LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH, CAMPAIGNS, AND ADVOCACIES

INVOLVING THE READER IDENTIFYING KEY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND LANGUAGE

• Use personal pronouns such as you, your, we, our. FEATURES OF AN ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT
LANGUAGE
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ARGUMENTATION
LANGUAGE – the principal method of human communication, RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
consisting of words used in a structured and conventional way ARGUMENTATION – : the act or process of forming reasons,
and conveyed by speech, writing, or gesture. • Questions that aren’t supposed to be answered.
drawing conclusions, and applying them to a case in discussion.
• Plays an indispensable role in our lives because… “The ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • Makes claims based on factual evidence (research).
limits of my language mean the limits of my world."
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS • Makes counterclaims – the author takes opposing views into
account.
RESEARCH • Makes writers influence how readers feel.
(Language of Research) • Neutralizes or “defeats” serious opposing ideas.
RESEARCH – it makes use of a formal, academic, and persuasive ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
language to communicate discussions and present corresponding • Convinces the audience through the merit and rationality
REPETITION
findings for variables studied. of the claim and proofs offered.
• The technique of repeating key words, phrases, or ideas PRO ARGUMENT (PRO) – point or statement that supports one’s
| Theories | Concepts | Theses | Variables |
to make an appeal to the audience. ideas.
| Hypotheses | Samples |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ COUNTER ARGUMENT (CON) – point or statement in opposition to
USING EVIDENCE the argument being made in a written document or speech.

CAMPAIGN • Use facts, figures, data for reliable purposes. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(Language of Research) REFUTATION – the process of disproving an opposing argument.
CAMPAIGN – It is usually social or political in nature. It is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
technically defined as a planned set of activities that people OPPONENT – a person who disagrees with something and speaks
ASSOCIATIONS
carry out to attain a certain goal or objectives. against it.
• The technique tries to link an object or an idea with PROPONENT – someone who argues in favor of something;
something already liked or desired by the target audience.
advocate.
ADVOCACIES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Language of Research)
ADVOCACIES – Refers to activities that plead, argue, support, or BANDWAGONS
favor a certain cause. GOALS OF ARGUMENTATION
• The technique makes the audience believe that
• Various causes for advocacy usually aim to influence “everybody is doing it” • One attempts to change the reader’s mind and convince
decision making especially with issues involving social, the reader to agree with the point of view or claim of
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political, environmental, and economic perspectives. the writer.
EXPERTS
• present an opinion on a controversial topic to the reader;
LANGUAGE DEVICES • Relying on an experts’ advice.
• explain, clarify and illustrate that opinion;
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EMOTIVE LANGUAGE • persuade the reader that the opinion supported in the
essay is valid by:
• Use of words that evoke emotions. a. moving the reader to action,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b. convincing the reader that the opinion is
correct, or
MODAL VERBS c. persuading the reader that the opinion is at least
worth considering.
• Express how something is likely to happen.
• support the opinion by means of giving evidence: facts,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- examples, physical description, support of authority,
and statistics;

• present counterarguments to the thesis and refute them

respectfully and critically.
 ORGANIZING YOUR ARGUMENT LANGUAGE FEATURES OPINION VS ASSERTION

MODAL VERBS – are used to express certain hypothetical

FACTS VS OPINIONS
conditions, such as advice, capability, or requests.
FACTS – are statements that are true and can be verified
(can, should, must) objectively or proven. In other words, a fact is true and correct no
------------------------------------------------------------------------- matter what.
Here are some examples of facts:
• The sun is a star.
EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE – describes feelings and opinions
using explicit and implicit language. Authors use evaluative • Humans are mammals.
language to stir emotions and opinions in the reader, which • Living things are made up of one or more cells.
can be both positive and negative.

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KEY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OPINIONS – a statement that involves one’s thoughts,
perceptions, or judgments about something.
STRUCTURAL FEATURE – It is anything that the writer has done
deliberately to shape or organize the text in a way that affects • It is influenced by one’s background, prior knowledge,
the audience. feelings, and preferences.

1st) EXPOSITION For example:

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o Generally begins with an introductory statement of “All ice cream is tasty.”
position giving the author’s opinion or point of view.
CONJUCTIONS OR CONNECTIVES – Conjunctions allow you to Not everyone may think the same way, nor can it be proven to be true .
form complex, elegant sentences and avoid the choppiness ------------------------------------------------------
of multiple short sentences. Make sure that the phrases
joined by conjunctions are parallel (share the same structure).
ASSERTION
(And, or, so, since, for, because, as, but, yet, still, while, as
soon as, therefore, moreover, in case, though, although, even ASSERTION – is a stylistic approach or technique involving a
though,) strong declaration, a forceful or confident and positive
statement regarding a belief or a fact. (“Stereotypes”)
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DECLARATIVE SENTENCE – A declarative sentence is a
sentence that makes a statement—any statement, from OPINION VS ASSERTION
2nd ) ARGUMENTS vitally important information to a minor detail.
o An argument is what you are going to establish in OPINION ASSERTION
writing an argumentative essay. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- o Statements that o Statements do not use
usually start with signal words.
o It is the opinion or belief that an author wants to signal phrases such o Assertions are said as
persuade readers to believe. as, declarations, as if
RHETORICAL QUESTION – A rhetorical question is one for which
the questioner does not expect a direct answer: in many o “I think” or “I they were true, even
cases it may be intended to start a discourse, or as a means believe.” though they may not
3rd ) RESTATEMENT OF THE POSITION be.
of displaying or emphasize the speaker's or author's opinion on
o It is the summary of the arguments. It could be stating a topic.
the possible solution to the problem.
o Could include the possibilities of what might happen if
the problem is not resolved.
 CLAIMS OF FACTS, POLICY, AND VALUE CLAIMS OF POLICY KEY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Claims of policy typically provide a solution or another
CLAIM– a statement that is essentially arguable, but used as a series of questions in response to the claims of fact. o A clear and concise thesis statement
primary point to support or prove an argument is called a o A body that contains evidences, and support
• Claims of policy are often procedural, organized plans.
claim. o Clear transitions
• A claim of policy usually has the modals should, must, and o An effective Conclusion
• If somebody gives an argument to support his ought to.
position, it is called “making a claim.”
Examples: TEXT STRUCTURE IN DEVELOPING IDEAS
o A dress code should be introduced to students.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CLAIM o Lascivious ads in the Philippines should be banned.
o A claim should be argumentative and debatable. | Because | Therefore | For this reason | Consequently |
o Children should not be allowed to go outside especially
o A claim should be interesting and engaging. | As a result | This led to | Since | Thus | Due to |
now that the government has lifted the quarantine.
o A claim should be specific and focused.
o A claim should be logical.

Including Key Structural Elements and Language Features in

Writing an Exposition
TYPES OF CLAIMS

CLAIMS OF FACTS ARGUMENTATIVE AND EXPOSITORY WRITING

• Statement that can be proven or verified by observation ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING
or research.
• Present verifiable forms of evidence as the supporting • The author explains and justifies his/ her stand on a given
foundation of an inferred position statement. proposition by presenting evidence to support his / her
claim.
Examples:
o Cancer is a common disease, but it is not contagious.
o You could be called Filipino even if you’re not born in EXPOSITORY WRITING
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the Philippines. • Presents information about a particular topic or issue.
o Social distancing is important during the coronavirus COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
• Calls informational writing since topic is educational and
pandemic. | But | On the other hand | As well as | Similar to |
purposeful.
| Different from | However | In contrast | Although |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Provides descriptions, citing sources, presenting
explanations, and enumerating steps of a specific topic.
CLAIMS OF VALUE
• States that one thing or idea is better or more desirable
than another. TYPES OF PARAGRAPHS
• Claims of value involve judgments, appraisals, and
EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPH – this type of paragraph explains
evaluations.
something or provides instruction. It could also describe a process
• Everyone has a bias of sorts, often embedded in social, and move the reader step by step through a method. This type of
religious, and/or cultural values. paragraph often requires research, but it’s possible that the writer
is able to rely on his or her own knowledge and expertise.
Examples: (TO INFORM)
o Death penalty is unjust.
o It is better to love than to be loved.
NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH – this type of paragraph tells a story.
o Living a visionless life is better than living a seeing life.
There’s a sequence of action or there’s a clear beginning, middle,
and end to the paragraph. (TO ENTERTAIN)
DESCRIPTION EVALUATING FLUENCY
| For example | For instance | To illustrate | Such as |
- It refers to the smoothness, continuity, effort and rate with
| Including | Like | EVALUATING A TEXT OR PERFORMANCE has always been
which the language is spoken.
subjective which has been an issue in terms of fairness.
Fortunately, there are helpful tools that establish objectivity
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which allows fair and sound judgments. Judging these complex
works or performances becomes easier with the help of criteria.
TONE
CRITERIA - a standard or principle for judging, evaluating, or
selecting something. Criteria are the ideals or requirements on - It refers to the voice pitch. It is also used to describe
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- which a judgment, evaluation, or selection is based. speaker’s attitude as reflected in his treatment to his topic or
subject.
PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
| Since | Consequently | A solution | Therefore | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| So that | In order to |
COHESION

- It refers to the manner of connecting ideas to make a logical

presentation of the subject.

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CORRECTNESS

- It refers to the accuracy of data or information given in a text

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ and if the text sentences are grammatically correct.
SEQUENCE
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| First | Second | Third | Before | After | EVALUATE SPOKEN TEXTS
| Finally | Then | Next | Previously |
DELIVERY
SPOKEN TEXTS – Spoken text is term used to name spoken language
in use. Sometimes it's called an oral language which means language - It means being prepared to use language correctly and
produced in its spontaneous form, as opposed to written language. appropriately for the audience and the topic, to make eye
contact with your audience, and to look presentable.
• Spoken texts include oral stories, interviews,
dialogues, monologues (e.g. a welcome to country -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
speech, a presentation to the class), phone
conversations, discussions, role plays, or any other piece
of spoken language.

MOST COMMON CRITERIA IN EVALUATING A SPOKEN TEXT

EVALUATING AND MAKING JUDGEMENTS ABOUT A RANGE OF Secondary Sources o Fluency
TEXTS o Tone
o Cohesion
o Correctness
SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE INFORMATION
o Delivery
SUBJECTIVE INFORMATION – is based on personal opinions,
interpretations, points of view, emotions and judgment.

OBJECTIVE INFORMATION – is fact-based, measurable and

observable.