2.4.2.

3 Characterization Of Digital System (Continued)

Example 2.3
• Consider a the following difference equation
y n   y n  1  0.9  y n  2   x n 
(a) Calculate and plot the impulse response h(n) for n=0, 1, 2,..….5
(b) Calculate and plot the unit step response s (n) for n=0,1, 2,…...5
(c) Is this system stable.
Solution
(a) The system is LTI, therefore h(n) =0 for all n< 0
hn   hn  1  0.9 hn  2    n 
n  0  h0   h 1  0.9h 2    0   h0    0   1
n  1  h1  h0   0.9h 1   1  h1  h0   1
n  2  h2   h1  0.9h0    2   h2   h1  0.9  h0   0.1
n  3  h3  h2   0.9h1   3  h3  h2   0.9  h1  0.1  0.9  0.8
 [Link] Characterization Of Digital System (Continued)

Example 2.3 Solution (Continued)

(b) u n   y n   y n  1  0.9  y n  2 
n  0  y 0   y  1  0.9 y  2   u 0   y 0   u 0   1
n  1  y 1  y 0   0.9 y  1  u 1  y 1  y 0   u 1  1  1  2
n  2  y 2   y 1  0.9 y 0   u 1  y 2   y 1  0.9  y 0   u 1  1  0.9  1  0.9

(c)
 hn     The system is stable

Note: h(n) decreases as n increases

2.5 DISCRETE –TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM (DTFT)
2.5.1 DTFT Definition


If x(n) is absolutely sumable, that is:  xn   

n  
Then the discrete-time Fourier transform is given by:

   xn    xn e
xe j  j n

n  
The Inverse Discrete-time Fourier Transform (IDTFT) of X(ej)

1
  
xn   1 X e j 
2  X e 
j
.e jn
dw
Notes: 

• The operator [.] transforms a discrete time signal x(n) into a

complex valued continuous function X(ej) of real variable =2πf.
• X(ej ) is a complex valued continuous function.
•  = 2π f [rad/sec]
• f is the digital frequency measured in [ C/S or Hz]
 2.5.2 Properties of DTFT
1 Periodicity
The discrete-time Fourier transform X(ej) Is periodic with period 2π:

      
X e j  X e j   2   X e j e j 2  X e j .1  X e j  
Therefore, we need for analysis only period of X(ejw) for w  0,2 
Not for the whole domain   w w    ,  
2 Linearity
The DTFT is linear transformation, that is:
 
 x1 n    x2 n   x1 n    x2 n 

3 Time Shifting
A shift in the time domain corresponds to the phase shifting

xn  k   X e  e jw  jwk
 2.5.2 Properties oF DTFT (Continued)
4 Frequency shifting
Multiplication by a complex exponential corresponds to a shift in the frequency domain

  
 x n e jo n  X e j  o  
5 Symmetry
For real-valued   is conjugate symmetric X e   X e 
xn , X e jw
jw   jw

ReX e   ReX e 
jw  jw
Even Symmetry

ImX e    ImX e 
jw  jw
Odd Symmetry
X e   X e 
jw  jw
Even Symmetry


X e jw
 
X e jw
 Odd Symmetry

Therefore, to plot X(ej) we need to consider a half period of X(ej)

Generally, in practice this period is chosen to be w  0,  
 2.5.2 Properties oF DTFT (Continued)
6 Folding
Folding in the time domain corresponds to the folding in the frequency domain


x n   X e  j 
7 Convolution
This is one of the most useful properties that makes the system analysis
convenient in the frequency domain.

   
x1 n   x2 n   x1 n .x2 n   X 1 e j X 2 e j
x(n) h(n) y n   xn   hn 

Time Domain

 
X e jw
H(ejw)
     
Y e jw  X e jw H e jw

Frequency Domain
 2.5.2 Properties of DTFT (Continued)

8 Multiplication
This is dual to the convolution property

x1 n .x2 n   x1 n  x2 n 

9 Energy
The energy of the sequence x(n) can be written as :
 
1 2
 X e 
2
E   xn   j
d
 2 

This is known as the Parseval’s Theorem

 2.5.2 Properties of DTFT (Continued)
Example 2.4
n
Consider the signal x n   0.5 U n 
a- Determine its DTFT.
b- Evaluate X(ej) at  = 0, 0.25π, 0.5π , 0.75 π and π
c- Plot its magnitude, angle, real part and imaginary part
Solution:
a- Since the signal x(n) is absolutely summable, therefore, DTFT exists:
 
   xne   0.5 e
X e jw   jwn n  jwn

 n   0
1
 0.5  e   1  0.5  e 
0
 jw n
 jw

e jw
cosw  j sin w cosw  j sin w
 
X e jw   
e jw  0.5 cosw  j sin w  0.5 cosw  0.5  j sin w 

X e jw
 cosw  j sin w cosw  0.5  j sin w
cosw  0.52  sinw2
 2.5.2 Properties of DTFT (Continued)
Example 2.4 (Continued)

X e  
jw cosw  0.5cosw  sinw  jsinwcosw  sin wcosw  0.5 sin w
2 2

2 2
cosw  sin w  0.25  cosw

X e  
jw 1  0.5 cosw  j 0.5 sin w
1.25  cosw
1  0.5 cosw
 
X e jw 
1  0.5 cosw  0.5 sinw
2 2
  
Re X e jw 
1.25  cosw
1.25  cosw2
 0.5 sin w
X e  jw
 tan1 0.5 sin w   
Im X e jw 
1.25  cosw
1  0.5 cosw
b) Substitute in the above equations when  = 0, 0.25π, 0.5π , 0.75 π and π
c) Different plots are shown in the following figure.
 Magnitude Response
Magnetude Part Real PartPart
Magnetude
2 2

1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6

Magnetude
1.4
Magnetude

1.4

1.2
1.2

1
1

0.8
0.8

0.6
0.6 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0 0.5 1 Frequency
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 Frequency
Frequency in Pi units
[rad/sec]
[rad\sec]
frequency in pi unitsude Imaginary
Phase Response
Angle Part ImaginaryPart
Part
0 0

Radians
-0.1 -0.1

-0.2 -0.2
Magnetude

Magnetude
-0.3 -0.3

-0.4 -0.4

-0.5 -0.5

-0.6 -0.6

-0.7 63 of 128 ECE 650 Ch.2 Signals

-0.7 & Spectra Prof Fawzy Ibrahim
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
frequency in pi unitsude
Frequency [rad/sec] frequency in pi unitsude
Frequency [rad/sec]
2.5.3 Frequency Domain Representation of LTI System
The discrete-time Fourier transform of an impulse response is called
the frequency response of a LTI system and is denoted by:

 n  hn 
LTI System
1

He  
j

   hn e
H e j   jn

n  

For an arbitrary absolutely summable sequence x(n) as an input to with impulse

response. Apply the convolution property we have:

xn  y n   xn   hn 

hn 
X e jw
He   
jw    
Y e jw  X e jw  H e jw

y n    Y e 
1 jw
2.5.3 Frequency Domain Representation of LTI System (Contd.)
Special Cases :

Case 1:
If the input xn   Ae jo n is complex exponential
The output y(n) is given by:

y n   A H e  j o
e 
j  o n  H ( e jo ) 
Case 2:

If the input xn   A coso n    is Sinusoidal input

The output y(n) is given by:

y n   A H e  j o
 cos  n    H e 
0
j o

This is called the steady state response of the system y ss n 

2.5.3 Frequency Domain Representation of LTI System (Contd.)
EXAMPLE 2.5
hn   0.9  U n 
n
For the system described by its impulse response
Do the following
a- Determine the frequency response
b- Plot the magnitude and phase responses
c- Calculate the steady state response for the input xn   0.1U n 
Solution  
a- Using DTFT we find :    hne
H e j   j n
  0.9 e  jn
n

n   n 0

1 1
  0.9e 
n  
 jw n

1  0.9e  j

1  0.9  cos   j 0.9sin  
1
Hence He   
j

1  0.9 cos   0.9 sin  

2 2

1 1
 
H e j  
1  0.9 cos 2  0.9 sin  2 2
 2
1  2  0.9  cos   0.9   cos   sin  
2

2.5.3 Frequency Domain Representation of LTI System (Contd.)

EXAMPLE 2.5 (Continued)

1  0.9 sin   
 
H e j 
1.81  1.8  cos 
and  
H e j   arctan  
1  0.9 cos  
b- The magnitude and phase plots are shown in the following figure.
Magnitude Response
Phase Response 10
0
9
-0.05
8

-0.1
7

6
Phase in Radians

-0.15

|H|
5
-0.2
4
-0.25
3
-0.3
2

-0.35 1

0
-0.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Frequency in pi units
Frequency in pi units
2.5.3 Frequency Domain Representation of LTI System (Contd.)

EXAMPLE 2.5 (Continued)

c) The steady state response [ at A = 0.1, θ = 0, wo = 0] is given by :

  
yss n   A H e j cos o n    H e jo  
    
yss n   0.1 H e 0 cos 0  n  0  H e j0

yss n   0.1 H e   0.110  1

0