1st Quarter SCIENCE

Reviewer

Gian Isiah Bedia

Earth’s Interior
•Geology- study of earth’s structure

•Oblate Spheroid- shape of the earth

•Crust- outermost layer

•Mantle- thick/heaviest layer

-upper mantle -lower mantle

•Core- innermost layer/Ball of fire

-outer core (L) -inner core (S)

Two types of crust:

•Continental crust- land

Granite (light color, coarse texture)

•Oceanic crust- ocean

Basalt (dark rock with a fine texture)

LITHOSPHERIC PLATES

Lithosphere- crust + upper mantle, hotter and under in pressure.

Asthenosphere- came from the word “asthenes” which means weak.

Continental lithosphere- made up of rocks called granite.

Oceanic lithosphere- much thinner and younger than continental lithosphere. Made up of rocks called
basalt.

Tectonic Plates

Tectonic plates- smaller sections of the earth’s lithosphere.

Plate Boundaries- edges that separates tectonic plates.

Convection current- makes the tectonic plates/lithosphere move.

7 Major Plates:

•Pacific Plate

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•African Plate

•Antarctic Plate

•Eurasian Plate

•Indo-Australian Plate

•North American Plate

•South American Plate

8 Minor/Secondary Plates

•Arabian Plate

•Caribbean Plate

•Cocos Plate

•Indian Plate

•Juan de fuca Plate

•Nazca Plate

•Philippine Plate

•Scotian Plate

SEISMIC WAVES
•Siesmic waves- caused by the sudden breaking of the rock within the earth.

•Siesmology- study of earthquakes

•Seismos- greek word which means “earthquake”.

•Earthquake- shaking of the ground

•Seismologists- someone who studies earthquakes

•Waves- a dynamic disturbance of one or more quantity/ies.

•Crest- top most part of the wave.

•Trough- bottom part.

•Wavelength- distance.

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•Body Wave

-can travel through the earth’s inner layers.

-these waves carries higher frequency than the suface waves.

•Two types of Body waves

•P-waves (Primary)

-fastest kind of body wave.

-also called as compression waves.

-it pushes and pulls the rock, it moves through just like sound waves push and pull the air.

•S-waves (secondary)

-is the second wave you feel in the earthquake.

-slower than P-waves.

-moves rock up and down, or side-to-side.

•Surface Waves

-can only travel through surface of the earth.

-they arrive after main P and S waves.

•Two types of Surface Waves

•Love waves

-named after A.E.H Love, a British Mathematician.

-fastest surface waves.

-moves the ground from side-to-side horizontal motion.

-1911

•Rayleigh Waves

-named for John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh.

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-1885

-rolls along the ground just like wave rolls

-most of the shaking felt from an earthquake due to Rayleigh Waves, which can be much larger.

•Mohorovicic Discontinuity

-found by Andrija Mohorovicic

-density between crush and mantle

-50km below the earth’s surface.

-1909

-Moho

•Gutenberg Discontinuity

-according to Beno Gutenberg.

-mantle-core boundary is called Gutenberg Discontinuity.

•Lehmann Discontinuity

-predicted by Inge Lehmann in 1936.

-new region of seismic reflection within the core.

•Triangulation Method

-to determine the direction of each wave have traveled.

-the radius of each circle equals the known distance to the epicenter. Where these three circles intersect is
the epicenter.

-8 seconds is the interval.

•Earthquakes

•Foreshocks

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-before

•Aftershocks

-occur on the same site of the mainshocks

-can last up to weeks or months

•Hypocenter

-location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts.

•Epicenter

-above the Hypocenter.

•Fault

-fractures or discontinuity.

•Fault line

-trace on its surface.

•PACIFIC RING OF FIRE or PACIFIC RIM

-The haven of the most volcanic and earthquake-prone places on earth.

-usually host normal earthquake 6.9 magnitude or less which happen around every 2.5 days.

•Signs of an Impending Earthquake

-animal behavior

-change in atmospheric conditions

-electromagnetic disturbances

-boom sound

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PLATE BOUNDARIES
•Divergent Boundaries

-dissecting or dividing.

-a plate boundary where two plates move away from each other.

-rocks gets THIN in the middle as it is pulled apart.

-the stress is called Tension.

-Normal Fault (fault is a break in Earth’s crust).

-Foot wall and Hanging wall.

•A geologic feature or event;

May form RIFT VALLEYS on continents.

SEA-FLOOR SPREADING in the ocean

-Features of Divergent Boundaries

•Mid-ocean ridges

•rift valleys

•fissure volcanoes

•volcanic Islands

•Convergent Boundary

-a plate boundary where two plates move towards each other.

-colliding with each other.

-stress is called Compression.

-Three types of Convergent Boundary

•Oceanic vs Continental

-Subduction Zone: The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into
the mantle at a convergent plate boundary.

-volcanoes and mountain ranges occur.

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•Oceanic vs Oceanic

-The less dense plate slides under the more dense plate creating a subduction zone called a TRENCH.

-Marianas Trench (deepest point on earth).

•Continental vs Continental

-have Collision Zones:

–may form Mountain ranges.

•Stress of Compression

-REVERSE FAULT, Rock is forced upward as it is squeezed.

•Transform Boundaries

-a plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite direction

-rock is pushed in two opposite directions (or sideways, but no rock is lost) •This stress is called
SHEARING.

-may cause Earthquakes when the rock snaps from the pressure.

•A STRIKE-SLIP FAULT

-Rocks on each side of the fault slip past each other as they break.

•CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

•Continental Drift

-a theory developed by Alfred Wegener, states that, Earth's plates were once one huge landmass and
over years they were broken apart and drifted to their present location.

•Alfred Wegener

-a German scientist that developed the theory of continental drift.

•Pangaea

-The name that Alfred Wegener gave to Earth's one huge landmass that existed 250 million years ago. It
means all Earth.

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•Gondwanaland and Laurasia

•Fossils

-a trace of an ancient organism (animal or plant) that has been preserved in rock.

•Glossopteris

-a fossil of a seed from a fern plant, which cannot be carried away by wind or water.

•Lystrosaurus and Mesosaurus

-Fossils of a hippo-like creature and a reptile. These fossils were found on continents that are separated
by great oceans and neither animal could swim those distances. Therefore the continents must have been
connected at one time.

•Cynognathus

•6 Evidence of Alfred Wegener

•Puzzle-like fit

•Similar animal fossils

•Similar plant fossils

•Ancient climate

•Rocks

•Glaciers

•Coal Deposit

-were formed from the compaction and decomposition of swamp plants that lived million years ago.

Sea-floor Spreading

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•Harry Hess and Robert Dietz

•Early 1960s

•Findings that support Seafloor Spreading Theory:

1. Rocks are younger at the mid-ocean ridge.

2. Rocks far from the mid-ocean ridge are older.

3. Sediments are thinner at the ridge.

4. Rocks at the ocean floor are younger than those at the continents.

•Scientists found a system of ridges or mountains in the seafloor similar to those found in the continents.
These are called mid-ocean ridges.

•Magnetic Reversal

-A magnetic compass tells us directions on Earth.