, purifyingthe
air and giving fresh strength to our people”. It is essential to remember this truth if we are to prevent more
species including ourselves from becoming extinct. Many countries across the world are beginning to
realize the importance of afforestation. Several local bodies, private citizens and non-governmental
organizations are working tirelessly to mitigate the

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Role of NGO
Tree plantation is one of the easiest and quickest ways to spread greenery. People around the globe have
volunteered to contribute towards the environment from time to time. Many of them have set up non-
profit organizations with joint efforts and are working towards making earth a better place to live.
These organizations do not only indulge in tree plantation activities and other activities to spread
greenery but also engage in motivating others to work for this cause. They organize skits explaining the
importance of tree plantation and propagate the same among their neighbors, friends, and colleagues.
With the advent of social media and internet it has become easier to spread knowledge about the
importance of tree plantation and encourage people to participate in the same.

Role of Government
While the NGOs are doing their bit towards making the environment cleaner and green, they often fall
short. The propagation of their cause must be done on wide scale to involve more and more peopleto
work towards this drive. Since these are all non-profit organizations, they do not have enough funds todo
so. The government must support them whole heartedly to further their cause. After all, these
organizations are working towards building a better nation. With the financial help provided by the
government, these organizations can take up bigger projects and encourage other people by way of
advertisements in television, newspapers as well as big roadside hoardings.
People must be sensitized about it so that they participate in large numbers. A big change in this
direction is only possible if each one of us takes it as a responsibility to plant trees. Even if we do not
have time to join an NGO and go with them on the drives regularly, we can make our contribution
towards the cause by simply planting trees in our surrounding areas.

One of the most common purposes of tree plantation is forestry. Forests are extremely important for
maintaining ecological balance on earth. A major part of our planet is covered with forests. However,
these are being cut at a rapid pace ever since the beginning of the industrial era. Although forests grow
naturally however to replenish the loss occurring due to deforestation it is essential for us to contribute
our bit towards growing forests. Tree plantation is done for this purpose. With the help of tree plantation,
forests can be grown faster. As the younger generation of the society, it is necessary for us to generate
awareness among people on afforestation.
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1.6 Follow up
I just did not plant the sapling for activity’s sake but also have made it my priority to look after the plant
and water it on daily basis which I am following it properly without missing or tell my friends to look
after and take care of the plant in my absence.

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MODULE
2 - HERITAGE
WALKANDCRAFTCORNER

2.1Introduction

The Chandra Choodeswarar Temple is an ancient Shiva built

templeon a rocky hill in Hosur,
Krishnagiri District, Tamil Nadu. Because to variances in local languages (Tamil, Kannada, Telugu)
and dialects,the templeis also knownas 'ChandiraChoodeshwarar',
'ChandraChoodeshwara',
'Chandra Choodeshwar',
'ShriChoodeswarar',
or 'Arulmigu
Chandra Choodeshwarar'.

Fig2.1 ChandraChoodeshwara
Temple

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2.2 Chandra Choodeswara Temple

The temple's principal deities are Shiva, represented by the Shiva linga, and the Goddess Parvati,
represented by the 'Maragathambal' symbol. The term 'Chandra Choodeswarar' refers to an Eshwara who
wears the Moon (Chandra) as a decoration on his crest or hair tuft on top of his head.Maragathambal is a
temple dedicated to Shiva's spouse, Parvathi. 'Maragatham' means green, whereas 'Ambal' signifies
mother. This is a reference to the green plants and trees (photosynthesis), which give food for all living
things.
The actual history of the temple and when it was consecrated is not well documented. Given that the
Hosur location is mentioned in ancient Hindu literature such as the 'Bhadragiri Mahatmyam', which is
part of the Brahmanda Purana, a Shiva shrine is thought to have existed here from ancient times. The
temple expanded under the reigns of the Cholas, Hoysala, and Vijayanagara emperors. The Hoysala ruler
Thirupuvanamalla Barvatharaja Anthiyazhvar may have built the Chandra Choodeshwara Temple
building in 1260. The inscription discovered during Chandra Choodeshwara temple sponsorship dates
back to the 13th century. The inscriptions at the Perumal Temple in Hosur and the Bangalore Shiva
Temple mention donations to the Chandra Choodeshwara Temple. There are additional Rajendra Chola
inscriptions in this ancient temple. The temple was renovated by Azhakiya Perumal Aathimoolam.

2.3 Key points about Chandra Choodeswarar Temple in Hosur:

Dravidian Architecture: The temple exemplifies traditional South Indian Dravidian architecture,
characterized by its towering gopurams (gateway towers), sculpted pillars, and intricate carvings.
Gopurams: The temple features several gopurams, including the main entrance tower (rajagopuram)
and smaller towers at various entrances, adorned with ornate sculptures depicting deities, celestial
beings, and mythological scenes.
Main Sanctum: At the heart of the temple complex lies the main sanctum, housing the deity Chandra
Choodeswarar (Lord Shiva). The sanctum is typically constructed in a square or rectangular shape,
symbolizing the universe.
Pillared Halls: The temple complex comprises spacious halls supported by rows of intricately carved
pillars, providing shelter for devotees and serving as venues for ceremonies and gatherings.
Sculpted Pillars: The pillars of the Chandra Choodeswarar Temple are renowned for their exquisite
craftsmanship and intricate carvings. Each pillar is adorned with sculpted figures of gods, goddesses,
celestial beings, mythical creatures, and floral motifs, showcasing the skill and creativity of ancient
artisans.
Yali Pillars: Yalis, mythical lion-like creatures with intricate carvings, often adorn the base of the

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pillars, symbolizing strength and

protection.
Navagraha Pillars: Some pillars may feature carvings representing the Navagrahas (nine celestial
bodies in Hindu astrology), each associated with a planet and worshipped for its astrological
significance.
Material: The pillars are typically crafted from stone or granite, chosen for their durability and ability to
withstand the test of time.
Symbolism: The architectural elements and pillars of the temple are rich in symbolism, conveying
spiritual and philosophical concepts rooted in Hindu mythology and cosmology.
Preservation: Efforts are made to preserve and protect the temple's architectural heritage, including
restoration projects to maintain the structural integrity of the pillars and other architectural elements,
ensuring that future generations can continue to admire their beauty and significance.

Fig 2.2. Temple Overview

Temple tanks are wells or reservoirs built as part of the temple complex near Indian temples. They
are calledpushkarini, kalyani, kunda, sarovara, tirtha, talab, pukhuri, ambalakkuḷam, etc. in different
languages and regions of India. Some tanks are said to cure various diseases and maladies when
bathed in. It is possible that these are cultural remnants of structures such as the Great Bath of
Mohenjo-daro or Dholavira, which was partof the Indus Valley civilization. Some are stepwells with
many steps at the sides.

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Fig 2.3. Temple Tank

2.4 Craft Corner

The Crafts Corner is a celebration of handmade crafts from around the world. The exhibition brings
together artisans and craftsmen who specialize in different areas such as pottery, weaving, painting,
woodworking, and more. It is a showcase of the beauty and creativity of handmade crafts, providing a
platform for talented artisans to display their work and connect with art lovers and enthusiasts from all
over the world. The Crafts Corner exhibition offers a unique opportunity to experience the art of crafting
in a vibrant and inspiring setting. Whether you are a collector, a designer, or simply someone who
appreciates the value of unique, one-of-a-kind pieces, the Crafts Corner exhibition is the perfect place to
discover and appreciate the art of handmade crafts. We went to nearby Craft store which had collection
of varieties of Handicrafts in and around India.

2.5 Indian Craft and Importance

Hand-building involves shaping the clay by hand, while Indian crafts have a rich cultural heritage and
hold significant importance in Indian society. The art of crafting has been a part of Indian culture for
centuries, with skilled artisans using traditional techniques and natural materials to create unique and
exquisite pieces. From pottery and weaving to woodcarving and jewellery making, Indian crafts
showcase

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a diverse range of styles, techniques, and designs that are deeply rooted in Indian culture and tradition.
Indian crafts hold a special place in Indian society, as they are not just objects of beauty, but also have
religious, cultural, and social significance.
For example, the art of rangoli, which is the creation of decorative designs using colored powders, is a
significant part of Indian festivals and rituals. Similarly, the intricate designs and patterns found in Indian
textiles have been passed down from generation to generation and are symbolic of regional cultures and
traditions.
Moreover, Indian crafts have also played an important role in the country's economy, providing
employment opportunities to millions of people across the country. Many craftspeople and artisans
come from rural areas and belong to marginalized communities, and their craft skills are often their only
source of livelihood .

Woodwork
Woodwork handicrafts are traditional art forms that involve creating decorative and functional items
using wood as the primary material. These handicrafts are created using a combination of traditional
techniques and modern tools, and require a high degree of skill and precision. Craftsmen who specialize
in woodwork handicrafts are highly skilled individuals who have received training and education in
traditional woodworking techniques.

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Fig. 2.4 : Wood Work

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They often work in small workshops or studios, and may work independently or as part of a larger
group or organization. Craftsmen who specialize in these art forms are highly skilled individuals who
have received training and education in traditional woodworking techniques. Fig 2.4 refers to the wood
work.

Rugs and Mats

Handmade rugs and mats are traditional handicrafts that have been produced for centuries in various
cultures around the world. These rugs and mats are created using traditional techniques and natural
materials, and are known for their unique designs, colors, and textures. Handmade rugs and mats are
created using traditional techniques, such as weaving, knotting, and embroidery. These techniques have
been passed down through generations of artisans and are often specific to regions or cultures.

Handmade rugs and mats are known for their unique designs, which often reflect the cultural and
artistic traditions of the region. These designs may be geometric, floral, or abstract, and may
incorporate a range of colors and textures Handmade rugs and mats are produced using a variety of
methods, including hand-knotting, hand-tufting, and hand-weaving. These methods require a high
degree of skill and patience and may take weeks or even months to complete.

Chariot making
This magnificent five-tier wooden temple chariot dedicated to “Pandanallur shri Adikesavaperumal” (lord
Vishnu), advances from the state of Tamil Nadu in Southern part of India.

It was crafted in the mid 19th century by “Sri Pasupati Achari” and his son under the guidance of four
devotees named “Manikkam Pillai”, “Subbu Pilai”,”Cattaya Pillai” and “Jambu Nath Pillai”.

It was prepared using locality available wood Viz. teak, sandal and acacia. Such chariots were
primarily used in most temples in South India during festivals (rathothsavas) carrying gracefully
decorated idols of gods and goddesses and were drawn through street of town and village by hundreds
of devotees.

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MODULE-3 –ORGANIC FARMING AND WASTE
MANAGEMENT
3.1 What is
organic farming?

Fig 3.1. Organic Farming

Organic farming, agricultural system that uses ecologically based pest controls and biological fertilizers
derived largely from animal and plant wastes and nitrogen-fixing cover crops. Modern organic farming
was developed as a response to the environmental harm caused using chemical pesticides and synthetic
fertilizers in conventional agriculture, and it has numerous ecological benefits.

Compared with conventional agriculture, organic farming uses fewer pesticides, reduces soil erosion,
decreases nitrate leaching into groundwater and surface water, and recycles animal wastes back into the
farm. These benefits are counterbalanced by higher food costs for consumers and generally lower yields.
Indeed, yields of organic crops have been found to be about 25 percent lower overall than conventionally
grown crops, although this can vary considerably depending upon the type of crop. The challenge for
future organic agriculture will be to maintain its environmental benefits, increase yields, and reduce
priceswhile meeting the challenges of climate change and an increasing world population.

3.2 History
The concepts of organic agriculture were developed in the early 1900s by Sir Albert Howard, F.H. King,
Rudolf Steiner, and others who believed that the use of animal manures (often made into compost), cover
crops, crop rotation, and biologically based pest controls resulted in a better farming system.
However, having worked in India as an agricultural researcher, gained much inspiration from the
traditional and sustainable farming practices he encountered there and advocated for their adoption in the
West. Such practices were further promoted by various advocates—such as J.I. Rodale and his son Robert,
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in the 1940s and onward, who published Organic Gardening and Farming magazine and several texts on
organic

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farming. The demand for organic food was stimulated in the 1960s by the publication of Silent Spring, by
Rachel Carson, which documented the extent of environmental damage caused by insecticides. Organic
food sales increased steadily from the late 20th century. Greater environmental awareness, coupled with
concerns over the health impacts of pesticide residues and consumption of genetically modified (GMO)
crops, fosteredthe growth oftheorganic sector. In the United States retailsales increased from $20.39
billion in 2008 to $47.9 billion in 2019, while sales in Europe reached more than $52 billion (€45 billion)
in 2019.

3.3 Benefits of Organic Farming

Fig 3.2. Benefits of

Organic Farming
 Improved soil health: Organic farming relies on practices such as crop rotation, composting, and
cover cropping to improve soil health. Healthy soil is essential for sustainable agriculture and can lead
to higher yields, better water retention, and improved nutrient cycling.
 Reduced environmental impact: Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals such as
fertilizers and pesticides, which can be harmful to the environment. Organic farmers also focus on
sustainable land management practices, such as conserving water and reducing soil erosion.
 Improved biodiversity: Organic farming promotes biodiversity by encouraging the use of crop
rotations and cover cropping, which provide habitat for beneficial insects and other wildlife. This can
help to reduce pest pressure and increase overall farm resilience.
 Higher nutrient content: Organic crops are often higher in nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and
antioxidants compared to conventionally grown crops. This is because organic farming focuses on

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 Reduced exposure to harmful chemicals: Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals such as
pesticides and herbicides, which can be harmful to farm workers and consumers. By choosing organic
products, consumers can reduce their exposure to these chemicals.
 Economic benefits: Organic farming can be more profitable for farmers, as organic products often
command higher prices. Additionally, organic farming can help to support local economies by providing
jobs and supporting local food systems.
Overall, organic farming offers many benefits for both the environment and human health. By promoting
sustainable agriculture and reducing the use of harmful chemicals, organic farming can help to create a
healthier, more resilient food system.

3.4 Limitations of Organic Farming

While organic farming has many benefits, there are also some limitations that must be considered. Here are
some of the limitations of organic farming:

 Lower yields: Organic farming can have lower yields compared to conventional farming. This is because
organic farmers do not use synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, which can increase crop productivity.
Organic farmers must rely on natural methods to build soil fertility and manage pests, which can be less
effective and require more labor.

 Higher labor costs: Organic farming can be more labor-intensive compared to conventional farming.
Organic farmers often rely on hand labor for tasks such as weeding, which can be time- consuming and
expensive.

 Higher costs for consumers: Organic products can be more expensive for consumers compared to
conventional products. This is because organic farmers may need to charge more to cover their higher
labor costs and lower yields.
 Limited availability: Organic products may not be available in all areas, particularly in rural or remote
areas. This can make it difficult for consumers to access organic products.
 Lack of uniform standards: While there are organic certification standards in many countries, there is
some variation in these standards. This can make it difficult for consumers to understand what they are
getting when they purchase organic products.

 Limited research: While there is some research on organic farming, there is still a lot that is not known
about the long-term impacts of organic farming on soil health, crop productivity, and ecosystem services.

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Overall, organic farming has some limitations that must be considered. However, by promoting
sustainable agriculture and reducing the use of harmful chemicals, organic farming can help to create a
healthier, more resilient food system.

3.5 Introduction of Waste

Management

Fig 3.3. Waste Management

Waste management is the process of collecting, transporting, processing, recycling, and disposing of waste
materials in an environmentally responsible and sustainable manner. The goal of waste management is to
reduce the impact of waste on the environment and human health by minimizing the amount of waste
generated and maximizing the amount that can be reused, recycled, or recovered.
Waste management includes various activities such as:
 Waste collection: This involves the collection of waste materials from homes, businesses, and public
places.

 Waste transportation: This involves the transportation of waste materials to processing and disposal
facilities.
 Waste processing: This involves the conversion of waste materials into usable products such as
compost, fuel, and energy.
 Recycling: This involves the recovery of useful materials from waste materials to create new
products.
 Waste disposal: This involves the safe and environmentally responsible disposal of waste materials
that cannot be recycled or reused.

Effective waste management is essential for protecting the environment, conserving natural resources, and

promoting sustainable development.

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3.6 Types of Waste

Fig 3.4. Types of Waste Management

 Municipal solid waste (MSW): This is the waste generated by households, businesses, and
institutions, such as schools and hospitals. It includes items like food waste, paper, plastic, and yard
waste.

 Hazardous waste: This is waste that is potentially dangerous to human health or the environment,
such as chemicals, batteries, and medical waste.

 Electronic waste (e-waste): This is waste that is generated by electronic devices such as computers,
televisions, and cell phones.

 Construction and demolition waste: This is waste generated by construction sites and includes
materials like concrete, bricks, and wood.

 Industrial waste: This is waste generated by manufacturing and industrial processes, such as
chemicals, metals, and byproducts from factories.

 Agricultural waste: This is waste generated by farming activities, such as animal waste, crop
residues, and pesticides.

 Biodegradable waste: This is waste that can be broken down naturally by microorganisms, such as
food waste and yard waste.
 Non-biodegradable waste: This is waste that cannot be broken down naturally, such as plastics and
metals.

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  Radioactive waste: This is waste that contains radioactive materials, such as nuclear power plant
waste and medical waste.

3.7 Challenges of Waste Management

Waste management can be a complex and challenging process, and there are several factors that can make
it difficult. Here are some of the challenges of waste management:
 Increasing amount of waste: As the population grows and consumerism increases, the amount of waste
generated is also increasing, which puts pressure on waste management systems.

• Limited space for disposal: As landfills fills up, finding suitable space for waste disposal becomes
more difficult.

• Pollution and environmental degradation: Improper waste management can lead to pollution of air,
water, and soil, and can have negative impacts on the environment and public health.

• Health risks for waste workers: Waste management workers are often exposed to health risks, such
as exposure to hazardous materials and injuries from sharp objects.
• Lack of infrastructure and resources: In some areas, there may be limited resources and
infrastructure for waste management, making it difficult to collect and dispose of waste properly.
• Limited public awareness and participation: Lack of awareness and participation from the public
can hinder effective waste management efforts.
• Cost: Waste management can be expensive, and funding can be limited in some areas

Addressing these challenges requires collaboration among stakeholders, including government, industry,
and the public, to develop effective waste management policies and systems that are environmentally
sustainable, socially acceptable, and economically feasible.

3.8 Strategies for Waste Management

Effective waste management involves a combination of strategies aimed at reducing waste generation,
maximizing reuse and recycling, and safe disposal. Here are some common strategies for waste
management:

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• Source reduction: This involves reducing waste at the source by minimizing consumption, using
durable and reusable products, and promoting responsible consumption.

• Recycling and reuse: This involves recovering materials from waste streams for reuse or recycling,
such as paper, plastics, and metals.

• Composting: This involves turning organic waste materials such as food and yard waste into
compost, a valuable soil amendment.

• Waste-to-energy: This involves converting waste materials into energy, such as through incineration
or gasification.

• Landfills: This involves burying waste in landfills that are designed and managed to minimize
environmental impacts.

• Extended producer responsibility (EPR): This involves holding producers responsible for the end-
of-life management of their products, encouraging them to design products that are more sustainable
and easier to recycle.

• Education and public awareness: This involves educating the public about responsible waste
management practices, encouraging participation in recycling programs, and promoting responsible
consumption.

By implementing these strategies, waste management can become more effective, efficient, and
sustainable, leading to a cleaner and healthier environment for everyone.

3.9 Questionnaires on Waste management and Organic Farming

What are the benefits of organic farming compared to conventional farming methods?
Organic farming is a method of agriculture that relies on natural systems and processes to manage pests
and fertilize crops, while conventional farming methods involve the use of synthetic fertilizers,
pesticides, and herbicides. Here are some of the benefits of organic farming compared to conventional
farming methods:
• Environmental benefits: Organic farming methods prioritize soil health, water conservation, and

biodiversity, which can help to reduce soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of habitat for wildlife.
• Improved soil quality: Organic farming methods focus on building healthy soil though practices like
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• Reduced exposure to pesticides: Organic farming methods do not rely on synthetic pesticides, which
can help to reduce the exposure of farm workers and consumers to potentially harmful chemicals.

• Improved animal welfare: Organic farming standards require that animals be provided with access
tooutdoor areas, clean water, which can lead to improved animal welfare.

• Health benefits: Organic food is often perceived to be healthier because it is produced without
synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Some studies suggest that organic food may have higher levels of
certain nutrients and antioxidants.
• Economic benefits: Organic farming can provide economic benefits to farmers by reducing input
costs, improving soil health, and increasing yields over the long term.

What advice would you give to someone who is interested in starting their own organic farm?
Starting an organic farm can be a rewarding and challenging experience. Here are some tips to consider if
you're interested in starting your own organic farm:

• Conduct research: Before starting an organic farm, it's important to research organic farming
methods, regulations, and certification requirements in your area. You should also consider the
climate, soil quality, and water availability in your region.

• Develop a business plan: Developing a comprehensive business plan that outlines your goals, target
market, and financial projections can help you stay on track and make informed decisions.
• Start small: Starting with a small plot of land can help you gain experience and build your skills
before expanding your operation.

• Network with other farmers: Joining a local farming organization or attending farming conferences
can help you connect with other farmers, learn about best practices, and get advice.
• Focus on soil health: Healthy soil is the foundation of organic farming. Focus on building soil health
through practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, and the use of compost and other natural
fertilizers.

What do you see as the future of organic farming and how do you think it can contribute to a more
sustainable food system?
The future of organic farming is promising, as more and more consumers are becoming aware of the
benefits of organic food and the environmental impact of conventional farming methods. Here are some

ways that organic farming can contribute to a more sustainable food system:
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• Promoting soil health: Organic farming focuses on building soil health through practices like crop
• rotation, cover cropping, and the use of compost and other natural fertilizers. This can help to reduce
erosion, increase soil carbon sequestration, and promote biodiversity.
• Reducing pesticide use: Organic farming methods do not rely on synthetic pesticides, which can help
to reduce the exposure of farm workers and consumers to potentially harmful chemicals. This can also
help to protect pollinators and other beneficial insects.
• Conserving water: Organic farming methods can help to conserve water by using practices like drip
irrigation, mulching, and cover cropping to retain moisture in the soil.

• Increasing biodiversity: Organic farming practices can promote biodiversity by creating habitat for
wildlife, preserving native species, and reducing the use of synthetic chemicals.
• Building resilience: Organic farming methods can help to build resilience in the face of climate
change by improving soil health, conserving water, and promoting biodiversity.
 Overall, organic farming can contribute to a more sustainable food system by promoting soil health,
reducing pesticide use, conserving water, increasing biodiversity, and building.
As consumers become more aware of these benefits, the demand for organic food is likely to increase,
leading to a more sustainable and equitable food system.
What strategies do you use to reduce waste in your home or workplace?
By implementing these strategies, individuals and organizations can reduce waste, save money, and
promote sustainability.
• Reduce paper usage: Use digital documents instead of printing and print double-sided when
necessary.
• Bring reusable bags and containers: Bring reusable bags, containers, and water bottles when
shopping or going out to eat.
• Compost: Composting food waste can reduce the amount oforganic waste sent to landfills.
• Recycle: Recycle as much as possible, including paper, plastic, glass, and metal.
• Use energy-efficient appliances: Use energy-efficient appliances, such as LED light bulbs, to reduce
electricity usage.
• Avoid single-use items: Avoid using single-use items like plastic cutlery and straws and choose
reusable options instead.
• Buy in bulk: Buying in bulk can reduce packaging waste.
• Choose sustainable products: Choose products made from sustainable materials, such as bamboo or
recycled materials.
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MODULE 4 - WATER CONSERVATION

4.1 Introduction
Water conservation is the practice of using water efficiently and responsibly to ensure that there is
enough water to meet the needs of people, agriculture, industry, and the environment. Water
conservation is becoming increasingly important as the demand for water continues to rise due to
population growth, urbanization, and climate change. Conserving water not only helps to ensure
thatthere is enough water to meet the needs of people and the environment but can also reduce energy
consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with water treatment and transportation.

4.2 How to conserve water in everyday life

There are many ways to conserve water in everyday life, some of which include:
• Fixing leaks: Repairing any leaks in pipes, faucets, and toilets can save a significant amount of water.
• Using water-efficient appliances: Replacing old appliances with water-efficient ones such as low-
flow shower heads and toilets, and front-loading washing machines can significantly reduce water
consumption.
• Reducing shower time: Taking shorter showers and turning off the water while soaping or
shampooing can conserve water.
• Collecting rainwater: Collecting rainwater in a rain barrel or tank and using it for irrigation or other
non-potable uses can conserve water.
• Reusing greywater: Reusing greywater from sinks, showers, and washing machines for irrigation or
other non-potable uses can conserve water.
• Using a broom: Using a broom instead of a hose to clean outdoor surfaces such as driveways, patios,
and sidewalks can conserve water.
• Watering plants efficiently: Watering plants early in the morning or late in the evening when the sun
is less intense and using a drip irrigation system can conserve water.
• Installing water-saving devices: Installing water-saving devices such as faucet aerators and flow
restrictors can conserve water.
• Reducing lawn size: Reducing the size of the lawn or replacing it with drought-tolerant plants can
significantly reduce water consumption.
• Fixing sprinklers: Checking sprinkler systems to ensure that they are not watering sidewalks,
driveways, or other non-lawn areas can conserve water.
• Using a pool cover: Covering pools when not in use can help to reduce evaporation and
conservewater.
• Washing cars efficiently: Washing cars with a bucket and sponge instead of a hose or using a
commercial car wash that recycles water can conserve water.

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• Being mindful of water usage: Being mindful of water usage in everyday activities such asbrushing
teeth, shaving, and washing dishes can conserve water.
• Using mulch: Using mulch around plants and trees can help to retain moisture in the soil and reduce the
need for watering.
• Being mindful of water footprint: Being mindful of the water footprint of products and serviceswe
consume can encourage us to make more sustainable choices and conserve water.
• Conserving water during travel: Conserving water during travel by reusing towels, taking shorter
showers etc.

4.3 Importance of water conservation

1. Sustainable use of water resources: Water is a finite resource, and its availability is limited. By
conserving water, we can ensure the sustainable use of this valuable resource and preserve it for future
generations.
2. Reduced water stress: Water stress is a growing global concern, and conserving water can help to reduce
the stress on water resources. This can help to prevent conflicts over water resources and ensure equitable
access to water.
3. Energy conservation: Conserving water can also lead to energy conservation. The treatment and
distribution of water require significant amounts of energy, and reducing water usage can help to lower
energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Cost savings: Conserving water can lead to significant cost savings for individuals, businesses, and
communities. By reducing water usage, individuals and businesses can save on water bills and lower their
operating costs.
5. Environmental protection: Water conservation can help to protect the environment by reducing the
demand for water resources and minimizing the impacts of water depletion and water pollution. This can
help to maintain healthy ecosystems and protect wildlife habitats.
6. Climate change: Climate change is affecting water resources and exacerbating water stress in many
regions of the world. Conserving water can help to adapt to the impacts of climate change and reduce the
vulnerability of communities to water-related risks.
7. Drought management: Droughts are becoming more frequent and severe in many parts ofthe world,
and water conservation is an important strategy for managing droughts. Conserving water during non- drought
periods can help to reduce the impacts of droughts and ensure adequate water supply during periods of water
scarcity.
8. Water quality: Conserving water can also help to maintain water quality. Reduced water usage
means less demand for wastewater treatment, which can help to reduce the number of pollutants and
contaminants discharged into water bodies.

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9. Education and awareness: Water conservation activities can also help to educate and raise awareness
about the importance of water conservation. This can help to promote behaviour change and encourage
individuals to adopt water-saving practices in their daily lives.
10. Sustainable development: Water conservation is an integral part of sustainable development, and it is a
key component of several global development goals, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs). Conserving water can help to achieve the SDGs by promoting sustainable use of water
resources, protecting ecosystems, and ensuring access to clean water for all.
11. Biodiversity: Water conservation is crucial for protecting biodiversity. Many aquatic species depend on
healthy freshwater ecosystems, and water conservation can help to maintain the quality and quantity of
freshwater habitats.
12. Water security: Water conservation is important for ensuring water security, particularly in regions with
limited water resources. By conserving water, communities can reduce their dependence on external
sources of water and ensure their water security.
13. Industry and commerce: Water is a critical resource for many industries and businesses, and water
conservation can help to promote sustainable industrial practices and reduce the environmental impact of
commercial activities.
14. Public health: Water conservation is also important for protecting public health. Access to clean water is
essential for maintaining hygiene and preventing the spread of waterborne diseases.
15. Policy and governance: Water conservation is influenced by policy and governance frameworks.
Promoting water conservation policies and practices can help to create an enabling environment for
sustainable water use and ensure equitable access to water resources.

In summary, water conservation is a multifaceted issue that has implications for social, economic, and
environmental sustainability. By promoting water conservation practices and policies, we can help to ensure
the sustainable use of water resources and protect the well-being of both current and future generations.

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Fig 4.1 How to Conserve water

4.4 What Happens if we don’t conserve water??

Failing to conserve water can have several negative consequences, including:
1. Water shortages: As populations grow and demand for water increases, failing to conserve water can
lead to shortages, particularly in areas that already experience water scarcity. This can result in
rationing, increased prices, and even conflicts over water resources.

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2. Environmental damage: Water is essential for many ecosystems, and failing to conserve water can harm
plants, animals, and aquatic life. Reduced water flow in rivers and streams can disrupt habitats and harm
aquatic species, while reduced groundwater levels can impact vegetation and soil quality.
3. Increased energy consumption: Water is used in many energy production processes, such as generating
electricity, refining oil, and mining minerals. Failing to conserve water can increase energy consumption,
as more energy is required to pump, transport, and treat water.
4. Higher costs: When water is scarce, its cost increases. Failing to conserve water can lead to higher water
bills for individuals and businesses, as well as increased costs for municipalities and governments to invest
in water infrastructure and supply.
5. Soil erosion: Water is crucial for maintaining healthy soil, as it helps to transport nutrients and prevent
erosion. When there is not enough water, soil can become dry and compacted, making it difficult for plants
to grow and leading to erosion, which can harm agricultural productivity.
6. Increased pollution: Water pollution can occur when there is not enough water to dilute contaminants,
such as chemicals and waste products. This can lead to contamination of water sources, which can harm
both human and environmental health.
7. Negative impacts on public health: Failing to conserve water can have negative impacts on public
health, particularly in developing countries where access to clean water is already limited. Water scarcity
can lead to hygiene-related diseases, such as cholera and typhoid fever, as well as malnutrition due to
reduced agricultural productivity.
8. Economic impacts: Water scarcity can have significant economic impacts, particularly in industries that
rely heavily on water, such as agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Failing to conserve water can lead
to reduced economic growth, job losses, and increased poverty.
9. Climate change: Water scarcity and drought can be exacerbated by climate change, which can increase
temperatures and reduce rainfall in certain regions. Failing to conserve water can contribute to the negative
impacts of climate change, such as wildfires, heat waves, and sea level rise.

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4.5 Strategies for Water Conservation

There are several strategies and techniques that can be used to conserve water. These include:
Rainwater harvesting
Rainwater harvesting systems can vary from the basic small ones, like the attachment of a water butt to
arainwater down-pipe, to the complexly designed large ones like those which collect rainwater from
large areas and serve momentous numbers of properties. When it comes to domestic purposes, these
systems are relevant to both commercial and domestic properties. When collected, rainwater can be used
for gardenirrigation, toilet flushing, and even in washing machines.

Fig 4.2 Rain

Water

Harvesting

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Grey water recycling

The water used in most building structures is thought of in terms of clear clean water coming in, and
sewage or black water going out. However, grey water is something that is in between that. In the
domestic setting, grey water systems collect water from sources like baths, hand basins, and showers. This
collected water is reused for washing machines, toilet flushing, and other external usages. The main idea
behind grey water recovery is simply getting the most out of the water through its efficient reuse.

Fig 4.3 Grey Water Recycling

Pressure reducing valves

High water pressures waste a lot of water. Installing water pressure reducing valves turn out to be
one great solution. These valves can be used in residential, commercial, and institutional
applications to lessen the incoming water pressure to a lower predetermined level. In this way, it
protects the downstreamplumbing system components as well as reduces the water consumption.
Fig 4.4 is representing the workingof pressure reducing valves.

Fig 4.4

Pressure reducing valves

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Efficient irrigation technology

Beautiful lawns and gardens demand a significant amount of water for its maintenance. In addition to indoor
fixtures, efficient outdoor irrigation technologies like smart irrigation controllers can help to savea lot of
water. These controllers can effectively track factors like precipitation or temperature and avoid over-
watering the properties landscaping or plantations. In addition to smart irrigation controllers, one cansave
even more by trading out spray sprinklers for drip irrigation. These sprinkles can deliver water to yourplants
directly as these can be buried under the lawn. Fig 4.5 is the image of the sprinklers this is the method used

for irrigation.

Fig 4.5 Irrigation

Technology

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4.6 Activity

Fig 4.6 Activity for Water Conservation

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As a team, we recognized the importance of conserving water and decided to create a chart to promote
water conservation. Fig refers to chart on water conservation for which I gathered information and data on
various ways to conserve water, such as turning off the faucet when brushing teeth, fixing leaky faucets,
and using water-efficient appliances. We then organized this information into a clear and easy- to-read
chart, with each conservation method listed along with its associated water savings. By creating this chart,
we aimed to educate others about the importance of water conservation and provide practical tips for
reducing water usage. Through our collaborative effort, we were able to produce a useful resource for
promoting sustainable water use and raising awareness about this critical issue.

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EF

4.7 Waste Management

Waste management refers to the collection, transportation, processing, recycling, and disposal of waste
materials generated by human activities.
Types of Waste: Waste can be categorized into various types, including municipal solid waste (household
waste), industrial waste, hazardous waste (such as chemicals and medical waste), electronic waste (e- waste),
and construction and demolition waste.
Collection: Waste is typically collected from households, businesses, and public places by municipal
authorities or private waste management companies. Collection methods vary and may include curbside
pickup, drop-off points, and specialized bins or containers.
Transportation: Collected waste is transported to treatment facilities, recycling centers, or disposal sites
using trucks, trains, or other means of transportation.
Treatment and Processing: Depending on the type of waste, various treatment methods may be employed
to reduce its volume, toxicity, or environmental impact. Treatment options include composting (for organic
waste), incineration (for combustible waste), and mechanical or biological processing.
Recycling: Recycling involves the conversion of waste materials into new products or materials to prevent
the depletion of natural resources and reduce the need for raw materials. Commonly recycled materials
include paper, glass, plastics, metals, and organic waste.
Disposal: Waste that cannot be recycled or treated is disposed of in landfills or incineration facilities. Proper
disposal is essential to prevent environmental pollution and public health hazards.
Resource Recovery: Waste management practices increasingly focus on resource recovery and circular
economy principles, aiming to extract valuable materials from waste streams and reintegrate them into the
production process.
Regulations and Policies: Waste management is governed by regulations and policies at the local, national,
and international levels, which aim to promote sustainable waste practices, minimize environmental impacts,
and ensure public safety.

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Public Awareness and Education: Public awareness and education campaigns play a crucial role in
promoting responsible waste disposal, encouraging recycling and waste reduction practices, and
fostering environmental stewardship.
Challenges and Future Trends: Waste management faces challenges such as inadequate infrastructure,
lack of funding, and increasing waste generation. Future trends include the adoption of advanced
technologies for waste processing and recycling, the promotion of circular economy models, and the
development of innovative solutions to address emerging waste streams, such as e-waste and plastic
pollution.

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Fig 4.7 Activity for Waste Management

MODULE 5 - FOOD WALK

On Jan 6/01/2024 as a part of Social Connect and Responsibility activity on the topic Food Walk, we
went to India’s famous Dose Camp, Central Tiffin Room (CTR) or Sri Sagar Hotel.

5.1 Introduction: Shri sagar a food corner

Central Tiffin Room (CTR) or Sri Sagar Hotel is a heritage restaurant in northwest Bangalore
established in the 1920s by Y.V. Subramanyam. It is notable for its Masala Dosas that come in butter
and non-butter variants. It is situated at the 7th Cross Road corner of Margosa Road, Malleshwaram,
opposite to the Malleshwaram Grounds.
This hotel was started by Y.V. Subramanyam and brothers (Y.V. Srikanteshwaran, Y.V. Krishna Iyer
and Y.V. Ramachandran) in the 1920s. They hailed from a village called
Yelagondahalli, Mulbagal taluk, Kolar district, whose residents are Ashtagrama Iyers of Tamil origin. It
is recorded that during the visit by the Maharaja of Mysore, Y.V. Subramanyam supplied and served
breakfast in traditional attire. They opened another hotel in Krishna Buildings, Avenue Road. This was
a famous meeting place for writers and artists in the 1940s and 1950s, and its name is mentioned in
many books and articles. Y.V. Ramachandran, the youngest of the brothers, was a Freedom Fighter.
Subramanyam was the founder president of the Bangalore Hoteliers Association in BVK. Iyengar Road,
which later became the Karnataka Hotel Owners Association. Changed circumstances in the huge joint
family caused Subramanyam to sell his hotel in as is a condition in the mid-1950s. It is said the brothers
passed on tips about preparations to the new owners along with advice to take care of workers by not
overburdening them.

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Fig 5.1 Hotel Shri Sagar

5.2 What makes it Awesome

Great value for money
The limited but pocket-friendly menu ensures that everyone can enjoy the crunchy, buttery and lip-
smacking dosa’s.

Good quality and hygiene

With great reputation comes great responsibility. CTR makes every effort to ensure that dosa’s you get
are of the best quality and are the most hygienic, ever!

Any day, anytime

CTR is open on all days. You can hop in for a quick dose with filter coffee for an early dinner.
Crowd puller
Withgreat places comes great demand, and CTR is always packed with visitors. On weekends, people
queue up to wait for their own plate of the mouth-watering dosas.

Fig 5.2 Benne Dosa at

Hotel Shri Sagar

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5.3 Awards
It has won awards including the Times Food Guide "Best Benne Masala Dosa in Bangalore" and
Burrp.com's "Best Benne Masala in Bangalore".

CONCLUSION
1. Plantation and adaptation of tree:
As I come from a state of ‘Saalumaradha Thimmakka’ who is a Padmashri award holder, who planted
more than 8000 trees and cared each one as her child, I have to get inspired by them to protect the
mother nature. As educated people we should aim towards a green India by planting trees, by
generating awareness about afforestation and harmful effects of deforestation and not only in speeches
we should implement this as a goal of life for betterfuture.

2. Heritage walks and Craft Corner

Indian crafts are an integral part of Indian culture, history, and identity. They not only represent the
artistic skills and creativity of the Indian people but also serve as an important source of income for
many communities. The preservation and promotion of Indian crafts are, therefore, crucial for ensuring
the continued growth and development of this rich and vibrant cultural heritage. Heritage walks are best
way to learn and recognize our culture, tradition, philosophy, and associated rituals with them. The walk
makes one look back and. reminds us our rich culture and history, provoking us to thing about the
existence of every historical structure and place. It also helps in bringing focus of authorities towards
the degrading conditions of heritage place, promoting their care and restoration.

3. Organic Farming and waste management

Organic and organic agriculture are terms that almost everyone has heard of these days. Organic
farming is an agricultural method that adheres to the principles of sustainable development. It’s an
agricultural production management method that does not utilize pesticides, chemical fertilizers,
industrial synthetic products, or genetically modified organisms. Organic agriculture contributes to
long-term development in society (health, employment, etc.), the environment (methane emissions,
water resources, etc.), and the economy (source of wealth, etc.). To promote the adoption of more
organic and other novel farming systems, incentives for suitable markets, reform of farm-related laws,
and reorientation of publicly supported agricultural science are required for that.

4. Water Conservation

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In conclusion, water conservation is a critical component of sustainable living. With growing global
population and increasing demands for freshwater resources, it is essential to adopt water-saving practices to
ensure the sustainable use of water resources. The impacts of water scarcity can be severe, ranging
fromreduced crop yields to conflicts overwater resources. By adopting simple measures such as fixing leaks,
using water-saving devices, and being mindful of water usage in daily activities, can all contribute to
conserving water and protecting our planet's natural resources, engaging in water conservation
activities, and promoting awareness and education about water conservationcan also have a significant
impact on water conservation efforts at the community and global levels. Water conservation is an
ongoing effort, and it requires collective action toensure the sustainable use of water resources for
future generations.

5. Food Walk
Food walks are an important way to experience local food culture, support small businesses, promote
health and wellness, educate about history and culture, socialize, and promote sustainable tourism. They
can provide a unique and enjoyable way to explore and discover a destination and its food culture.

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