SADLER MATHEMATICS

METHODS UNIT 3
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 8 Discrete random variables

Exercise 8A

Question 1

a Continuous

b Discrete

c Continuous

d Discrete

e Discrete

f Continuous

g Continuous

Question 2

No (Probabilities do not add to 1)

Question 3

No (Probabilities do not add to 1)

Question 4

No (Probability cannot be negative)

Question 5

Yes

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 1

Question 6

k = 1 − 0.6
= 0.4

Question 7

k = 1 − 0.95
= 0.05

Question 8

10k = 1
k = 0.1

Question 9

2.25k + 2.8 = 1
2.25k = −1.8
k = −0.8

Question 10

x 0 1 2

P(X = x) 0.25 0.5 0.25

(Construct a two-way table or tree diagram if needed and count the number of tails obtained.)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 2

Question 11

a P( X= 0)
= 0.2

b P( X ≥ 1) =
0.8

c P(2 < X ≤ 4) =
0.2

0.4
d P( X = 1| X ≥ 1) = = 0.5
0.8

0.1
e P( X > 4 | X ≥ 2) = = 0.25
0.4

0.3
f P( X ≤ 4 | X ≥ 2) = = 0.75
0.4

Question 12

a P( X > 2) =
0.4

b P( X ≥ 3) =
0.4

c P(1 < X < 4) =

0.5

0.2
d P( X = 3 | X > 2) = = 0.5
0.4

0.1
e P( X = 5 | X ≥ 3) = = 0.25
0.4

0.2
f P( X < 4 | X ≥ 3) = = 0.5
0.4

Question 13

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

P(X = x) 0.005 0.015 0.055 0.175 0.375 0.625 0.825 0.945 0.985 0.995 1

Question 14

x 0 1 2 3 4 5

P(X = x) 0.04 0.16 0.3 0.3 0.16 0.04

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 3

Question 15

P (No heads) = 0.6 × 0.6 = 0.36

P (2 heads) = 0.4 × 0.4 = 0.16
=
P (1 head) 1-=
0.3 - 0.16 0.48

x 0 1 2

P(X = x) 0.16 0.48 0.36

Question 16
3
2 8
= =
P( no heads) 
 3  27
2
 1  2  4
P(1=
head)    =  ×3
 3  3  9
2
1  2 2
=   =
P(2 heads)  ×3
3  3 9
3
1 1
P(3 heads)=   =
 3  27

x 0 1 2 3

8 4 2 1
P(X = x)
27 9 9 27

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 4

Question 17

RBB BRB BBR

3 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 3
P(one red) = × × + × × + × ×
5 4 3 5 4 3 5 4 3
= 0.3

RRB BRR RBR

3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2
P(two red) = × × + × × + × ×
5 4 3 5 4 3 5 4 3
= 0.6

RRR
3 2 1
P (all red) = × ×
5 4 3
= 0.1

x 1 2 3

P(X = x) 0.3 0.6 0.1

Question 18

k + 2k + 3k + 4k + 5k =1
15k = 1
1
k=
15

x 1 2 3 4 5

1 2 1 4 1
P(X = x)
15 15 5 15 3

6 2
a = even)
P( X = =
15 5

1
b P( X < 2) =
15

12 4
c P( X > 2) = =
15 5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 5

Question 19

k (5 − 1) + k (5 − 2) + k (5 − 3) + k (5 − 4) =
1
4k + 3k + 2k + k = 1
10k = 1
k = 0.1

x 1 2 3 4

P(X = x) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

a = = 0.4
P( X even)

b P( X ≤ 2) =
0.7

c P( X ≥ 2) =
0.6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 6

Question 20

a 1 − 0.2 − 0.4 − 0.1 =

0.3

b P(2 then 4) = 0.2 × 0.3 = 0.12

c P(2 and 4 in any order) = 0.2 × 0.3 × 2 = 0.24

d Total of 6 : 3and 3 or 2 and 4 or 4 and 2

P(3 then 3) = 0.1× 0.1 = 0.01
P(total of=
6) 0.01 + 0.24
= 0.25

P(2 then 4)
e P(2 then 4|total of 6) =
P(total of 6)
0.12
=
0.25
= 0.48

f P(4,3, 2) = 0.3 × 0.1× 0.4 = 0.012

g P(4, 3, 2 in any order) = 0.3 × 0.1× 0.4 × 3! = 0.072

h Total of 10 in 3 spins : 4, 4, 2 or 4, 3, 3
3!
P(4, 4, 2 in any order) = 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.4 × = 0.108
2!
3!
P(4, 3, 3 in any order) = 0.3 × 0.1× 0.1× = 0.009
2!
P(total of 10) = 0.108 + 0.009 = 0.117

i P(1, 1, 1 or 2, 2, 2 or 3, 3, 3 or 4, 4, 4) = 0.23 + 0.43 + 0.13 + 0.33

= 0.1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 7

Question 21

45 × 44 × 43 × 42
P( X= 0)
=
50 × 49 × 48 × 47
= 0.64696
45 × 44 × 43 × 5  4 
P( X= 1)= × 
50 × 49 × 48 × 47  1 
= 0.30808
45 × 44 × 5 × 4  4 
P( X= 2)
= × 
50 × 49 × 48 × 47  2 
= 0.04299
45 × 5 × 4 × 3  4
P( X= 3)= × 
50 × 49 × 48 × 47  3 
= 0.00195
5× 4 ×3× 2
P( X= 4)
=
50 × 49 × 48 × 47
= 0.00002

x 0 1 2 3 4

P(X = x) 0.64696 0.30808 0.04299 0.00195 0.00002

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 8

Exercise 8B

Question 1

k=
1 − (0.35 × 2 + 0.15 + 0.05)
= 0.1
E(X )=
1× 0.1 + 2 × 0.35 + 3 × 0.35 + 4 × 0.15 + 5 × 0.05
= 2.7

Question 2

3k + 0.4 = 1
2k = 0.6
k = 0.2
E( X ) =0 × 0.1 + 5 × 0.1 + 10 × 0.1 + 15 × 0.1 + 20 × 0.2 + 25 × 0.4
= 17

Question 3

20k = 1
k = 0.05
E( X ) = 5.85

Question 4

k = 0.2
E( X ) = 11.6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 9

 Question 5

0.3 + p + 0.2 + q + 0.1 =

1
p=+ q 0.4 → Equation1
0.3 + 2 p + 0.6 + 4q + 0.5 =
2.7
2 p + 4=
q 1.3 → Equation 2
Solving simultaneously
= =
p 0.15, q 0.25

Var(X ) = 1.38202752
= 1.91

Question 6

p+q =0.5
1 1 1 1 1 1 52
0+ + 2 × + 3 × + 4 × + 5 × + 6 × + 7 p + 8q =
36 18 18 12 12 6 9
67
7 p + 8q =
18
Solving simultaneously
5 2
=p = ,q
18 9

Question 7

= =
E( X ) 10, SD( X ) 1.5

a If scores are increased by 5, then E( X ) = 15.

b Increasing all score by 5 does not alter the spread.

⇒ SD( X ) = 1.5

c E(3 X − 4)
= 3 × 10 − =
4 26

d SD(3 X − = = 4.5
4) 3 × 1.5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 10

Question 8

x 10 20 30 40 50
a
P( X = x) 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

E( X ) = 26
= =
Var( X ) (13.56466) 2
184

b E( X + 3) =
29

c E(2 X ) = 52

d E(2 X + 3) =
55

e Var( X + 3) =
184

f Var(2 X ) = 4 × 184
= 736

g Var(2 X + 3) =
736

Question 9

x 1 2 3 4 5
P( X = x) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

E( X ) = 3
Var( X ) = 2

Question 10

x 0 15 30 + 1 2 3 4 5 6

2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X = x)
3 6 6
2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 1 1
E( X ) = 0 × + 15 × + 30 × 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 6 6
= 7.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

They should charge $8 per game. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 11

Question 11

Let $ X be the amount of money given back on a single play

x 0 5 10 c

1 1 1 1
P(X = x)
2 8 8 4

5 10 1
E( X ) = 0 + + + c
8 8 4
Breakeven → Cost = E( X )
15 1
=c + c
8 4
3 15
c=
4 8
c = 2.5
∴ Cost should be at least $2.50 per game.

Question 12

a Mean value = expected value

1 36
(1 + ... + 8) = = 4.5
8 8
∴ E( X ) = 4.5

1
b Mean value of Y= (1 + 4 + 9 + ... + 49 + 64)
8
1
= × 204
8
E(Y ) = 25.5

1 1 1 1 1
c Mean value of Z= 1 + + + ... + + 
8 2 3 7 8
1  761 
=  
8  280 
761
E( Z ) =
2240

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 12

Question 13

Let $X represent the prize money

+ 0 1 1 3 5

0 0 1 1 3 5

1 1 2 2 4 6

1 1 2 2 4 6

3 3 4 4 6 8

5 5 6 6 8 10

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10

P(X = x) 0.04 0.16 0.16 0.08 0.16 0.08 0.2 0.08 0.04

a P(X > 6) =
0.12

b x=4

100 × 5 = $500
E( X ) = 4 (prize money per game)
100 × 4 = $400
After 100 games, the organisers would expect to be "up" by $100.

Question 14

E( X ) = 1.85 cars per fortnight

Scheme 1:
1.85 × 250 + 500 = $962.50
Scheme 2 :
1.85 × 475 = $878.75
∴ Scheme 1 is a better choice as the expected fortnightly earnings is higher.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 13

Question 15

a E( X ) = $1340

b E(Y ) = $1270

c Scheme A does have a higher expected value but it also has a 50% chance of losing
some of the investment while Scheme B has a 0.1 chance of losing less money.
I would advise Scheme B.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 14

Miscellaneous exercise eight

Question 1

100 000
a N≈
1 + 499e0
= 200

100 000
b N≈
1 + 499e −0.08× 5
= 298

100 000
c N≈
1 + 499e −0.08× 10
= 444.02 ≈ 444

499
d 1 + 499e −0.08t =
1 + 0.08t
e
499
As t → ∞, e0.08t → ∞ and → 0. ∴ N approaches 100 000.
et

Question 2

6
a −
x2

1 − 32 3
b 6× − x = −
2 x3

c 10 x − e x

= 6 xe3 x
2 2
d e3 x × 6x

+1 +1
= 6 xe3 x
2 2
e e3 x × 6x

f (2 x − 3)5(2 x + 1) 4 × 2 + (2 x + 1)5 × 2
= 2(2 x + 1) 4 [5(2 x − 3) + (2 x + 1) ]
= 2(2 x + 1) 4 [10 x − 15 + 2 x + 1]
=2(2 x + 1) 4 (12 x − 14)
=4(2 x + 1) 4 (6 x − 7)

g 10 cos x

h cos10 x × 10 = 10 cos10 x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 15

Question 3

3x 2 − 5

Question 4

a X is not a uniform discrete random variable as each of the probabilities are different.

b X is a discrete random variable as the possible values of X are discrete values and the
1
probability of each one is the same, .
6

c X is not a uniform discrete random variable because the variable involved (height) is
continuous, not discrete.

Question 5

5x2
= 5x + 3
x −1
5 x 2 =(5 x + 3)( x − 1)
= 5x2 − 2 x − 3
2 x = −3
x = 1.5
y =5(−1.5) + 3
= −4.5
∴ Point of intersection (−1.5, −4.5)

d  5 x 2  ( x − 1)10 x − 5 x 2 × 1
 =
dx  x − 1  ( x − 1) 2
10 x 2 − 10 x − 5 x 2
=
( x − 1) 2
5 x 2 − 10
=
( x − 1) 2
5 x( x − 2)
=
( x − 1) 2

When x = −1.5,
dy 5(−1.5)(−3.5)
=
dx (−2.5) 2
= 4.2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 16

 Question 6

dy
= x 2 × e2 x × 2 + e2 x × 2 x
dx
= 2 xe 2 x ( x + 1)
When x = 1,
dy
= 2(1) × e 2 × 2
dx
= 4e 2

Question 7

dy ( x − 2)2 x − x 2 × 1
=
dx ( x − 2) 2
2 x2 − 4x − x2
=
( x − 2) 2
x2 − 4 x
=
( x − 2) 2
x( x − 4)
=
( x − 2) 2

When x = 3,
dy 3 × (−1)
=
dx 12
= −3
1
∴ Gradient of the normal is .
3
1
Equation of the normal is of the form=
y x+c
3
using (3, 9)
1
=9 (3) + c
3
c =8
1
∴ Equation of normal is y = x +8
3
3 y= x + 24

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 17

Question 8
2
∫ 10 x dx
4
a
0
2
10 x5 
= 
 5 0
2
=  2 x5 
0

= 2× 2 − 0 5

= 64
4
b ∫2
2dx

= [ 2 x ]2
4

= [8 − 4 ]
=4
3
c ∫2
(2 + 6 x)dx
3
=  2 x + 3 x 2 
2

= (6 + 3 × 9) − (4 + 3 × 4)
= 33 − 16
= 17

Question 9
π

∫
0
2
sin xdx
π
= [ − cos x ]02
π
=− cos − (− cos 0)
2
= 0 − (−1)
=1
∴ Area =
1 unit 2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 18

Question 10

e
a As t → ∞, 0.13t
→0
e
∴V → 75
∴ Terminal velocity =
75 m/s

dV
b i a=
dt
dV
= 75(−(−0.13)e −0.13t )
dt
= 75(0.13e −0.13t )
39
= e −0.13t
4

When t = 5,
39 −0.13× 5
a= e
4
= 5.09 m/s 2

ii When t = 20,
39
a = e −0.13× 20
4
= 0.72 m/s 2

Question 11

f ′′( x)= 20(3 − x)3 + 6 x − 6

f ′( x) =
−5(3 − x) 4 + 3 x 2 − 6 x + c
f '(1) =−5(2) 4 + 3 − 6 + c =−83
c=0
∴ f ′( x) =
−5(3 − x) 4 + 3 x 2 − 6 x

f ( x) = (3 − x)5 + x 3 − 3 x 2 + c
f (1) = 25 + 13 − 3 + c = 28
c + 30 = 28
c = −2
∴ f ( x) = (3 − x) + x 3 − 3 x 2 − 2
5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 19

 Question 12

x3 × x 4
y=
x2
dy x 2 ( x3 × 4 x3 + x 4 × 3 x 2 ) − x3 × x 4 × 2 x
=
dx x4
x 2 (4 x 6 + 3 x 6 ) − 2 x8
=
x4
7 x8 − 2 x8
=
x4
5 x8
= 4
x
= 5x4

Question 13

dy 2 x × e x − e x × 2
=
dx 4x2
e x ( x − 1)
0=
2x2
e x ≠ 0, x = 1
When x = 1,
e1
y=
2
∴ (1, 0.5e)

Question 14

dy
=
e x (− sin x) + cos xe x
dx
= 0 e x (cos x − sin x)
e x ≠ 0, cos x − sin x =0
cos x = sin x
tan x = 1
7 π 3π π 5π
∴ x =− , − , ,
4 4 4 4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 20

Question 15

a ∫ 4 x dx
4x2
= +c
2
= 2x2 + c

∫ 6e dx
2x
b
= 3∫ 2e dx 2x

= 3e 2 x + c

d
∫ dx ( x + e x )dx
2
c

= x2 + ex + c

d
∫ dx ( x e )dx
2 x
d

= x 2e x + c

Question 16

a k + 2k + 4k + k + 4k =1
12k = 1
1
k=
12

b P( X= 3)= 4k
1
= 4×
12
1
=
3

c P( X > 3) = P( X = 4) + P( X = 5)
1 1
= +
12 3
5
=
12

d P( X ≥ 3) = P( X = 3) + P( X > 3)
1 5
= +
3 12
3
=
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 21

e P( X= 3 | X > 3)= 0
If X > 3, it cannot be equal to 3.

P( X = 3)
f P( X= 3 | X ≥ 3)=
P( X ≥ 3)
1 3
= ÷
3 4
4
=
9

g E( X ) = ∑ xi Pi
1 2 4 1 4
=1 × + 2 × + 3× + 4 × + 5×
12 12 12 12 12
1 + 4 + 12 + 4 + 20
=
12
41
=
12

h SD( X ) = 1.32

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 22

Question 17

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 23

Question 18
5π
a ∫ 0
6
(0.5 − sin x)dx
5π
= [0.5 x + cos x ] 06
 1 5π 5π 
=  × + cos  − [ 0 + cos 0]
2 6 6
5π 3
= − −1
12 2

5π − 6 3 − 12
=
12
5π
b As ∫ 0
6
(0.5 − sin x) dx < 0
5π 5π

∫
0
6
−1 × ∫ 6 (0.5 − sin x)dx
(0.5 − sin x)dx =
0

 5π − 6 3 − 12 
= − 
 12 
12 + 6 3 − 5π
=
12

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 24

c 0.5 − sin x =
0
1
sin x =
2
π 5π
x= ,
6 6
π 5π
∴ ∫ 6 (0.5 − sin x)dx − ∫π6 (0.5 − sin x)dx
0
6

π 5π
1 6 1 6
=  x + cos x  −  x + cos x 
2 0  2 π
6

1 π π 1    1 5π 5π   1 π π 
=  × + cos  −  × 0 + cos 0  −   × + cos  −  × + cos  
2 6 6 2   2 6 6  2 6 6 
π 3   5π 3  π 3 
= + − 1 −   − − +
12 2  12 2   12 2  
 
   
π 3 5π 3 π 3
= + −1 − + + +
12 2 12 2 12 2
3π 3 3
=− − 1 +
12 2
6 3 −π−4
= units 2
4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2019 25