Minerals - Set 4

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1. Commodity: Mercury Calomel

Mineral Group: Calomel Group
Chemical Formula: (Hg2)2+Cl2
Crystal System: Tetragonal

2. Commodity: REE Allanite

Mineral Group: Silicates
Chemical Formula: (Ca, Ce, La, Y)2(Al,
Fe)3(SiO4)3(OH)
Crystal System: Monoclinic

3. Commodity: Thorium, Lanthanum, and Cerium Monazite

Mineral Group: Phosphates
Chemical Formula: (Ce,La,Nd,Th)(PO4,SiO4)
Crystal System: Monoclinic

4. Commodity: Titanium Brookite

Mineral Group: Oxides
Chemical Formula: TiO2
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

5. Commodity: Titanium Anatase

Mineral Group: Oxides
Chemical Formula: TiO2
Crystal System: Tetragonal

6. Commodity: strontium Celestine

Mineral Group: Sulfates
Chemical Formula: SrSO4
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

7. Commodity: Lead Anglesite

Mineral Group: Sulfide
Chemical Formula: PbSO4
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

8. Commodity: Lithium Spodomene

Mineral Group: Silicate
Chemical Formula: LiAlSi2O6
Crystal System: Monoclinic
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9. Commodity: Manganese Rhrodonite

Mineral Group: Silicate
Chemical Formula: (Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca)SiO3
Crystal System: Tricilinic

10. Commodity: Manganese Rhodocrosite

Mineral Group: Carbonate
Chemical Formula: MnCO3
Crystal System: Rhombohedral

11. Commodity: Zinc Fraklinite

Mineral Group: Oxide
Chemical Formula: ZnFe³z‚O„
Crystal System: Isometric

12. Commodity: Magnesium Magnesite

Mineral Group: Carbonate
Chemical Formula: MgCO3
Crystal System: Hexagonal

13. Commodity: Zinc Zincite

Mineral Group: Oxide
Chemical Formula: ZnO
Crystal System: Hexagonal

14. Commodity: Manganese Manganite

Mineral Group: Oxide
Chemical Formula: MnO(OH)
Crystal System: Monoclinic

15. Commodity: Chromium Chromite

Mineral Group: Oxide
Chemical Formula: FeCr2O4
Crystal System: isometric

16. Commodity: Barium Barite

Mineral Group: sulfate
Chemical Formula: BaSO4
Crystal System: Orthorhombic
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17. Commodity: Beryllium Chrysoberyl

Mineral Group: oxide
Chemical Formula: BeAl‚O„
Crystal System: orthorhombic

18. Commodity: Lead Crocoite

Mineral Group: Chromite
Chemical Formula: PbCrO4
Crystal System: Monoclinic

19. Commodity: Mg Brucite

Mineral Group: Oxide
Chemical Formula: Mg(OH)2
Crystal System: Trigonal

20. Commodity: Mn Hauerite

Mineral Group: sulfides
Chemical Formula: MnS2
Crystal System: isometric

21. Commodity: Ni Millerite

Mineral Group: Sulfides
Chemical Formula: NiS
Crystal System: Trigonal

22. Commodity: Cu Bournonite

Mineral Group: Sulfosalt
Chemical Formula: PbCuSbS2
Crystal System: orthorhombic

23. Commodity: Antimony Jamesonite

Mineral Group: Sulfide
Chemical Formula: Pb2Sb2S5
Crystal System: Monoclinic

24. Commodity: As Orpiment

Mineral Group: Sulfide
Chemical Formula: As2S3
Crystal System: Monoclinic
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25. Commodity: As Realgar

Mineral Group: Sulfide
Chemical Formula: As4S4
Crystal System: Monoclinic

26. Commodity: Y Xenotime

Mineral Group: Phosphate
Chemical Formula: Y(PO4)
Crystal System: Tetragonal

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 Minerals - Set 3
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1. Powellite Commodity: Molybdenum

Mineral group: Molybdate
Chemical formula: CaMoO4
Crystal system: Tetragonal

2. Native Mercury Commodity: Hg

Mineral group: Native elements
Chemical formula: Hg
Crystal system: Trigonal

3. Acanthite Commodity: Ag
Mineral group: Sulfide
Chemical formula: Ag2S
Crystal system: Monoclinic

4. Argentite Commodity: Ag
Mineral group: Sulfide
Chemical formula: Ag2S
Crystal system: Isometric

5. Argentopyrite Commodity: Ag
Mineral group: Sulfide
Chemical formula: AgFe2S3
Crystal system: Monoclinic

6. Native Gold Commodity: Au

Mineral group: Native Element
Chemical formula: Au
Crystal system: Isometric

7. Petzite Commodity: Gold

Mineral group: Telluride
Chemical formula: Ag3AuTe2
Crystal system: Cubic

8. Wulfenite Commodity: Molybdenum

Mineral group: Molybdate
Chemical formula: PbMoO4
Crystal system: tetragonal

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 Minerals - Set 3
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9. Molybdenite Commodity: Molybdenum
Mineral group: Sulfide
Chemical formula: MoS2
Crystal system: Hexagonal

10. Cobaltite Commodity: Co

Mineral group: Sulfide
Chemical formula: CoAsS
Crystal system: Orthorhombic

11. Calaverite Commodity: Au

Mineral group: Tellurides
Chemical formula: AuTe2
Crystal system: Monoclinic

12. Carrollite Commodity: Co

Mineral group: Sulfides
Chemical formula: CuCo2S4
Crystal system: Isometric

13. Cubanite Commodity: Pt

Mineral group: sulfide
Chemical formula: CuFe2S3
Crystal system: Orthorhombic

14. Rutile Commodity: Ti

Mineral group: Oxides
Chemical formula: TiO2
Crystal system: Tetragonal

15. Stibnite Commodity: Sb

Mineral group: Sulfide
Chemical formula: Sb2S3
Crystal system: Orthorhombic

16. Sperrylite Commodity: Pt

Mineral group: Arsenide
Chemical formula: PtAs2
Crystal system: Isometric

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 Minerals - Set 3
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17. carnotite Commodity: uranium
Mineral group: Vanadate
Chemical formula: K2(UO2)2(VO4)2 · 3H2O
Crystal system: monoclinic

18. Native Silver Commodity: Ag

Mineral group: Native elements
Chemical formula: Ag
Crystal system: Isometric

19. Cinnabar Commodity: Hg

Mineral group: Sulfide
Chemical formula: HgS
Crystal system: Trigonal

20. Sylvanite Commodity: Au

Mineral group: Tellurides
Chemical formula: (Au, Ag) Te2
Crystal system: Monoclinic

21. Hessite Commodity: Ag

Mineral group: Telluride
Chemical formula: Ag2Te
Crystal system: Monoclinic

22. Stutzite Commodity: Ag

Mineral group: Telluride
Chemical formula: Ag5-xTe3 (x = 0.24-0.36)
Crystal system: Hexagonal

23. Empressite Commodity: Ag

Mineral group: Telluride
Chemical formula: AgTe
Crystal system: Orthorhombic

24. Pyrargyrite Commodity: Ag

Mineral group: Sulfide
Chemical formula: Ag3SbS3
Crystal system: Trigonal

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 Minerals - Set 3
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25. Galena Commodity: Pb
Mineral group: Sulfide
Chemical formula: PbS
Crystal system: Isometric

26. Chlorargyrite Commodity: Ag

Mineral group: Halides
Chemical formula: AgCl
Crystal system: Isometric

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 Minerals - Set 2
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1. Siderite Commodity: Fe
Mineral Group: Carbonates
Chemical Formula: FeCO3
Crystal System: Trigonal

2. Native Iron Commodity: Fe

Mineral Group: Native element
Chemical Formula: Fe
Crystal System: Cubic

3. Pyrrohotite Commodity: Fe
Mineral Group: Sulfides
Chemical Formula: Fe••‹“ŽS.
Crystal System: Monoclinic

4. Hübnerite Commodity: W
Mineral Group: Tungstates
Chemical Formula: MnWO4
Crystal System: Monoclinic

5. Cerussite Commodity: Pb
Mineral Group: Carbonates
Chemical Formula: PbCO3
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

6. pentlandite Commodity: Nickel

Mineral Group: Sulfides
Chemical Formula: (Fe,Ni)9S8
Crystal System: Isometric

7. Sphalerite Commodity: Zinc

Mineral Group: Sulfide
Chemical Formula: ZnS
Crystal System: Isometric

8. Wurtzite Commodity: Zinc

Mineral Group: Sulfide
Chemical Formula: (Zn,Fe)S
Crystal System: Hexagonal

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 Minerals - Set 2
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9. Uraninite Commodity: Uranium
Mineral Group: Oxides
Chemical Formula: UO2
Crystal System: Isometric

10. Ilmenite Commodity: Fe

Mineral Group: Oxides
Chemical Formula: FeTiO3
Crystal System: Rhombohedral

11. Gibbsite Commodity: Al

Mineral Group: Oxides
Chemical Formula: Al(OH)3
Crystal System: Monoclinic

12. Diaspore Commodity: Al

Mineral Group: Oxides
Chemical Formula: AlO(OH)
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

13. Garnierite Commodity: Ni

Mineral Group: Silicate
Chemical Formula: (NiMg)6Si4O10(OH)8
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

14. Limonite Commodity: Fe

Mineral Group: Oxides (Amorphous)
Chemical Formula: Fe2O3H2O
Crystal System: Amorphous

15. Boehmite Commodity: Al

Mineral Group: Oxides
Chemical Formula: AlO(OH)
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

16. smithsonite Commodity: Zn

Mineral Group: Carbonates
Chemical Formula: ZnCO3
Crystal System: hexagonal / trigonal

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 Minerals - Set 2
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17. Goethite Commodity: Fe
Mineral Group: Hydroxide
Chemical Formula: FeO(OH)
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

18. Bastnasite Commodity: REE

Mineral Group: Carbonates
Chemical Formula: (La, Ce, Y)CO3F
Crystal System: Hexagonal

19. Hematite Commodity: Fe

Mineral Group: Oxide
Chemical Formula: Fe2O3
Crystal System: Trigonal

20. Magnetite Commodity: Fe

Mineral Group: Oxide
Chemical Formula: Fe3O4
Crystal System: isometric

21. Titanomagnetite Commodity: Fe

Mineral Group: Oxide
Chemical Formula: Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4
Crystal System: isometric

22. Cassitertire Commodity: Sn

Mineral Group: Oxide
Chemical Formula: SnO2
Crystal System: Tetragonal

23. Maghemite Commodity: Fe

Mineral Group: Oxide
Chemical Formula: ³-Fe2O3
Crystal System: Cubic

24. Niccolite Commodity: Ni

Mineral Group: Arsenides
Chemical Formula: NiAs
Crystal System: Hexagonal

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 Minerals - Set 2
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25. Columbite Commodity: Fe
Mineral Group: Oxides
Chemical Formula: Fe2+Nb2O6
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

26. Pyrolusite Commodity: Mn

Mineral Group: Oxides
Chemical Formula: MnO2
Crystal System: Tetragonal

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 Minerals - Set 1
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1. Chenite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Sulfates
Chemical Formula: Pb4Cu(SO4)2(OH)6
Crystal System: Triclinic

2. Marshite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Halides
Chemical Formula: CuI
Crystal System: Cubic

3. Chalcocite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Sulfide
Chemical Formula: Cu2S
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

4. Hausmannite Commodity: Mn
Mineral Group: Oxides
Chemical Formula: Mn 2O4
Crystal System: Tetragonal

5. Zircon Commodity: Zr
Mineral Group: Silicate
Chemical Formula: ZrSiO4
Crystal System: Tetragonal

6. Cuprite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Oxide
Chemical Formula: Cu2O
Crystal System: Cubic

7. Malachite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Carbonate
Chemical Formula: Cu2CO3(OH)2
Crystal System: Monoclinic

8. Chalcostibite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Sulfide
Chemical Formula: CuSbS2
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

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 Minerals - Set 1
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9. Digenite Commodity: Copper
Mineral Group: Sulfide
Chemical Formula: Cu9S5
Crystal System: Trigonal

10. Asbolite (As- Commodity: Cobalt

bolane) Mineral Group: Oxide
Chemical Formula: (Ni,Co)2-xMn4+(O,OH)4 · nH2O
Crystal System: Hexagonal

11. Cuprospinel Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Oxides
Chemical Formula: CuFe2O4
Crystal System: Cubic

12. Chrysocolla Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Silicates
Chemical Formula: CuO·SiO2·2H2O
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

13. wolframite Commodity: Tungsten

Mineral Group: tungstate
Chemical Formula: (Fe,Mn)WO4
Crystal System: Monoclinic

14. Bornite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Sulfide
Chemical Formula: Cu5FeS4
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

15. Chalcanthite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Sulphates
Chemical Formula: CuSO4·5H2O
Crystal System: Triclinic

16. Azurite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Carbonate
Chemical Formula: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
Crystal System: Monoclinic

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 Minerals - Set 1
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17. Covellite Commodity: Copper
Mineral Group: Sulfide
Chemical Formula: CuS
Crystal System: Hexagonal

18. Tennantite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Sulfosalts
Chemical Formula: Cu•‚As„S•ƒ.
Crystal System: Cubic

19. Enargite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Sulfosalts
Chemical Formula: Cu3AsS4
Crystal System: Orthorhombic

20. Chalcopyrite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: sulfide group
Chemical Formula: CuFeS2
Crystal System: Tetragonal

21. Tetrahedrite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: sulfosalts
Chemical Formula: (Cu,Fe,Zn,Ag)12Sb4S13
Crystal System: Isometric

22. Scheelite Commodity: W

Mineral Group: Tungstate
Chemical Formula: CaWO„
Crystal System:

23. Sinnerite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Sulfosalts
Chemical Formula: Cu6As4S9
Crystal System: Triclinic

24. Proustite Commodity: Ag

Mineral Group: Sulfide
Chemical Formula: Ag3AsS3
Crystal System: Trigonal

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 Minerals - Set 1
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25. Apatite Commodity: K
Mineral Group: Phosphate
Chemical Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH)
Crystal System: Hexagonal

26. Luzonite Commodity: Copper

Mineral Group: Sulfosalts
Chemical Formula: Cu3AsS4
Crystal System: Tetragonal

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 Mineralogy
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1. crystallography the branch of science concerned with the

structure and properties of crystals

2. compound produce repetition of a unit of pattern (motif)

using a combination of two types of symmetry
operation

3. A. Beryl Emerald is a green gemstone variety of what

minerals?
A. Beryl
B. Quartz
C. Corundum
D. Garnet

4. tarnish a substance produced as a result of exposure

to air or moisture that tends to cover the orig-
inal color

5. asterism six-sided star like pattern as light is scattered

by inclusions

6. chatoyancy in fibrous minerals, band of light moves per-

pendicular to fibers

7. iridescence colors that change as the angle at which the

light strikes them changes

8. diaphaneity degree of transparency or opacity

9. c. alabaster: vitreous, mas- which of the following show incorrect corre-

sive spondence?
a. selenite: vitreous, bladed
b. satin spar: silky, fibrous
c. alabaster: vitreous, massive
d. desert rose: earthy, roseiform

10. a. 1 in the moh's scale of hardness, how many

minerals contain structural water?
a. 1
b. 2
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c. 3
d. 4

11. c. 3 in the moh's scale of hardness, how many

minerals contain hydroxide?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

12. a. gypsum swallow tail twins are commonly observed in

which mineral?
a. gypsym
b. orthoclase
c. plagioclase
d. staurolite

13. tenacity manner in which minerals respond to

short-term stress at normal surface tempera-
tures and pressures

14. c. van der waals What type of bonding force gives graphite
sectility?
a. ionic
b. covalent
c. van der waals
d. hydrogen

15. c. pyrolusite which of the following is an ore of man-

ganese?
a. pyrargyrite
b. millerite
c. pyrolusite
d. cassiterite

16. c. potting soil Kaolinite is used in the following except:

a. pottery
b. paper
c. potting soil
d. toothpaste
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17. 1. simple 2 types of symmetry operations

2. compound

18. translation periodic repetition of motifs by linear displace-

ment

19. rotation repetition of a pattern one or more times dur-

ing a complete 360 degrees rotation

20. reflection repetition across a plane called a mirror plane

21. enantiomorphic operation handedness changes

22. inversion repetition by inversion through a point called

a center of inversion

23. rotoinversion rotation + inversion; 2 bar=mirror plane

24. 10 how many plane point groups?

25. 32 how many space point groups? (crystal class-

es)

26. 17 how many plane lattice groups?

27. 14 how many bravais lattices?

28. 230 how many space lattice groups?

29. crystallographic axis imaginary reference lines in crystallography

30. 1. trigonal crystal systems (TMOTHI)

2. isometric
3. monoclinic
4. orthorhombic
5. triclinic
6. hexagonal

31. monoclinic

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a`b`c
±=³=90°
²`90°

32. tetragonal a=b`c

± = ² = ³ = 90°

33. orthorhombic a`b`c

±=²=³=90

34. triclinic crystal system: a ` b ` c;± ` ² ` ³ ` 90°

35. crystal form a group of symmetrically similar faces deter-

mined by the symmetry elements of the crys-
tal; groups of faces with the same relationship
with crystallographic axes

36. 1. isometric (closed) 2 types of crystal forms

2. non isometric (open)

37. pedion non-isometric crystal form with a single face

comprising a form

38. pinacoid open form made up of two parallel faces; par-

allelohedron

39. spenoid 2 non-parallel faces rotated by a 2 fold rotation

axis

40. dome 2 non-parallel faces symmetrical with respect

to a mirror plane

41. pyramid open form composed of 3, 4, 6, 8, or 12 non-

parallel faces that meet at a point

42. yes is there an isometric trapezohedron? y or n.

43. tetragonal crystal system of chalcopyrite

44. hexagonal crystal system of tourmaline

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45. orthorhombic crystal system of olivine

46. triclinic plagioclase crystal system

47. tetragonal zircon crystal system

48. monoclinic orthoclase crystal system

49. trigonal cinnabar crystal system

50. idiochromatic mineral colored by an element that is an es-

sential part of its chemical composition

51. allochromatic A gem colored by trace elements in its crystal

structure

52. pitchy luster luster of chromite

53. resinous sphalerite luster

54. vitreous luster of azurite

55. no cleavage pyrite cleavage

56. ruby spinel 'star of david' is common in what mineral?

(twinning category)

57. Iron Cross Twin Is a kind of penetration twin that consists of

interpenetrated pyritohedra.

58. gypsum swallow tail twinning is common in what min-

eral?

59. orthoclase carlsbad twinning is common in?

60. 1. chlorite --> inelastic MATCH!

2. biotite --> elastic 1. chlorite
3. graphite --> sectile 2. biotite
4. quartz --> brittle 3. graphite
5. silver --> malleable 4. quartz
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5. silver

(malleable, brittle, sectile, elastic, inelastic)

61. 1. molecular 2 major types of crystalline solids based on

2. non molecular bonding

62. Isostructural minerals minerals with related to each other by anal-

ogous structure, generally having a common
anion but different cation

63. Polymorphism ability of a given substance (pure element or

compound) to crystallize in more than one
structure

64. native elements Minerals made of a single element

65. 20 ___ elements occur in their native state

66. 1. metals native elements can be categorized into:

2. semi metals
3. non metals

67. orpiment As2S3

68. sulfosalts composed of unoxidized sulfur mineral struc-

turally distinct from a sulfide; can be consid-
ered a double sulfide

69. tetrahedrite Cu12Sb4S13

70. tennantite Cu12As4S13

71. oxides (O^-2) metals or semi metals ionically bonded with

oxygen anions

72. specularite platy and metallic variety of hematite

73. red ocher red earthy variety of hematite

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74. rutile elbow twinning is common in what mineral?

75. gahnite ZnAl2O4

76. pisolitic bauxite group usually have what habit?

77. goethite FeO(OH)

78. brucite Mg(OH)2

79. cryolite Na3AlF6

80. celestite SrSO4

81. alunite KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6

82. monazite (Ce,La,Y,Th)PO4

83. struvite mineral composite of magnesium-ammoni-

um-phosphate; common as kidney stones

84. Nesosilicates Isolated tetrahedra; 1:4

85. Sorosilicates Si2O7; 2:7 ratio

86. cyclosilicates Si6O18; 1:3 ratio

87. Inosilicates (single chain) Si2O6; 1:3 ratio

88. inosilicates (double chain) (Si4O11)6-; 4:11

89. sheet silicates Si2O5 2-; 2:5 ratio

90. Tectosilicates 3-dimensional lattice of tetrahedrons (quartz

and feldspars)

91. olivine group most abundant mineral group in the mantle;

nesosilicate

92. garnet group A group of minerals with an isolated sili-

cate structure; moderate temperature meta-
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morphic mineral formed from Al-rich source
rocks and ultramafic mantle rock

93. Aluminosilicates 3 polymorphs common in metamorphic rocks

especially those produced from mudrocks
and shales

94. 1. kyanite --> high pressure MATCH

2. sillimanite --> high tem- 1. kyanite
perature 2. sillimanite
3. andalusite --> low pres- 3. andalusite
sure
- high pressure
- high temperature
- low pressure

95. chiastolite needle like minerals formed by the medium

to high grade contact metamorphism of shale
or mudstone; common to have cross shaped
inclusions of graphite

96. epidote group most common group of sorosilicates

97. cyclosilicate beryl, tourmaline, cordierite are examples of

what silicate

98. cyclosilicates may consist of groups of 3, 4, or 6 linked

tetrahedra

99. morganite - the pink variety of beryl

- will also fluoresce in UV light and commonly
shows an orangey-pink hue

100. bixbite Red beryl

101. maxixe blue beryl

102. goshenite Colorless beryl

103. trapiche emerald

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star-like pattern formed by inclusions of
feldspar and carbon that grow with crystal

104. dravite brown tourmaline

105. elbaite red or pink tourmaline

106. schorl black tourmaline

107. indicolite tourmaline that can be dark violetish blue,

blue, or greenish blue color

108. siberite violet tourmaline

109. phyllosilicates type of silicates that are abundant con-

stituents of sedimentary rocks and one of the
primary products of chemical weathering

110. serpentine group phyllosilicate with a T-O layer

111. talc phyllosilicate with a T-O-T layer

112. chlorite phyllosilicate with a [(T-O-T)-B-(T-O-T)] layer

113. clays phyllosilicate with a (T-O) and/ or (T-O-T) layer

114. SiO4 T layer in phyllosilicates

115. brucite layer and gibbsite O layer in phyllosilicates

layer

116. gibbsite Al(OH)3

117. stishovite A high-pressure, extremely dense mineral

made of SiO2. It is a polymorph of quartz
produced by shock metamorphism.

118. coesite A very dense mineral of SiO2; a polymorph

of quartz created under a pressure of about
20,000 atmospheres.

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119. cristobalite what polymorph of quartz is used in dentristry

120. feldspar group most common group of minerals

121. feldspathoid groups mineral group under tectosilicates; SiO2 poor,

alkali rich minerals; not compatible with quartz

122. 1. nepheline main feldspathoids:

2. kalsilite
3. leucite

123. nepheline (Na,K)AlSiO4

124. Kalsilite KAlSiO4

125. Transmission Electron Mi- A microscope that uses an electron beam to

croscope (TEM) study the internal structure of thinly sectioned
specimens.

126. bragg's law A relationship that stipulates the condition for

diffraction by a set of crystallographic planes.

127. 1 mica cleavage

128. 2 @ 90 degrees feldspar cleavage

129. 2 not @ 90 degrees hornblende cleavage

130. 3 @ 90 degrees halite cleavage

131. 3 not @ 90 degrees calcite cleavage

132. 4 fluorite cleavage

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1. crystallography a branch of mineralogy that deals with the

long-range order of crystal structure of crys-
talline substances

2. crystal system the basic, 3-dimensional structure of the atoms

and compounds making up a mineral

3. sublimation A change directly from the solid to the gaseous

state without becoming liquid

4. 1. precipitation from solu- modes of crystallization:

tion
2. crystallization from a
melt
3. sublimation from a gas
4. solid state growth
5. solid-liquid or solid-gas
reactions

5. 1. allotriomorphic - an- identify if EUHEDRAL, SUBHEDRAL, OR AN-

hedral HEDRAL:
2. idioblastic - euhedral 1. allotriomorphic
3. hypautomorphic - subhe- 2. idioblastic
dral 3. hypautomorphic
4. xenoblastic - anhedral 4. xenoblastic
5. automorphic - euhedral 5. automorphic

6. crystal form the degree of crystal development of minerals

7. crystal symmetry the symmetry in crystals exhibited by their crys-

tal faces due to the orderly arrangement of
atoms in a crystal structure

8. motif the smallest unit of pattern that when repeated

by a set of symmetry operations will generate
the long-range pattern characteristic of a crys-
tal

9. node a point used to represent any motif

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10. symmetry operations a set of rules that govern the repetition of motifs
which can produce two- or three- dimensional
patterns with a long range order

11. unit translation vector a specific length and direction of systematic

displacement by which the pattern is repeated

12. two dimensional transla- defined by two unit translation vectors with one
tion direction represented by the length and direc-
tion of ta or t1 with the other represented by the
length and direction of tb or t2.

13. plane lattice also called plane mesh, is a two dimensional

array of motifs that resulted from a two-dimen-
sional translation in which every node has an
environment similar to every other node in the
array

14. three dimensional transla- defined by three unit translation vectors with
tion the first direction represented by the length and
direction of ta, or t1, the second represented by
the length and direction of tb or t2, and the third
represented by the length and direction of tc or
t3.

15. space lattice A 3-dimensional geometric arrangement of the

atoms or molecules or ions composing a crys-
tal

16. crystal lattice the resulting array of motifs as they are repeat-
ed in three dimensions

17. rotation a symmetry operation that involves the rotation

of a pattern about an axis of rotation that is
perfectly repeated one or more times during a
complete 360 deg rotation

18. there's no 5-fold axis motifs repeated five times in a 360 deg rotation

19. axis of rotation an imaginary line or axis where motifs rotate

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20. four-fold axis of rotation (4 motifs repeated every 90 degrees or four times
or A4) in a 360 degrees rotation

21. reflection a symmetry operation in which every com-

ponent of a pattern is repeated by reflection
across a mirror plane

22. mirror plane a plane where motifs reflect

23. inversion involves the repetition of motifs by inversion

through a center of inversion

24. center of inversion a point where motifs invert

25. compound symmetry oper- symmetry operations that work as combined

ations simple symmetry operations

26. screw rotation a symmetry operation that combines transla-

tion parallel to an axis with rotation about an
axis

27. plane point groups groups denoted by their rotational and reflec-
tion symmetry

28. unit meshes also called unit nets, are the smallest units of
meshes which contains at least one node and
the unit translation vectors

29. diamond a not equal to b; cos gamma = a/2b

30. oblique primitive and unequal unit translation vectors

that intersect at angles that are neither 60 deg,
90 deg, nor 120 deg

31. plane lattice groups recognized groups that are based on the total
symmetry of their plane lattices

32. three-dimensional motifs

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the fundamental units of pattern in any three
dimensional lattice that can be classified ac-
cording to their translation free symmetries

33. space point groups three dimensional equivalents of the two di-
mensional plane point groups

34. space lattices three dimensional patterns of points produced

from the translation of nodes of space point
groups

35. crystal classes originally defined on the basis of the external

symmetry of mineral crystals and belong to six
crystal systems each with its own characteristic
symmetry

36. unit cell a parallelepiped whose edge lengths and vol-

ume are defined by the three unit translation
vectors

37. 14 Bravais Lattices 14 basic types of three dimensional translation-

al point lattices which are defined by 14 basic
types of unit cells

38. crystallographic axes orientation of the unit cell edges

39. crystal forms consist of a three dimensional set of one or

more crystal faces that possess similar rela-
tionships to the crystallographic axes

40. closed crystal form completely encloses a mineral specimen and

exist alone in perfectly formed, euhedral crys-
tals, and also include all the forms in the iso-
metric system, and many forms in the tetrago-
nal, hexagonal, trigonal, and orthorhombic sys-
tems

41. open crystal form does not completely encloses a mineral speci-
men and occurs in combination with other open
or closed crystal forms
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42. pedion open form consisting a single face

43. pinacoid open form consisting a pair of parallel faces

44. prism open form consisting of three or more faces

that intersect at an axis

45. dome open form consisting of a pair of faces symmet-

rical about a mirror plane

46. sphenoid open form of faces symmetrical about an axis

of rotation

47. axial ratio the proportional lengths of the three crystallo-

graphic axes

48. unit plane also called as unit face, is any face or plane that
intersects all three axes at distances from the
center that correspond to the axial ration of the
mineral

49. weiss parameters A series of numbers that record the face inter-
cepts on the crystallographic axes.

50. miller indices A shorthand notation to describe certain crys-

tallographic directions and planes in a material.
Denoted by [ ] brackets. A negative number is
represented by a bar over the number.

51. false: negative values are t or f: positive values are denoted with a bar on
denoted with a bar on top of top of the number
the number

52. false: if the plane is paral- t or f: if the plane is parallel to an axis, its
lel to an axis, its value as value as a Weiss Paramater is noted as an zero
a Weiss Paramater is noted while its value is noted as zero due to its Weiss
as an infinity sign while its parameter
value is noted as ZERO due
to its Weiss parameter
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53. point (h,k,l) represents a ____________

54. plane (hkl) represents a ___________

55. direction [hkl] represents a ___________

56. family of planes {hkl} represents a ____________

57. atom Smallest particle of an element

58. atomic number the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

59. nucleus the center of an atom

60. neutrons weighs at 1.00867 amu

61. protons weighing at 1.00728 amu

62. electrons weighing at 0.0000054 amu

63. principle shells regions around the nucleus in which the elec-
tron move in

64. valence electrons Electrons on the outermost energy level of an

atom

65. element a group of the same kind of atoms

66. Dmitri Mendeleev Russian chemist who developed a periodic

table of the chemical elements and predict-
ed the discovery of several new elements
(1834-1907)

67. ion electrically charged atom

68. ionization potential the amount of energy needed in order to take

an electron away from an atom

69. Electronegativity A measure of the ability of an atom in a chem-

ical compound to attract electrons

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70. cations positively charged ions

71. anions negatively charged ions

72. compounds 2 or more elements chemically combined

73. chemical bond transfer or sharing of electrons that allows each

atom to attain a full valence shell of electrons

74. octet rule States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons
in order to acquire a full set of eight valence
electrons

75. covalent a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair

of electrons between atoms

76. covalent what is this chemical bond?

-hard and brittle at room temperature
-insoluble in polar substances
-crystallize from melts
-mod. to high melting temp.
-translucent to transparent

77. ionic bond one atom gives up one or more of its valence
electrons to another to form ions

78. metallic bond valence electrons shared between atoms are

free to move from one atom to another, ac-
counting for a high electrical conductivity

79. hydrogen bond weak bond between 2 molecules resulting from

an electrostatic attraction between a proton in
one and an electron in another

80. van der waals forces include attraction and repulsions be-
tween atoms, molecules and surfaces, creat-
ed by weak bonding of oppositely depolarized
electron clouds, and commonly occurs around
covalently bonded elements

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81. covalent strongest type of bond

82. Van der Waals The weakest intermolecular force formed be-
tween all atoms and molecules when tempo-
rary dipoles are formed and attracted (due to
fast electron movement in charge clouds)

83. isotopes atoms of an element with the same number of

protons but different number of neutrons

84. mass number the sum of the number of neutrons and protons
in an atomic nucleus

85. radioactive decay A spontaneous process in which unstable nu-

clei lose energy by emitting radiation

86. homogenous nucleation nuclei of the new phase form uniformly through-
out the parent phase

87. heterogenous nucleation a type of mineral growth where a mineral nucle-

ates by taking advantage of the structure of an
existing mineral

88. 1. protoxide subgroup simple oxides subgroups?

2. rutile
3. hematite

89. 1. spinel complex oxides subgroups?

2. iron
3. chromite

90. 1. silica group tectosilicates mineral groups?

2. feldspathoid group
3. plagioclase group
4. potassium feldspar
group
5. scapolite group
6. zeolite group

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1. Knoop hardness an absolute hardness scale of indentation hardness relat-

scale ed to the ratio between the force and time to the size of
the indentation to the mineral

2. Antiferromagnet- minerals that are similar to the ferromagnetic minerals but

ism have a net magnetic moment equal to zero

3. ferrimagnetic minerals that tend to create its own magnetic field

4. chromophores Transition metal ions that cause color

5. 6 cleavages and dodecahedral consists of ____ cleavages and ____ faces

12 faces

6. 3 cleavages and 6 prismatic consists of ____ cleavages and ____ faces

faces not at right
angles

7. 1 cleavage and 2 basal consists of ____ cleavages and ____ faces

faces

8. 2 cleavages and prismatic consists of ____ cleavages and ____ faces

4 faces of many
possible angle

9. 4 cleavages, 8 octahedral consists of ____ cleavages and ____ faces

faces

10. flexible minerals that can be bent out of shape in any direction but
returns to its original shape upon removal of stress

11. parting the ability of a mineral without any cleavages to split or

separate into smooth planes due to two forces from differ-
ent directions acting on the, or due to being split from the
mirror plane of twinned minerals

12. dipyramid 4 identical faces on top and bottom

13. isometric crystal system that usually consists of 3 fold axes and/ or
3 fold rotoinversion axes
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14. monoclinic crystal system that usually consists of 1 mirror plane and
2 fold axis

15. isometric hexohectahedral belongs to what crystal system?

16. orthorhombic rhombic-disphenoidal belongs to what crystal system?

17. monoclinic prismatic belongs to what crystal system?

18. triclinic pedial belongs to what crystal system?

19. 6 octahedral coordination number

20. false: sharing of t or f: sharing of edges and faces increases the stability of
edges and faces ionic structure
decreases the
stability of ionic
structure

21. true t or f: each element has the same number of protons and
the same number of electrons

22. noble gases ________________ have completely filled outer shells, so

they are stable

23. ionic bonds caused by the force of attraction between ions of opposite
charge

24. metallic bonds similar to covalent bonding, except innermost electrons

are also shared. In materials that bond this way, electrons
move freely from atom to atom and are constantly being
shared

25. van der waals a weak type of bond that does not share or transfer elec-
bonds trons. Good examples are graphite and micas

26. b. More than 1500 Diamonds exist in environments with:

deg C; 50k atm a. Less than 1500 deg C; 50k atm
b. More than 1500 deg C; 50k atm

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c. 1500 deg C; 48k atm
d. 900 deg C; 58k atm

27. ionic substitu- Replacement or replaceability of one or more kinds of ion

tion in a crystal lattice by other kinds of ions of similar size and
charge

28. true NaSi^+5 can substitute for CaAl^+5

29. kyanite this mineral has a hardness of 5 parallel to the length of

the crystal and a hardness of 7 when scratched along a
direction perpendicular to the length

30. calcite mineral that has a hardness of 3 for all surfaces except the
{0001} plane. On {0001}, it has a hardness of 2

31. 10.5 specific gravity of Ag

32. cations if a mineral has _______________ with higher atomic

weight, it has a higher specific gravity

33. Sulfosalt miner- are those complex sulfide minerals with the general formu-
als la: AmBnSp; where A represents a metal such as copper,
lead, silver, iron, and rarely mercury, zinc, vanadium; B
usually represents semi-metal such as arsenic, antimony,
bismuth, and rarely germanium, or metals like tin and
rarely vanadium; and S is sulfur or rarely selenium or/and
tellurium.

34. true t or f: In sulfarsenides the arsenic substitutes for sulfide

anions whereas in the sulfosalts the arsenic substitutes
for a metal cation.

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1. Anion Minerals in Dana's classification are grouped

according to?

2. 5,820 as of now, how many approved mineral

species are listed on mindat.org?

3. black; diamond carbonado is the __________ (color) variety

of ______________ (mineral)

4. lonsdaleite also called hexagonal diamond in reference to

the crystal structure, is an allotrope of carbon
with a hexagonal lattice, as opposed to the
cubical lattice of conventional diamond.

5. hexagonal; isometric crystal system of:

graphite: _____________
diamond: ______________

6. C. Pyrite; E. Millerite The following minerals are ores for Cu except:

A. Covellite
B. Djulerite
C. Pyrite
D. Chalcocite
E. Millerite

7. Black jack Black variety of sphalerite

8. b. pale colored streak; a. Non opaque sulfides generally have

high refractive index a. high refractive index
b. pale colored streak
c. relatively high hardness
d. similar properties and are hard to differenti-
ate

9. a. epithermal the type locality of luzonite is found in what

type of mineral deposit?
a. epithermal
b. porphyry copper
c. massive sulfide

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d. nickel laterite
e. large igneous province

10. a. sulfosalts contain a tran- sulfides and sulfosalts are divided into groups
sition element that acts as a because:
cation a. sulfosalts contain a transition element that
acts as a cation
b. sulfides contain a transition element that
acts as anion
c. sulfides have covalent bonds while sulfos-
alts have purely metallic bonding
d. sulfosalts are bladed while sulfide are
equant

11. c. Djulerite e. Skutterudite Which of the following does not contain Ni

a. Nickeline
b. Millerite
c. Djurleite
d. Pentlandite
e. Skutterudite

12. b. ilmenite (formed by crys- Odd man out: mode of formation

tallization) a. gibbsite
b. ilmenite
c. diaspore
d. hematite
e. goethite

13. Corundum and Magnetite Emery is a material consisting of which two

oxides?
Hematite
Magnetite
Ilmenite
Gahnite
Corundum
Chromite
Spinel

14. name an end member of the spinel group

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15. e. has strong covalent Which of the following is NOT a general char-
bonds acteristic of minerals under Subdivision I
a. relatively metallic lusters
b. relatively soft
c. economically important
d. high symmetry
e. has strong covalent bonds

16. fluorite Which halide is used for generating HF which

is used as flux for steel making?

17. Ag(Cl, Br, I) chemical formula of bromargyrite

18. a. dolomite odd man out: mineral group

a. dolomite
b. calcite
c. rhodochrosite
d. smithsonite
e. siderite

19. Zinc dry bone ore is an ore for which metal?

20. aragonite floss ferri is the coral-like variety of which min-

eral?

21. d. celestite odd man out: mineral class

a. cerussite
b. strontianite
c. ankerite
d. celestite
e. calcite

22. b. niter what mineral is also known as saltpeter? it is

used as a fertilizer
a. nitratite
b. niter
c. kernite
d. borax

23. c. borates
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which of the following mineral groups are ca-
pable of polymerization?
a. silicates
b. oxides
c. borates
d. nitrates
e. phosphates

24. orthorhombic crystal system of barite group

25. celestite CO3^2-: strontianite

SO4^2-: ______________

26. swallow tail (contact) twin law common in gypsum?

27. Molybdate; Tungstate Aninonic group

Wulfenite: _____________
Wolframite: _____________

28. Fe Scheelite: Ca; Ferberite: ________

a. Mn
b. Fe
c. Pb
d. Sr

29. b. erbium and f. terbium Which of the following REEs are not present in
the mineral monazite
a. cerium
b. erbium
c. lanthanum
d. thorium
e. yttrium
f. terbium

30. 1. Lazurite -feldspathoid Identify the mineral groups of the following:

2. Azurite - carbonate 1. Lazurite
3. Lazulite - phosphate 2. Azurite
3. Lazulite

31. t or f: lapis lazuli = lazulite

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false: lapis lazuli = lazurite
(feldspathoid)

32. Nickel Dimethylglyoxime is used for testing the pres-

ence of what cation?

33. arsenide skutterudite belongs to which mineral group?

34. hematite martite is a variety of which mineral?

35. Columbite ad Pyrochlore Nb can be extracted from which mineral?

36. c. bornite This mineral is characterized by bronze, blue,

and purple color with metallic luster; black
streak. It can be scratched by iron nail but not
by fingernail, what mineral am I?
a. covellite
b. galena
c. bornite
d. lazulite
e. argentite

37. e. millerite odd man out: chemical formula

a. troilite
b. pyrite
c. pyrhotite
d. marcasite
e. millerite

38. e. anisotropism (isometric the following are characteristics of galena un-

siya) der reflected light microscopy except for
a. triangular pits
b. high reflectance
c. white color
d. low hardness
e. anisotropism

39. marcasite melanterite is a common alteration mineral of?

40. a. wavellite
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which of the following minerals belong to the
phosphate group?
a. wavellite
b. lazurite
c. alunite
d. ulexite
e. witherite

41. phenakite a rare nesosilicate mineral found in pegmatites

containing beryllium?

42. andradite odd one out: mineral subgroup

pyrope
spessartine
andradite
almandine

43. andalusite chiastolite is a variety of which mineral?

44. disilicates another name for sorosilicates?

45. hemomorphite which of the following minerals is more like-

ly occurring with the Smithsonite, Sphalerite,
Galena, and Anglesite?
a. Hemomorphite
b. Lawsonite
c. Alunite
d. Epidote

46. Allanite The chemical structure of _____ can be de-

rived from epidote where in the Ca2+ are re-
placed by REEs and Fe3+ by Fe2+

47. metamict results of self irradiation

48. zoisite odd man out: crystal system

zoisite
clinozoisite
epidote
allanite
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49. titanite odd man out: mineral group

benitoite
beryl
tourmaline
titanite

50. 1. emerald 1. green beryl

2. aquamarine 2. pale greenish blue
3. morganite 3. pink red beryl

51. reibeckite, grunerite Crocidolite and Amosite are asbestiform vari-

eties of ____________ and ___________

52. gerdrite odd man out: crystal system

actinolite
cummingtonite
gerdrite
grunerite

53. bonus: nephrite is part of the tremolite-actino-

lite series

54. perfect cleavage {110} which of the following is a common character-

istic of hornblende?
orthorhombic
light brown color
perfect cleavage {110}
slender acicular crystal

55. illite which of the following is a non-expanding clay

montmorillonite
saponite
illite
hectorite
smectite
none of the above

56. Stilpnomelane, Margarite, Which of the following are brittle micas?

and Clintonite Biotite
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Lepidolite
Stilpnomelane
Chlorite
Margarite
Clintonite

57. Ti Which cation impurity is responsible for the

pink color of the rose quartz?

58. Oligoclase Sunstone is the golden variety of which plagio-

clase feldspar?

59. Lazurite and sodalite blue feldspathoids

60. Li Spodumene is a pyroxene that used to be a

chief source of?

61. O Most abundant element in earth

62. bridgmanite most abundant element in earth

63. plagioclase feldspar most abundant mineral in the earth's crust

64. chrysoberyl alexandrite is the green variety of?

65. white pyroxenoid pectolite is?

66. muscovite which of the following is a dioctahedral phyl-

losilicate?
phlogopite
gibbsite
muscovite
clintonite

67. Stishovite or coesite high pressure, low temperature quartz poly-

morph

68. pyrargyrite the following minerals have metallic luster ex-

cept for:
platinum
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argentite
pyrargyrite
covellte
pyrrhotite

69. vesuvianite idocrase is another name for?

datolite
allanite
turquoise
vesuvianite

70. ulexite "TV rock"

71. acanthite argentite can only exist at temperatures above

173 °C, 177 °C, or 179 °C. When it cools to or-
dinary temperatures it turns into its monoclinic
polymorph,

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 Mineral Science
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1. Naturally occurring mineral criteria

Inorganic
Homogenous
Definite chemical composition
Ordered internal structure
Solid

2. Theoprastus first written work on minerals

3. De Re Metallica Georgius Agricola wrote what book?

4. Albite (NaAlSi3O8) - from the Latin word Albus

meaning white

5. Rhodonite (MnSiO3) - from the Greek word, rhodon (a

rose)

6. Chromite (FeCr2O4)

7. Magnetite Fe3O4

8. Franklinite (ZnFe2O4) occurs commonly in Franklin,

New Jersey; it occurs as the dominant zinc
mineral

9. Sillimanite (Al2SiO5)

10. Commission on New Minerals reviews mineral description and judges ap-
and New Mineral Names of the propriate new mineral names
International Mineralogical As-
sociation

11. crystal habit The shape in which a mineral's individual

crystals or aggregates of crystals grow.

12. unit cell defined as the smallest unit of structure that

if stacked indefinitely in three dimensions
would form the whole structure

13. 3 types of crystal faces

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1. euhedral
2. subhedral
3. anhedral

14. crystal form the external appearance of a mineral as

determined by its internal arrangement of
atoms

15. twinned crystals crystals consisting of two or more inter-

grown crystals with opposing crystal direc-
tions

16. polysynthetic twinning type of twinning in which the successive

composition planes of the twins are parallel
to each other; common in plag

17. penetration twins a twin crystal in which the two parts are
joined along a complex surface so that they
appear to penetrate through one another

18. Stibnite Sb2S3

19. Millerite is a nickel sulfide mineral, NiS. It is brassy

in colour and has an acicular habit, often
forming radiating masses and furry aggre-
gates.

20. Chalcedony is a cryptocrystalline form of silica, com-

posed of very fine intergrowths of quartz
and moganite.

21. Cerussite PbCO3

22. Anglesite PbSO4

23. play of color The flashing rainbow colors in opal, pro-

duced by the interaction of visible light with
the gem's microscopic internal structure of
stacked silica spheres.

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24. Labradorescence or schiller A broad flash of color in labradorite feldspar
that disappears when the gem is moved.

25. chatoyancy In reflected light, some minerals display a

silky appearance; also called cat's-eye ef-
fect

26. luminescence any emission of light by a mineral that is not

the direct result of incandescence

27. fluorescent minerals that emit light while absorbing ra-

diation from another source

28. phosphorescent if the luminescence continues after the ex-

citing rays are cut off, the mineral is said to
be _________________

29. false: most hydrous minerals t or f: most hydrous minerals are relatively
are relatively soft (H<5) hard

30. pyrite (H<6-6.5) most sulfides are relatively soft (H<5) with
_______________ being an exception

31. true t or f: most anhydrous oxides and silicates

are hard (H>5.5)

32. metallic malleability, sectility, and ductility are di-

agnostic of materials held together by
__________ metallic bonding

33. tenacity the resistance that a mineral offers to

breaking, crushing, bending, or tearing - in
short, it's cohesiveness

34. 4°C Specific gravity is a number that expresses

the ratio between the weight of a substance
and the weight of an equal volume of water
at ____ (temperature)

35. Strontianite SrCO3

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36. Witherite BaCO3

37. Forsterite Mg2SiO4

38. Fayalite Fe2SiO4

39. Piezoelectric effect describes the property of certain materials

to create a voltage when they are mechani-
cally deformed or when pressure is applied
to them

40. Pyroelectric becoming electrically charged when heat-

ed

41. 1. ionic five chemical bonds:

2. covalent
3. metallic
4. van der waals
5. hydrogen

42. Polytypism are a special case of polymorphs, where

multiple close-packed crystal structures dif-
fer in one dimension only.

43. exsolution The process whereby an initially homoge-

neous solid solution separates into two (or
more) distinct crystalline minerals without
the addition or removal of material to or
from the system.

44. metamict A mineral that has become virtually amor-

phous owing to the breakdown of the orig-
inal crystal structure by internal bombard-
ment with alpha particles (helium nuclei)
emitted by radioactive atoms within the
mineral.

45. isochemical Type of metamorphism wherein there is no

change in the bulk of chemistry of the do-
main (or rock volume)
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46. Metasomatism the process by which a rock's overall chem-

ical composition changes during metamor-
phism because of reactions with hot water
that bring in or remove elements

47. true t or f: sandstones are converted to

quartzites and shales are changed to horn-
fels

48. prograde metamorphism metamorphism that occurs as tempera-

tures and pressures are increasing

49. retrograde metamorphism Metamorphism that occurs as pressures

and temperatures are decreasing; for retro-
grade metamorphism to occur, water must
be added.

50. true t or f: increase in metamorphic tempera-

tures promotes dehydration and decarbon-
ation

51. pseudomorph a crystal consisting of one mineral but hav-

ing the form of another which it has re-
placed.

52. 1. substitution pseudomorphs are further defined accord-

2. encrustation ing to the manner in which they were
3. alteration formed: (3)

53. lattice imaginary pattern of points in which every

point has an environment that is identical to
that of any other point in the pattern

54. lodestone a piece of magnetite or other naturally mag-

netized mineral, able to be used as a mag-
net.

55. 1. gold group (gold, silver, cop- 3 groups of native metals

per, lead)
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2. platinum group (platinum,
palladium, iridium, osmium)
3. iron group (iron and nick-
el-iron)

56. sulfosalts group of minerals indicating a certain type

of unoxidized sulfur mineral that is struc-
turally distinct from a sulfide

57. Hypogene minerals occur deep below the earth's surface, and
tend to form deposits of primary minerals

58. pyrite most abundant sulfide

59. ionic the bond type in oxide structures is strongly

______________________

60. could be ionic, covalent, and type of chemical bonding in sulfides

metallic

61. Cuprite Cu2O

62. Periclase MgO

63. Zincite ZnO

64. Ilmenite FeTiO3

65. Spinel MgAl2O4

66. Chromite FeCr2O4

67. Chrysoberyl BeAl2O4

68. Hematite X2O3 type in oxide (group)

69. Spinel group XY2O4 type in oxides (group)

70. Rutile group XO2 type in oxides (group)

71. two of the high pressure olivine polymorphs

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1. ringwoodite
2. wadsleyite

72. diaspore AlO(OH)

73. Goethite FeO(OH)

74. Bauxite Al(OH)3

75. Manganite MnO(OH)

76. anisodesmic Bond strengths inside one type of polyhe-

dron in a structure is different from that of
other bonds

77. Mesodesmic Describes a crystal structure in which the

bond strengths of all the bonds reaching a
cation from surrounding anions are exactly
one-half the charge of the anions.

78. calcite is hexagonal while arag- difference between calcite and aragonite
onite is orthorombic

79. strontianite SrCO3

80. ankerite CaFe(CO3)2

81. 1. calcite group anhydrous groups of carbonate minerals

2. aragonite group
3. dolomite group

82. malachite and azurite hydrous carbonates

83. scheelite CaWO4

84. wolframite FeWO4

85. 1. pyralspite 2 series of garnet

2. ugrandite

86. SiO2 polymorphs (3)

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> quartz - lowest symmetry and
the most compact structure
>tridymite - higher symmetry
and more open structure
>cristobalite - highest symme-
try and most expanded struc-
ture

87. 1. Wollastonite (CaSiO3) three members of pyroxenoid group:

2. Rhodonite (MnSiO3)
3. Pectolite (Ca2NaH(SiO)3)

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1. antimonides mineral group of

Sb^-3

2. arsenates mineral group of

AsO4^-3

3. arsenides mineral group of

As^-3

4. borates mineral group of

BO3^-3, BO4^-4

5. carbonates mineral group of

CO3^-2

6. 1. calcite carbonate groups

2. aragonite
3. dolomite

7. chromates mineral group of

CrO4^-2

8. halides mineral group of

Cl^-1, Br^-1, F^-1

9. hydroxides OH^-1

10. 1. anhydrous halides halide groups

2. hydrous halides

11. 1. brucite mineral groups of

2. gibbsite hydroxides

12. molybdates mineral group of

MoO4^-2

13. nitrates mineral group of

NO3^-1

14. metal groups

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1. gold
2. platinum
3. iron

15. 1. metals native element

2. semi metals groups
3. nonmetals

16. 1. simple oxides oxide groups

2. complex oxides

17. 1. protoxide simple oxides

2. rutile groups
3. hematite

18. 1. spinel complex oxide

2. iron groups
3. chromite

19. protoxide group mineral group of

XO^-2, X2O^-2

20. rutile group mineral group of

XO2^-2

21. hematite group mineral group of

X2O3^-2

22. spinel group mineral group of

XY2O4^-2

23. phosphates mineral group of

PO4^-2

24. selenides mineral group of

Se^-2

25. 1. nesosilicates silicate groups

2. sorosilicates
3. cyclosilicates
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4. inosilicates
5. phyllosilicates
6. tectosilicates

26. 1:4 Si-O ratio of nesosil-

icates

27. 2:7 Si-O ratio of sorosil-

icates

28. 1:3 Si-O ratio of cyclosil-

icates

29. 1:3 Si-O ratio of single

chain inosilicates

30. 4:11 Si-O ratio of double

chain inosilicates

31. 2:5 Si-O ratio of phyl-

losilicates

32. 1:2 Si-O ratio of tectosil-

icates

33. 1. olivine nesosiilicate groups

2. garnet
3. aluminosilicates

34. epidote sorosilicate group

35. beryl and tourmaline groups cyclosilicate groups

36. 1. pyroxene inosilicate groups

2. amphibole

37. single pyx is a single or

double chain?

38. phyllosilicate groups

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1. mica
2. serpentine
3. clay
4. chlorite

39. 1. silica tectosilicate groups

2. feldsphathoid
3. plagioclase feldspar
4. k-felds feldspar
5. scapolite
6. zeolite

40. sulfates mineral group of

SO4^-2

41. sulides mineral group of

S^-2

42. tellurides mineral group of

Te^-3

43. tungstates mineral group of

WO4^-2

44. vanadates mineral group of

VO4^-2

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