TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING • You may draw lines, arrows, or stars, to show

AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION connections between various topics.

You sent • Eliminate the topics that will not provide
BASIC TECHNIQUES YOU MAY USE IN enough information, then free to write.
ORGANIZING YOUR INFORMATION:
• BRAINSTORMING GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
• GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
• OUTLINING GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
A graphic organizer is a visual representation or
BRAINSTORMING diagram that helps organize information or
A process of writing down specific topics ideas. They are beneficial for enhancing
gathered from different sources. It involves understanding and retaining information in a
documenting and coming up with a list of more structured and organized manner.
topics.
Includes free writing, listing, and researching. COMMON EXAMPLES:
Venn Diagram
FREE WRITING Chain Diagram
This is another way of brainstorming, you may Cycle Diagram
set a time limit and several words or pages. Just
write. It allows someone to work without KWL Chart
inhibitions. For students to oragnize information

LISTING Flow Chart

Just list a topic. Then, make a sub-list of things Represents workflow or process
you could write about each topic.
A graphic form of the listing is mapping which is T Chart
sometimes called webbing or clustering. It separate information into two categories
involves writing down ideas and then making
connections by associating similar ideas with Concept Map
color-coded circles or underlined dominant shows the relationships between different ideas
themes, or using distinct patterns and then
showing the relationship by linking with the Mind Map
lines. visually organize information into a hierarchy,
showing relationships among pieces of the
RESEARCHING whole
This is the last technique in brainstorming.
You must search from the library or websites Discussion Web students to engage the reading
and make a list or map of the new ideas. This and each other by exploring
technique requires you to write the main topic the different sides and perspectives
and write down all related concepts below it.
OUTLINE
GUIDELINES ON HOW BRAINSTORMING A tool used to organize written ideas about a
WORKS: topic into a logical order. Outlines arrange
• Enumerate the ideas and try to evaluate major topics, subtopics, and supporting details.
them.
• Select possible topics and list subtopics under TWO GENERAL TYPES:
each topic. SENTENCE OUTLINE
TOPIC OUTLINE
SENTENCE OUTLINE
• Uses complete sentence for each topics and
subtopics

TOPIC OUTLINE
• Summarizes the main topics and subtopics in
words or phrases.
PATTERNS OF WRITTEN TEXT Analysis
• shows how a part of something works to
NARRATION produce a whole. In this form you draw a
• The narration pattern follows a chronological general conclusion or the whole based on
order of writing. particular details which are the parts. You use
• Uses transitional words to maintain this particular details in order to demonstrate
coherence and show movement. how these parts work together to form the
like: overall meaning.
first, then, soon, suddenly, etc.
DEFINITION
For Example, Teresa first went to the forest • Develops text in varied ways in which a term
where her brother was last seen, and after soon may be defined, its class, and its specific details
finding out that he wasn't there she decided to • Defined by characteristics, functions, what it is
go home and wait for him. not, and what it is similar to, such as origins or
effect.
• There are many ways how to use this pattern • May be scientific/subjective.
• The first one is the narration of the event • Followed by terms like: "is", "means", "is
where a beginning, middle, and end should be defined as", and
included. The most common example of this is "refers to"
writing a story.
• Some expressions that signal a definition text
• Lastly, the cause-effect pattern is where a are:
problem or the cause is presented and the contain, make-up,
effect is discussed or it could be vice versa. • involves, is/are, means, is defined as, refers
to, appears to be, as, and pertains to.
DESCRIPTION
• The transitional words are used as location EXEMPLIFICATION
indicators in this pattern. • This sort of text utilizes detailed illustrations
• Transitional devices include sensory language. for clarification.
• This pattern usually refers to the physical • It can be in the form of a story, an anecdote, a
aspects of the subject like their looks, sounds, quotation, or a statistic.
feels, smell, or even what the subject tastes • Transitional devices include words for
like. illustration
• Observations need to be specific to create an
imagination for the readers. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
• An example is, "As the sun sets towards the • A paragraph that shows comparison and
western horizon, the sky portrays a perfect contrast answers how the subjects are the same
masterpiece. It Is brimming with the colors of or not.
the spectrum in shades of red and blue. • Comparison examines how subjects are
similar, while contrast emphasizes how subjects
Physical Description are different.
• used to appeal to the reader's senses. If you • For comparison, it uses signal words like
are describing a place, use a logical spatial similarly, in the same way, likewise, in like
movement-for example, above, beyond, below, manner, in a similar fashion, etc.
behind, etc. that the reader can easily follow. • Contrast uses signal words such as yet,
nevertheless, nonetheless, after all, but though,
otherwise, on the other hand, notwithstanding,
etc.
 to be, or how it might be solved, by following a
Example: clear series of steps.
They say identical twins are similar in almost . Transitional expressions such as first, second,
everything. However, this is not true. No one is then, and finally are used. Transitional devices
truly the same. We are designed to be unique in include first, second, then, and finally
our way.
Example:
CAUSE AND EFFECT How can you develop yourself? First, you must
- This technique explores why things happen learn good habits. Start by waking early in the
and what happens as a result. morning to set the mood of the day. Second,
- Words that show effect are, for this reason, it spend time in prayer and meditation. Third,
follows, as a result, as a consequence, thus, establish discipline. Make a checklist of your
therefore, etc. goals. You can even make a weekly plan. Lastly,
- Transitional devices include because, since, is monitor your growth. If you fail at some point,
due to, is caused by, for this reason, it follows, try to recover by focusing on improving your
as a result, and so. weaknesses and building your strengths.

DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATION PROBLEM-SOLUTION

• A single subject is targeted and broken down • A problem is being presented and a solution
into components. Items are being grouped into • Transitional devices include the answer,
categories based on the features they share. challenge, need, difficulty, dilemma, enigma,
• In division, a category is divided into improve, indicate, issue, plan a need, problem,
subcategories, while in classification, the writer propose, remedied, resolve, respond to, solve,
develops criteria in the subcategories based on and suggest.
their relationship. The writer who uses this
pattern must have a strong sense of PERSUASION
purpose. • This method involves facts that make the
• A nice result from this type of writing is that it paragraph more convincing.
helps the reader to understand a complex topic • In giving illustrations, signal words are used,
by focusing on its smaller parts. such as first, next, last, etc.
• In answering oppositions, words such as, of
Example: course, some may say, nevertheless, and on the
There are various types of learners. They can other hand.
usually be classified as either "The Average • When you draw generalizations, words like
Joe," "The Slacker," or "The Eager Beaver." therefore, hence, consequently, and thus are
Average Joe usually studies well for exams and used.
shows up in class. On the other hand, the
Slacker misses a class and can be easily
identified as always using headphones
wherever he goes. On a different scale, the
Eager Beaver comes to class, nods his head,
always in-class discussion, and stays after class.

PROCESS ANALYSIS
• It describes how things work, involving a
series of steps in chronological ordering.
• Academic writing can incorporate process
analysis to show how an existing problem came
THE PROPERTIES OF A WELL - WRITTEN TEXT refers to the longer sections of a work of
writing. How a piece of writing flows has an
A Paragraph is composed of sentences that are impact on how readers understand its concepts.
organized, coherent, and are all associated with
one topic. COHERENCE AND COHESION
• COHERENCE - Refers to the logical
For a paragraph, or for any composition, to be arrangement of sentences to be easily
effective, it should consider the properties of a understood by the reader.
well-written text.
• COHESION- Refers to how to word units,
To properly evaluate the ideas you have sentences, and ideas were connected through
gathered while reading, you must know the the arrangement of details according to orders
different kinds of information. and the use of signal devices. In addition,
cohesion focuses on the grammar and style of
EXPLICIT INFORMATION your paper.
• EXPLICIT - Explicit information is clearly
stated, leaving nothing implied. fully revealed or A. ARRANGEMENT OF DETAILS
expressed wi thout vagueness, implication, or ACCORDING TO:
ambiguity: leaving no quest ion as to meaning Chronological Order- the details are arranged in
or intent. the order in which they happened.
EXAMPLE:
"It was a dark and stormy night" Spatial Order- sentences in a paragraph are
arranged through a geographical location, for
IMPLICIT INFORMATION example left-to-right, up- to-down, etc

• IMPLICIT - denotes that something is Emphatic Order- sentences and paragraphs are
understood although not clearly or directly arranged depending on the writer's purpose to
express or conveyed. It is up to the reader, most emphasize certain points in which it can be
of the time. to figure out the implicit meaning established in two ways: from least to most
of a piece of text. important, or from most to least important.
EXAMPLE:
"The trees were swaying wildly outside Anne's B. SIGNAL DEVICES
window as she prepared for bed, and the - Words that give readers an idea of how the
gutters were overflowing." points in your paragraph are progressing.

4 PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT B. SIGNAL DEVICES

ORGANIZATION REPITITIONS - Keep continuity and highlight

LANGUAGE USE important ideas.
COHERENCE AND COHESION
MECHANICS SYNONYMS - Words similar and meaning used
to prevent tedious repetitions.
ORGANIZATION
• The arrangement of ideas, incidents, TRANSITIONS - These are words that connect
evidence, or details in a definite order in a smoothly one idea from the other.
paragraph, essay, or speech.
• Although it also relates to the structure of
sentences and paragraphs, organization usually
PRONOUNS - These are words that helps Time - (First, immediately, afterward, before, at
readers connect the original word that the the same time, after, earlier, simultaneously,
pronouns replace. finally, etc.)
Sequence - ( moreover, furthermore, next, also,
REPETITIONS finally, last, another, first, second, besides, etc.)
EXAMPLES: Space - (above, next to, below, behind, beside,
-If you think vou can do it, vou can do it. etc.)
-The boy was a good footballer, because his Illustration - (for instance, specifically, for
father was a footballer, and his grandfather was example, namely, in this case, to illustrate, etc.)
a footballer. Comparison - ( similarly, also, in the same way,
-The judge commanded, stamping his mallet on still, likewise, in comparison, too, etc.)
the table, " Order in the court, order in the Contrast - (But, despite, however, even though,
court." yet, on the other hand, although, on the
-The president said, "work, work, and work," contrary, otherwise, etc.)
are the keys to success. Cause and Effect - ( because, as a result,
consequently, then, so, since, etc.)
SYNONYMS Conclusion - (thus, therefore, in conclusion, in
EXAMPLE: short, etc.)
-The happy children played joyfully in the park.
-Her decision to accept the job was both wise LANGUAGE USE
and prudent. • The usage of a language is the ways in which
-The novel was both thrilling and exciting, its written and spoken variations are routinely
keeping readers on the edge of their seats. employed by its speakers.
-The teacher encouraged her students to be • This enables writers to communicate their
creative and imaginative in their projects. ideas without confusing their readers
effectively. Thus, this refers to the
PRONOUNS appropriateness of word usage and is known to
EXAMPLE OF THE CORRECT USAGE OF be one of the clearest indicators of a well-
PRONOUNS: written text.

INCORRECT: LANGUAGE USE

Rodrigo Duterte is the 16th President of the
Republic of the Philippines. Aside from that, Informal/ Personal refers to slang, local
Rodrigo Duterte also served as Davao city's expressions, text
mayor for a long period of time. Rodrigo messaging like hey, bes,
Duterte is also known by the populace as an
adamant leader. Standard/Academic - these are widely accepted
words and phrases found in dictionaries, books,
CORRECT: and etc.
Rodrigo Duterte is the 16th President of the
Republic of the Philippines. Business/Technical - refers to jargons of specific
Aside from that, he also served as Davao city's disciplines like scientific terms and special
mayor for a long time. He is also known by the expressions
populace as an adamant leader.
MECHANICS
TRANSITIONS • Focuses on the technical structure of the text.
Such transitions could be: • It determines errors in grammar,
abbreviations, spelling, acronyms,
capitalization, the use of numbers as part of the
statement, and correct punctuation marks. Below are examples of Implicit
• Some tips may for instance, The number 0-10 Information
must be spelled Example 1: "Bambie moved away from the cat;
out. she'd never owned one."
Explanation: This doesn't say the words that
Bambie didn't like cats, but it is the feeling that
you get when you read it. It is stated in the text
that Bambie moved away from the cat. This
Explicit Information gives the readers a clue that Bambie did not like
cats.
-refers to information found or read
in text. It is clearly stated in detail, with no Example 2: Seated on a couch, Gang Tae looks
possibility of confusion. at his watch and yawns several times.
• The meaning is not vague; no further
explanation is needed. explanation : Gang Tae's looking at his watch
Below are examples of Explicit and yawning several times implies that he is
Information bored.
Example: "No Entry."
This door sign explicitly tells you that you must
not enter.

Example 1: "Bambie did not like cats and had

never owned one."

Explanation: The reader could obviously tell

about Bambie's position on cats. It is directly
presented in the text that Bambie did not like
cats.

Example 2: I am in a hurry. We'll talk about it

later.

Explanation: The speaker had obviously

mentioned that he is in a hurry and he has no
time to chat with someone at the moment.
Hence, there is no room for doubt because
everything is clearly and directly
communicated.

Implicit Information
not directly stated in text, it is
implied or understood though not plainly or
directly expressed.
• The implicit idea is the primary point of a
sentence or passage that is not clearly stated
but hinted at by the text's details.