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Homework 5

This homework assignment involves analyzing stock return data for four companies (VTI, DIS, AMD, ZM) from January to March 2020. Students are asked to calculate the log return for each stock and check if it follows a normal distribution using histograms and Q-Q plots. They are also asked to apply ANOVA to analyze if there are differences in stock returns between the four companies. The assignment is due on May 3rd and allows for multiple attempts with the latest submission graded. Solutions will be posted after the deadline.

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James Dakota
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76 views104 pages

Homework 5

This homework assignment involves analyzing stock return data for four companies (VTI, DIS, AMD, ZM) from January to March 2020. Students are asked to calculate the log return for each stock and check if it follows a normal distribution using histograms and Q-Q plots. They are also asked to apply ANOVA to analyze if there are differences in stock returns between the four companies. The assignment is due on May 3rd and allows for multiple attempts with the latest submission graded. Solutions will be posted after the deadline.

Uploaded by

James Dakota
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Homework 5

Due date: May 3rd, 2020

Written Howework (online assignment on Canvas)

3 attempts are allowed. The latest grade will be kept. Each attempt leads to different question sets.
Solutions will be available after deadline. Refer to [Link] for
significant figure and rounding.

Coding Howework (submmite the pdf file to Canvas)

In this homework, we will be playing with the US stock data collected in the past few months. You can
download the file [Link] from Canvas. The .zip file have 4 .csv files, which includes price information
of four stocks from January 23 to March 23, 2020:

1. VTI seeks to track the performance of the CRSP US Total Market Index. See ([Link]
2. DIS : The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, see ([Link]
3. AMD : Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. is a semiconductor company that developed the Ryzen CPUs and
the Radeon graphic cards, see ([Link]
4. ZM : Zoom Video Communications, Inc. is an communications technology company, which provided
the software for our online lectures and meetings, see ([Link]

We have seen a particularly wild stock market in March. We will apply ANOVA to see if there is a difference
in the stock return of the four stocks.
To study the stock return, we will be looking at the log return, defined as rt = log(pt /pt−1 )
where pt is the stock price at day t. We will use the closing price (the close column in the data) as pt .
Now, answer the following questions.

1. Calculate the log-return for each of the four stocks. Check if we can assume that the log return follows
the normal distribution. Use both the histogram and the Q-Q plot. (20 pt)

# input your answer here


#[Link]
library(readr)
VTI <- read_csv("stocks/[Link]")

## Parsed with column specification:


## cols(
## Date = col_date(format = ""),
## Open = col_double(),
## High = col_double(),

1
## Low = col_double(),
## Close = col_double(),
## `Adj Close` = col_double(),
## Volume = col_double()
## )

View(VTI)
a_1 <- VTI[-c(42), 5]
a_1

## # A tibble: 41 x 1
## Close
## <dbl>
## 1 168.
## 2 169.
## 3 167.
## 4 165.
## 5 166.
## 6 166.
## 7 166.
## 8 164.
## 9 165.
## 10 168.
## # ... with 31 more rows

b_1 <- VTI[-c(1),5]


b_1

## # A tibble: 41 x 1
## Close
## <dbl>
## 1 169.
## 2 167.
## 3 165.
## 4 166.
## 5 166.
## 6 166.
## 7 164.
## 8 165.
## 9 168.
## 10 169.
## # ... with 31 more rows

b_1/a_1

## Close
## 1 1.0011276
## 2 0.9905151
## 3 0.9849782
## 4 1.0096609
## 5 0.9993380
## 6 1.0024088

2
## 7 0.9823381
## 8 1.0088063
## 9 1.0157613
## 10 1.0098473
## 11 1.0027775
## 12 0.9942834
## 13 1.0073498
## 14 1.0027655
## 15 1.0062786
## 16 0.9995918
## 17 1.0016334
## 18 0.9976704
## 19 1.0050788
## 20 0.9969797
## 21 0.9897466
## 22 0.9670964
## 23 0.9694461
## 24 0.9944751
## 25 0.9561869
## 26 0.9932655
## 27 1.0414118
## 28 0.9742134
## 29 1.0399659
## 30 0.9666730
## 31 0.9814259
## 32 0.9197158
## 33 1.0496029
## 34 0.9493706
## 35 0.9027607
## 36 1.0910185
## 37 0.8861915
## 38 1.0501411
## 39 0.9423715
## 40 1.0073819
## 41 0.9591973

x_1 <- b_1/a_1


log(x_1)

## Close
## 1 0.0011269757
## 2 -0.0095301580
## 3 -0.0151357822
## 4 0.0096145644
## 5 -0.0006621956
## 6 0.0024059265
## 7 -0.0178197475
## 8 0.0087677278
## 9 0.0156384205
## 10 0.0097991052
## 11 0.0027736803
## 12 -0.0057329627
## 13 0.0073229538
## 14 0.0027617095

3
## 15 0.0062590202
## 16 -0.0004083131
## 17 0.0016320753
## 18 -0.0023323270
## 19 0.0050659270
## 20 -0.0030248658
## 21 -0.0103063191
## 22 -0.0334571216
## 23 -0.0310303915
## 24 -0.0055402112
## 25 -0.0448018328
## 26 -0.0067572582
## 27 0.0405773209
## 28 -0.0261249468
## 29 0.0391878947
## 30 -0.0338949916
## 31 -0.0187487393
## 32 -0.0836905622
## 33 0.0484118572
## 34 -0.0519560764
## 35 -0.1022977896
## 36 0.0871116765
## 37 -0.1208222534
## 38 0.0489245682
## 39 -0.0593556721
## 40 0.0073547951
## 41 -0.0416584710

y_1<- log(x_1)
y_1

## Close
## 1 0.0011269757
## 2 -0.0095301580
## 3 -0.0151357822
## 4 0.0096145644
## 5 -0.0006621956
## 6 0.0024059265
## 7 -0.0178197475
## 8 0.0087677278
## 9 0.0156384205
## 10 0.0097991052
## 11 0.0027736803
## 12 -0.0057329627
## 13 0.0073229538
## 14 0.0027617095
## 15 0.0062590202
## 16 -0.0004083131
## 17 0.0016320753
## 18 -0.0023323270
## 19 0.0050659270
## 20 -0.0030248658
## 21 -0.0103063191
## 22 -0.0334571216

4
## 23 -0.0310303915
## 24 -0.0055402112
## 25 -0.0448018328
## 26 -0.0067572582
## 27 0.0405773209
## 28 -0.0261249468
## 29 0.0391878947
## 30 -0.0338949916
## 31 -0.0187487393
## 32 -0.0836905622
## 33 0.0484118572
## 34 -0.0519560764
## 35 -0.1022977896
## 36 0.0871116765
## 37 -0.1208222534
## 38 0.0489245682
## 39 -0.0593556721
## 40 0.0073547951
## 41 -0.0416584710

hist([Link](y_1[,1]), main = "Histogram for VTI", xlab="log return ", ylab="Frequency")

Histogram for VTI


15
Frequency

10
5
0

−0.15 −0.10 −0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10

log return

qqnorm([Link](y_1[,1]), pch=1, frame=FALSE, main =" Normal Q-Q Plot for VTI")
qqline([Link](y_1[,1]), col= "steelblue", lwd = 2)

5
Normal Q−Q Plot for VTI
0.05
Sample Quantiles

0.00
−0.05
−0.10

−2 −1 0 1 2

Theoretical Quantiles

#[Link]
library(readr)
DIS <- read_csv("stocks/[Link]")

## Parsed with column specification:


## cols(
## Date = col_date(format = ""),
## Open = col_double(),
## High = col_double(),
## Low = col_double(),
## Close = col_double(),
## `Adj Close` = col_double(),
## Volume = col_double()
## )

View(DIS)
a_2 <- DIS[-c(42), 5]
a_2

## # A tibble: 41 x 1
## Close
## <dbl>
## 1 144.
## 2 142.
## 3 140.

6
## 4 136.
## 5 138.
## 6 136.
## 7 138.
## 8 138.
## 9 141.
## 10 145.
## # ... with 31 more rows

b_2 <- DIS[-c(1),5]


b_2

## # A tibble: 41 x 1
## Close
## <dbl>
## 1 142.
## 2 140.
## 3 136.
## 4 138.
## 5 136.
## 6 138.
## 7 138.
## 8 141.
## 9 145.
## 10 141.
## # ... with 31 more rows

b_2/a_2

## Close
## 1 0.9874314
## 2 0.9850915
## 3 0.9701599
## 4 1.0181751
## 5 0.9833056
## 6 1.0128620
## 7 1.0036282
## 8 1.0217628
## 9 1.0241296
## 10 0.9767844
## 11 1.0094079
## 12 0.9882271
## 13 1.0111331
## 14 0.9889193
## 15 1.0059571
## 16 0.9933027
## 17 0.9903478
## 18 0.9971335
## 19 1.0155240
## 20 0.9934182
## 21 0.9900264
## 22 0.9571130
## 23 0.9637622

7
## 24 0.9623215
## 25 0.9568742
## 26 0.9966960
## 27 1.0198045
## 28 0.9705784
## 29 1.0234436
## 30 0.9563685
## 31 1.0113177
## 32 0.9052659
## 33 1.0681361
## 34 0.9466176
## 35 0.8701544
## 36 1.1166540
## 37 0.9267461
## 38 0.9844227
## 39 0.9494280
## 40 1.0690315
## 41 0.9057200

x_2 <- b_2/a_2


log(x_2)

## Close
## 1 -0.012648208
## 2 -0.015020795
## 3 -0.030294425
## 4 0.018011945
## 5 -0.016835274
## 6 0.012779960
## 7 0.003621618
## 8 0.021529349
## 9 0.023843034
## 10 -0.023489376
## 11 0.009363971
## 12 -0.011842749
## 13 0.011071599
## 14 -0.011142583
## 15 0.005939433
## 16 -0.006719829
## 17 -0.009699125
## 18 -0.002870634
## 19 0.015404695
## 20 -0.006603553
## 21 -0.010023667
## 22 -0.043833819
## 23 -0.036910715
## 24 -0.038406643
## 25 -0.044083357
## 26 -0.003309430
## 27 0.019610962
## 28 -0.029863120
## 29 0.023172988
## 30 -0.044611934
## 31 0.011254150

8
## 32 -0.099526555
## 33 0.065915155
## 34 -0.054860019
## 35 -0.139084558
## 36 0.110336671
## 37 -0.076075697
## 38 -0.015699944
## 39 -0.051895543
## 40 0.066753097
## 41 -0.099025031

y_2<- log(x_2)
y_2

## Close
## 1 -0.012648208
## 2 -0.015020795
## 3 -0.030294425
## 4 0.018011945
## 5 -0.016835274
## 6 0.012779960
## 7 0.003621618
## 8 0.021529349
## 9 0.023843034
## 10 -0.023489376
## 11 0.009363971
## 12 -0.011842749
## 13 0.011071599
## 14 -0.011142583
## 15 0.005939433
## 16 -0.006719829
## 17 -0.009699125
## 18 -0.002870634
## 19 0.015404695
## 20 -0.006603553
## 21 -0.010023667
## 22 -0.043833819
## 23 -0.036910715
## 24 -0.038406643
## 25 -0.044083357
## 26 -0.003309430
## 27 0.019610962
## 28 -0.029863120
## 29 0.023172988
## 30 -0.044611934
## 31 0.011254150
## 32 -0.099526555
## 33 0.065915155
## 34 -0.054860019
## 35 -0.139084558
## 36 0.110336671
## 37 -0.076075697
## 38 -0.015699944
## 39 -0.051895543

9
## 40 0.066753097
## 41 -0.099025031

hist([Link](y_2[,1]), main = "Histogram for DIS", xlab="log return ", ylab="Frequency")

Histogram for DIS


20
15
Frequency

10
5
0

−0.15 −0.10 −0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

log return

qqnorm([Link](y_2[,1]), pch=1, frame=FALSE, main =" Normal Q-Q Plot for DIS")
qqline([Link](y_2[,1]), col= "steelblue", lwd = 2)

10
Normal Q−Q Plot for DIS
0.10
0.05
Sample Quantiles

0.00
−0.10

−2 −1 0 1 2

Theoretical Quantiles

#[Link]
library(readr)
AMD <- read_csv("stocks/[Link]")

## Parsed with column specification:


## cols(
## Date = col_date(format = ""),
## Open = col_double(),
## High = col_double(),
## Low = col_double(),
## Close = col_double(),
## `Adj Close` = col_double(),
## Volume = col_double()
## )

View(AMD)
a_3 <- AMD[-c(42), 5]
a_3

## # A tibble: 41 x 1
## Close
## <dbl>
## 1 51.4
## 2 51.7
## 3 50.3

11
## 4 49.3
## 5 50.5
## 6 47.5
## 7 48.8
## 8 47
## 9 48.0
## 10 49.5
## # ... with 31 more rows

b_3 <- AMD[-c(1),5]


b_3

## # A tibble: 41 x 1
## Close
## <dbl>
## 1 51.7
## 2 50.3
## 3 49.3
## 4 50.5
## 5 47.5
## 6 48.8
## 7 47
## 8 48.0
## 9 49.5
## 10 49.8
## # ... with 31 more rows

b_3/a_3

## Close
## 1 1.0054443
## 2 0.9736995
## 3 0.9783515
## 4 1.0257816
## 5 0.9402335
## 6 1.0267312
## 7 0.9635097
## 8 1.0217021
## 9 1.0297793
## 10 1.0078867
## 11 0.9895666
## 12 1.0083131
## 13 1.0508747
## 14 1.0294681
## 15 1.0016729
## 16 1.0118760
## 17 1.0143041
## 18 1.0285662
## 19 1.0353314
## 20 0.9723260
## 21 0.9303300
## 22 0.9219219
## 23 0.9684446

12
## 24 0.9983183
## 25 0.9267213
## 26 1.0334015
## 27 1.0435356
## 28 0.9850401
## 29 1.0718717
## 30 0.9600878
## 31 1.0099771
## 32 0.8905125
## 33 1.0487636
## 34 1.0070516
## 35 0.8536105
## 36 1.1253526
## 37 0.8817767
## 38 1.0818910
## 39 0.9340974
## 40 1.0178937
## 41 0.9947263

x_3 <- b_3/a_3


log(x_3)

## Close
## 1 0.005429503
## 2 -0.026652580
## 3 -0.021886230
## 4 0.025454837
## 5 -0.061627015
## 6 0.026380188
## 7 -0.037172766
## 8 0.021469999
## 9 0.029344473
## 10 0.007855804
## 11 -0.010488205
## 12 0.008278691
## 13 0.049622864
## 14 0.029042225
## 15 0.001671468
## 16 0.011806066
## 17 0.014202762
## 18 0.028165819
## 19 0.034721549
## 20 -0.028064182
## 21 -0.072215931
## 22 -0.081294741
## 23 -0.032063958
## 24 -0.001683106
## 25 -0.076102355
## 26 0.032855816
## 27 0.042614573
## 28 -0.015072976
## 29 0.069406345
## 30 -0.040730533
## 31 0.009927683

13
## 32 -0.115958187
## 33 0.047611938
## 34 0.007026812
## 35 -0.158280334
## 36 0.118096374
## 37 -0.125816414
## 38 0.078710471
## 39 -0.068174594
## 40 0.017735473
## 41 -0.005287664

y_3<- log(x_3)
y_3

## Close
## 1 0.005429503
## 2 -0.026652580
## 3 -0.021886230
## 4 0.025454837
## 5 -0.061627015
## 6 0.026380188
## 7 -0.037172766
## 8 0.021469999
## 9 0.029344473
## 10 0.007855804
## 11 -0.010488205
## 12 0.008278691
## 13 0.049622864
## 14 0.029042225
## 15 0.001671468
## 16 0.011806066
## 17 0.014202762
## 18 0.028165819
## 19 0.034721549
## 20 -0.028064182
## 21 -0.072215931
## 22 -0.081294741
## 23 -0.032063958
## 24 -0.001683106
## 25 -0.076102355
## 26 0.032855816
## 27 0.042614573
## 28 -0.015072976
## 29 0.069406345
## 30 -0.040730533
## 31 0.009927683
## 32 -0.115958187
## 33 0.047611938
## 34 0.007026812
## 35 -0.158280334
## 36 0.118096374
## 37 -0.125816414
## 38 0.078710471
## 39 -0.068174594

14
## 40 0.017735473
## 41 -0.005287664

hist([Link](y_3[,1]), main = "Histogram for AMD", xlab="log return ", ylab="Frequency")

Histogram for AMD


20
15
Frequency

10
5
0

−0.20 −0.15 −0.10 −0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

log return

qqnorm([Link](y_3[,1]), pch=1, frame=FALSE, main =" Normal Q-Q Plot for AMD")
qqline([Link](y_3[,1]), col= "steelblue", lwd = 2)

15
Normal Q−Q Plot for AMD
0.05
Sample Quantiles

−0.05
−0.15

−2 −1 0 1 2

Theoretical Quantiles

#[Link]
library(readr)
ZM <- read_csv("stocks/[Link]")

## Parsed with column specification:


## cols(
## Date = col_date(format = ""),
## Open = col_double(),
## High = col_double(),
## Low = col_double(),
## Close = col_double(),
## `Adj Close` = col_double(),
## Volume = col_double()
## )

View(ZM)
a_4 <- ZM[-c(42), 5]
a_4

## # A tibble: 41 x 1
## Close
## <dbl>
## 1 75.5
## 2 74.5
## 3 73

16
## 4 70.4
## 5 71.5
## 6 73.6
## 7 74.5
## 8 76.3
## 9 87.7
## 10 85.8
## # ... with 31 more rows

b_4 <- ZM[-c(1),5]


b_4

## # A tibble: 41 x 1
## Close
## <dbl>
## 1 74.5
## 2 73
## 3 70.4
## 4 71.5
## 5 73.6
## 6 74.5
## 7 76.3
## 8 87.7
## 9 85.8
## 10 87.0
## # ... with 31 more rows

b_4/a_4

## Close
## 1 0.9858353
## 2 0.9802605
## 3 0.9649315
## 4 1.0151902
## 5 1.0289470
## 6 1.0130470
## 7 1.0236115
## 8 1.1488860
## 9 0.9786675
## 10 1.0139876
## 11 1.0031039
## 12 1.0158148
## 13 1.0116200
## 14 0.9889595
## 15 0.9954894
## 16 1.0178976
## 17 1.0121299
## 18 1.0598131
## 19 1.0782239
## 20 1.0130857
## 21 0.9664736
## 22 1.0319379
## 23 1.0197124

17
## 24 0.9981322
## 25 1.0624065
## 26 0.9247027
## 27 1.0772381
## 28 1.0385466
## 29 0.9942964
## 30 1.0702055
## 31 0.9145600
## 32 0.9950140
## 33 0.9537582
## 34 1.0166836
## 35 0.9924751
## 36 0.9817302
## 37 1.0036289
## 38 1.0300389
## 39 1.0684969
## 40 1.0426249
## 41 1.0547791

x_4 <- b_4/a_4


log(x_4)

## Close
## 1 -0.014265953
## 2 -0.019936935
## 3 -0.035698123
## 4 0.015076012
## 5 0.028535945
## 6 0.012962632
## 7 0.023337072
## 8 0.138792758
## 9 -0.021563277
## 10 0.013890685
## 11 0.003099047
## 12 0.015691024
## 13 0.011553028
## 14 -0.011101856
## 15 -0.004520821
## 16 0.017739343
## 17 0.012056961
## 18 0.058092584
## 19 0.075315143
## 20 0.013000858
## 21 -0.034101336
## 22 0.031438483
## 23 0.019520632
## 24 -0.001869552
## 25 0.060536611
## 26 -0.078282945
## 27 0.074400452
## 28 0.037822190
## 29 -0.005719896
## 30 0.067850641
## 31 -0.089312206

18
## 32 -0.004998473
## 33 -0.047345075
## 34 0.016545971
## 35 -0.007553404
## 36 -0.018438800
## 37 0.003622345
## 38 0.029596587
## 39 0.066252853
## 40 0.041741441
## 41 0.053331341

y_4<- log(x_4)
y_4

## Close
## 1 -0.014265953
## 2 -0.019936935
## 3 -0.035698123
## 4 0.015076012
## 5 0.028535945
## 6 0.012962632
## 7 0.023337072
## 8 0.138792758
## 9 -0.021563277
## 10 0.013890685
## 11 0.003099047
## 12 0.015691024
## 13 0.011553028
## 14 -0.011101856
## 15 -0.004520821
## 16 0.017739343
## 17 0.012056961
## 18 0.058092584
## 19 0.075315143
## 20 0.013000858
## 21 -0.034101336
## 22 0.031438483
## 23 0.019520632
## 24 -0.001869552
## 25 0.060536611
## 26 -0.078282945
## 27 0.074400452
## 28 0.037822190
## 29 -0.005719896
## 30 0.067850641
## 31 -0.089312206
## 32 -0.004998473
## 33 -0.047345075
## 34 0.016545971
## 35 -0.007553404
## 36 -0.018438800
## 37 0.003622345
## 38 0.029596587
## 39 0.066252853

19
## 40 0.041741441
## 41 0.053331341

hist([Link](y_4[,1]), main = "Histogram for ZM", xlab="log return ", ylab="Frequency")

Histogram for ZM
15
Frequency

10
5
0

−0.10 −0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

log return

qqnorm([Link](y_4[,1]), pch=1, frame=FALSE, main =" Normal Q-Q Plot for ZM")
qqline([Link](y_4[,1]), col= "steelblue", lwd = 2)

20
Normal Q−Q Plot for ZM
0.10
Sample Quantiles

0.05
0.00
−0.05

−2 −1 0 1 2

Theoretical Quantiles

par(mfrow=c(2,2))
hist([Link](y_1[,1]), main = "Histogram for VTI", xlab="log return ", ylab="Frequency")
hist([Link](y_2[,1]), main = "Histogram for DIS", xlab="log return ", ylab="Frequency")
hist([Link](y_3[,1]), main = "Histogram for AMD", xlab="log return ", ylab="Frequency")
hist([Link](y_4[,1]), main = "Histogram for ZM", xlab="log return ", ylab="Frequency")

21
Histogram for VTI Histogram for DIS

20
Frequency

Frequency
10

10
0

0
−0.15 −0.05 0.05 0.10 −0.15 −0.05 0.05 0.15

log return log return

Histogram for AMD Histogram for ZM


20
Frequency

Frequency

10
10
0

0
−0.20 −0.10 0.00 0.10 −0.10 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15

log return log return

par(mfrow=c(2,2))
qqnorm([Link](y_1[,1]), pch=1, frame=FALSE, main =" Normal Q-Q Plot for VTI")
qqline([Link](y_1[,1]), col= "steelblue", lwd = 2)
qqnorm([Link](y_2[,1]), pch=1, frame=FALSE, main =" Normal Q-Q Plot for DIS")
qqline([Link](y_2[,1]), col= "steelblue", lwd = 2)
qqnorm([Link](y_3[,1]), pch=1, frame=FALSE, main =" Normal Q-Q Plot for AMD")
qqline([Link](y_3[,1]), col= "steelblue", lwd = 2)
qqnorm([Link](y_4[,1]), pch=1, frame=FALSE, main =" Normal Q-Q Plot for ZM")
qqline([Link](y_4[,1]), col= "steelblue", lwd = 2)

22
Normal Q−Q Plot for VTI Normal Q−Q Plot for DIS
Sample Quantiles

Sample Quantiles

0.10
0.05

−0.10
−0.10

−2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2

Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles

Normal Q−Q Plot for AMD Normal Q−Q Plot for ZM


Sample Quantiles

Sample Quantiles

−0.05 0.10
0.05
−0.15

−2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2

Theoretical Quantiles Theoretical Quantiles

#We may assume that the log return follows the normal distribution, as the histograms have one peak only

2. Use the Bartlett’s test to check if we can assume that the variance from the four population is the
same at significance level α = 0.1. (10 pt)

# input your answer here


[Link]( list([Link](y_1[,1]), [Link](y_2[,1]), [Link](y_3[,1]), [Link](y_4[,1])))

##
## Bartlett test of homogeneity of variances
##
## data: list([Link](y_1[, 1]), [Link](y_2[, 1]), [Link](y_3[, 1]), [Link](y_4[, 1]
## Bartlett's K-squared = 6.0485, df = 3, p-value = 0.1093

3. Perform the ANOVA test at significance level α = 0.1 without using the built-in functions.(10 pt)

# input your answer here


GroupVTI <- [Link](y_1[,1])
GroupDIS <- [Link](y_2[,1])
GroupAMD <- [Link](y_3[,1])
GroupZM <- [Link](y_4[,1])
Combined_Groups <- [Link](cbind(GroupVTI, GroupDIS, GroupAMD, GroupZM))
Combined_Groups

23
## GroupVTI GroupDIS GroupAMD GroupZM
## 1 0.0011269757 -0.012648208 0.005429503 -0.014265953
## 2 -0.0095301580 -0.015020795 -0.026652580 -0.019936935
## 3 -0.0151357822 -0.030294425 -0.021886230 -0.035698123
## 4 0.0096145644 0.018011945 0.025454837 0.015076012
## 5 -0.0006621956 -0.016835274 -0.061627015 0.028535945
## 6 0.0024059265 0.012779960 0.026380188 0.012962632
## 7 -0.0178197475 0.003621618 -0.037172766 0.023337072
## 8 0.0087677278 0.021529349 0.021469999 0.138792758
## 9 0.0156384205 0.023843034 0.029344473 -0.021563277
## 10 0.0097991052 -0.023489376 0.007855804 0.013890685
## 11 0.0027736803 0.009363971 -0.010488205 0.003099047
## 12 -0.0057329627 -0.011842749 0.008278691 0.015691024
## 13 0.0073229538 0.011071599 0.049622864 0.011553028
## 14 0.0027617095 -0.011142583 0.029042225 -0.011101856
## 15 0.0062590202 0.005939433 0.001671468 -0.004520821
## 16 -0.0004083131 -0.006719829 0.011806066 0.017739343
## 17 0.0016320753 -0.009699125 0.014202762 0.012056961
## 18 -0.0023323270 -0.002870634 0.028165819 0.058092584
## 19 0.0050659270 0.015404695 0.034721549 0.075315143
## 20 -0.0030248658 -0.006603553 -0.028064182 0.013000858
## 21 -0.0103063191 -0.010023667 -0.072215931 -0.034101336
## 22 -0.0334571216 -0.043833819 -0.081294741 0.031438483
## 23 -0.0310303915 -0.036910715 -0.032063958 0.019520632
## 24 -0.0055402112 -0.038406643 -0.001683106 -0.001869552
## 25 -0.0448018328 -0.044083357 -0.076102355 0.060536611
## 26 -0.0067572582 -0.003309430 0.032855816 -0.078282945
## 27 0.0405773209 0.019610962 0.042614573 0.074400452
## 28 -0.0261249468 -0.029863120 -0.015072976 0.037822190
## 29 0.0391878947 0.023172988 0.069406345 -0.005719896
## 30 -0.0338949916 -0.044611934 -0.040730533 0.067850641
## 31 -0.0187487393 0.011254150 0.009927683 -0.089312206
## 32 -0.0836905622 -0.099526555 -0.115958187 -0.004998473
## 33 0.0484118572 0.065915155 0.047611938 -0.047345075
## 34 -0.0519560764 -0.054860019 0.007026812 0.016545971
## 35 -0.1022977896 -0.139084558 -0.158280334 -0.007553404
## 36 0.0871116765 0.110336671 0.118096374 -0.018438800
## 37 -0.1208222534 -0.076075697 -0.125816414 0.003622345
## 38 0.0489245682 -0.015699944 0.078710471 0.029596587
## 39 -0.0593556721 -0.051895543 -0.068174594 0.066252853
## 40 0.0073547951 0.066753097 0.017735473 0.041741441
## 41 -0.0416584710 -0.099025031 -0.005287664 0.053331341

grand_mean <- mean(unlist(Combined_Groups))


group_mean <- sapply(Combined_Groups, mean)
group_sd <- sapply(Combined_Groups, sd)
n <- sapply(Combined_Groups, length)
Total_SS <- sum((unlist(Combined_Groups)-grand_mean)^2)
Error_SS <- sum(((n-1)*group_sd^2))
Group_SS <- Total_SS - Error_SS
Total_df <- length(unlist(Combined_Groups)) - 1
Error_df <- length(unlist(Combined_Groups)) - length(n)
Group_df <- Total_df - Error_df
MS_Error <- Error_SS/Error_df

24
MS_Group <- Group_SS/Group_df
F_value <- MS_Group / MS_Error
p_value <- pf(F_value, Group_df, Error_df, [Link] = FALSE)
anova <- matrix(
c(Group_df, Error_df, Total_df,
Group_SS, Error_SS, Total_SS,
MS_Group, MS_Error, NA,
F_value, NA, NA,
p_value, NA, NA),
ncol = 5)
dimnames(anova) <- list(
"Group" = c("Between", "Within", "Total"),
"ANOVA" = c("Df", "Sum_Sq", "Mean_Sq", "F_value", "P_value")
)
printCoefmat(anova, [Link] = TRUE, [Link] = TRUE,
digits = 3, [Link] = "")

## Df Sum_Sq Mean_Sq F_value P_value


## Between 3.00e+00 1.67e-02 5.57e-03 2.65 0.05 .
## Within 1.60e+02 3.36e-01 2.10e-03
## Total 1.63e+02 3.53e-01
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

4. Perform the ANOVA test at significance level α = 0.1 using the built-in functions. (10 pt)

# input your answer here


GroupVTI <- [Link](y_1[,1])
GroupDIS <- [Link](y_2[,1])
GroupAMD <- [Link](y_3[,1])
GroupZM <- [Link](y_4[,1])
Combined_Groups <- [Link](cbind(GroupVTI, GroupDIS, GroupAMD, GroupZM))
Combined_Groups

## GroupVTI GroupDIS GroupAMD GroupZM


## 1 0.0011269757 -0.012648208 0.005429503 -0.014265953
## 2 -0.0095301580 -0.015020795 -0.026652580 -0.019936935
## 3 -0.0151357822 -0.030294425 -0.021886230 -0.035698123
## 4 0.0096145644 0.018011945 0.025454837 0.015076012
## 5 -0.0006621956 -0.016835274 -0.061627015 0.028535945
## 6 0.0024059265 0.012779960 0.026380188 0.012962632
## 7 -0.0178197475 0.003621618 -0.037172766 0.023337072
## 8 0.0087677278 0.021529349 0.021469999 0.138792758
## 9 0.0156384205 0.023843034 0.029344473 -0.021563277
## 10 0.0097991052 -0.023489376 0.007855804 0.013890685
## 11 0.0027736803 0.009363971 -0.010488205 0.003099047
## 12 -0.0057329627 -0.011842749 0.008278691 0.015691024
## 13 0.0073229538 0.011071599 0.049622864 0.011553028
## 14 0.0027617095 -0.011142583 0.029042225 -0.011101856
## 15 0.0062590202 0.005939433 0.001671468 -0.004520821
## 16 -0.0004083131 -0.006719829 0.011806066 0.017739343
## 17 0.0016320753 -0.009699125 0.014202762 0.012056961

25
## 18 -0.0023323270 -0.002870634 0.028165819 0.058092584
## 19 0.0050659270 0.015404695 0.034721549 0.075315143
## 20 -0.0030248658 -0.006603553 -0.028064182 0.013000858
## 21 -0.0103063191 -0.010023667 -0.072215931 -0.034101336
## 22 -0.0334571216 -0.043833819 -0.081294741 0.031438483
## 23 -0.0310303915 -0.036910715 -0.032063958 0.019520632
## 24 -0.0055402112 -0.038406643 -0.001683106 -0.001869552
## 25 -0.0448018328 -0.044083357 -0.076102355 0.060536611
## 26 -0.0067572582 -0.003309430 0.032855816 -0.078282945
## 27 0.0405773209 0.019610962 0.042614573 0.074400452
## 28 -0.0261249468 -0.029863120 -0.015072976 0.037822190
## 29 0.0391878947 0.023172988 0.069406345 -0.005719896
## 30 -0.0338949916 -0.044611934 -0.040730533 0.067850641
## 31 -0.0187487393 0.011254150 0.009927683 -0.089312206
## 32 -0.0836905622 -0.099526555 -0.115958187 -0.004998473
## 33 0.0484118572 0.065915155 0.047611938 -0.047345075
## 34 -0.0519560764 -0.054860019 0.007026812 0.016545971
## 35 -0.1022977896 -0.139084558 -0.158280334 -0.007553404
## 36 0.0871116765 0.110336671 0.118096374 -0.018438800
## 37 -0.1208222534 -0.076075697 -0.125816414 0.003622345
## 38 0.0489245682 -0.015699944 0.078710471 0.029596587
## 39 -0.0593556721 -0.051895543 -0.068174594 0.066252853
## 40 0.0073547951 0.066753097 0.017735473 0.041741441
## 41 -0.0416584710 -0.099025031 -0.005287664 0.053331341

summary(Combined_Groups)

## GroupVTI GroupDIS GroupAMD GroupZM


## Min. :-0.120822 Min. :-0.13908 Min. :-0.158280 Min. :-0.089312
## 1st Qu.:-0.026125 1st Qu.:-0.03691 1st Qu.:-0.032064 1st Qu.:-0.007553
## Median :-0.002332 Median :-0.01002 Median : 0.007027 Median : 0.013001
## Mean :-0.009277 Mean :-0.01258 Mean :-0.006369 Mean : 0.013344
## 3rd Qu.: 0.007323 3rd Qu.: 0.01125 3rd Qu.: 0.028166 3rd Qu.: 0.031438
## Max. : 0.087112 Max. : 0.11034 Max. : 0.118096 Max. : 0.138793

Stacked_Groups <- stack(Combined_Groups)


Stacked_Groups

## values ind
## 1 0.0011269757 GroupVTI
## 2 -0.0095301580 GroupVTI
## 3 -0.0151357822 GroupVTI
## 4 0.0096145644 GroupVTI
## 5 -0.0006621956 GroupVTI
## 6 0.0024059265 GroupVTI
## 7 -0.0178197475 GroupVTI
## 8 0.0087677278 GroupVTI
## 9 0.0156384205 GroupVTI
## 10 0.0097991052 GroupVTI
## 11 0.0027736803 GroupVTI
## 12 -0.0057329627 GroupVTI
## 13 0.0073229538 GroupVTI
## 14 0.0027617095 GroupVTI

26
## 15 0.0062590202 GroupVTI
## 16 -0.0004083131 GroupVTI
## 17 0.0016320753 GroupVTI
## 18 -0.0023323270 GroupVTI
## 19 0.0050659270 GroupVTI
## 20 -0.0030248658 GroupVTI
## 21 -0.0103063191 GroupVTI
## 22 -0.0334571216 GroupVTI
## 23 -0.0310303915 GroupVTI
## 24 -0.0055402112 GroupVTI
## 25 -0.0448018328 GroupVTI
## 26 -0.0067572582 GroupVTI
## 27 0.0405773209 GroupVTI
## 28 -0.0261249468 GroupVTI
## 29 0.0391878947 GroupVTI
## 30 -0.0338949916 GroupVTI
## 31 -0.0187487393 GroupVTI
## 32 -0.0836905622 GroupVTI
## 33 0.0484118572 GroupVTI
## 34 -0.0519560764 GroupVTI
## 35 -0.1022977896 GroupVTI
## 36 0.0871116765 GroupVTI
## 37 -0.1208222534 GroupVTI
## 38 0.0489245682 GroupVTI
## 39 -0.0593556721 GroupVTI
## 40 0.0073547951 GroupVTI
## 41 -0.0416584710 GroupVTI
## 42 -0.0126482076 GroupDIS
## 43 -0.0150207949 GroupDIS
## 44 -0.0302944248 GroupDIS
## 45 0.0180119451 GroupDIS
## 46 -0.0168352744 GroupDIS
## 47 0.0127799602 GroupDIS
## 48 0.0036216178 GroupDIS
## 49 0.0215293493 GroupDIS
## 50 0.0238430338 GroupDIS
## 51 -0.0234893758 GroupDIS
## 52 0.0093639708 GroupDIS
## 53 -0.0118427485 GroupDIS
## 54 0.0110715990 GroupDIS
## 55 -0.0111425827 GroupDIS
## 56 0.0059394334 GroupDIS
## 57 -0.0067198287 GroupDIS
## 58 -0.0096991252 GroupDIS
## 59 -0.0028706343 GroupDIS
## 60 0.0154046952 GroupDIS
## 61 -0.0066035525 GroupDIS
## 62 -0.0100236675 GroupDIS
## 63 -0.0438338192 GroupDIS
## 64 -0.0369107147 GroupDIS
## 65 -0.0384066426 GroupDIS
## 66 -0.0440833569 GroupDIS
## 67 -0.0033094297 GroupDIS
## 68 0.0196109621 GroupDIS

27
## 69 -0.0298631201 GroupDIS
## 70 0.0231729878 GroupDIS
## 71 -0.0446119340 GroupDIS
## 72 0.0112541496 GroupDIS
## 73 -0.0995265546 GroupDIS
## 74 0.0659151550 GroupDIS
## 75 -0.0548600185 GroupDIS
## 76 -0.1390845578 GroupDIS
## 77 0.1103366712 GroupDIS
## 78 -0.0760756970 GroupDIS
## 79 -0.0156999443 GroupDIS
## 80 -0.0518955430 GroupDIS
## 81 0.0667530967 GroupDIS
## 82 -0.0990250310 GroupDIS
## 83 0.0054295030 GroupAMD
## 84 -0.0266525798 GroupAMD
## 85 -0.0218862302 GroupAMD
## 86 0.0254548365 GroupAMD
## 87 -0.0616270153 GroupAMD
## 88 0.0263801879 GroupAMD
## 89 -0.0371727661 GroupAMD
## 90 0.0214699986 GroupAMD
## 91 0.0293444732 GroupAMD
## 92 0.0078558040 GroupAMD
## 93 -0.0104882054 GroupAMD
## 94 0.0082786914 GroupAMD
## 95 0.0496228645 GroupAMD
## 96 0.0290422250 GroupAMD
## 97 0.0016714676 GroupAMD
## 98 0.0118060659 GroupAMD
## 99 0.0142027623 GroupAMD
## 100 0.0281658192 GroupAMD
## 101 0.0347215485 GroupAMD
## 102 -0.0280641822 GroupAMD
## 103 -0.0722159311 GroupAMD
## 104 -0.0812947412 GroupAMD
## 105 -0.0320639581 GroupAMD
## 106 -0.0016831061 GroupAMD
## 107 -0.0761023552 GroupAMD
## 108 0.0328558161 GroupAMD
## 109 0.0426145729 GroupAMD
## 110 -0.0150729760 GroupAMD
## 111 0.0694063454 GroupAMD
## 112 -0.0407305328 GroupAMD
## 113 0.0099276832 GroupAMD
## 114 -0.1159581867 GroupAMD
## 115 0.0476119381 GroupAMD
## 116 0.0070268117 GroupAMD
## 117 -0.1582803341 GroupAMD
## 118 0.1180963743 GroupAMD
## 119 -0.1258164139 GroupAMD
## 120 0.0787104706 GroupAMD
## 121 -0.0681745936 GroupAMD
## 122 0.0177354731 GroupAMD

28
## 123 -0.0052876639 GroupAMD
## 124 -0.0142659533 GroupZM
## 125 -0.0199369350 GroupZM
## 126 -0.0356981229 GroupZM
## 127 0.0150760116 GroupZM
## 128 0.0285359446 GroupZM
## 129 0.0129626318 GroupZM
## 130 0.0233370720 GroupZM
## 131 0.1387927585 GroupZM
## 132 -0.0215632765 GroupZM
## 133 0.0138906847 GroupZM
## 134 0.0030990472 GroupZM
## 135 0.0156910239 GroupZM
## 136 0.0115530284 GroupZM
## 137 -0.0111018564 GroupZM
## 138 -0.0045208206 GroupZM
## 139 0.0177393429 GroupZM
## 140 0.0120569610 GroupZM
## 141 0.0580925841 GroupZM
## 142 0.0753151431 GroupZM
## 143 0.0130008580 GroupZM
## 144 -0.0341013360 GroupZM
## 145 0.0314384835 GroupZM
## 146 0.0195206317 GroupZM
## 147 -0.0018695517 GroupZM
## 148 0.0605366113 GroupZM
## 149 -0.0782829453 GroupZM
## 150 0.0744004518 GroupZM
## 151 0.0378221903 GroupZM
## 152 -0.0057198957 GroupZM
## 153 0.0678506408 GroupZM
## 154 -0.0893122064 GroupZM
## 155 -0.0049984731 GroupZM
## 156 -0.0473450747 GroupZM
## 157 0.0165459708 GroupZM
## 158 -0.0075534037 GroupZM
## 159 -0.0184388001 GroupZM
## 160 0.0036223454 GroupZM
## 161 0.0295965873 GroupZM
## 162 0.0662528534 GroupZM
## 163 0.0417414411 GroupZM
## 164 0.0533313411 GroupZM

Anova_Results <- aov(values ~ ind, data = Stacked_Groups)


summary(Anova_Results)

## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)


## ind 3 0.0167 0.005570 2.654 0.0505 .
## Residuals 160 0.3359 0.002099
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

5. Use pair-wise T -test with Bonferroni adjustment to find the pairs that are significantly different in
mean. (10 pt)

29
# input your answer here
[Link](GroupVTI ,GroupDIS, [Link]= "bonf")

##
## Pairwise comparisons using t tests with pooled SD
##
## data: GroupVTI and GroupDIS
##
## -0.139084557837046 -0.09952655459006 -0.0990250309971264
## -0.09952655459006 - - -
## -0.0990250309971264 - - -
## -0.0760756970487597 - - -
## -0.0548600185267245 - - -
## -0.051895543030233 - - -
## -0.044611934020656 - - -
## -0.0440833569319303 - - -
## -0.0438338192160994 - - -
## -0.0384066426065132 - - -
## -0.0369107146970646 - - -
## -0.0302944248038067 - - -
## -0.0298631200803003 - - -
## -0.0234893757895967 - - -
## -0.0168352744198917 - - -
## -0.0156999443079288 - - -
## -0.0150207948590259 - - -
## -0.012648207556852 - - -
## -0.0118427485092234 - - -
## -0.0111425827179446 - - -
## -0.0100236674785111 - - -
## -0.00969912518976136 - - -
## -0.00671982869624917 - - -
## -0.00660355252726692 - - -
## -0.00330942968779791 - - -
## -0.00287063428791041 - - -
## 0.00362161781360668 - - -
## 0.00593943338952552 - - -
## 0.0093639707572619 - - -
## 0.0110715990234969 - - -
## 0.0112541496317621 - - -
## 0.0127799601979982 - - -
## 0.0154046951793064 - - -
## 0.0180119451479237 - - -
## 0.0196109620610386 - - -
## 0.0215293493332158 - - -
## 0.0231729877557059 - - -
## 0.0238430338111613 - - -
## 0.065915155026928 - - -
## 0.0667530967436867 - - -
## 0.110336671188022 - - -
## -0.0760756970487597 -0.0548600185267245 -0.051895543030233
## -0.09952655459006 - - -
## -0.0990250309971264 - - -
## -0.0760756970487597 - - -

30
## -0.0548600185267245 - - -
## -0.051895543030233 - - -
## -0.044611934020656 - - -
## -0.0440833569319303 - - -
## -0.0438338192160994 - - -
## -0.0384066426065132 - - -
## -0.0369107146970646 - - -
## -0.0302944248038067 - - -
## -0.0298631200803003 - - -
## -0.0234893757895967 - - -
## -0.0168352744198917 - - -
## -0.0156999443079288 - - -
## -0.0150207948590259 - - -
## -0.012648207556852 - - -
## -0.0118427485092234 - - -
## -0.0111425827179446 - - -
## -0.0100236674785111 - - -
## -0.00969912518976136 - - -
## -0.00671982869624917 - - -
## -0.00660355252726692 - - -
## -0.00330942968779791 - - -
## -0.00287063428791041 - - -
## 0.00362161781360668 - - -
## 0.00593943338952552 - - -
## 0.0093639707572619 - - -
## 0.0110715990234969 - - -
## 0.0112541496317621 - - -
## 0.0127799601979982 - - -
## 0.0154046951793064 - - -
## 0.0180119451479237 - - -
## 0.0196109620610386 - - -
## 0.0215293493332158 - - -
## 0.0231729877557059 - - -
## 0.0238430338111613 - - -
## 0.065915155026928 - - -
## 0.0667530967436867 - - -
## 0.110336671188022 - - -
## -0.044611934020656 -0.0440833569319303 -0.0438338192160994
## -0.09952655459006 - - -
## -0.0990250309971264 - - -
## -0.0760756970487597 - - -
## -0.0548600185267245 - - -
## -0.051895543030233 - - -
## -0.044611934020656 - - -
## -0.0440833569319303 - - -
## -0.0438338192160994 - - -
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## -0.00660355252726692 - -

41
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## 0.0093639707572619 - -
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## 0.0238430338111613 - -
## 0.065915155026928 - -
## 0.0667530967436867 - -
## 0.110336671188022 - -
##
## P value adjustment method: bonferroni

[Link](GroupVTI ,GroupAMD, [Link]= "bonf")

##
## Pairwise comparisons using t tests with pooled SD
##
## data: GroupVTI and GroupAMD
##
## -0.15828033410269 -0.125816413900556 -0.115958186742094
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42
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52
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##
## P value adjustment method: bonferroni

[Link](GroupVTI ,GroupZM, [Link]= "bonf")

##
## Pairwise comparisons using t tests with pooled SD
##
## data: GroupVTI and GroupZM
##
## -0.0893122063501764 -0.0782829452699382
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55
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65
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##

66
## P value adjustment method: bonferroni

[Link](GroupDIS ,GroupAMD, [Link]= "bonf")

##
## Pairwise comparisons using t tests with pooled SD
##
## data: GroupDIS and GroupAMD
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78
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##
## P value adjustment method: bonferroni

[Link](GroupDIS ,GroupZM, [Link]= "bonf")

##
## Pairwise comparisons using t tests with pooled SD
##
## data: GroupDIS and GroupZM
##
## -0.0893122063501764 -0.0782829452699382
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79
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88
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89
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90
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##
## P value adjustment method: bonferroni

[Link](GroupAMD ,GroupZM, [Link]= "bonf")

##
## Pairwise comparisons using t tests with pooled SD
##
## data: GroupAMD and GroupZM
##
## -0.0893122063501764 -0.0782829452699382
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91
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92
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## -0.0341013359793177 -
## -0.0215632765103505 -
## -0.0199369349660405 -
## -0.0184388000558851 -
## -0.014265953289648 -
## -0.0111018563546055 -
## -0.00755340365975687 -
## -0.00571989570522065 -
## -0.00499847312106496 -
## -0.00452082062851918 -
## -0.00186955166150293 -
## 0.00309904721442096 -
## 0.0036223453562101 -
## 0.0115530284307924 -
## 0.0120569609756306 -
## 0.0129626317716247 -
## 0.0130008580272713 -
## 0.0138906847056538 -
## 0.0150760116460973 -
## 0.0156910239365644 -
## 0.0165459707834673 -
## 0.0177393428733575 -
## 0.0195206316910109 -
## 0.0233370719537611 -
## 0.0285359446283754 -
## 0.029596587343481 -
## 0.0314384834763738 -
## 0.0378221902880323 -
## 0.0417414410764372 -
## 0.0533313410917207 -
## 0.058092584053878 -
## 0.0605366113369372 -
## 0.0662528534418402 -
## 0.0678506407801113 -
## 0.0744004517818548 -
## 0.075315143072917 -
## 0.138792758479713 -
##

103
## P value adjustment method: bonferroni

6. State your findings from this study. (5 pt)

Type in your answer here: Set the significant level α = 0.1. Do not reject H0 as p-value of these tests are
larger than 0.05.

104

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