University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

College of Science and Mathem

Department of Environmental Science and Technology

INNOVATIVE TASK: Small Research Project

A comprehensive assessment of
public awareness and
understanding of habitat
degradation

Submitted by:

Austero,Elvie P.
Ayos, Carl Axel
BACSAN,Remy
Bicoy,Ericka
Bularon,Emilou
Burias,Rodelyn
Camoguis,Sheila
Clarabal,Quenie
Climaco, Lucilyn
Dionaldo,Arwen

Submitted to:

June 2, 2021
I. INTRODUCTION

Forest cover is believed to be greater than 4 billion hectares, or 31% of the

worldwide land surface (FAO 2010). Forest cover is being lost primarily as a result of
anthropogenic activities such as land - use changes and illegal logging, with only minor
losses occurring as a result of natural events such as fire and drought. Despite the fact
that afforestation, reforestation, and natural regeneration have decreased net forest
cover loss (FAO 2011), ecological systems and the conservation value of remaining
forests continue to deteriorate, at least in the near run (FAO 2010). Due to its
geographical isolation, diverse ecosystems, and high rates of endemism, the
Philippines is one of the 17 mega biodiverse nations, comprising two-thirds of the
Earth's biodiversity and 70% of the world's plants and animal species. With 7 640
islands, the Philippines is the second largest archipelago in the world, making it a mega
biodiverse country for the biodiversity.
Anthropogenic activity is typically believed to reduce local population persistence
by sacrificing habitat suitability, limiting feeding and breeding opportunities, and
increasing regional extinctions of wildlife species. Habitat destruction is a paradigm
characterized by three major impacts: deterioration of habitat quality; fragmentation of
habitat components by anthropogenic matrix; and increased severity of effects. The
primary consequence of habitat loss and fragmentation is a diminishment of bird
populations and an increased susceptibility to extinction. Many tropical avifauna
species are endangered, as they are restricted to a small area and cannot survive
outside the forest where the quality of habitat is often polluted. Birds have a high
respiratory rate, making them particularly vulnerable to toxins and impurities in the air.
Avian species are recognized to be one of the most important and widely
distributed species in developed, non-cultivated, and tropical habitats. Urban areas
are often considered to be part of a bird's habitat. Birds are frequently observed in
urban ecology research because of their visibility, low cost of surveying, and ability to
serve as indicators of ecological health. The Philippines have around 600 bird species,
including 200 and more which are endemic in the country, and this number will
increase if molecular methods are employed. Mindanao, one of the Philippines' major
islands, has abundant biological resources and the country's highest surviving forest
cover. High avian species diversity offers important ecosystem services, such as seed
dispersal in vegetated and successional zones, which aids in the restoration of many
damaged ecosystems. Despite the increased diversity of bird species and identified
wilderness areas, many important ecosystems are under threat from anthropogenic or
human activities.
The outbreak of COVID-19 greatly changed the way people live that resulted to
changes in the behavior of our environment. This situation significantly improved the
air quality in many areas which is an important factor for the survival of birds. Birds
have been seen flying and heard chirping and singing from the trees in Iloilo City during
the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. These are seen by the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Region 6 as signs that the environment
is recovering from the ravages of pollution. The emergence of a flock of birds in the
trees and sky is a visible sign of nature's re-establishment of order. Smog and noxious
gases have a major impact on air quality in urban areas. Birds have a high respiratory
rate, making them particularly vulnerable to toxins and impurities in the air. Birds could
now breathe easier and soar higher in the sky thanks to less airline flights and cars on
the roads. The objectives of this study are the following:
a.) To discover and evaluate the impacts of anthropogenic activities towards
endemic birds in Mindanao, Philippines in the middle of COVID-19 pandemic.
b.) To assess the effects of COVID-19 towards the population pattern and habitat
of endemic birds in Mindanao, Philippines.
c.) To be able to conserve the endemic birds in Mindanao, Philippines.

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Over the past few decades, land-use and climate change have led to huge range
contractions and species extinctions. This century is expected to see even more
drastic changes in global land cover. Previous studies have emphasized the current
and future effects of human-caused climate change on species persistence,
emphasizing climate change as a major concern for conservation priorities. The
majority of these studies have relied on data gathered in the temperate zone, where
climate change is expected to be more severe.
The degradation and fragmentation of native vegetation on a global scale is largely
due to an unprecedented pace of human pressure (Jones et al., 2018; Newbold et al.,
2015; Wilson et al., 2016). Deforestation for agricultural expansion and urbanization
are among the most serious threats to biodiversity in many countries in tropical
Southeast Asia (Hughes, 2017a, b; Hughes, 2018; Sodhi et al., 2010). Philippines is a
priority for conservation because of its high endemism and rapid habitat destruction
(Myers, Mittermeier, Da Fonseca, &vKent, 2000; Posa, Diesmos, Sodhi, & Brooks,
2008), which is particularly evident in birds (Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, Da
Fonseca, & Kent, 2000; Posa, Diesmos, Sodhi, & Brooks, 2008). (Lohman et al.,
2010).
According to the study of (Kennedy, Gonzales, Dickinson, Miranda, & Fisher,
2000), bird species that are present in the Philippines is over 600 and 200 above are
endemic and this number will increase when molecular approaches are used (Lohman
et al., 2010). High bird biodiversity is critical for ecosystem services such as seed
dispersal in forested and successional areas, which helps to restore many degraded
habitats (Gonzales, Ingle, Lagunzad, & Nakashizuka, 2009; Ingle, 2003; Maas et al.,
2016). Despite the high diversity of bird species and protected wildlife areas,
anthropogenic activities pose a threat to many critical ecosystems (Brooks, Pimm,
Kapos, & Ravilious, 1999; Haribon Foundation, 2014) particularly in Mindanao,
Philippines.
According to studies, around 2000 of the world's over 10,000 known bird species
live in cities which is nearly 20% of their number. Birds are classified into three groups
based on their dependence on human resources: urban dodgers, urban adapters, and
urban exploiters. Because of these various species-level reactions to urbanization,
once an area is urbanized, the species composition changes, with some species
disappearing and others thriving.
Many analyses show that the built environments of the urban core have the lowest
species diversity along the urban–rural divide. These have been demonstrated for a
wide range of taxa, including plants, birds, a variety of insects, and mammals. In these
taxa, the variety of species identified in the urban areas is less than half of that
identified in the rural. The loss of vegetation is clearly responsible for a large portion
of the reduction in richness. The number of animal species, such as birds and insects,
tends to be proportional to the number of plants in a given area. In addition, the area
covered by vegetation is a good predictor of the number of species of birds, insects,
mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. Studies shows that a total nesting bird density in
urban areas is often greater than in nearby natural habitat. However, in urban areas,
where the avian community is dominated by a few, often introduced species, species
richness is typically lower.
Philippines has been identified as one of the 17 mega diverse countries (Sampang,
2008) that hosts 70%-80% of biodiversity and endemism that is situated with great
pressure due to the experienced various anthropogenic disturbances (Myers et al.,
2000). This is also the home of high diversity and endemism of bird (Haribon
Foundation, 2014). The country has 695 birds where 241 are identified endemic, 54
are vulnerable, 25 endangered, 16 critically endangered (Wild Bird Club of the
Philippines, 2018) and 93 are globally threatened (Avibase, 2018a)
Mindanao, the second largest island in the Philippines has been referred as one of
the islands where endemic birds are threatened (Paguntalan, 2011). This has 418
species of birds with 36 endemic species and 46 globally threatened (Avibase, 2016b).
Birds are considered crucial in terms of maintaining the ecosystem balance through
providing different ecological services (Tamalgo et al., 2015). Playing these various
roles such as pollinators, predators, seed dispersers, scavengers and engineers of
ecosystem (Whelan et al., 2008). They are also considered as very useful indicators
of broad environmental change through the alteration of bird populations (BirdLife
International, 2013).
Unfortunately, knowing that Mindanao has a rare and megadiverse biota comes
with the understanding that its flora and fauna are among the most endangered in the
country. The Philippine archipelago has been heavily deforested, despite the fact that
it was once almost entirely covered with forest. The effect of these anthropogenic
activities on biota is projected to be devastating (Sodhi et al. 2004a), since the area
includes a high concentration of endemic species that are also under threat from high
rates of deforestation (Myers et al., 2000, Achard et al., 2002). The Philippine
archipelago exemplifies the region's desperate biodiversity situation. Conservation
efforts have risen in recent decades as the effects of human activity on the climate
become evident and more people become aware of the importance of biodiversity, but
they also face tremendous challenges.
South Central Mindanao ranks 12th in the Philippines for deforestation losing
8.8 kha of forest (6.7%) 2000 to 2017 (Global Forest Watch, 2018). In the study of the
Value of Rapid Biodiversity Surveys to local bird Diversity Patterns found in South
Central Mindanao, Philippines, the worked showed that in native forests and restored
areas there are high bird diversity pattern while the lowest in diversity was recorded in
monoculture habitats (Tanalgo et al. 2019). 50% of the bird population that was
recorded in south central Mindanao were endemic to the Philippines. These species
were found mostly in native forest, rice fields, rubber plantation, and banana plantation
and in oil-palm plantation. Respectively, there are four major plantations found in the
area mostly of Rubber and oil-palm covering the region. These simplified agricultural
systems replacing agroforest and forest drives shift s towards altered proportions of
functional diversity and lesser bird community (Tanalgo et al. 2019).
 COVID-19 has brought global disruption that brought about several effects towards
the environment and climate. People’s movement and significant slowdown of
economic and social activities caused for the air quality to improve in many areas of
the world. The reduction of air pollution in transportation, industries and other
anthropogenic activities brought a sudden drop of air pollution that help birds to benefit
as they are also affected with air pollution as much as humans (Helyon, 2020).

III. METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the study site and methods used in conducting this research
which includes research design, research setting, population and sample, research
instrument, data collection method, and data analysis.
Study Area
The study circulated on the island of Mindanao. This is known to be the second
largest island in the Philippines that measures 293 miles (471km) north to south and
324 miles (521km) east to west. Having six regions, Region IX or the Zamboanga
Peninsula, Region X or the Northern Mindanao, Region XI (Davao Region), Region XII
(SOCCSKARGEN), Region XIII (CARAGA) and Bangsamoro Administrative Region.
This is considered as the land of promise because of the presence of promising natural
resources in the island. In accordance to online existing studies that Mindanao is one
of the concentration area of species richness (endemic species). Some of the bird’s
species that are present in the area is the Otus mirus (Mindanao Scops Owl) and
Pithecophaga jefferyi (Philippine Eagle).

Mindanao Map from Google Earth

Research Design
This study will be using a descriptive research design. This is to make
assessment on the socio-demographic information of the respondents such as their
full name, age and employment status which will be indicated on the section 1(General
Information). The goal of this research design is to describe and observe a
phenomenon and its characteristics. Descriptive research design focuses on what and
how something has happened. In gathering, analyzing and interpreting the data
needed in this survey, questions like what is the population pattern of the endemic
birds in Mindanao in the middle of COVID-19 is included. This will be in the form of
open-ended and multiple-choice questions. Through the descriptive design of this
study the evaluation of the impacts of human activities to the endemism of avian
species in Mindanao in the midst of the pandemic will be justified.
Population and Sample
The number of respondents for this study is fifty (50). Which are from
environmental management, conservation agencies and institutions. Also, from
students which are under the programs that are considered highly involved and related
to this study which will be identified online.
Research Instrument
The instrument of collecting the data for this study is through survey
questionnaires, using Google form. This is a web-based application that is used in
creating forms for data collection purposes. Since actual field data collection is
restricted due to pandemic.
Data Collection
The researchers of this study formulated various questions on the impacts of
anthropogenic activities towards the conservation of endemic birds in Mindanao,
Philippines. Due to some travel restrictions because of the threat of Covid-19 the
researchers were not allowed to conduct a face-to-face interview and actual
distribution of survey. The data collection was through online survey. The researchers
messaged directly to the chosen respondents which are potential respondents for this
research study. Using Google form these are the questions distributed.
Data Analysis
This study used descriptive data analysis in analyzing the data collected for the
anthropogenic activities impacts to the endemism of birds in Mindanao. The data will
be described based on the concerning objectives. Graphs and tables will be used in
presenting and analyzing the collected data.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The collection of data was done through an online survey in a Google document
platform. The researchers messaged directly the chosen respondents which are
potential respondents for this research study. The data were presented on a pie chart
showing the highest and lowest percentage from their answers on the given survey
questions. The researchers used descriptive analysis in interpreting the data gathered
from respondents about their perceptions on anthropogenic activities impacts to the
endemism of birds in Mindanao. A total of fifty (50) respondents participated on the
survey that were distributed online which were collected and recorded.
 Main contributor of population disturbance and habitat
destruction of endemic birds in Mindanao in the middle of
COVID-19
100.00% 91%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00% 9%
10.00%
0.00%
Due to anthrogenic activities Due to natural causes
Figure 1. Perceptions of the respondents about main contributor of population
disturbance and habitat destruction of endemic birds in Mindanao.
The presence of COVID-19 did not stop the disturbance of population and
destruction of habitat of the endemic birds in Mindanao. Among the respondents (91%)
identified that anthropogenic activities is the main contributor of these disturbances
towards the endemic birds in Mindanao in the midst of the pandemic. The remaining
(9%) respondents of the total number of participants identified that this is due to natural
causes. Based on the results shown in Figure 1, the main contributor to the disturbance
of population and destruction of habitat of endemic birds found in Mindanao amidst the
pandemic is due to anthropogenic activities that is continuously happening. The
presence of COVID-19 did not hinder or add up to the disturbance of population and
destruction of habitat of the endemic birds in Mindanao. At present however,
Southeast Asian forests are under intense pressure from human activities, with
percentage rates of deforestation and forest degradation (Posa et al., 2005).

Population pattern of endemic birds in Mindanao in the midst

of this pandemic

80.00% 73%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
27%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Decreasing Increasing

Figure 2. Perceptions of the respondents about the population pattern of endemic birds
in Mindanao in midst of the pandemic.
It was expected that due to the restricted and few allowable activities are being
practiced during this pandemic the endemic birds’ population will be preserve or
protected. But it resulted that even in the midst of this global crisis the population
pattern of endemic birds in Mindanao was identified (Figure 2.) decreasing with (73%)
from the total respondents and (27%) answered that is increasing.
In the contrary, based on the data survey, 84% of the respondents (Figure 8)
shows that COVID-19 pandemic brought positive effects to the conditions of the
endemic birds in Mindanao. Only few of them (16%) claims that the pandemic has a
negative effect on these birds which it is still believed that even in the midst of the
pandemic people continue on poaching these birds. Many of them agrees that the
pandemic has a positive impact because the implementation of community quarantine
limits the disturbance on their habitats, allowing birds to propagate. The COVID-19
pandemic has helped the endemic birds in Mindanao to be more secure in their natural
habitat that mostly 86% (Figure 7) of the respondents agrees to it.
Due to the restrictions and limitations in terms of activities specifically outdoors
that might contribute on the destruction to their natural habitat. Including the operations
and other practices/activities that caused decline or disturbance on this fauna of their
natural areas. The presence of the pandemic decreased the potential of any possible
disturbances to the endemic birds and even they are within their habitats. The
remaining number of respondents (14%) believes that the pandemic did not help on
securing the endemic birds in their natural habitats. The study of Gordo et.al (2020)
also supports about most of the respondent’s perception which states that, “birds'
detectability during 2020 could be higher just as a by-product of a reduced interference
in urban bird watching of the human activities during the lockdown”, as he claims.

Anthropogenic activity caused the habitat loss of endemic

birds in Mindanao even in the presence of the pandemic
16%

Uncontrollable
3% Logging
Kaingin System
9%
Extensive
Agriculture
72% Others

Figure 3. Perceptions of the respondents about the following anthropogenic activities

that caused the habitat loss of endemic birds in Mindanao in midst of the pandemic.
 Anthropogenic activities that caused the population
disturbance of endemic birds in Mindanao even in the midst
ofCOVID-19
5%
16%
Habitat Loss

Hunting

Trading
54%
24% Others

Figure 4. Perceptions of the respondents about the following anthropogenic activities

that caused disturbance of endemic birds in Mindanao in the midst of the pandemic.
Figure (4) shows specific anthropogenic activities that the respondents claim that
caused disturbance of endemic birds in Mindanao in the midst of COVID-19. Habitat loss
has the highest activity with 55% of the perceived that caused disturbance in the
population endemic birds in Mindanao. Followed by hunting (24%) and trading (16%)
which are one of anthropogenic activities that facilitates disturbance on endemic bird
population in Mindanao. Other activities (5%) like illegal poaching and wildlife trade also
contribute on the problem.
According to the Gordo, O et al (2021), during lockdown, the human presence
and activities had decreased drastically. There was also an alteration to birds'
detectability pattern through the day as a result or consequence of lockdown. Another,
the rapid behavioral response of birds to the anomalous condition of the environment
during lockdown, that allowed observers to had enhanced opportunities to detect birds
within the period (Gordo, O et al., 2021). However, the results were opposite that even
in the midst of this global crisis the population pattern of endemic birds in Mindanao was
identified (Figure 2.) decreasing (73%) from the total respondents and remaining
answered that is increasing (27%).

Knowledge or awareness about any conservation program

intended for the endemic birds in Mindanao
56%
60.00%

50.00% 44%
40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
Have Knowledge or Awareness None
Figure 5a. The respondent’s knowledge and awareness about any conservation
program for the endemic birds in Mindanao

Known conservation program intended for the endemic birds in

Mindanao
4%
15%
7% Haribon Foundation

Philippine Eagle
Foundation
In situ conversation
programs
Bantay Lasang Program

22%
Figure 5b. Known conservation program intended for the endemic birds in Mindanao
based from the respondents
The Figure (5a) above shows that there 56% of the respondents that do not have
any familiarity about any conservation programs in endemic birds. On the other hand,
forty-four (44%) of them have some insights about it. The Philippine Eagle Foundation
had been considered by 22% (Figure 5b) of the respondents as one of the conservation
programs for endemic birds in Mindanao. The following conservation programs such as
Haribon Foundation, In situ conservation programs and Bantay Lasang Program was
also being mentioned. As stated in the study of Gracia Jr., A.g (2021) conservation and
protection programs are an essential component to deal with the negative impacts of the
environment which these includes the endemic bird’s habitat.

Knowledge or awareness about any endemic birds in Mindanao

70.00%
66%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
34%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Have Knowledge or Awareness None
Figure 6a. The respondent’s knowledge and awareness about any endemic birds in
Mindanao
 Known Endemic Birds in Mindanao

Mindanao bleeding-heart
(Gallicolumba crinigera)
3%
3% Sulu Hornbill
(Anthracoceros montani)
3% Mindanao Highland
18%
Scops-Owl (Otus mirus)

5% Mindanao brown dove

(Phapitreron brunneiceps)
Mindanao Lorikeet
(Trichoglossus
johnstoniae)
8% Camiguin hanging parrot
(Loriculus camiguinensis)
8%
Mindanao blue fantail
(Rhipidura superciliaris)

Figure 6b. Known endemic birds in Mindanao based from the respondents
Based on the data survey, it was found that 66% (Figure 6a) knew any endemic birds
that existing in Mindanao such as the Mindanao bleeding heart (Gallicolumba cringera)
which has the highest mention among the 18% respondents (Figure 6b). The data survey
also included the Sulu Hornbill (Anthracoceros montani), Mindanao Highland Scops-Owl
(Otus mirus), Mindanao brown dove (Phapitreron brunneiceps), Mindanao Lorikeet
(Trichoglossus johnstoniae), Camiguin hanging parrot (Loriculus camiguinensis)
and Mindanao Blue Fantail (Rhipidura superciliaris). The remaining 34% did not know
any endemic birds in Mindanao. Understanding the functions of these birds are essential
as these species are a good ecological indicator of the ecosystem health (Tanalgo et al.,
2019). Also preserving this kind of species is highly beneficial as the study of Lamoreux,
J.F. (2006) proves that endemism is a valuable asset for the conservation of all terrestrial
vertebrates which promotes ecological stability in the ecosystem.
 The possibility that COVID-19 pandemic has helped endemic
birds to be more protected in their natural habitat
14%

Yes No

86%

Figure 7. Perception of respondents about the possibility that COVID-19 pandemic has
helped endemic birds to be more protected in their natural habitat

The effect of COVID-19 pandemic to the endemic birds in

Mindanao
16%

Positive Effect

Negative Effect
84%

Figure 8. Perception of respondents about the effect of COVID-19 pandemic to the

endemic birds in Mindanao

Positive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of

Mindanao's endemic birds?
24%

Yes, there is a postive

impact

No, there are none

76%

Figure 9. Perception of the respondents on how COVID-19 pandemic had a positive

impact to the lives of the endemic birds in Mindanao.
 The possibility that the number of endemic birds in Mindanao
have increased its population during this pandemic
27%

Yes, it's possible

No, I don't think so

73%

Figure 10. Perception of the respondents about the number of endemic birds in
Mindanao have possibly increased its population during this pandemic.

The possibility that the endemic birds in Mindanao have

enough food for their survival during this pandemic
18%

Yes, because the nature

is healing

No, because pollution is

still increasing
82%

Figure 11. Perception of the respondents about the possibility that the endemic birds in
Mindanao have enough food for their survival during this pandemic.

The endemic birds of Mindanao are struggling to coexist with

humans
18%

True No

82%

Figure 12. Perception of the respondents about the endemic birds of Mindanao
struggling to coexist with humans.
 The possibility of endemic birds in Mindanao still in danger
during the COVID-19 pandemic
7%

Yes, they are still in

danger.

No, not anymore.

93%

Figure 13. Perception of respondents about the possibility that the endemic birds are
still in danger during the pandemic.
COVID-19 has truly affected everyone including the wildlife habitat. Indicated in
Figure 13 are the results on the safety rate of the endemic birds found in Mindanao
during pandemic. In the midst of the pandemic, endemic birds in Mindanao remains in
danger taken from the huge toll of anthropogenic activities and human interventions on
these bird’s habitat, as the majority of the respondents (93%) point this out. On the other
hand, minority of the respondents (7%) believes that these endemic birds are no longer
in danger in the given timetable. The respondents indicated that the reason for the
continuous risk to the endemic birds is the effects of the anthropogenic activities still
affects the bird habitat. Wildlife habitats are vital to human survival and agricultural
production (Gosalvez, E., 2020).

The possibility of change in the food web of endemic birds in

Mindanao in the midst ofCOVID-19 pandemic

28%

Yes No

40%

Figure 14. Perception of the respondents about the possibility of change in the food
web of endemic birds in Mindanao in the midst of pandemic.
The declining numbers and threatened species of endemic birds in Mindanao are
evident in which 40% of the respondents perceived that because of the anthropogenic
activities and human interventions the balance and stability of the food web changes that
cause adverse effects in ecological system of Mindanao. In contrary, 28% say it
otherwise which points out that the endemic bird’s ecological part of the food web
remains stable (Figure 14). The natural surroundings and habitat of these birds are
essential for their survival. The more there are trees which are the basic providence and
a variety of resources of these birds, the more likely they are to increase. The
disappearance of these vegetation can result to habitat limitation as stated in the study
of Paz, S. L., et. al (2013) that could affect the ecological stability and balance in the
area where these endemic birds thrive.

Conserving the endemic birds in Mindanao as Student or

Worker
16% Information, Education
and Communication drive
42% for Community
Awareness
Engagement on Forest
and Wildlife Conservation
and Protection programs

Actively Supporting
Wildlife Conservation and
42% Protection Policies

Figure 15. Perspective of the respondents on conserving the endemic birds in

Mindanao as a student or worker
The respondents were asked to provide a conservation effort to conserve the
endemic birds in Mindanao as student or worker (Figure 15). Among the fifty (50)
participants the highest response (42%) is both through engagement to forest and
wildlife conservation and protection programs and through information, education and
communication drive for community awareness. The remaining respondents (16%)
answered that through actively supporting wildlife conservation and protection policies.
Knowing that the disturbance of forest negatively affects the endemic, the preservation
of mature forests should be a priority concern of conservation efforts in the Philippines
(Posa, 2006). Another, is the adequacy of regenerating the disturbed sites must be
considered as priority as part of long-term management plan.

V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

In summary, a year of this pandemic unveiled a rapid response of endemic birds in
Mindanao to adapt in drastic change of our natural environment. Endemic birds are
threatened by the growth of anthropogenic activities, however the impose lockdown
caused for human presence and activities to decline. For this reason, noise, stress and
pollution typically reduced this time that enhanced the opportunity of endemic birds to
display and potentially reproduce. This pandemic brought positive effects to the condition
and habitat of the endemic birds.
This research study may be considered as a baseline information for the endemic
birds in Mindanao which could be used for more thorough and specific bird-habitat
studies in the regions of Mindanao. Further monitoring of the impacts of anthropogenic
activities towards endemic birds are recommended during this pandemic in measures
that are safe to attain. As well as the protection of the habitat of these birds should be
reinforced and tightened due to the fact that many endemic birds are now endangered
even in their protected areas. Understanding the impact of the anthropogenic activities
to endemic birds in Mindanao might help develop a more robust and ideal conservation
management plan.

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Jones, K. R., Venter, O., Fuller, R. A., Allan, J. R., Maxwell, S. L., Negret, P. J., &
Watson, J. E. (2018). One-third of global protected land is under intense human
pressure. Science, 360, 788–791.
Kennedy, R., Gonzales, P. C., Dickinson, E., Miranda, H. C., Jr., & Fisher, T. H. (2000).
A guide to the birds of the Philippines. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Lamoreux, J., Morrison, J., Ricketts, T. et al. Global tests of biodiversity concordance
and the importance of endemism. Nature 440, 212–214 (2006).
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Maas, B., Karp, D. S., Bumrungsri, S., Darras, K., Gonthier, D., Huang, J. C. C., &
Morrison, E. B. (2016). Bird and bat predation services in tropical forests and
agroforestry landscapes. Biological Reviews, 91, 1081–1101.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A., & Kent, J. (2000).
Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853.
Newbold, T., Hudson, L. N., Hill, S. L., Contu, S., Lysenko, I., Senior, R. A., & Day, J.
(2015). Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity. Nature, 520, 45
Paz, S. L., Ngoprasert, D., Nuneza, O. M., Mallari, N. A. D., & Gale, G. A. (2013).
Philippine-endemic and Mindanao-endemic bird communities on Canticol and
Mt. Hilong-hilong, Philippines. Asian Journal of Biodiversity, 4(1).
Posa, M. R. C., Sodhi, N. S., 2005. Effects of Anthropogenic Land Use on Forest
Birds and Butterflies in Subic Bay, Philippines. Biological Conservation 129
(2006) 256-270.
Sodhi, N. S., Koh, L. P., Clements, R., Wanger, T. C., Hill, J. K., Hamer, K. C., & Lee,
T. M. (2010). Conserving Southeast Asian forest biodiversity in human-modified
landscapes. Biological Conservation, 143, 2375–2384.
Sodhi NS, Koh LP, Brook, BW, Ng PKL. 2004a. Southeast Asian biodiversity: the
impending disaster. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19:654-660
Tanalgo, K. C., Achondo, M. J. M. M., & Hughes, A. C. (2019). Small Things Matter: The
Value of Rapid Biodiversity Surveys to Understanding Local Bird Diversity
Patterns in Southcentral Mindanao, Philippines. Tropical Conservation
Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940082919869482
 APPENDIX
Questionnaire:
Our respondents,
Good day! We, BS Environmental Science students of University of Science and
Technology of Southern Philippines CDO Campus is currently taking NRM 324:
Terrestrial Biodiversity Management (TBM). As part of the final requirements of this
course, we are tasked to conduct our own study entitled Impacts of Anthropogenic
Activities towards Endemic Birds in Mindanao, Philippines in the Midst of COVID-19
Pandemic which will be done online. In connection, we are asking for your permission to
participate in this online survey that we prepared. Your participation will be a huge help
in achieving this study's objectives. Thank you for your cooperation and participation!
General Information:
•Full Name: Last Name/First Name •Age:
•Employment Status: •If student:
○ Government School:
○ NGO Year level:
○ Student Program:
○ Others _________
•If government state the office or department: ________
QUESTIONS:
1. What do you think is the main contributor of population disturbance and habitat
destruction of endemic birds in Mindanao in the middle of COVID-19?
○ Due to anthropogenic activities
○ Due to natural causes
2. What do you think/know about the population pattern of endemic birds in Mindanao
in the midst of this pandemic?
○The population pattern of endemic birds in Mindanao is increasing.
○The population pattern of endemic birds in Mindanao is decreasing.
3. What specific anthropogenic activity that you think/know that caused the habitat loss
of endemic birds in Mindanao even in the presence of the pandemic?
○ Uncontrollable Logging
○ Extensive Agriculture
○ Kaingin System
○ Others________
4. What specific anthropogenic activity that you think/know caused the population
disturbance of endemic birds in Mindanao even in the midst of COVID-19?
○ Hunting
○ Trading
○ Habitat loss
○ Others________
5. Do you know a conservation program intended for the endemic birds in Mindanao?
○ Yes
○ No
○ If yes, kindly indicate_________
6. Do you know any endemic birds in Mindanao?
○ Yes
○ No
○If yes, kindly indicate__________
7. Do you think the COVID-19 pandemic has helped endemic birds to be more
protected in their natural habitat?
○ Yes
○ No
8. What is the effect of COVID-19 pandemic to the endemic birds in Mindanao?
○ Negative effect
○ Positive effect
9. Is there a positive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of Mindanao's
endemic birds?
○ Yes, there is a positive impact because humans are quarantined and their habitat is
not disturbed, allowing the birds to rapidly propagate.
○ No, there are still people poaching endemic birds during this pandemic.
10. Do you think the number of endemic birds in Mindanao have increased its
population during this pandemic?
○ Yes, it’s possible.
○ No, I don’t think so.
11. Do you think the endemic birds in Mindanao have enough food for their survival
during this pandemic?
○ Yes, because the nature is healing.
○ No, because pollution is still increasing.
12. Is it true that the endemic birds of Mindanao are struggling to coexist with humans?
○ True
○ False
13. Are the endemic birds in Mindanao still in danger during the COVID-19 pandemic?
○ Yes, they are still in danger.
○ No, not anymore.
14. Is there a change in the food web of endemic birds in Mindanao in the midst of
COVID-19 pandemic?
○ If yes, please specify: _____________
○ If no, please specify: ______________
15. As (Student, Worker) what can you do in conserving the endemic birds in
Mindanao?
______________
INTRODUCTION

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Forest cover is believed to be greater than 4 billion hectares, or 31% of the worldwide land surface (FAO 2010). Forest cover is being lost
primarily as a result of anthropogenic activities such as land - use changes and illegal logging, with only minor losses occurring as a result
of natural events such as fire and drought. Despite the fact that afforestation, reforestation, and natural regeneration have decreased net
forest cover loss (FAO 2011), ecological systems and the conservation value of remaining forests continue to deteriorate, at least in the
near run (FAO 2010). Due to various human activities, species-rich tropical forests have become increasingly fragmented, depleted, and
diminishing, threatening the existence of bird species that rely on them. Habitat destruction is a paradigm characterized by three major
impacts: deterioration of habitat quality; fragmentation of habitat components by anthropogenic matrix; and increased severity of effects.
The primary consequence of habitat loss and fragmentation is a diminishment of bird populations and an increased susceptibili ty to
extinction. Many tropical avifauna species are endangered, as they are restricted to a small area and cannot survive outside the forest.
Anthropogenic activity is typically believed to reduce local population persistence by sacrificing habitat suitability, limiting feeding and
breeding opportunities, and increasing regional extinctions of wildlife species. Furthermore, interferences can impact succession rates and
trajectories, altering vegetation associations and ecosystem diversity. Avian species are recognized to be one of the most significant and
highly distributed species in developed, non-cultivated, and tropical habitats. Urban areas are often thought to be part of a bird's habitat.
Birds are frequently observed in urban ecology research because of their visibility, low cost of surveying, and ability to serve as indicators of
ecological health. Bird communities in urban areas are distinct in that they often have a low species richness with significantly higher
abundances. The Philippines have around 600 bird species, including 200 and more which are endemic in the country, and this number will
increase if molecular methods are employed. High avian species diversity offers important ecosystem services, such as seed dispersal in
vegetated and successional zones, which aids in the restoration of many damaged ecosystems. Despite the increased diversity of bird
species and identified wilderness areas, many important ecosystems are under threat from anthropogenic or human activities.
RRL

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Over the past few decades, land-use and climate change have led to huge range contractions and species extinctions. This century is
expected to see even more drastic changes in global land cover. Previous studies have emphasized the current and future ef fects of human-
caused climate change on species persistence, emphasizing climate change as a major concern for conservation priorities. The majority of
these studies have relied on data gathered in the temperate zone, where climate change is expected to be more severe. The degradation
and fragmentation of native vegetation on a global scale is largely due to an unprecedented pace of human pressure. Deforestation for
agricultural expansion and urbanization are among the most serious threats to biodiversity in many countries in tropical Southeast Asia.
Philippines is a priority for conservation because of its high endemism and rapid habitat destruction, which is particularly evident in birds.
According to the study of, bird species that are present in the Philippines is over 600 and 200 above are endemic and this nu mber will
increase when molecular approaches are used. High bird biodiversity is critical for ecosystem services such as seed dispersal in forested
and successional areas, which helps to restore many degraded habitats. Despite the high diversity of bird species and protect ed wildlife
areas, anthropogenic activities pose a threat to many critical ecosystems particularly in Mindanao, Philippines. According to studies, around
2000 of the world's over 10,000 known bird species live in cities which is nearly 20% of their number. Birds are classified into three groups
based on their dependence on human resources: urban dodgers, urban adapters, and urban exploiters. Because of these various species-
level reactions to urbanization, once an area is urbanized, the species composition changes, with some species disappearing and others
thriving. Many analyses show that the built environments of the urban core have the lowest species diversity along the urban–rural divide.
These have been demonstrated for a wide range of taxa, including plants, birds, a variety of insects, and mammals. In these t axa, the
variety of species identified in the urban areas is less than half of that identified in the rural. The loss of vegetation is clearly responsible for
a large portion of the reduction in richness. The number of animal species, such as birds and insects, tends to be proportion al to the
number of plants in a given area. In addition, the area covered by vegetation is a good predictor of the number of species of birds, insects,
mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. Studies shows that a total nesting bird density in urban areas is often greater than in ne arby natural
habitat. However, in urban areas, where the avian community is dominated by a few, often introduced species, species richness is typically
lower. Philippines has been identified as one of the 17 megadiverse countries (Sampang, 2008) that hosts 70% -80% of biodiversity and
endemism that is situated with great pressure due to the experienced various anthropogenic disturbances (Myers et al., 2000). This is also
the home of high diversity and endemism of bird (Haribon Foundation, 2014). The country has 695 birds where 241 are identified endemic,
54 are vulnerable, 25 endangered, 16 critically endangered (W ild Bird Club of the Philippines, 2018) and 93 are globally threatened
(Avibase, 2018a) Mindanao, the second largest island in the Philippines has been referred as one of the islands where endemic birds are
threatened (Paguntalan, 2011). This has 418 species of birds with 36 endemic species and 46 globally threatened (Avibase, 2016b). Birds
are considered crucial in terms of maintaining the ecosystem balance through providing different ecological services (Tamalgo et al., 2015).
Playing these various roles such as pollinators, predators, seed dispersers, scavengers and engineers of ecosystem (W helan et al., 2008).
They are also considered as very useful indicators of broad environmental change through the alteration of bird populations ( BirdLife
International, 2013). Unfortunately, knowing that Mindanao has a rare and megadiverse biota comes with the understanding that its flora
and fauna are among the most endangered in the country. The Philippine archipelago has been heavily deforested, despite the fact that it
was once almost entirely covered with forest. The effect of these anthropogenic activities on biota is projected to be devastating (Sodhi et
al. 2004a), since the area includes a high concentration of endemic species that are also under threat from high rates of deforestation
(Myers et al. 2000, Achard et al. 2002). The Philippine archipelago exemplifies the region's desperate biodiversity situation. Conservation
efforts have risen in recent decades as the effects of human activity on the climate become evident and more people become aware of the
importance of biodiversity, but they also face tremendous challenges. South central Mindanao ranks 12th in the Philippines for deforestation
losing 8.8?kha of forest (6.7%) 2000 to 2017. In the study of the Value of Rapid Biodiversity Surveys to local bird Diversity Patterns found in
 the lowest
in diversity was recorded in monoculture habitats. 50% of the bird population that was recorded in south central Mindanao were
palm plantation.
Respectively, there are four major plantations found in the area mostly of Rubber and oil-palm covering the region. These

showed that between oil-palm and rubber plantation, rubber

plantation supports higher diversity and rarer species compared to oil-palm plantation. Among all types of habitat of birds listed in south central Mindanao,
Philippines, urban areas and roads showed t he lowestspecies result in diversity and endemism in south central Mindanao. Roads affect and reduce the
birds diversity especially understory species as it inhibits movements to avoid edge-affected habitats and clearings.
METHODOLOGY

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III. METHODOLOGY This chapter contains the study site and methods used in conducting this research which includes research design,
research setting, population and sample, research instrument, data collection method and data analysis. Study Area The study circulated on the
island of Mindanao. This is known to be the second largest island in the Philippines that measures 293 miles (471km) north to southand 324
miles (521km) east to west. Having six regions, Region IX or the Zamboanga Peninsula, Region X or the Northern Mindanao, Region XI
(Davao Region), Region XII (SOCCSKARGEN), Region XII (CARAGA) and Bangsamoro Administrative Region. This is considered as the
land of promise because of the presence of promising natural resources in the island. In accordance to online existing studies that Mindanao is
one of the concentration area of species richness (endemic species). Some of the bird’s species that are present in the area is the Otus mirus
(Mindanao Scops Owl) and Pithecophaga jefferyi (Philippine Eagle). Research Design Mindanao Map from Google Earth Descriptive design is
the design used in this research study. The goal of this research design is to describe and observe a phenomenon and its characteristics.
Descriptive research design focuses on what and how something has happened. In gathering, analyzing and interpreting the data needed in
this survey entitled Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities towards Endemic Birds in Mindanao, Philippines descriptive design is being used. The
purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of human activities to avian species. Population and Sample The number of respondents for
this study is one hundred (100). These are from environmental management and conservation agencies and institutions. Also, from students
which are under the program that are considered highly involved and related tothis study. Research Instrument The instrument of collecting the
data for this study is through survey questionnaires, which is by Google form. This is a web-based application that is used in creating forms
for data collection purposes. Since, actual field data collection is restricted due to pandemic. Data Collection The researchers of this study
formulated various questions on the impacts of anthropogenic
activities towards the conservation of endemic birds in Mindanao, Philippines. Due to some travel restrictions because of the threat of Covid-19 the
researchers were not allowed to conduct a face-to-face interview and actual distribution of survey. The data collection was through online survey.
The researchers messaged directly to the chosen respondents which are potential respondents for this research study. Using Google form these
are the questions distributed: General Information: •Full Name: Last Name/First Name •Age: •Employment Status: ?
Government ?NGO ?Student ?Others •If student: School: Year level: Program: •If government state the office or department:
QUESTIONS: 1. What do you think is the main contributor of population disturbance and habitat
destruction of endemic birds in Mindanao? ?Anthropogenic activities ?Natural causes 2. What do you think/know about the population pattern of
endemic birds in Mindanao? ?Increasing ?Decreasing 3. What specific anthropogenic activity that you think/know caused the habitat loss of
endemic birds inMindanao? ?Logging ?Agriculture ?Kaingin ?Others 4. What specific anthropogenic activity that you
think/know caused the population disturbance of endemic birds in Mindanao? ?Hunting ?Trading ?Habitat loss ?Others 5. Do
you know a conservation program intended for the endemic birds in Mindanao? ?Yes ?No ?If yes, kindly indicate 6. Do you know any
endemic birds in Mindanao? ?Yes ?No ?If yes, kindly indicate 7. As (Student, Worker) what can you do in conserving the endemic birds in
Mindanao? Data Analysis This study used descriptive data analysis in analyzing the data collected for the
anthropogenic activities impacts to the endemism of birds in Mindanao. The data will be described based on the concerning objectives.
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I. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The collection of data was done through an online survey in a Google document
platform. The researchers messaged directly the chosen respondents which are potential respondents for this
research study. The data were presented on a pie chart showing the highest and lowest percentage from their
answers on the given survey questions. The researchers used descriptive analysis in interpreting the data
gathered from respondents about their perceptions on anthropogenic activities impacts to the endemism of birds
in Mindanao. A total of fifty (50) respondents participated on the survey that were distributed online which were
collected and recorded. Figure

1. Perceptions of the respondents about main contributor of population disturbance and habitat destruction of
endemic birds in Mindanao. The presence of COVID-19 did not stop the disturbance of population and
destruction of habitat of the endemic birds in Mindanao. Among the respondents (91%) identified that
anthropogenic activities is the main contributor of these disturbances towards the endemic birds in Mindanao in
the midst of the pandemic. The remaining (9%) respondents of the total number of participants identified that
this is due to natural causes. Based on the results shown in Figure 1, the main contributor to the disturbance of
population and destruction of habitat of endemic birds found in Mindanao amidst the pandemic is due to
anthropogenic activities that is continuously happening. The presence of COVID-19 did not hinder or add up to
the disturbance of population and destruction of habitat of the endemic birds in Mindanao. At present however,
Southeast Asian forests are under intense pressure from human activities, with percentage rates of deforestation
and forest degradation (Posa et al., 2005). Figure 2. Perceptions of the respondents about the population pattern
of endemic birds in Mindanao in midst of the pandemic. It was expected that due to the restricted and few
allowable activities are being practiced during this pandemic the endemic birds’ population will be preserve or
protected. But it resulted that even in the midst of this global crisis the population pattern of endemic birds in
Mindanao was identified (Figure 2.) decreasing with (73%) from the total respondents and (27%) answered that is
increasing. In the contrary, based on the data survey, 84% of the respondents (Figure 8) shows that COVID-19
pandemic brought positive effects to the conditions of the endemic birds in Mindanao. Only few of them (16%)
claims that the pandemic has a negative effect on these birds which it is still believed that even in the midst of
the pandemic people continue on poaching these birds. Many of them agrees that the pandemic has a positive
impact because the implementation of community quarantine limits the disturbance on their habitats, allowing
birds to propagate. The COVID-19 pandemic has helped the endemic birds in Mindanao to be more secure in their
natural habitat that mostly 86% (Figure 7) of the respondents agrees to it. Due to the restrictions and limitations
in terms of activities specifically outdoors that might contribute on the destruction to their natural habitat.
Including the operations and other practices/activities that caused decline or disturbance on this fauna of their
natural areas. The presence of the pandemic decreased the potential of any possible disturbances to the endemic
birds and even they are within their habitats. The remaining number of respondents (14%) believes that the
pandemic did not help on securing the endemic birds in their natural habitats. The study of Gordo et.al (2020)
also supports about most of the respondent’s perception which states that, “birds' detectability during 2020
could be higher just as a by-product of a reduced interference in urban bird watching of the human activities
during the lockdown”, as he claims. Figure 3. Perceptions of the respondents about the following anthropogenic
activities that caused the habitat loss of endemic birds in Mindanao in midst of the pandemic. Figure 4.
Perceptions of the respondents about the following anthropogenic activities that caused disturbance of endemic
birds in Mindanao in the midst of the pandemic. Figure (4) shows specific anthropogenic activities that the
respondents claim that caused disturbance of endemic birds in Mindanao in the midst of COVID-19. Habitat loss
has the highest activity with 55% of the perceived that caused disturbance in the population endemic birds in
Mindanao. Followed by hunting (24%) and trading (16%) which are one of anthropogenic activities that facilitates
disturbance on endemic bird population in Mindanao. Other activities (5%) like illegal poaching and wildlife trade
also contribute on the problem. According to the Gordo, O et al (2021), during lockdown, the human presence
and activities had decreased drastically. There was also an alteration to birds' detectability pattern through the
day as a result or consequence of lockdown. Another, the rapid behavioral response of birds to the anomalous
condition of the environment during lockdown, that allowed observers to had enhanced opportunities to detect
birds within the period (Gordo, O et al., 2021). However, the results were opposite that even in the midst of this
global crisis the population pattern of endemic birds in Mindanao was identified (Figure 2.) decreasing (73%) from
the total respondents and remaining answered that is increasing (27%). Figure 5a. The respondent’s knowledge
and awareness about any conservation program for the endemic birds in Mindanao Figure 5b. Known
conservation program intended for the endemic birds in Mindanao based from the respondents The Figure (5a)
above shows that there 56% of the respondents that do not have any familiarity about any conservation
programs in endemic birds. On the other hand, forty-four (44%) of them have some insights about it. The
Philippine Eagle Foundation had been considered by 22% (Figure 5b) of the respondents as one of the
conservation
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programs for endemic birds in Mindanao. The following conservation programs such as Haribon Foundation, In
situ conservation programs and Bantay Lasang Program was also being mentioned. As stated in the study of
Gracia Jr., A.g (2021) conservation and protection programs are an essential component to deal with the negative
impacts of the environment which these includes the endemic bird’s habitat. Figure 6b. Known endemic birds in
Mindanao based from the respondents Based on the data survey, it was found that 66% (Figure 6a) knew any
endemic birds that existing in Mindanao such as the Mindanao bleeding heart (Gallicolumba cringera) which has
the highest mention among the 18% respondents (Figure 6b). The data survey also included the Sulu Hornbill
(Anthracoceros montani), Mindanao Highland Scops-Owl (Otus mirus), Mindanao brown dove (Phapitreron
brunneiceps), Mindanao Lorikeet (Trichoglossus johnstoniae), Camiguin hanging parrot (Loriculus camiguinensis)
and Mindanao Blue Fantail (Rhipidura superciliaris). The remaining 34% did not know any endemic birds in
Mindanao. Understanding the functions of these birds are essential as these species are a good ecological
indicator of the ecosystem health (Tanalgo et al., 2019). Also preserving this kind of species is highly beneficial as
the study of Lamoreux, J.F. (2006) proves that endemism is a valuable asset for the conservation of all terrestrial
vertebrates which promotes ecological stability in the ecosystem. Figure 6a. The respondent’s knowledge and
awareness about any endemic birds in Mindanao Figure 7. Perception of respondents about the possibility that
COVID-19 pandemic has helped endemic birds to be more protected in their natural habitat Figure 8. Perception
of respondents about the effect of COVID-19 pandemic to the endemic birds in Mindanao Figure 9. Perception of
the respondents on how COVID-19 pandemic had a positive impact to the lives of the endemic birds in Mindanao.
Figure 10. Perception of the respondents about the number of endemic birds in Mindanao have possibly
increased its population during this pandemic. Figure 11. Perception of the respondents about the possibility that
the endemic birds in Mindanao have enough food for their survival during this pandemic. Figure 12. Perception of
the respondents about the endemic birds of Mindanao struggling to coexist with humans. Figure 13. Perception
of respondents about the possibility that the endemic birds are still in danger during the pandemic. COVID-19 has
truly affected everyone including the wildlife habitat. Indicated in Figure 13 are the results on the safety rate of
the endemic birds found in Mindanao during pandemic. In the midst of the pandemic, endemic birds in Mindanao
remains in danger taken from the huge toll of anthropogenic activities and human interventions on these bird’s
habitat, as the majority of the respondents (93%) point this out. On the other hand, minority of the respondents
(7%) believes that these endemic birds are no longer in danger in the given timetable. The respondents indicated
that the reason for the continuous risk to the endemic birds is the effects of the anthropogenic activities still
affects the bird habitat. Wildlife habitats are vital to human survival and agricultural production (Gosalvez, E.,
2020). Figure 14. Perception of the respondents about the possibility of change in the food web of endemic birds
in Mindanao in the midst of pandemic. The declining numbers and threatened species of endemic birds in
Mindanao are evident in which 40% of the respondents perceived that because of the anthropogenic activities
and human interventions the balance and stability of the food web changes that cause adverse effects in
ecological system of Mindanao. In contrary, 28% say it otherwise which points out that the endemic bird’s
ecological part of the food web remains stable (Figure 14). The natural surroundings and habitat of these birds
are essential for their survival. The more there are trees which are the basic providence and a variety of resources
of these birds, the more likely they are to increase. The disappearance of these vegetation can result to habitat
limitation as stated in the study of Paz, S. L., et. al (2013) that could affect the ecological stability and balance in
the area where these endemic birds thrive. Figure 15. Perspective of the respondents on conserving the endemic
birds in Mindanao as a student or worker The respondents were asked to provide a conservation effort to
conserve the endemic birds in Mindanao as student or worker (Figure 15). Among the fifty (50) participants the
highest response (42%) is both through engagement to forest and wildlife conservation and protection

programs and through information, education and communication drive for community awareness. The remaining responde
answered that through actively supporting wildlife conservation and protection policies. Knowing that the disturbance of for
affects the endemic, the preservation of mature forests should be a priority concern of conservation efforts in the Philippine
Another, is the adequacy of regenerating the disturbed sites must be considered as priority as part of long-term managemen
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V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION In summary, a year of this pandemic unveiled a rapid response of
endemic birds in Mindanao to adapt in drastic change of our natural environment. Endemic birds are threatened
by the growth of anthropogenic activities, however the impose lockdown caused for human presence and
activities to decline. For this reason, noise, stress and pollution typically reduced this time that enhanced the
opportunity of endemic birds to display and potentially reproduce. This pandemic brought positive effects to the
condition and habitat of the endemic birds. This research study may be considered as a baseline information for
the endemic birds in Mindanao which could be used for more thorough and specific bird-habitat studies in the
regions of Mindanao. Further monitoring of the impacts of anthropogenic activities towards endemic birds are
recommended during this pandemic in measures that are safe to attain. As well as the protection of the habitat
of these birds should be reinforced and tightened due to the fact that many endemic birds are now endangered
even in their protected areas. Understanding the impact of the anthropogenic activities to endemic birds in
Mindanao might help develop a more robust and ideal conservation management plan.