Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
Johannes
Jungbauer
European
Affairs
Officer
[email protected]
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
Before
we
start…
Reduce
Recycle
Replace
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
Introduc8on
Why
did
we
conduct
study?
A
growing
demand
for
air-‐condi:oning
A
central
requirement:
Energy
Efficiency
Energy
Efficiency
raises
two
ques:ons:
•
Measure
and
control
the
efficiency
of
exis:ng
systems
•
Develop
ever
more
energy
efficient
systems
A
common
issue:
•How
to
measure
effec8ve
energy
efficiency
of
a
chilled
water
produc8on
system
?
•Lack
of
informa8on
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
Exis8ng
Indicators…
Nominal
COP
/
EER
:
performance
energy
indicators
as
defined
by
Available
manufacturers
based
on
nominal
working
condi:ons
ESEER
/
SEER
:
Nomina:ve
performance
energy
indicators
taking
into
account
par:al
loading
rates
(seasonal)
to
be
compared
with
real
measures
Measured
COP
/
EER
:
Cooling
energy
produced
along
the
year,
compared
to
all
energy
used
in
produc:on
system
Problem
is…
lack
of
measures
!
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
Yearly
efficiency
of
cooling
system
Chiller
+
addi:onal
equipments
Chiller
COP
EER
SEER
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
Instrumenta8on
and
measures
on
a
series
of
chilled
water
produc8on
systems
•
12
chilled
water
plants
• 7
in
Paris
(France),
4
in
Helsinki
(Finland),
1
in
Gothenburg
(Sweden)
• Performance
measurements
carried
out
over
a
long
period
of
8me
(minimum
one
year)
• e.g.
Hospitals,
Banks,
Museum,
Commercial
buildings
•
Range
of
cooling
power
• 100
to
1500
kW
•
Measurements
equipments
(per
instrumented
plant)
• Data
acquisitors
• Flow
meters
• Waa
meters
• Temperature
sensors
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
Methods
used
for
measuring
Condensor
power
Electrical Evaporator
power power
• Measurement of all electrical consumption of each machine
• Measurement of all thermic power exchanged
• Recording of values every 10 minutes
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
Some
measurements…
Results A Results B
4 4
EER and Nb of chillers
40%
EER and nb of chillers
40%
3 3
Loading rate
Loading rate
30% 30%
2 2
20% 20%
1 10% 1 10%
0 0% 0 0%
July
Nov.
June
Janu-08
Janu-09
Aug.
July
May
March
March
Nov.
Oct.
Dec.
Apr.
Feb.
Feb.
Sept.
June
Janu-08
Janu-09
Aug.
May
March
March
Oct.
Dec.
Apr.
Feb.
Sept.
Feb.
EER Nb of chillers Loading rate Nb of chillers EER Loading rate
Results C Results D
EER and Average nb of
4 4
EER and nb of chillers
40% 40%
3
Loading rate
3
Loading rate
30% 30%
chillers
2 20% 2
20%
1 10% 1 10%
0 0% 0 0%
nov.
June
Janu-09
May
March
aug-08
April
oct.
sept.
dec.
Feb.
Nov.
June
Janu-09
May
March
Aug-08
April
Oct.
Dec.
Feb.
Sept.
EER Nb of chillers Loading rate EER Average nb of chillers Loading rate
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
Synthe8c
results
EER
Strong
disparity
between
measurements
carried
out
and
chillers
nominal
performances
All
indicators
tell
the
truth…
but
not
the
same
truth
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
Distribu8on
of
electrical
energy
consump8on
Other
9%
Condensor
Chillers
pumps
51%
8%
Evaporator
primary pumps
19%
Cooling towers
13%
Chillers
:
only
51%
of
the
total
energy
consump8on
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
2
Energy
to
other
systems
mul:plied
by
PEF
of
replaced
energy
(The
result
is
replaced
primary
energy)
1
Every
different
energy
mul:plied
by
PEF
(heat)
PEF
(elect.)
PEF
(fuel)
its
own
PEF
3
Electricity
Heat
Elect.
Fuel
Cooling
energy
sold
to
PEF
(elect.)
the
customers
Cold
Energy
out
that
replaces
Primary
PEF
(cold)
energy
energy
supply
in
other
Heat
systems
to
DC
PEF
(heat)
system
District
cooling
Fuel
PEF
(fuel)
system
1
-‐
2
Primary
energy
in
to
the
DC
system
-‐
Replaced
primary
energy
in
other
systems
PEF
=
=
Cooling
energy
sold
to
the
3
customers
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
District
Cooling
results
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
PEF
value
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
Helsinki
Gothenburg
Barcelona
Vienna
Copenhagen
District
Cooling
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
Considering
a
standard
primary
energy
factor
of
2.5
for
electricity
the
EER
of
individual
systems
is
converted
into
PEF
1
PEF
=
X
2.5
EER
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
District
Cooling
compared
to
individual
chiller
systems
3,5
3
2,5
PEF
value
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
Helsinki
Barcelona
Helsinki
D
Vienna
Paris
D
Copenhagen
Paris
A
Gothenburg
Helsinki
A
Paris
B
Helsinki
B
Paris
C
Helsinki
C
District
Cooling
Individual
chiller
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
Conclusions
•
Real
Energy
Efficiency
calcula:on:
requires
measurements
carried
out
over
a
long
period
of
:me
(min
1
year)
•
Lack
of
measurement
instruments
on
most
of
the
installa:ons
•Large
impact
of
opera:ng
paYerns
on
effec:ve
performances
•
Chillers
represent
only
50
%
of
the
global
consump:on
•District
Cooling
Installa:ons
are
more
efficient
than
individual
solu:ons
•Lack
of
informa:on
has
sever
consequences
Energy efficiency requires instrumentation,
measurements and accurate operations
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
Thank you for your attention…
www.euroheat.org
Measurements
of
individual
chiller
systems
compared
to
District
Cooling
solu8ons
-‐
eceee
Summer
Study
2011
