nie Pearson Edexcel Qualifications UU ey ees) ae ee PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL STUDENT BOOKPDF COMPILED BY SAAD PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL MG ee Student Book Series Editors: Joe Skrakowski and Harry Smith Authors: Greg Attwood, Jack Barraclough, lan Bettison, Linnet Bruce, Alan Clegg, Gill Dyer, Jane Dyer, Keith Gallick, Susan Hooker, Michael Jennings, Mohammed Ladak, Jean Littlewood, Alistair Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, James Nicholson, Su Nicholson, Diane Oliver, Laurence Pateman, Keith Pledger, Joe Skrakowsi, Harry Smith, Geoff Staley, Robert Ward-Penny, Jack Williams, Dave WilkinsPoiana by Parton Eaueatlon Lita, 80 Stan Landen, WO2R ORL. sw peusenlonlseneis cam Copia ffl spectetions ral Pease qusfctions mey be found on the ‘peste hpsiqulitestors peor com “eet © Pearson Education Linc 2018 os by ere Pras! Designed by © Person Education Umasa 2018 “Typeset by © Tch- Set Li, Gatshoad, UK Coals © Peorson Edueaon Lrited 2078 stated by © Tach Sat is, Gates. UK (Corer design by © Pearson Ecaction Lined 2018 “herp of Greg Atwood, ack Barat, an Betson, nna ce, An agg Giver, Jane Dj Kath Gals, Sun Hooker Renae Jenaing, ‘Morsnmed Lacs, Joan isewood, Aste Msepreean, Bonen Moreh, James ‘Nicholson, Su Ncholton, Dane Olver, Laurres Patan Keth Pledge Joo ‘Staskows, Hary Sith Geo Sil, Robert Wore Peay ack Wiha apd Dave accordance wih the Copyright Design and Pants et 1968, ro publishes 2048 ‘ish Ly Cataloguing in Pbicatin Data ‘Sontag aco for is book saved om the Bh brary Ccopyriant notice [Ninght reserved No pat of hs pubicaton may be eprcied in any form ory fry muss fncdingpheocopying or str hi ry Tec by sero ren ‘a waar onl rans oredr some ler usa os putea) ‘nou te writen prison ofthe copy curer, xcept in aeconaree wih ‘he povsne a the Copyright Desians and Patna et 198 or under the orm ‘te teanes coud bythe Comyn Lloeaing Agenoy, Bama nn, 5 eter {are London, CAA TEN taco Appleations oe cyt one ‘itn parmision shale adereased te pubis rate by Neoarafa in Slovakia Plture Create ‘he auahors end puichor would ke to thank tha footing inchs an ‘Sponiauone for pemiestonto reproduce photograph: (Koy: bottom: canbe Het igh ob) [Link]: Avan St Clty images: el Slt 30; Shuterstock com: ‘Ngenga 7, Can Gat 10%, Cuan, E Sarta Nara Joggia Boa 7, ane V. ‘echacn 8, mbolna 112, Sine 10, 1Z3RRomsdrstimarta 128 ‘Cover imagos Front: Getty mage: Were Van Steen Ines root cover: Shuterstock eam: Dmitry Laboy ‘Allott images © Person Edaton Sllertwor 6 Pearson Edcaton Iowortoersiro tat ths resauce ors highly suport forthe associat Pearson aalificaton, thas boon tro a ovow process ty te amarng bod ‘Tha process conta hat his resource il covers he teaching anaaarirg corn of te spetication orp ole spctetion a wich it sare Conf Bal domanatates an speropras bance bate he develope ‘St autec stl, knawerige snd undersea, adation io preparton Enserserant doesnot cover any guidance on assasement actuites er pscessen (ee. proctc questo or advice an bow fe ewer assent uso) ‘naied into rcurce, ot does presesbe ay parce! spp 1 he teaching or lero aetod course. Wis th publishers have made vey step oss thst aves on he ‘lalfcaton and au ascesarent seus he ccil speciation and [Stonitedateeserentgucance matraa are th on) autartatv sour of Infomation ang sul aways bo refered to or detnive guidance. Pearson examiner have nat contibuted tary secon inthis resource evant 16 ‘xanntion paper fr which they have raponstty ssecoment stb Paucon Encosarent of aresbuce dose nat mean Patho ‘ouce i roqurs to acueve ts Paoon qualification nor does moan att ‘Steen sutale mates! evaiabietesurpor the quaiicton, and any reeouce sts proces by he everdng Bod shalincude ths ona he apceopriateNL COURSE STRUCTURE ABOUT THIS BOOK vi QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT x 1 MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MECHANICS 1 2 CONSTANT ACCELERATION 10 3 VECTORS IN MECHANICS 39 4 DYNAMICS OF A PARTICLE MOVING INA STRAIGHT LINE 54 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 79 5 FORCES AND FRICTION 84 6 MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE 101 7 STATICS OF A PARTICLE 112 8 MOMENTS 129 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 146 EXAM PRACTICE 150 GLOSSARY 153 ANSWERS 155 INDEX 166CHAPTER 1 MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN MECHANICS 1.1 CONSTRUCTING A MODEL 1.2 MODELLING ASSUMPTIONS 1.3 QUANTITIES AND UNITS CHAPTER REVIEW 1 CHAPTER 2 CONSTANT ACCELERATION 2.1 DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPHS 2.2 VELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS 2.3 ACCELERATION-TIME GRAPHS 2.4 CONSTANT ACCELERATION FORMULAE 1 2.5 CONSTANT ACCELERATION FORMULAE 2 24 2.6 VERTICAL MOTION UNDER GRAVITY 29 CHAPTER REVIEW 2 CHAPTER 3 VECTORS IN MECHANICS 3.1 WORKING WITH VECTORS 3.2 SOLVING PROBLEMS WITH VECTORS WRITTEN USING 1 AND J NOTATION 3.3 THE VELOCITY OF A PARTICLE AS AVECTOR 3.4 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING VELOCITY AND TIME USING VECTORS CHAPTER REVIEW 3 36 39 40 42 45 46 50 eS So CHAPTER 4 DYNAMICS OF A PARTICLE MOVING IN A STRAIGHT LINE 54 4.1 FORCE DIAGRAMS 55 4.2 FORCES AS VECTORS 58 4.3 FORCES AND ACCELERATION 60 4.4 MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS 64 4.5 CONNECTED PARTICLES 67 4.6 PULLEYS 1 CHAPTER REVIEW 4 75 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 79 CHAPTER 5 FORCES AND FRICTION 84 5.1 RESOLVING FORCES 85 5.2 INCLINED PLANES 90 5.3 FRICTION 94 CHAPTER REVIEW 5 99 CHAPTER 6 MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE 101 6.1 MOMENTUM IN ONE DIMENSION 102 6.2 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM = 104 CHAPTER REVIEW 6 109Saat 0 CHAPTER 7 STATICS OF A PARTICLE 112 7.1 STATIC PARTICLES 113 7.2 MODELLING WITH STATICS 17 7.3 FRICTION AND STATIC PARTICLES 121 CHAPTER REVIEW 7 126 CHAPTER 8 MOMENTS 129 8.1 MOMENTS: 130 8.2 RESULTANT MOMENTS 132 8.3 EQUILIBRIUM 133 8.4 CENTRES OF MASS 136 8.5 TILTING 139 CHAPTER REVIEW 8 141 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 146 EXAM PRACTICE 150 GLOSSARY 153 ANSWERS 155 INDEX 166ABOUT THIS BOOK The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level in Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning and practice 1, Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout, + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols + Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods, 2, Mathematical problem-solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r speci the problem 1 into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies vespaisas Tw + Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence are process and + Challenge questions provide extra stretch represent infarmation 3. Mathematical modelling *+ Dedicated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it + Examples and exercises include qualitative questions that allow you to interpret answers in the context of the model Access an online Finding your way around the book digital edition using the code at the front of the book DA a NH UL IN A STRAIGHT LINE Each chapter starts wth a Ist of Learing objectives ‘The ror knowieoge check helps make sure Yyouare ready to start the ‘chapter ‘The rea world appeations of ‘he mathe you are about lear ‘are highighted at the start ofthe chapterABOUT THIS BOOK Frobier-sohna bowe| provide hrs tips anc Eratogie, and Watch out boxes highight ‘reas where eucents ‘often ose marks in thai exam Tieees ae packed with exam-stye ‘questions to ensure you are racy fr tho Beomaestos |” ii. tse cantly graded sothey nerurenn eeea ‘Sicuky ara raduly tring you up exam Sa Grange ows he | Fransirab ahs w Eaeh section bags youachancetotacte| | gnpastaa wna te ethan expanation Examstyle questions ame mor ict arly ocr na an ke ering are flagged with © ‘usstons everson and examples, pons Problem-solving ‘questions are lagged with © ncn chapter ends wth a Chapter review snd a Summary a hey pats. yout need taco Aterevery few chapters, a Review enerise pate ou conokdibe eur leanirg sh == ots of examesiyle questions Exam-style pra Mathematics International Advanced Subsidlry/ [vanced Level Mechanics 1 Review exercise [atl practice paper at the back ofthe book helps you prepare forthe real hingPO eu UES ALA Lp QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW Qualification and content overview Mechanics 1 (M2) is an optional unit in the following qualifications: International Advanced Subsidiary in Mathematics International Advanced Subsidiary in Further Mathematics International Advanced Level in Mathematics Intemational Advanced Level in Further Mathematics Assessment overview The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this unit. ‘We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment. = z ey Mi Mechanics1 BsbwofiAs [75 | thour30mins | January jane and October Paper code WMEO1/01 162s of IAL First assessment june 2019 IAS ~ International Advanced Subsidiary, IAL - International Advanced & Level Assessment objectives and weightings Recall select and use thelr knowledge of mathematical facts concepts and techniques a variety of contests, Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proofs through use of precise statements, logical deduction and inference and by the manipulation of mathematical expressions, including the construction of extended arguments for handling substantial problems presented in unstructured form. Recall, select and use their knowledge of standard mathematical models to represent situations in the real world; recognise and understand given representations Involving standard models; present and interpret results from such models in terms ofthe orginal situation, including discussion of the assumptions made and refinement of such models. Comprehend translations of common realistic contexts into mathematics; use the results of ‘806 | calculations to make predictions, or comment on the context; and, where appropriate, read om A. © 4 Acar accelerates from rest to 60 kmh-' in 10 seconds A quadratic Sere equation of the form d = k7*can be used to model the distance travelled, d metres in time f seconds. ies Se miormetion gen I to work out the value off. a Given that when 1 = 1 second the distance travelled by the car is 13.2 metres, use the model to find the distance travelled when the car reaches 60 km h-!, 1b. Write down the range of values of ¢ for which the model is valid ©® 5 The model for the motion of a golf ball given in question 1 is valid only when / is positive. Find the range of values of x for which the model is valid ©® 6 The model for the height of the stone above sea level given in question 2 is valid only from the time the stone is thrown until the time it enters the sea. Find the range of values of ¢ for which the model is valid,ac cece mien ©@®) Modelling assumptions Modelling assumptions can simplify a problem and allow you to analyse a real-life situation using known mathematical techniques. You need to understand the significance of different modelling assumptions and how they affect the calculations in a particular problem This table shows some common models and modelling assumptions that you need to know. Model Modelling assumptions ticle - Dimensions of the object are negli ‘© mass of the object is concentrated at a single point « rotational forces (Le. moving around a central ixed point) and air resistance can be ignored Rod — All dimensions but ane are negligible, like a pole or a beam, mass is concentrated along a line no thickness rigid (does not bend or buckle) Lamina — Object with area but negligible thickness, tke a sheet of paper. ‘+ mass is distributed across a flat surface Uniform body — Mass is distributed evenly. ‘© mass of the object is concentrated at a single point at the geometric centre of the body - the centre of mass. Light object - Mass of the object is small compared to ather masses, like a string or a pulley. « treat object as having zero mass « tension the same at both ends of light string Inextensible string - A string that does not stretch under load += acceleration is the same in objects connected by a taut inextensible string ‘Smooth surface - a surface on which it can be assumed there is no friction, ‘= assume that there is no friction between the surface and any abject on it Rough surface — a surface on which there is friction, «+ objects in contact with the surface experience a frictional force if they are moving, or are acted on by a force ‘Wire - Rigid thin length of metal * treated as one-dimensional Smooth and light pulley - All pulleys ‘you consider will be smooth and light. «= pulley has no mass. + tension isthe same on either side of the pulley Bead — Particle with ahole init for threading on a wire or string (le. passing the wire or string through the hole) ‘+ a smooth bead maves freely along a wire or string + fora smooth bead, tension is the same on either side of the bead, eg - A support from which a body can be. suspended or rested, « dimensionless and fixed + can be rough or smooth as specified in the question Air resistance — Resistance experienced as an object moves through the air. + usually modelled as being negligible Gravity Force of atractn between ll t objects. Aceleration due togrovy denoted e298 ms? «assume all objects with mass are attracted toward the Earth + acceleration due to Earth’s gravity is uniform (Le. the same in all parts, at all times) and acts vertically downward + gis constant and is taken as 9.8 ms, unless otherwise stated in the questionUU ee sed Pa ETED sss A mass is attached to a length of string which is fixed to the ceiling. ‘The mass is drawn to one side with the string stretched tightly and allowed to swing. State the effect of the following assumptions on any calculations made using this model. The string is light and inextensible (unable to be stretched further). b The mass is modelled as a particle. Ignore the mass of the string and any stretching effect caused by the mass, b Ignore the rotational effect of any external forces that are acting on it, and the effects of air resistance ED meee 1A football is kicked by the goalkeeper from one end of the football pitch. State the effect of the following assumptions on any calculations made using this model. a The football is modelled as a particle. b Air resistance is negligible. 2 Anice hockey puck is hit and slides across the ice. State the effect of the following a The ice hockey puck is modelled as a particle. b The ice is smooth. sumptions on any calculations made using this model, 3 A parachutist wants to model her descent from an aeroplane to the ground. She models herself and her parachute as particles connected by a light inextensible string. Explain why this may not bea suitable modelling assumption for this situation, 4A fishing rod manufacturer constructs a mathematical model to predict the behaviour of a particular fishing rod. The fishing rod is modelled as a light rod. a Describe the effects of this modelling assumption. b Comment on its validity in this situation, Make a list of the assumptions you might make to create simple models of the following: the motion of a golf ball after itis hit b the motion of a child on a sledge going down a snow-covered hill € the motion of two objects of different masses connected by a string that passes over a pulley 4 the motion of a suitease on wheels being pulled along a path by its handle.CHAPTER 1 eee eu) @®) ouantities and units The International System of Units, (abbreviated SI from the French, Systeme international d'unités) is the modern form of the metric system. These base SI units are most commonly used in mechanics: ‘Quantity Unit | Symbot Watch out Mass kilogram | kg Length/aisplacement [metre | _m Time second | 5 These derived units are compound units built from the base units: Quantity Unit Symbol Speed/velocity | metres per second ms? ‘Acceleration imeties per second per second | ms™ Weight/force newton NEkgms) ex = Write the following quantities in SI units. a4km — b 0.32grams € 5.1 x 10%kmh! ‘a 4km = 4 x 1000 = 4000m | Rieti b 032g = 0.32 + 1000= 3.2 x 10 Bl x 108 x 1000 = Bl x 10°mb= 51 x 109 + (GO x 60) = 142 x 10ms> © 5.1 « 10°4mh You will encounter a variety of forces in mechanics. ees ae ewe These force diagrams show some of the most con the book Ge applied common forces. toit) bythe table. + The weight (or gravitational force) of an object acts vertically downward, + The normal reaction is the force which acts perpendicular Force exerted on the table by the book. (Le. at a 90° angle to it) toa surface when an object is in Yow torces have the contact with the surface. In this example the normal reaction some magnitude is due to the weight of the book resting on the surface of the table. + Friction is 2 force + Ifan objectis being pulled + ‘If an object is being pushed along which opposes the along bya string, the force using a light rod, the force acting motion between two acting on the object is called on the object is called the thrust rough surfaces, the tension in the string. or compression in the rod. Direction Tension of motion instring Thrust or compression —o Frictional inrod forceue ase ec esd Cae + Buoyancy is the upward force on a body that allows + Air resistance opposes motion. In this it to float or rise when submerged (ie. underneath ‘example the weight of the parachutist the surface) in 4 liquid. In this example buoyancy acts vertically downward and the air ‘acts to keep the boat afloat in the water. resistance acts vertically upward. Buoyancy ‘The force diagram shows an airoraft in fight. Write down the names of the four forces shown on the diagram, A upward thrust B forward tn 1 Convert to ST units: a 65kmhr! b ISgem? © [Link] per minute 4 24em € 45x 10% gem? £ 6.3% 10% kgem? 2. Write down the names of the forces shown in each of these diagrams. a A box being pushed along rough ground ——_b A dolphin swimming through the water a Direction 4 of motion * aN 8 c o. cae OSes} © A toy duck being pulled along by astring dA man sliding down a hill on a sledge : D, A ; : 7 a @® 1 Themotion of a cricket ball after itis hit until it lands on thcerstetpich cn emedaled using he equation OD) Toph ake et bal is modelled as a quadratic curve jo(24x — 33°), where fim is the vertical height of the Draw a sketch for the model and ball above the cricket pitch and xm is the horizontal use the symmetry of the curve. distance from where it was hit. Find: the vertical height of the ball when itis at a horizontal distance of 2m from where it was hit the two horizontal distances for which the height of the ball was 2.1m. Given that the model is valid from when the ball is hit to when it lands on the cricket pitch: € find the values of x for which the model is valid work out the maximum height of the cricket ball ® 2 A diver dives from a diving board into a swimming pool with a depth of 4.5 m. The height of the diver above the water, fim, ean be modelled using ft = 10 ~ 0.58x2 for 0 =x = 5, where xm is the horizontal distance from the end of the diving board. a Find the height of the diver when x= 2m. b Find the horizontal distance from the end of the diving board to the point where the diver enters the water. In this model the diver is modelled as a particle € Describe the effects of this modelling assumption, 4 Comment on the validity of this modelling assumption for the motion of the diver after she enters the water. 3. Make a list of the assumptions you might make to create simple models of the following: the motion of a man skiing down a snow-covered slope b them n of a yo-yo ona string. In each case, describe the effects of the modelling assumptions,SUL eS oles) Cae 4 Convert to SI units: a 2.5km per minute b 0.6kgem? © 12x10 gem 5 Aman throws a bowling ball in a bowling alley. a Make a list of the assumptions you might make to create a simple model of the motion of the bowling ball, b Taking the direction in which the ball travels as the positive direction, state with a reason whether each of the following are likely to be positive or negative: the velocity ii the acceleration, and 11 Mathematical models can be constructed to simulate real-life situations. 2 Modelling assumptions can be used to simplify your calculations. 3. The base SI units most commonly used in mechanics are: ‘Quantity Unit | Symbot Mass vilogram | kg Lengih/displacement [metre | _ m Time second | 5 4 The derived SI units most commonly used in mechanics are: Quantity Unit Symbol Speed/velocity metres per second ms! ‘Acceleration metres per second per second | ms= Weight/force ‘newton NGekgms4)PAROS ea teed After completing this chapter you should be able to © Understand and interpret displacement-time graphs pages 11-13 © Understand and interpret velocity-time graphs > pages 13-16 ‘© Derive the constant acceleration formulae and use them to solve problems > pages 17-29 © Use the constant acceleration formulae to solve problems involving vertical motion under gravity » pages 29-35 1 For each graph find: i the gradient ii the shaded area under the graph. ay b «» 21 | YZ F o 0” 3 0 7 Bee r 4, ma A body falling freely under gravity can be modelled as. freefall. 2. Acartravels for 45 minutes at an average speed of 35kmlr+ Find the distance travelled «International GCSE Mathematics 3a Solve these simultaneous equations: 3x-2y=9 x+hy+4=0 b Solve 2x? + 3x - 0. Give your answers to € International GCSE Mat 5Cue) Cae 2) Displacement-time graphs You can represent the motion of an object on a displacement-time graph. Displacement is always plotted on (ie. marked on) the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. In these graphs, s represents the displacement of an object from a given point in metres, and t represents the time taken in seconds. so 0) ste oe o 7 ° 7) “There is no change in the The displacement increases at a ‘The displacement is increasing at ‘isplacement over time and the constant rate aver time and the object. a greater ate as time increases. ‘object is stationary (not moving). is moving with constant velocity, ‘The velocity is increasing and the objects accelerating. + Velocity is the rate of change of displacement. + Ona displacement-time graph the gradient represents the velocity. + Ifthe displacement-time graph is a straight line, then the velocity is constant. displacement from starting point time taken| total distance travelled time taken example @) serra A oyolist rides in a straight line for 20 minutes, Cex) ¢ —————_—— She waits for half an hour, then returns in a straight line to her starting point in 15 minutes, ‘This is a displacement-time graph for her journey. a Work out the average velocity for each stage of { the journey in km fh! | c b Write down the average velocity for the whole journey. "1030-30 4030 G0 70_Fimin) € Work out the average speed for the whole journey, = Average velocity = Average speed a Joumey from O to A: time = 20 min; displacemer 25 ken mi 0.25 x60) Journey from A to Bi no change in displacement | 50 average velocity = 0 1 Jouey from B to C: time = 15 min; displacement Average velocity = 7 = —fommin ~ $x 60 =-20kmireats COS EMU b The displacement for the whole journey is 0 0 eee —_ ioe ¢ Total time Total distance travelled is 5 + 5 km Average speed = 2 = 3 kmmin’ | % x 60=9.23kmh us 1 This isa displacement-time graph for a car travelling T ] along a straight road. The journey is divided into even eal | 5 stages labelled to E. Sapa | ¥ sof | a Work out the average velocity foreach stage of the journey. 2 BY | | b State the average velocity for the whole journey. 4 ola # [| ¢ Work out the average speed for the whole journey. 4 xol¥ t | J °. SSS SSS SSS PES LV OPES "Tine @® 2 Khalid drives from his home to a hotel. He drives for 25 hours at an average velocity of 60 km h~!, He then stops for lunch, before continuing to his hotel. The diagram shows a displacement-time graph for Khalid’s journey. a Work out the displacement of the hotel from Khalid’s home, b_ Work out Khalid’s average velocity for his whole journey. Semen Aaa You need to work out the ‘Time (hours) scale on the vertical axis, Displacement km) © 3 Sarah left home at 10:00 and cycled north in a straight line. The diagram shows a displacement-time graph for her journey. a Work out Saralr’s velocity between 10:00 and 11:00. On her return journey, Sarah continued past her hhome for 3km before returning. Estimate the time that Sarah passed her home. © Work out Sarah’s velocity for each of the last two stages of her journey. 4 Calculate Sarah’s average speed for her entire journey. B Displacement (km) loo 1100 1250] 4CT uae) aa © 4 Abullis thrown vertically up in the air and falls to the ground. This is a displacement-time graph for the motion of the ball Find the maximum height of the ball and the time at which it reaches that height. b Write down the velocity of the ball when it reaches we : its highest point ‘00.02 014 0% 0% 1012 1416 1820 ¢ Describe the motion of the ball: Tine (®) i from the time itis thrown to the time it reaches its highest point GED 1 descrivethe motion you stold Fe acta ad inch pac state the direction of travel ofthe ball and whether itis accelerating or decelerating, eight (om) @) velocity-time graphs You can represent the motion of an object on a velocity-time graph. Velocity is always plotted on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. In these graphs represents the velocity of an object in metres per second and f represents the time taken in seconds, vis) vis) viens) ° 1) o 1) o 1) The velocity Is zero and the object is __The velocity unchanging and ‘The velocty is increasing at a constant stationary the object is moving with constant rate and the object is moving with velocity, constant acceleration. ® Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. + Inavelocity-time graph the gradient represents the Teun eee ye Negative aceleration PAs is sometimes described as + Ifthe velocity-time graph is a straight line, then the ede ha ah thing deceleration or retardation. This velocity-time graph vims represents the motion of an object travelling ina ee since the graph “xT straight line at constant velocity Vm5- for time T seconds, For an object with constant velocity, displacement = velocity x time ° T 16) = The area between a velocity-time graph and the horizontal axis represents the distance travelled. + For motion in a straight line with positive velocity, the area under the velocity-time graph up toa point r represents the displacement at time 7.ati COS ENMU EEE) BED voreva ‘The figure shows a velocity-time graph illustrating the (mc! motion of a cyclist moving along a straight road for a period of 12 seconds. For the first § seconds, she moves at aconstant rate of 6ms"!. She then decelerates at «constant rate, stopping after a further 4 seconds. Find the displacement from the starting point of | the cyclist after this 12 second period. 2 8 21) b Work out the rate at which the cyclist decelerates, ‘a The displacement s after 12/5 given by the area under the graph s=Hatbh = He +12) x6 =10x6=60 The displacement of the cyclist after 12s is 60m. b The acceleration Is the gradient of the EEE) BED voreva A particle moves along a straight line. The particle accelerates uniformly from rest to a velocity of Sms“ in T'seconds. The particle then travels at a constant velocity of 8m" for 57 seconds. ‘The particle then decelerates uniformly to rest in a further 40 seconds, a Sketch a speed-time graph to illustrate the motion of the particle. b Given that the total displacement of the particle is 600m, find the value of T.Cue) aa b The area of the trapezium is s=ha+ ah LET + CF +4) x8 A(T + 40) The displacement is GOO m, cued The displacement is equal to the area of the trapezium. Write an equation and solve it to find T. merase, 1 The diagram shows the speed-time graph of the rims, motion of an athlete running along a straight track, For the first 45, he accelerates uniformly from rest to avelocity of 9ms"!. ‘This velocity is then maintained for a further 8s. Find the rate at which the athlete accelerates, 'b the displacement from the starting point of the athlete after 12, 2 Acar is moving along a straight toad. When 1 = 0, the car passes a point 4 with velocity 10m s“! and this velocity is maintained until ¢= 30s, The driver then applies the brakes and the car decelerates uniformly, coming to rest at the point B when 1 = 42s, a Skeich a velocity-time graph to illustrate the motion of the car. b Find the distance from A to B. © 3 The diagram shows the velocity-time graph of vis") the motion of a cyelist riding along a straight road, She accelerates uniformly from rest to 8m s-! in 20s She then travels at a constant velocity of 8ms~ for 40s. She then decelerates uniformly to rest in 158 Find: of 2 wots A) the acceleration of the cyclist in the first 20s of motion (2 marks) b the deceleration of the cyclist in the last 15s of motion (2 marks) € the displacement from the starting point of the cyclist after 755. (2 marks) © 4 A motoreyctist starts from rest at a point S on a straight race track. He moves with constant acceleration for 155, reaching a velocity of 30 ms-!, He then travels at a constant velocity of 30ms"! for T seconds. Finally he decelerates at a constant rate coming to rest at a point F, 25s after he begins to decelerate. Sketch a speed-time graph to illustrate the motion. (3 marks) Given that the distance between S and Fis 24km, calculate the time the motorcyclist takes to travel from Sto F. (3 marks)ati COS ENMU © § A train starts from a station X and moves with constant acceleration of 0.6m”? for 20s, ‘The velocity it has reached after 20s is then maintained for T seconds. The train then decelerates from this velocity to rest ina further 40s; stopping at a station Y. 4 Sketch a velocity-time graph to illustrate the motion of the train. (3marks) Given that the distance between the stations is 4.2m, find: the value of T (3 marks) € the distance travelled by the train while it is moving with constant velocity. (2 marks) © 6 A particle moves along a straight line. The particle accelerates from rest to a velocity of 10ms-! in 15s, The particle then moves at a constant velocity of 10m s~! for a period of time. ‘The particle then decelerates uniformly to rest. The period of time for which the particle is travelling at a constant velocity is 4 times the period of time for which itis decelerating. fa Sketch a speed-time graph to illustrate the motion of the particle. (3 marks) Given that the displacement from the starting point of the particle after it comes to rest is 480m, find the total time for which the particle is moving. (3 marks) © 7 A particle moves 100m ina straight line vine), ‘The diagram is a sketch of a velocity-time graph of the motion of the particle ‘The particle starts with velocity ums"! u and accelerates to a velocity of 10ms~ in 38 ‘The velocity of 10ms-! is maintained for 7s a and then the particle decelerates to rest in a further 2s, Find: a the value of w (3 marks) the acceleration of the particle in the first 35 of motion. (GB marks) ats © 8 A motorcyclist leaves a road junction at time r= 0. She accelerates from rest at a rate of 3ms- for 8s and then maintains the velocity she has reached. A car C leaves the same road junction as M at time ¢ = 0. The car accelerates from rest to 30ms- in 20s and then maintains the velocity of 30ms~!, C passes Mf as they both pass a pedestrian. On the same diagram, sketch speed-time graphs to illustrate the motion of Mand C. (3marks) b Find the distance of the pedestrian from the road junction (3 marks) ‘The graph shows the velocity of an object travelling Ina straight line during a 10-second time interval, ‘a After how long did the object change direction? b Work out the total distance travelled by the object. ‘© Work out the displacement from the starting point of the object after: F6seconds il 10 seconds.CT Ue) ©) Acceleration-time graphs ‘Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. You can represent the motion of an object on an acceleration-time graph aa Acceleration is always plotted on the horizontal axis, and time on the vertical axis. In the following graphs, a represents the acceleration of an object in ms and 1 represents the time in seconds. aims) te) Zero acceleration -constant velocity (ms) Positive acceleration; increase in velocity 7) alms) Tis) Negative acceleration (deceleration); decrease in velocity A sloping line on an acceleration-time graph represents changing acceleration and is beyond the scope of this syllabus. = The area between the acceleration-time graph and the horizontal axis represents the change in velocity. In other words, the area under the acceleration-time graph for a certain interval is ‘equal to the change in velocity during that time interval. EXD mst: ‘The acceleration-time graph shows the motion of a car over a 20 second period. 8 Calculate the change in velocity between 1=0and 1=10 seconds, b Given that the car was initially moving at 15 ms, calculate the velocity afier 16 seconds. € Draw a velocity-time graph of the motion of the car. Find the distance travelled in the first 16 seconds. babe] iseBaia COS BILE ‘@ Change in velocity = 4x10 = 40 ms~ b Change in velocity from # = 10 tot = 15 is: Change = 3X6 = —18 mo Initial velocity vg = 15 ms Velocity ater 15 seconds 45. 0246 6112416! Distance travelled is the area under the graph Dist = 2x5 +55)+$x (15 +37) 506m SEES) LD were 5 1 The acceleration-time graph shows the motion of at 3 1 a racing car over 10 seconds of a race. Describe what is happening between: 0 and 1=2s 2 and 1=4s oi oth oT 4 and 1=8s, Ss | 4. Given thatthe initial velocity of the racing ear at | was 44 ms its velocity at 1= 8s. e | Es ! 2 A motorcycle accelerates ata rate of Ims-*for4 seconds, before travelling at a constant velocity for 6 seconds. It then decelerates at arate of [Link]~? for 4 seconds. 1 Draw an acceleration-time graph to show the motion of the car. Given that the initial velocity of the motoreyele was I8ms": bb draw a velocity-time graph of the journey of the motoreyele from 1= 0 to ¢= 14 seconds € hence, calculate the distance travelled by the motorcycle from t =Cue) aie 3 The velocity-time graph shows the motion of a car over 420 second period. Draw an acceleration-time graph to 9 show the motion of the ea. . 2 A particles traveling along the x-axis. t time 1=0, 3 the velocity of the particle is 8 ms, and the particle is = / 1 accelerating at Sms- After T seconds, the particle has 4 constant velocity and after (7-6) seconds the particle accelerates at Ams OST eta? Given that the velocity ofthe particle after (T+ 16) seconds Caan A negetive acceleration means 1 draw an accelertion-time graph ofthe motion of the ria ae eie oeiiae Gass particle, giving your times in terms of 7 anna telncay Teaare ne rarics b find the value of is travelling backwards A standard set of letters is used for the motion of an object moving in a straight line with constant acceleration + sis the displacement, 5 z + is the initial velocity nal Constant Vela velocity axclertion seconds + vis the final velocity. + ais the acceleration. @____@ + tisthe time. Initia position Position after «seconds You can use these letters to label a velocity-time graph representing the motion of a particle moving in a straight line, accelerating from velocity w at time 0 to velocity vat time f. velocity Gradient of line = Rearanging =uai~ 0) ("© + vsutat ® =f ® You need to know how to derive these formulae from the velocity-time graph.ali COS ENMU EEE) HD eam A cyclist is travelling along a straight road, She accelerates at a constant rate from a velocity of Ams" toa velocity of 7.5ms* in 40 seconds. Find: a the distance she travels in these 40 seconds b her acceleration in these 40 seconds. The distance the cyclist travels is 230m. b veusar 7524+ 400 Pees! a= 7554 - 00875 The acceleration of the cyclist is 0.0875 ms TINS) TED vronos come A particle moves in a straight line from a point A toa point B with constant deceleration 1.5ms7 ‘The velocity of the particle at A is 8m: and the velocity of the particle at B is 2ms~, Find: the time taken for the particle to move from A to B b the distance from A to B. After reaching B, the particle continues to move along the straight line with constant deceleration 1.Sms7, The particle is at the point C6 seconds after passing through the point 4. Find: the velocity of the particle at 4 the distance from A to C.Cue) aed Positive direction Gee et = = ea Is always a good idea to draw a sketch showing zu Hn the positions of the particle. Mark the positive e eo direction on your sketch, and remember that 4 BC "when the particle is decelerating, your value of a will be negative, The distance from A to Bis 20m, 6 u=8.a= 15 t= 6re? veutar S845) =6-9=41 8 + (1) J: Sea | The distance feom A to Cis 21m Example ETE rrosen-sowme [Link] moves from trallic lights along a straight road @IERQ convert al your measurements into with constant acceleration, The car starts from rest EG inhaetoe reapers at the traffic lights and 30 seconds later the car passes into the formulae. ‘a speed-trap where itis registered as travelling at 45 km hr! Pind: ‘a the acceleration of the ear b the distance between the traffic lights and the speed-trap. 2ali COS ENMU a veutar 125 =0+ 300 0 = 1875 ¢ between the traffic lights Ltrap io 167.5. EXE recrsine 1A particle is moving in a straight line with constant acceleration 3ms~. At time 1 = 0, the speed of the particle is 2m“! Find the speed of the particle at time r= 6s. 2. A car is approaching traffic lights. The car is travelling with speed 10ms-!, The driver applies the brakes to the car and the car comes to rest with constant deceleration in 16s, Modelling the car asa particle, find the deceleration of the eat. 3. A car accelerates uniformly while travelling on a straight road. The car passes two signposts, 360m apart. The car takes 15s to travel from one signpost to the other. When passing the second signpost, it has speed 28ms~!, Find the speed of the car at the first signpost 4 A cyclist is moving along a straight road from A to B with constant acceleration 0.5m. Her speed at A is 3s"! and it takes her 12 seconds to cycle from A to B. Find: a her speed at B b the distance from A to B. 5A particle is moving along a straight line with constant acceleration from a point A to a point B, where 4B = 24m, The particle takes 6s to move from A to Band the speed of the particle at B is Sms", Find: f the speed of the particle at 4 b the acceleration of the particle. 6 A particle moves in a straight line from a point 4 to a point B with constant deceleration 1.2ms~. The particle takes 65 to move from A to B. The speed of the particle at Bis 2ms-! and the direction of motion of the particle has not changed. Find: a the speed of the particle at 4 b the distance from A to B.Cue) eae @®7 A train, travelling on a straight track, is slowing down with ‘constant deceleration 0.6ms?, The train passes one signal EDD comer ine speeds ita with speed 72kmh-! and a second signal 25 late. Find: a the speed, in kmh, of the train as it passes the second signal b the distance between the signals, ms"! before substituting, A particle moves in a straight line from a point A to a point B with a constant deceleration of 4ms-?, At A the particle has speed 32ms“! and the particle comes to rest at B. Find a the time taken for the particle to travel from 4 to B b the distance between 4 and B. A skier travelling in a straight line up a hill experiences a constant deceleration. At the bottom of the hill, the skier has a speed of 16ms~! and, after moving up the hill for 40s, he comes to rest, Find: a the deceleration of the skier (2 marks) b the distance from the bottom of the hill to the point where the skier comes to rest. (4 marks) A particle is moving in a straight line with constant acceleration. ‘The points 4, B and C lie on this line. The particle moves from 4 through B to C. ‘The speed of the particle at A is 2ms“t and the speed of the particle at B is 7m ‘The particle takes 20s to move from A to B. a Find the acceleration of the particle (2 marks) ‘The speed of the particle at Cis Lms!, Find: b the time taken for the particle to move from B to C (2 marks) © the distance between 4 and C. (3 marks) A particle moves in a straight line fom A to B with constant acceleration 1.5ms-* It then moves along the same straight line from B to Cwith a different acceleration, The speed of the particle at A is I ms“! and the speed of the particle at Cis 43ms!. The particle takes 12s to move from A to Band 10s to move from B to C. Fin a the speed of the particle at B (2 marks) b the acceleration of the particle as it moves from B to C (2 marks) © the distance from A to C. (GB marks) A cyclist travels with constant acceleration ms ina straight line, from rest to Sms" in 20s. She then Lidtacdeetead tid decelerates from Sms“! to rest with constant You could sketch a velocity-time deceleration !xms-, Find: graph ofthe cycist’s motion and use the area under the graph to a the value of x marks) Cre find the total cistance travelled. b the total distance she travelled. (4marks) Feali COS EMU 13 A particle is moving with constant acceleration in a straight line. It passes through three points, A, Band C, with speeds 20ms*, 30ms* and 4Sms* respectively. The time taken to move from ‘A to Bis ¢, seconds and the time taken to move from B to Cis f seconds. f 4 Show that 7. = 5 GB marks) Given also that the total time taken for the particle to move from 4 to Cis 50s: b find the distance between 4 and B. (S marks) Challenge particle moves ina straight line from A to B with constant acceleration. The particle moves from 4 with speed 3ms~ It reaches point Bwith speed 5 ms- seconds later (ne second after the first particle leaves point A, a second particle also starts to move in straight line from A to B with constant acceleration. Its speed at point is 4 stand itreaches point Bwith speed &ms-* atthe same time asthe fst particle The time taken forthe oe second particle to travel 2 the value off from 4 to Bis ~1) bb the distance between A and B. seconds. © constant acceleration formulae 2 uty You can use the formulae v= 1+ at and s= (3) to work out three more formulae. You can eliminate ¢ from the formulae for constant acceleration. Rearrange the formula y= w+ at to make 1 the subject. Substitute this expression for «into s= (4 2as= 2 ue + eu 42as Multiply out the brackets and rearrange. You can also eliminate v from the formulae for constant acceleration. usual ee) Substitute v=u-+atintos Qu, at (a) = (w+ Sar)¢ ——__________ Multiply out the brackets and rearrange. Jat? t+ datiCue) Cae Finally, you can eliminate u by substituting into this formula: v—ani+ tar Substitute w = v - at into s = ut + dare, + sav har ® You need to be able to recall and use the five formulae for solving problems about particles moving ina straight line with constant acceleration, + yeusar += (UEMe CE + ents 2as + ssure tar + sav hart ED rename A particle is moving along a straight line from A to B with constant acceleration Sms” ‘The velocity of the particle at A is 3ms~ in the direction AB. The velocity of the particle ‘at Bis 18ms~ in the same direction. Find the distance from A to B. Positive direction tens" > A & PEeeeeace e — 324294105 24, FyPL asi Prensa ETE) voucrsc A particle is moving in a straight horizontal line with constant deceleration 4ms-* At time 1 = 0 the particle passes through a point O with velocity 13ms-! travelling toward a point 4, where OA = 20m. Find: a the times when the particle passes through A b the value of ¢ when the particle returns to 0. a ae eae Gee a When you use s= 1+ af? with an unknown value of you abtain a quadratic equation in You can solv this equation by factorisng, or VB — hac ae 10 = 131 + 3 x (aye (21 Sye— 4 Using the quadratic formula, The particle moves through 4 tuice, seconds and 4 seconds after moving through O. tums to O when a=—41=? ‘etums to O G5 seconds after it First passed through O. en [10) EXT Peoocen-souvnc A particle P is moving on the x-axis with constant deceleration 2.5ms~. At time 1 = 0, the particle P passes through the origin O, moving in the positive direction of x with velocity 15ms-!. Find: a the time between the instant when P first passes through O and the instant when it returns to O b the total distance travelled by P during this time.Cue) eae Positive direction Geen Se Before you start draw a sketch so you can see het is happening. The particle moves through Oith a positive velocity. As itis decelerating it slows down and will eventually have zero velocity ata point 4 which you dont yet know. As the particle is still decelerating, its velocity becomes negative, so the particle changes direction and returns to 0, The distance The total distance travelled by P is 2x 45m=90m, EEE) TED vrosensoume 1 A particle is moving in a straight line with constant acceleration 2,5 ms~. It passes a point 4 with velocity 3ms~! and later passes through a point B, where 4B = 8m, Find the velocity of the particle as it passes through B. 2 Acar is accelerating at a constant rate along a straight horizontal road, Travelling at 8ms“!, it passes a lamp post and 65 later it passes a sign. The distance between the lamp post and the sign is 60m. Find the acceleration of the car. 3. A cyclist travelling at 12ms~! applies her brakes and comes to rest after travelling 36m in a straight line, Assuming that the brakes cause the cyelist to decelerate uniformly, find the deceleration. 4 A train is moving along a straight horizontal track with constant acceleration. The train passes a signal with a velocity of 54kmh~* and a second signal with a velocity of 72kmb~. ‘The distance between the two signals is 500m. Find, in ms~, the acceleration of the train, 5. A particle moves along a straight line, with constant acceleration, from a point 4 to a point B where 4B = 48m. At A the particle has velocity 4ms-! and at B it has velocity 16ms“!, Find: a the acceleration of the particle b the time the particle takes to move from A to B. 21erate COS a 6 A particle moves along a straight line with constant acceleration 3m“ ‘The particle moves 38m in 4s, Find: athe initial speed of the particle b the final speed of the particle 7. The driver of a car is travelling at 18ms~! along a straight road when she sees an obstruction ahead. She applies the brakes and the brakes cause the car to slow down to rest with a constant deceleration of 3ms-®. Fin a the distance travelled as the car decelerates b the time it takes for the car to decelerate from 18ms~" to rest. 8 A stone is sliding across a frozen lake in a straight line. The initial speed of the stone is 12ms~! ‘The friction between the stone and the ice causes the stone to slow down at a constant rate of 0.8m”. Find: the distance travelled by the stone before coming to rest the speed of the stone at the instant when it has travelled half of this distance. 9) A particle is moving along a straight line OA with constant acceleration 2.5ms~. At time = 0, the particle passes through O with speed 8 ms~! and is moving in the direction O. ‘The distance O4 is 40m. Find: a the time taken for the particle to move from 0 to A b the speed of the particle at 4. Give your answers to one decimal place. 10 A particle travels with uniform deceleration 2m: on the line and AB = 32m. the direction 4B. Find: a the values of s when the particle is at B b the speed of the particle for each of these values of 1. 11 A nar smovns one he awit cosa SEs Sr ao era erat ea ‘The particle will pass through A through the origin 0 with velocity 12ms~ in the z Positive direction. At time ¢ seconds, the particle pees area meine and solve a quadratic equation. passes through the point A with x-coordinate 8. Find: is ZI a the values of ¢ (3 marks) b the speed of the particle as it passes through the point with x-coordinate -8, (3 marks) © 12 A particle P is moving on the x-axis with constant deceleration 4ms-. At time 1 = 0, P pas through the origin O with speed 14ms“ in the positive direction. The point 4 lies on the axis in a horizontal line, The points A and B lie {time 1 = 0, the particle passes through A with speed 12ms~!in and OA = 2.5m, Find: a the difference between the times when P passes through A (4 marks) b the total distance travelled by P during the interval between these times. G marks) 13 A car is travelling along a straight horizontal road with constant acceleration. The car passes over three consecutive points 4, B and C where AB = 100m and BC = 300m. The speed of the car at Bis lms“! and the speed of the car at C is 20ms“, Find: a the acceleration of the car (3 marks) b the time take for the car to travel from A to C (3 marks)Cue) aa 14 Two particles P and Q are moving along the same straight horizontal line with constant accelerations 2ms~ and 3.6ms respectively. At time = 0, P passes through a point A with speed 4ms-!, One second later Q passes through 4 with speed 3ms-!, moving in the same direction as P. a Write down expressions for the displacements of P and Q from 4, in terms of 1, where « seconds is the time after P has passed through 4. (2 marks) b Find the value of where the particles meet, Se 3 marks) : . » When P and Q meet, their ‘¢ Find the distance of from the point where apeesene oad wee the particles meet G marks) In an orienteering competition, a competitor moves in a straight line past three checkpoints, P, Qand R, where PQ = 2.4km and QR = 11.5km. The competitor is modelled as a particle moving with constant acceleration. She takes | hour to travel from P to Q and 1.5 hours to travel from Q to R. Find: a the acceleration of the competitor b her speed at the instant she passes P. (7 marks) @ Vertical motion under gravity You can use the formulae for constant acceleration to model an object moving vertically under gravity. # The force of gravity causes all objects to accelerate toward the Earth. If you ignore the effects of air resistance, this acceleration is constant. It does not depend on the mass of the object. As the force of gravity does not depend on mass, this means that in a vacuum an apple and a feather would both accelerate downward at the same rate. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is represented by the letter g and is approximately 9.8ms-2 The actual value of the acceleration can vary by very small amounts in different places due to the changing radius of the earth and height above sea level © An object moving vertically under Cee gravity can be modelled as a use g = 9.8ms7 unless a question specifies otherwise. particle with a constant downward However fa citferent value of gs specifies (eg. acceleration of g=9.8ms~, g=10ms~ or g=9.81ms~) the degree of accuracy in your answer should be chosen tobe consistent with this ‘When solving problems about vertical motion | ¥alu& you can choose the positive direction to be cither upward or downward Acceleration EEE tre trae that an object isin due to gravity is always downward, so if the motion from the time its projected (thrown) positive direction is upward then g= -9.8m s-2 leer Cale taeed oases called the time of flight. The initial speed is sometimes called the speed of projection, Pr)Eagle COS ENMU 2) ELE vroater-soume A book falls off the top shelf of a bookcase. The shelf is 1.4m above a wooden floor. Find: athe time the book takes to reach the floor b the speed with which the book strikes the floor. direction (02857... = 05345, The time taken for the book to reach the floor is 0.535, to two significant Figures, O42 98x14 = 2744 ys \O7AA = 5.236... 5.2 book tits the floor with sf 5.2ms", to two significant figures,Cue) Cae SNES) LED wasn A ball is projected vertically upward, from a point X which is 7m above the ground, with speed 21 ms-!. Find: ‘a the greatest height above the ground reached by the ball b the time of fight of the ball. Helght reached Gene Inthis sketch the upward and downward mations have been sketched side by side, In reality they ‘would be on top of one another, but drawing them separately makes it easier to see what is going on. Remember that ’is 7 m above the ‘ground, so mark this height on your sketch. Positive direction BI +2 x (-98) xs= 441 ~ 1968 225 225 +7)m= 295m Greatest height is 30m (2 sf) 2u- 49" 490° -2"-7=0 vib? = 4ac) 2a 1) + (EBNF = 4 x 49K EM) 2x4g = DLS WETBE, 21.8 2404 28 fae -03108 Time of fight is 46% (2 5) 31aii COS ENMU EO 3) ELE vroater-soume A particle is projected vertically upward from a point O with speed ums“! ‘The greatest height reached by the particle is 62.5m above O. Find: a the value of b the total time for which the particle is S0m or more above O. Positive drection =wH2x w= 1225 91 ~ 351 + 54 pages 40-42 © Calculate the magnitude and direction of a v > pages 43-44 © Understand and use position vectors > pages 46-49 © Understand vector magnitude and use vectors in speed and distance calculations — pages 46-49 > pages 46-49 Pilots use vector addition to work out the resultant vector for their speed and heading when an eroplane eni a strong Engineers also use vectors to work out the resultant forces acting on buildingsac) enti mien cules 1 = Avector is a quantity which has both magnitude and direction, These are examples of vector quantities: Displacement | distance in a particular direction metre (m) Velocity rate of change of displacement metres per second (ms) ‘Acceleration _[ rate of change of velocity metres per second per second (ms) Force/weight | described by magnitude, direction and point of | newton (N) application = Ascalar quantity has magnitude only. These are examples of scalar quantities: Distance | measure of length metre (m) Speed measure of how quickly a body moves metres per second (m=) Time ‘measure of ongoing events taking place second (5) Mass ‘measure of the quantity of matter contained in an _| Kilogram (kg) object Scalar quantities are always positive, When considering motion in a straight line (2-dimensional), vector quantities can be positive or negative. GEN) BED weston A girl walks 2km due east from a fixed point 0 to A, and then 3km due south from A to B. Find the total distance walked and deseribe the displacement of B from O. The distance the gir nas walked Is 2km + 3km = Skm Representing the gids N coon memes urney on a diagram: ok Fe a So the distance OB is 3.61km (3 56) tanZ4OB = 3 ZAOB = 563" Bis 361k trom 0 on a bearing of 146°.Pea SNL tae} Caer You can describe vectors using i and j notation = Aunit vector is a vector of length 1. The unit vectors along the Cartesian axes are usually denoted by i and j respectively. = You can write any two-dimensional vector in the form ai + bj. c By the triangle law of addition: sie 5h Draw a diagram to represent the vector ~3i +}. 345 (ae ss ‘The diagram shows vectors a, b and e, Draw a diagram to illustrate the vector addition a +b +e. city b atte aaE) Paes) 1_A bird flies Skm due north and then 7km due east. How far is the bird from its original position, and in what direction? 2A girl cycles 4km due west and then 6km due north. Calculate the total distance she has cycled, and her displacement from her starting point. 3a Express the vectors v), v2, ¥5, Yas ¥s and Vs using the i and j notation, b Find: itm WoW TNs 4 Find the magnitude of each of these vectors a 344] © 51412) @ 244) e i g 31+ 5] h -4i-j 5 a= 243), b=3i- ~j. Find the exact value of the magnitude of: aath ¢ 3b-2¢ {6 Find the angle that each of these vectors makes with the positive x-axis: ase b 61-8 © 51413) @ 244) 7 Find the angle that each of these vectors makes with the positive y-axis: a 3-5] b 4i+ 7) ¢ +5} @ -4i-j ors FEEL Problem-solving In the diagram, AB = pi-+ gj and AD =ri+3j. Draw the parallelogram ABCDiisa parallelogram. Dy on a coordinate grid, and choose a position for the origin that will simplify your calculations. Prove that the area of ABCD is ps ~ gr.VECTORS IN MECHANICS Cece = When vectors are written in terms of the unit vectors i and j you can add them together by adding the terms in i and j separately. You can subtract vectors in a similar way. ex Given p= 21+ 3j and q i. find p+ q in terms of i and j (21+ 3j) + (514), (i+ 59+ +) = 7144 =x) Given a = Si + 2j and b = 3i— 4j, find 2a ~ bin terms of i andj. pra | 2151+ 2)) 11+ 45 b= (101+ 4p) - @i- 4p. (105 = 31) + (4) - (4) ——— r +8 = When a vector is written in terms of the unit vectors i and j you can find the magnitude using Pythagoras’ Theorem. The magnitude of vector a is written [a Given v = 3i — 7}, find the magnitude of v. rr44 CHAPTER 3 Peat mien cules ax Find the angle between the vector 4i + 5j and the positive x-axis. ” ]RD says dca acagram fst = 513° 3 si) Given that p = 4i + 3) and q = 2i~ 6), find 2if p-+ 2q is parallel to the vector: aj biti a pa4it+3jp=2i-G Al + 2ii + 3) ~ Gj (4i + 3p + (2a - 64) WA + 22) +43 - 6a) 3-GA Gann 1 Given that a = 21 + 3j and b = 4i —j, find these in terms of i and j aatb bath © 2a-b db-a e 3a-2b f b-3a g4b-a bh 2a-3b 2 Given that a = 2i + Sjand b= 3i—j, find: a Zif'a+ dbis parallel to the vector’ ——_b yif ya + bis parallel to the vector j.Peau hist nu ss Caer 3 Given that e = 3i+4j and d= i 2j, find: a Aife+ Adis parallel to 4+ b if pe +dis parallel to i+ 3} € si e— sd is parallel to 244 j 4 rif d—reis parallel to 21+ 3} 4 In this question, the horizontal unit vectors i and j are directed due east and due north respectively, Find the magnitude and bearing of these vectors: a 243) bi di Challenge pour eine ‘xeCUTIVE FONCTION = The velocity of a particle is a vector in the direction of motion. Its magnitude is the speed of the particle, The velocity is usually denoted by v. Ifa particle is moving with constant velocity vm“, then after time z seconds it will have moved wm. ‘The displacement is parallel to the velocity. The magnitude of the displacement is the distance from ‘the starting point. En A particle is moving with constant velocity b the distance moved every 4 seconds. so speed |v Gi + jms". Find a the speed of the particle, = 3.46ms" (3 of) b Method 1 Displacement = Therefore, e dicta vt] = VIBE 44? = IAA EE = CO 2.6m (3 sf) Method 2 45CM dais Date Te EER) ED correo 1 Find the speed of a particle moving with these velocities: a Gi+4j)ms! b Q4i-7pkmbr!-¢ (Si+2)ms! —d CTi+4jomst 2. Find the distance moved by a particle which travels for a S hours at velocity (8i + 6j) kmh! b 10 seconds at velocity (Si- jms“! € 45 minutes at velocity (61+ 2))kmh-!— d_2 minutes at velocity (—4i - 7iJems-! 3. Find the speed and the distance travelled by a particle moving with: a velocity (-31+ 4j)ms“! for 15 seconds b velocity (2i + 5j)ms“ for 3 seconds € velocity (Si-2))kmb~! for 3hours velocity (124 — Sjykmbh! for 30 minutes * Ifa particle starts from the point with position vector roand moves with constant velocity v, then its displacement from its initial position at time fis w/ and its position vector r is given retotvt EID reassure A particle starts from the point with position vector (34 + 7j)m and moves with constant velocity (Qi jyms“!, Find the position vector of the particle 4 seconds later. Displacement = vt = 4(2i ~ j) =8i~ 4j Position vector # = (31+ 7j) + (Gi ~ 49) =(3 48+ (7 - Ay = 143 am A particle moving at a constant velocity is at the point with position vector (2i — 4j)m at time ¢= 0. ‘The particle is moving at a constant velocity. Five seconds later it is at the point with position vector (12i + 16])m. Find the velocity of the particle. Displacement = (121 + 16j) ~ (21 - 4) 12 — N+ (16 + 44) i + 205 Travels 101 + 20j in 5 seconds, so —— eeeVECTORS IN MECHANICS Caer 47 ex At time ¢ = 0, a particle has position vector 4i + 7j and is moving with speed 15ms~ in the direction 3i~ 4), Find its position vector after 2 seconds. tude of vector 3 ~ Ais ; Se daa aan | 20a it yeckor the drecbon of aon ® HGl~ 4p, ana the velocity s 15 x 4631 4pms" = (91 ~ 12))ms"t New position = (41 + 7)) + 2(91 ~ 12) = (41+ 7) + 181 - 24) A+ 1BH 47 ~ 244 = 221-17 = The acceleration of a particle tells you how the velocity changes with time, Acceleration is a vector, usually denoted by a. If a particle with initial velocity u moves with constant acceleration a then its velocity, vat time tis given by: veutat Go A particle P has velocity (~3i + j)ms~! at time = 0. The particle moves with constant acceleration a= (21+ 3))ms®, Find the speed of the particle after 3 seconds. =10.4ms to 3 sf = A force applied to a particle has both magnitude and direction, so force is also a vector. The force causes the particle to accelerate: ‘ma, where mis the mass of the particle. A constant force, FN, acts on a particle of mass 2kg for 10 seconds. The particle is initially at rest, and 10 seconds later it has velocity (10i - 24) ms“, Find F. (101 = 24) = 10a - 48pNCUM aii) RSMO RU ae [ey EXD move 1A particle P is moving with constant velocity vm s. Initially P is at the point with position vector r. Find the position of P ¢ seconds later if: 4 b i+ and r= 6 q and i = Sand ¢ and Sy © 1+ Div i+djy 2. A particle P moves with constant velocity v. Initially P is at the point with position vector a ‘seconds later P is at the point with position vector b. Find ¥ when: +3ib 2 b a=ditj,b=9i+ 164.0 © a=3i- 5, b= 91+ The @ a= i+ Tj b=4i- 8,123 avel0d e v=75, eva Q/13 d= 2143} g v= 60, d=—4i- 4 4A particle P starts at the point with position vector fy. P moves with constant velocity ms“! After ¢ seconds, P is at the point with position vector r. a Find rif +3jand r= 4, b Find rif ry= 3i—j.v=-2i+j,and ¢ Find ry if r=4i + 3) jand1=3 a Find rp if +3) and 1 =6. e Find vit r 8i- 7, and 1=3, f Find the speed of Pif rp= 10i- 5j, r= -2i+ 9), and r= 4. g Find rif r= 124-11}, and v h Find rif ry i ~ 3}, and the speed of P is 4m s-! The initial velocity of a particle P moving with uniform acceleration am s- Find the velocity and the speed of P after r seconds in these cases: a u=Si,a=3j,andr= © a=2i-3),u=-2i4j,and 5, and u=-3i © a=2itj, 6 A constant force FN acts on a particle of mass 4kg for 5 seconds. The particle was initially at rest, and after 5 seconds it has velocity (6i - 8)) ms“, Find F. 7 A force (2i—j)N acts on a particle of mass 2kg. If the initial velocity of the particle is G+ 3])ms-!, find how far it moves in the first 3 seconds,Pea SNRs} aa) 8 Attime r=0, a particle P is at the point with position vector 4i, and moving with constant velocity (+ j)ms~!. A second particle Q is at the point with position vector ~3j and moving with velocity yms~'. After 8 seconds, the paths of P and Q meet. Find the speed of Q. ® 9 At2pm the coastguard spots a rowing dinghy 500m due south of his observation point. The dinghy has constant velocity (24 + 3j) ms" IED in questions 9 and 10 the unit vectors and j are ue east and due north respectively. Find, in terms of ¢, the position vector of the dinghy ¢ seconds after 2pm. b Find the distance of the dinghy from the observation point at 2:05 pm. @® 10 Atnoon a ferry Fis 400m due north of an observation point O moving with constant velocity and a speedboat Sis $00m due east of O, moving with constant velocity (231+ 15pms} a Write down the position vectors of # and 5 at time ¢ seconds after noon, b Show that F and S will collide, and find the position vector of the point of collision. @® 11 At8am two ships 4 and Bare at ry = (i+ 3/)km and ry 2j) km from a fixed point P. ‘Their velocities are ¥, = (21 j)kmh-! and vg = (i + 4j)kmb~! respectively. a Write down the position vectors of 4 and Bf hours later, b Show that 1 hours after 8am the position veetor of Bi relative to A is given by (4-301 + (C5 + Snpkm. ‘© Show that the two ships do not collide. Find the distance between A and Bat 10am. ©® 12 A particle A starts at the point with position vector 12i + 12}. The initial velocity of is (i+ jms“, and it has constant accelera Another particle, B, has initial velocity ims“! and constant acceleration 2ims~. After 3 seconds the two particles collide Find a the speeds of the two particles when they collide b the position vector of the point where the two particles collide © the position vector of B's starting point. ED corm During an airshow, a stunt aeroplane passes over a control tower with velocity (204 ~ 100)) ms, and flies in a horizontal plane with constant acceleration 61ms-. A second aeroplane passes, ‘over the same control tower at time ¢ seconds later, where f > 0, travelling with velocity (70K + 40})ms- The second aeroplane is, flying ina horizontal plane with constant acceleration ~8)ms~ Given that the two aeroplanes pass directly over one another in their subsequent motion, find the value of taati} Paes) GE 2) CEE rrosun-soume 1A coastguard station 0 monitors the movements of ships in a channel. At noon, the stations radar records two ships moving with constant speed. Ship is at the point with position vector (~3i + 10j)km relative to O and has velocity (24 + 2))km h-!. Ship Bis at the point with position vector (61 + j)km and has velocity (-i + 5)) kmh! is question, the horizontal nd jare directed due east and due north respectively a Show that if the two ships maintain these velocities they will collide. ‘The coastguard radios ship A and orders it to reduce its speed to move with velo Given that 4 obeys this order and maintains this new constant velocity: b find an expression for the vector AB at time # hours after noon find, to three significant figures, the distance between and B at 1500 hours 4 find the time at which B will be due north of 2 Two ships P and Q are moving along straight lines with constant velocities. Initially P is at a point Q and the position vector of @ relative to O is (12i + 6j)km, where i and j are unit vectors directed due east and due north respectively. Ship P is moving with velocity 6tkm h-! and ship Q is moving with velocity (~3i + 6i) kmh. At time # hours the position vectors of P and Q relative to O are pkm and qkm respectively. a Find pand qin terms of 1. b Calculate the distance of Q from P when 1 = 4. © Calculate the value of ¢ when Q is due north of P. 3A particle P moves with constant acceleration (—3i + jms At time ¢ seconds, its velocity is vms-!. When = 0, = Si- 3}. a Find the value of when P is moving parallel to the vector i. b Find the speed of P when 1 = 5, ¢ Find the angle between the vector i and the direction of motion of P when t= 5 4A particle P of mass 5kg is moving under the action of a constant force FN. At r=0, P has velocity (Si— 3)) ms“. At r= 45, the velocity of P is (-I1i + Sims“, Find: the acceleration of P in terms of and j b the magnitude of F. Atr= 65, Pisat the point A with position vector (281 + 6j)m relative to a fixed origin O. AC this instant the force F N is removed and P then moves with constant velocity. ‘Two seconds after the force has been removed, P is at the point B. ¢ Calculate the distance of B from 0. 5 Two boats 4 and Bare moving with constant velocities. @IEPY inthis question the vectors Boat A moves with velocity iki". aaa eerocenent rece Boat B moves with velocity (31+ Sjpkmh-! ihe diecione’ds ean and das a Find the bearing on which B is moving north respectively.Pea Lue tau} aa) At noon, A isat point O and Bis 10km due south of O. At time s hours after noon, the position vectors of A and B relative to O are akm and bkm respectively. b Find expressions for a and b in terms of ¢, giving your answer in the form pi + gj. ¢ Find the time when 4 is due east of B. At time r hours after noon, the distance between 4 and Bis dkm. M402 — 1001 + 100, 4 By finding an expression for 4B, show that d At noon, the boats are 10km apart. ¢ Find the time afler noon at which the boats are again 10km apart A sinall boat S, drifting in the sea, is modelled a5 a particle moving in a straight line at constant speed. When first sighted at 09:00, S is at a point with position vector (~2i - 4jykm relative to a fixed origin O, where i and j are unit vectors due east and due north respectively. At 09:40, Sis at the point with position vector (4i ~ 6j)km. At time ¢ hours after 09:00, Stisat the point with position vector skm. a Calculate the bearing on which $ is drifting. b Find an expression for s in terms of 1 At 11:00 a motor boat M leaves O and travels with constant velocity (pi + gi)kmh~ ¢ Given that Af intercepts $ at 11:30, calculate the value of p and the value of q. A particle P moves in a horizontal plane. The acceleration of P is (-24 + 3))ms~. At time f= 0, the velocity of P is (3i— 2)yms-! a Find, to the nearest degree, the angle between the vector j and the direction of motion of P when r= 0. At time r seconds, the velocity of P is yms~'. Find: b an expression for v in terms of ¢, in the form ai + bj © the speed of P when ¢=4 4 the time when P is moving parallel to i+ j. At time ¢= 0 a football player kicks a ball from the point 4 with position vector (31+ 2j)m on a horizontal @ 2 ae ee football field, The motion of the ball is modelled as that eee ee ane of a particle moving horizontally with constant velocity spon ohe tia (i+ 9)ms"). Find: athe speed of the ball by the position vector of the ball afer s seconds. ‘The point B on the field has position vector (291 + 12))m. ¢ Find the time when the ball is due north of B. At time ¢= 0, another player starts running due north from B and moves with constant speed ymsr' 4 Given that he intercepts the ball, find the value of v. Aaii} Pea eas) 9 Two ships P and Q are travelling at night with constant velocities. At midnight, P is at the point with position vector (10i + 15j) km relative to a fixed origin O. At the same time, Q is at the point with position vector (164 + 26)) km. Three hours later, P is at the point with position vector (25i + 24)) km. The ship @ travels with velocity 12ikmh-!. At time s hours after midnight, the position vectors of P and Q are pkm and qkm respectively. Find the velocity of P in terms of i and j b expressions for p and q in terms of f, i and j At time ¢ hours after midnight, the distance between P and Q is dkm, By finding an expression for PQ, show that d? = 581° - 4300 + 797. Weather conditions are such that an observer on P can see the lights on Q only when the distance between P and Q is 13km or less. Given that when ¢ = 2 the lights on Q move into sight of the observer, find the time, to the nearest minute, at which the lights on Q move out of sight of the observer. 10. The velocity of a car is given by v = (12 the speed of the car b the angle that the direction of motion of the ear makes with the unit vector i. 10j)ms“!. Find 11 The acceleration of a motorbike is given by a = (3i- 4j)m Find: : a the magnitude of the acceleration area res Draw a sketch to help you find the direction aie sen ea ais Sa jjacts in the postive y-direction, so the angle eee jvenior makes yo the) between j and the vector 34 4 will be obtuse. unit vector j The point les onthe line with equation 3y=15 = 5x. Given that {98} ="24, ind two possible expressions for OB inthe form p+ g.PaCS Lue taa ules} CHAPTER 3 eed 1 Avector is a quantity which has both magnitude and direction. 2 The unit vectors along the Cartesian axes are usually denoted by i and j respectively. You can write any two-dimensional vector in the form aii + bj. 3 When vectors are written in terms of the unit vectors i and j you can add them together by adding the terms in i and the terms in j separately. You subtract vectors in a similar way. 4 When a vector is given in terms of the unit vectors i and j you can find its magnitude using Pythagoras’ Theorem. The magnitude of a vector ais written (al 5 The velocity of a particle is a vector in the direction of motion. The magnitude of the velocity is the speed of the particle. The velocity is usually denoted by v. 6 Fa particle starts from the point with position vector ry and moves with constant velocity v, its displacement from its initial position at time £ is v¢ and its position vector r is given by =to+vl 7 The acceleration of a particle tells you how the velocity changes with time, Acceleration is a vector, usually denoted by a. If a particle with initial velocity u moves with constant. acceleration a then its velocity, y, at time ¢is given by utat 8 Aforce applied to a particle has both a magnitude and a direction, so force is also a vector. The force causes the particle to accelerate: F =a, where mis the mass of the particle 9 Ifa particle is resting in equilibrium then the resultant of all the forces acting on it i zero. This means that the sum of the vectors of the forces is the zero vector.4 DYNAMICS OF A eee Se aL Learning objectives zB gE ‘After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Draw force diagrams and calculate resultant forces: > pages 55-57 © Understand ani use Newtons first law of motion > pages 35-57 | © Calculate resultant forces by adding vectors + pages 58-60 © Understand ani use Newton's second law of motion, F=ma pages 60-66 © Apply Newton's second law to vector forces and acceleration + pages 64-67 © Solve problems involving connected particles + pages 67-70 @ Understand and use Newton's third law of motion > pages 68-70 © Solve problems involving pulleys -> pages 72-75 Sater ead 1 Calculate: a i+) +Gi-4 +3))-Gi-}) International GCSE Mathematics 2 The diagram shows a right-angled triangle. Work out: rem a the length of the hypotenuse b the size of the angle a. Give your answers correct to 1 d.p. « International GCSE Mathematics 15cm 3. Acarstarts from rest and a Work out the velocity of the car after 12 seconds. rates at a constant rate of 1.5ms~ After 12 seconds, the driver brakes, causing the car to decelerate at a constant rate of Ims=, b Calculate the distance the car travels from the instant the driver brakes until the car comes to rest. ‘© Mechanies 1, Chapter 2 The weight of an air-sea rescue crew man is balanced by the tension in the cable. By modelling the forces in this situation, you can calculate how strong the cable needs to be. -ia Gee cme ne srs 6 ¢ ; A force diagram is a diagram showing all the forces acting on an object. Each force is shown as an arrow pointing in the direction in which the force acts. Force diagrams are used to model problems involving forces. ex) ramen A block of weight His being pulled to the right by a force, P, across a rough horizontal plane. Draw a force diagram to show all the forces acting on the block. i ‘When the forces acting upon an object are balanced, the object is said to be in equilibri = Newton’s first law of motion states that an object at rest will stay at rest, and that an object moving with constant velocity will continue to move with constant velocity unless an unbalanced force acts on the object. ‘When there is more than one force acting on an object you can resolve the forces ina certain direction ‘to find the resultant force in that direction. The direction you are resolving in becomes the positive direction. You add forces acting in this direction and subtract forces acting in the opposite direction In your answers, you can use the letter R, together with an arrow, R(1), to indicate the direction in \whiich you are resolving the forces. Inthis section you will only resolve forces that are horizontal or vertical. ® A resultant force acting on an object will cause the object to accelerate in the same direction as the resultant force. GED) BD von ‘The diagram shows the forces acting on a particle. 30N a Draw a force diagram to represent the resultant force. b Describe the motion of the particle ae i 10N Eyeal! DUS aaa eR LGaULe 3 _ e particle is accelerating upward, EID svereenn 1A box is at rest on a horizontal table. Draw a force diagram to show all the forces acting on the box. 2A trapeze bar is suspended motionless from the ceiling by two ropes. Draw a force diagram to show the forces acting on the ropes and the trapeze bar. 3 Ignoring air resistance, draw a diagram to show the forees acting on an apple as it falls from a tree. 4. Accar’s engine applies a force parallel to the surface of a horizontal road that causes the car to move with constant velocity. Considering the resistance to motion, draw a diagram to show the forces acting on the car. 5. An air-sea rescue crew member is suspended motionless from a helicopter: Ignoring ait resistance, show all the forces acting on him. ® 6 A satellite orbits the Earth at constant speed, SE) State, with a reason, whether any resultant force : Consider the velocity of the is acting on the satellite, ean SiRT eee 7 A particle of weight 5N sits at rest on a horizontal plane. State the value of the normal reaction acting on the particle. 8 Given that each of the particles is stationary, work out the value of P: ap > 10N « oN 2 30N: je ne, a WN. WN WN 9 A platform is lifted vertically at constant velocity as shown in r 7 the diagram, Ignoring air resistance, work out the tension, T’in each rope. ‘The tension in each rope is reduced by 50N. b- Describe the resulting motion of the platform. 400DUS CG LGA ati} 10 12 13 The diagram shows a particle acted on by a set of forces, SUN Given that the particle is at rest, find the value of p and the value of g SON pN Jpn @H tN Given that the particle in this coe rn diagram is moving with constant velocity, v, find the values ee ae equations 25N or + On 20N Each diagram below shows the forces aeting on a particle. 1 Work out the size and direction of the resultant force. ii Describe the motion of the particle. a “on b oN 100N 100N SN 28N 20N oy A truck is moving along a horizontal level road. The truck’s engine provides a forward thrust of 10000. The total resistance is modelled as a constant force of magnitude 1600 N. a Modelling the truck as a particle, draw a force diagram to show the forees acting on the truck, b Calculate the resultant force acting on the truck. A car is moving along a horizontal level road. The car's ES engine provides a constant driving force. The motion of ramonneinrny the car is opposed by a constant resistance. Sacre eerie a Modelling the car as a particle, draw a force diagram, Pete creer er esearee to show the forces acting on the car. b Given that the resultant force acting on the car is 4200 N in the direction of motion, and that the magnitude of the driving force is eight times the magnitude of the resistance force, calculate the magnitude of the resistance. EyEar! Pincus nein aint @®) Forces as vectors You can write forces as vectors using i+] notation or as column vectors. ' You can find the resultant of two or more forces given as vectors by adding the vectors. Fea Ea eee the resultant force will be ((p + )i + (g + s)j) N. « Mechanics 1 Section 3.2 When a particle is in equilibrium the resultant vector force will be Oi + Oj GEE: BaD veusoime The forces 2i + 3}, 4i- j, 31 + 2j and ai + dj act on an object which is in equilibrium. Find the values of a and b Tae) eee | In this question, i represents the unit vector due east, and j represents the unit vector due north. A particle begins at rest at the origin, It is acted on by three forces (2i + j) N, (31 2)) N and Cis4pn. a Find the resultant force in the form pi + gj. b Work out the magnitude and bearing of the resultant force, © Describe the motion of the particle. ape acre-«s | ia > R i 35 CEE The unit vector fis usually taken to be due east or the positive x-direction. The unit : vector jis usually taken to be due north or the positive y-direction. Questions involving finding, bearings will often specify this [ eeeeasy accelerates in the direction of ~ eae eee 36.9" (1 dp) earing = 90" ~ 36.9° = 053." fe The partiDTU ECG ELAM Uti} 8) LED rroousnsoume 1 In cach part of the question a particle is acted upon by the forces given. Work out the resultant force acting on the particle. a (i+ 3)Nand Gi-pN b (5) Nana (~Q)N cD ()nisthe © @+DNGI-3Nand2i-pN_ a (71) N.(6) Nana (2) Seas 2 An object is in equilibrium at O under the action of three forces Fy, F> and Fs. Find F; in these cases: a F\=(Qi+TpandF,=(3i+)) — b Fy=Gi-dpand F, 24+ 3)) 2a ~b Find the values of a and 5, ® 3 The forces (5,) N, (24) N and ( 3.) N act on an object which is in equilibrium, 4. Foreach foree find: i the magnitude of the force fi the angle the force makes with i a i+4)N b (Si-j)N © (214 3)N a (7)N 5 In this question, i represents the unit vector due east, and j represents the unit vector due north A particle is acted upon by forces of: a (24D i+ Nand AN (284 ])N,Qi—3Nand (H+ GN Work out: i the resultant veetor ithe magnitude ofthe resultant vector the bearing of the resultant vector. ®_ © The forces (ai — bj) N, (bi + aj) N and Geto CAL 2p Nacton an object which is Use thei components and the j components to in equilibrium, Find the values of ‘set up and solve two simultaneous equations. aand b, ® 7 The forces ai + 2) N, (-Sbi + 3aj) N and (-11i - 7) N act on an object which is in ‘equilibrium, Find the values of a and 6. 8 Three forces F), F; and F; act on a particle, F, = (-3i + 7H)N, F:=(0-D)N and Fs =(pi+ q)N. a Given that this particle is in equilibrium, determine the value of p and the value of g. ‘The resultant of the forces F, and Fis R. b Calculate, in N, the magnitude of R. © Calculate, to the nearest degree, the angle between the line of action of R and the vector jGe! DUS aaa eR aUe 3 9A particle is acted upon by two forces F, and F where a is a positive constant, 8 Find the angle between F, and i, ‘The resultant of F, and Fo is R. b Given that R is parallel to 131+ 10}, find the value of a given by Fi = (3 © 10 Three forces F), Fs and F; acting on a particle P are given by the vectors Fi = [ eH (5) N ana F, = (5) N, where w and bare constants a Given that P is in equilibrium, find the value of a and the value of b. (3 marks) b The force F, is now removed. The resultant of Fy and Fy is R. Find: i the magnitude of R (2 marks) ii the angle, to the nearest degree, that the direction of R makes with the horizontal, (3 marks) crs ‘An object is acted upon by a horizontal ain force of 101N and a vertical force aj Nas ‘shown in the diagram, The resultant of the ‘two forces acts in the direction 60° to the horizontal. Work out the value of aand the ide of the resultant force, 10N ©) Forces and acceleration Anon-zero resultant force that acts on a particle will cause the particle to accelerate in the direction of the resultant force. '= Newton's second law of motion states that the force needed to accelerate a particle is equal to the product of the mass of the particle and the acceleration produced: ma. force of 1 N will accelerate a mass of 1 kg at a rate of 1ms~. Ifa force FN acts on a particle of mass _mkg causing it to accelerate at am s~, the equation of motion for the particle is F'= ma. Gravity is the force between any object and the Earth. The force due to gravity acting on an object is called the weight of the object, and it acts vertically downward. A body falling freely experiences an acceleration of g = 98ms~ Using the relationship F = ma you can write the equation of motion for a body of mass m kg with weight FN = Weg