Anton Van

Romans Leeuwenhoek
What is a
Theory?
When Romans He figured how to A set of principles
discovered they were grind glass together developed over time
able to make glass in and decided to via multiple
the 1st century BC, experiment. investigations.
things changed for Leeuwenhoek made
The discovery of the
the better! his own 270x
cell was made
magnification through the invention
simple microscope! of the microscope
between 1665-1838.
Cell Theory
There are 3 major parts of the cell
theory:
1. All organisms are made of cells.
2. All existing cells are produced by
other living cells.
3. The cell is the most basic unit of
life.
 Contributors

There are 5 contributors to the cell theory:

1. Robert Hooke
2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
3. Matthias Schleiden
4. Theodor Schwann
5. Rudolf Virchow
Each of the above contributors produced evidence
through investigations and experiments that led to
today’s cell theory!
Bell-Ringer !

1. The cell theory is composed of

how many parts?

2. How many contributors help

formulate today’s cell theory?
 Robert Hooke English Scientist
o Used the compound microscope to
observe cork.
o Hooke observed that cork is composed of
small, hollow compartments.
o The parts prompted Hooke to think of small
rooms (cells) in a monastery, so he gave
them the same name: CELLS.
o Investigated cork through experimenting
with the compound microscope and came
[Link] up with the name cells!
[Link]/wiki/Robert_ Key Note: Hooke discovered the cell in 1665,
Hooke which started formulating the cell theory!
 Cork
[Link]
[Link]/wiki/File:Cork_oak_tr
unk_section.jpg
Monastery
 Hooke’s
Investigation/experiment

Hooke’s Observations Hooke’s Microscope

[Link]
[Link]
Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Dutch Tradesman
o Study new approaches for creating
lenses to observe cloth.
o Leeuwenhoek’s microscope was
made of one lens (simple microscope)
o magnifies270X
o From investigating and experimenting
with his microscope, Leeuwenhoek
became one of the first scientists to
refer to living cells when he observed
an abundant number of single-celled
organisms, which he called
animalcules (plant & animal),
swimming in a drop of pond water!
 Leeuwenhoek’s
investigations/experiment
Leeuwenhoek’s
Leeuwenhoek’s Observations Microscope
Matthias Schleiden
German Scientist
o Fascinated with plant cells, Schleiden
used the compound microscope and
studied plant cells.
o From investigating and experimenting
with plants, projected plant parts are
made of cells!
o Discussed what he observed with his
friend, German scientist Theodor
Schwann.
Theodor Schwann

German Scientist
o Studied plant & animal cells, and was
intrigued by the similarities between
the two.
o From investigating and experimenting
with plant & animal cells, Schwann was
able to determine that all animals are
made of cells!
o Schwann published the 1st statement
of the cell theory: all living things are
made of cells and cell products!
Rudolf Virchow

o Based on his investigations and

experiments, he stated that all
cells come from preexisting
cells, which is the 2nd part of the
cell theory: all existing cells are
produced by other living cells!
Key Note: After Virchow’s completed his
work, the cell theory was finally formulated
in 1838!
 Recap
Eye-
Cell Theory
There are 3 major parts of the
Contributors Catchers
Robert Hooke
cell theory: There are 5 o came up with the name cells
1. All organisms are made contributors to the cell Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
of cells.
theory: o referred to living cells called
animalcules (plant & animal) after
2. All existing cells are observing a drop of pond water
produced by other living 1. Robert Hooke
cells. Matthias Schleiden

3. The cell is the most basic 2. Anton van o projected plant cells are made of
cells
unit of life. Leeuwenhoek
Theodor Schwann
These three parts were 3. Matthias Schleiden o determined all animals are made of
discovered between 1665- cells (1st statement of the cell theory)
1838.
4. Theodor Schwann Rudolf Virchow

o stated all cells come from preexisting

5. Rudolf Virchow cells (2nd statement of the cell theory)

Key Note: It took over 173 years for the

cell THEORY to be formulated, wow!
 1. Name the 3 major parts of the cell theory.

2. Name the 5 contributors of the cell theory.

The wacky history of cell theory - Lauren Royal-Woods (TED-Ed)

 History & Definition

 First cells seen where cork cells in 1665 by Robert

Hooke.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under

CC BY-SA

 A cell is the smallest unit that can still carry on all life
processes.
 Ex. Red blood cells, nerve cells
 Cell Theory

 All organisms are composed of one or more

living cells
 The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things.
 All cells come from existing cells. (chicken or the
egg?)
 Cell Similarities

 All
 Have cell membrane
 Contain hereditary material (DNA)
 Have Cytoplasm and Ribosomes
 2 Main Types of Cells

 [Link]
 Do NOT have a nucleus
 Have long circular DNA
 No membrane bound
organelles
 Contain ribosomes to
make proteins.
Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria
 2 Main Types of Cells

 [Link]
 Have membrane
bound organelles
 Has a nucleus
 DNA is linear
Ex. Animal, plant, fungi,
protist
 The Cell Structures

- Cell Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Vesicles
- Vacuoles
- Lysosomes
- Cytoskeleton
 The cell membrane

 The cell membrane, also called the plasma

membrane, physically separates the intracellular
space (inside the cell) from the extracellular
environment (outside the cell).
 surrounds and protects the protoplasm, the living
component of the cell.
 It maintains the integrity of a cell and controls
passage of materials into and out of the cell.
 The cell membrane

 The cell membrane, also called the plasma

membrane, physically separates the
intracellular space (inside the cell) from the
extracellular environment (outside the cell).
 surrounds and protects the protoplasm, the
living component of the cell.
 It maintains the integrity of a cell and controls
passage of materials into and out of the cell.
 The Cell wall

 in a plant cell, the cell wall is made up of cellulose &

proteins, while in a fungal cell, it is composed of
chitin.
 The function of the cell wall is protecting and
maintaining the shape of the cell.
 The Cytoplasm

 refers to everything present

inside the cell except the
nucleus
 consists of a cytosol; a gel-like
substance that contains other
matter; cell organelles
 The Nucleus

 a double membrane-bound
structure responsible for
controlling all cellular activities
as well as a center for genetic
materials
 It is often termed the “brain of
the cell” as it provides
commands for the proper
functioning of other cell
organelles.
 The Mitochondria

 double membrane-bound cell

organelles responsible for the
supply and storage of energy
for the cell.
 primary function: the synthesis
of energy in the form of ATP
required for the proper
functioning of all the cell
organelles.
 The Chloroplast

 a type of plastid that is

involved in photosynthesis in
plants and algae.
 contains an essential pigment
called chlorophyll necessary to
trap sunlight for the production
of glucose.
 The Ribosomes

 are ribonucleoprotein
containing equal parts RNA
and proteins along with other
essential components required
for protein synthesis
 site of biological protein
synthesis in all living organisms.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum

 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is

present as an interconnection of
tubules that are connected to the
nuclear membrane in eukaryotic
cells
 two types of ER based on the
presence or absence of ribosomes
on them:
 Rough ER (RER) with ribosomes attached
thus is involved in protein synthesis
 Smooth ER (SER)which lacks ribosomes and
has a function during lipid synthesis.
The Golgi Apparatus

 a flattened sac-like structure

which is arranged in bundles in
a parallel fashion
 responsible for the packaging
of macromolecules into
vesicles so that they can be
sent out to their site of action
The Vesicles

 facilitate the storage and

transport of materials in and
outside the cell. It even allows
the exchange of molecules
between two cells.
The Vacuoles

 act as a storage for nutrients

as well as waste materials to
protect the cell for toxicity

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

The Lysosomes

 responsible for intracellular

digestion where the larger
macromolecules are degraded
into smaller molecules with the
help of enzymes present in them
 Lysozymes perform the critical
function of the autolysis of
unwanted organelles within the
cytoplasm

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

The Cytoskeleton

• A number of fibrous
structures are present in the
cytosol that helps give shape
to the cell while supporting
cellular transport.