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Nonabiotechnology

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Apeksha Kotwal
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53 views15 pages

Nonabiotechnology

Uploaded by

Apeksha Kotwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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There are two nanostructure synthesis approaches; these are top-down and bottom-up, which differ in terms of quality, speed, and cost. The top-down technique entails dismantling bulk material to obtain nano-sized particles. The bottom-up approach refers to the creation of nanostructures from the bottom up, atom by atom or molecule by molecule, using nanoscale (1 nm to 100 nm) physical and chemical processes and controlled atom and molecule self-assembly. The 21% century is the era of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. In the field of science and industry, nanoscale or small-sized materials have demonstrated incredible applications. Today, nanotechnology and its many products are pervasive and play a crucial role in our products and way of life, from nanosilver in deodorants to better release nanoscopic particles in pharmaceuticals 0 “nanoimpregnations" of shower stalls, bath tubs, and washing machin: s. ‘Nanobiotechnology’, which is a blend of nanoscience and biology, is a Key component of comprehensive research. Nanotechnology is the ability to apply nanoscience theory by viewing, measuring, manipulating, ass regulating, and crating materials on a nano-calibration scale) Nanomaterials are the minuscule components within a size range of 1-100 nm and outperform micro- and macro-sized materials in terms of physical, chemical, and biological properties due to their small size, shape, content, and dispersion. The nanomaterials have unique lin, optical characteristics. The interaction of a material with light is referred to as its optical property, which is influenced by its size, shape, doping, surface properties, and interact'ons with its environment. This property is a result of their surface plasmon and electron quantum confinement. The surface plasmon resonance energy is determined by the free electron density and the nanomaterial's dielectric medium. At the nanoscale, the properties of excitation, emission, chemical reactivity, and stability are all size-dependent. When evaluating nanomaterial property, the form was just as significant as the size. When a nanoparticle's diameter is less than the quasipartial interaction and its size is closer to the de Broglie wavelength limit, quantum size effects are observed. By regulating their size throughout their production using vacious methods, it is feasible to regulate and manipulate the properties of nanomaterials. As a result of their larger surface area, they can be used as catalysts. i onic The electronic band structure of a metal determines its elect ne jr characteristics. The size of the particles affects the band struct d structures molecular states exhibit the delocalized bands. Nanocrysta porgomic (end aunee ane discreten8t 1.1 Nanaseaile: \ The study of phenomena at the nanoscale: is.-know#.as Nanoscience. Th average sizé-of a molecule is a few nanometers,.and the diameter of an a a few tenths of a nanometer. The nanometer is a fascinating length scale poin because it marks the boundary between the- tiniest ‘technological creation generated by humans and the atoms and molecules. of.the natural world, Nani typically refers to 10°. A nanometer, which is.ane-billianth of a meter, is th length measurement that is most frequently: used tosdescribe the size of‘ singte'motecule. A nanometer is also describedas a.bittian of a liter, a billion a kilogram. The things that are smaller than @ nanometer cannot be seen wit! the hurnatt eye: A person's eye would need to-be:smaiterthan a human hair it order forticin to see a stone that is 10 niman-sizein-their hand. Howeve! 7 Nanomaterials } The quantum characteristics of the material can vary at the nanoscale. When examined atthe nanoscale, a substance that exhibits insulator béRaviour at the molecular level can also exhibit conductor behaviour. Nanomaterials are substances created utilising the principles and processes of Nanotechnology, 8 et ee ereeypeeus, Liostndium, Properties of Nanomaterials surface, electronic, and quantum effects that affect the optical, electric, and magnetic behaviour of the materials. In other words, the qualities of other materials can be greatly altered and improved with only a very little amount of nanomaterial, offering immense potential and added value. The physical and chemical characteristics of nanomaterials include their size, shape, crystal structure, stability, chemical composition, surface area, surface energy, and other characteristics, Nanomaterials’ surfaces become increasingly reactive to one another and to other systems as their surface area to volume ratio rises. The pharmacological action of the nanomaterials is significantly influenced by their sizes. Nanomaterials can change their crystal structure ir response to interactions with water or other dispersion media. The aggregatic n states of the nanomaterials depend on their size, composition, and surface charge. The nano materials magnetic, physicochemical, and psychokinetic characteristics are impacted by surface coating. When oxygen, ozone, and transitional materials come into contact with these materials surfaces, ROS are created. At the nanoscale, particles interact with each other by Van der Waal forces or strong polar or covalent bonds. The surface Properties of nano- molecules can be altered by polyelectrolytes. Classification of Nanomaterials A. Nanomaterials can be classified on the basis of their jimension: ° All of the dimensions in zero-dimensional nanomaterials (0D) _are nanoscale-scale, yetnone are larger than 100 nm. These nanoparticles are the most prevalent ones. ° One-dimensional nanomaterials are materials with only one dimension (20) outside of the nanoscale. Nanowires, nanorods, and nanotubes are a few examples. 9 @ The dimensions of two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D) gre not restricted to thenanoscale, Nanocoatings, nanolayers, and nanofilms are examples of these © Outside of the nanoscale, all three dimensions (3D) gre present in chree- dimensional nanomaterials, also known as bulk nanomaterials. 8. Another way of classifying nanomaterials fs based on chemical composition of nanomaterials, 1. Organic Nanomaterials The category of carbon-based nanoparticles known as “organic nanomaterials" is suitable with biomedical applications due to their covalent connections. Studies on the use of organic nanomaterials for the regeneration of bone, cartilage, skin, or dental tissues have significantly increased in recent years. The use of organic nanostructures, whether they are natural or artificial, has several benefits in a range of dental disciplines, including implantology, endodontics, periodontics, regenerative dentistry, and wound healing. The usage of organic nanocarriers has potential benefits for biomedicine. Despite having a number of other possiblé uses, such as polymers for coatings, nanoscale optoelectronics, and other technical ones, organic nanomaterials’ capacity to regulate the transport of pharmaceuticals such as small molecule medications, proteins, and DNA remains their most notable property.The major examples of organic nanomaterials are micelles, liposomes, nanogel, dendrimers. 2. Inorganic Nanomaterials Inorganic nanomaterials are a subset of nanomaterials that are predominantly made of metals, metal oxides, ceramics, few non-metals, and other nanostructured materials with an inorganic core that determines their fluorescent, magnetic. electrical, and optical properties. In the past decade metal nanoparticles have gained much attention due to their unique properties. Inorganic nanomaterials have shown great potential in bioimaging, targeted drug delivery, cancer therapies, and other technological sectors. 3. Hybrid Nanomaterials Unique chemical conjugates of organic and/or inorganic materials are referred to as hybrid nanomaterials; in other words, they ate mixes of two or more inorganic components, two or more organic components, or at least one of both types of components. The final product is not just a combination of its constituent parts; rather, it is a material with synergistic properties that may be used to create applications with special) features that are controlled by the interface of the constituentiparts at the niglecular or supramolec slar level. C. Based en nanomaterial’s form, size, Physioah aminohemical nanomaterials can also be divided into other.categarien. Some ha - OF thy a hemical Propane” a classes of nanomaterials based on their physidakand-e 1 particles | Nanotechnology, which has applications im Engineering, Physicggiremistry, and Biology, is the study anc use-of mic The deveispment of biological and biomimetic mathartalogie: of nanoparticles is 2 desirable attribute that hay giverthe Browing inns miniaturisation anc the complete elimination. af-waste through the ome the green chemistry principles. Nanopartictes-are: important in _ research because they act asa link between atommit-and:molecular Struct ip Nanoperticies (NPsi are minuscule particles withia’size-of 1~100 nm The. fundamentaf building block in the formatior. of. a Nanostructure Nanoparticle, which is much smaller than -therword of Ordinary o regulated by Newton's laws of motion. ‘Bhasnraty whithare Provided tog, with other Ayurvedic medications, are». saidei tov-be Naturally cre nanopaigeigles. Since the Charakasamhita, the idex: of employing nanon particles has been popular. Number’ of metallic salts could be reduced to:manaforms and utilized in va biomedical appiications. Silver NP(AgNP), Gold NP GAuNP), Copper oxic (CUONP), Zinc oxide NP (ZnO NP), Selenium NP {SNP}; "tron oxide NP are w studied and have been used in biological applicatians: Synthesis of these n nanoparticles is aided by biological methods by. usig-mricrobes or plants, chemical and physical methods can reduce metal:saits:into metal nanoparti Nanoparticles have a significant role in energy storage technologies as we the biological and oharmaceutical industries. For.tinstance, gold nanopar are of great interest because of their broad: potential for biological : particullailly cancer treatment. Micelles and liposonresrere both effective! delivery vetvitles. Iron-oligosaccharide complexes: stabilised ferric nanopart are frequently used in intravenous iron treatment.:\Vaecines, gene silencing, TiO2 pigment in sunscreen all use RNA nanopattictes-.tn-addition, scientists looking into polyionic nanoparticles as an efeatro.le material for recharge batteries. 2. Quantum dots Quantum dots, which are single nanopartictes: (namecrystals) with diame ranging from 2 to 10 nm, are essentially smath semiconductors, Their distin’ quality is iat they rave both optical and electrical, qualities. Quantum dots used in guerything from health therapies to: elevtricai displays. Quantum ¢ 11 Materia FOScopie Day S fOr the in . © Uposomes, viruses, DNA, polysaccharides and proteins nanotubes, nanofibers, peptide nanoparticles), ‘Author: Dr. Annika Durve Gupta, aneseale oatemttes. ae, nanometer Duling boc tat have the potenti fo be wtted nares ae hich as gene therapy, dug dolar, boing, med senate Sionanomaterss, OMA Tposomes, Vis, aa rte hae een ‘studied, Nucleic acid-deficient virus capsids are known as VL “i cle sede protein Interactons, whieh revs nthe tration als constructed from bole el characteristics ef bonanopartces that tinh tha fon een nanoparticles and mate them appeaing Demat Le a Wary moog + Wel-organizednanometer cle rehtecures + Uniform sized and shaped monodispetsed particles + Three-cimensional structures resolved at tomic ornearatomc ices + Economica large-scale production In grams or even Klogare + The availablity of eoomic sequence, which erates retonsnantechrlogy to contro composition and surface properes posomes \tiposomes are pid bilayer vesicles that consist of one or sore concent ‘Wid bilayers and an aqueous inner corey theres only ane pe baer, they ave referred to as unilamellar vesicles (50-250 nm). Mul-lamelar vesicles (500-5000 nm) are formed when mukiple bilayers are prevent, Liposomes, iscovered by Bangham (Bangham, 1995), were inlay utlized 3: models for plasma membranes. Due to their versatlity, liposomes are nov being utlized in biomedical treatments tke drug delivery and imnging. They can also be used a¢ nanoscale reaction vessels because of the inner aqueous sections. Due to their internal hydrophilic centers and hydrophobic exterior cust (pid bilayer), liposomes are adaptable. Orugs or macromolecules that are Inydrophobie can be inserted into the lipid bilayer, whereas drugs or macromolecules that are hydrophilic are captured in the inner aqueous space. [As a third method of engineering liposomes, drug molecules can be physically adsorbed or covalently coupled tothe surface ofthe liposome Linosonves have the added advantages of low toxlety, blodegradabilty, biocompatibilty, open 2: psoe Figwe FUposome Cia esence suppor the efeacy pasomt rowlade nthe of cancer (Verma et a, 2008). ipesoms eoaning the medication 2 Dons anerample. Because its exterior. has been covleny PE tgygnend is dstibuion perio, Dosis staf pesome, a having het haven the blood, conventional poebees Ice st ane provide oor contr over drug release er tine: Experts fis ting Mater Science, Pharmcalogy, and Cel 9 ‘alaberate to overcome the lnitatons of tpi pesore tech agers flee of bose chemise by env onmental or ete tke, magnetism, temperature, and electromagnet roduc fo freer is one way to schive lost ru eeterton a ralease over 2 long period of tine. Thermmsion-forinstenee ontahiegthermoserstive tpotome beng” ivestated for he Caren. Ugesomes have spre interest hybrid arte te agree efcacy and. physteochemigal adaptability amber patent uses of these strachims: neuding dag Imei. Therapy could be talored to each pauect as ae Severs therarosics lposome-ybidsysteme-are: curently developer. To construct 2 theranose- vector TOPO canes erraeded in pid layers, andthe itera carey as fled ith efficiency of seas 97% (ian etal, 201) Nuelle stésbesed nanoassemblies ge Tet (Gesa0a0stimeresigy nt Meow, we adn Re A198 spent otscnat 24 18PIatn (assesment ena ine Gots) Sera el S12. 5405-821. ta somerset Biomedical applications of biowssem sserblies? The biological assembly, so known asthe bolic! units the macromolecuiar hown to be oF i believed tobe the functional ee of ie molecule. For instance, haemoglobin has four chins nts rons wa in lace to achleve the entire blclogicl assay, depending on the nate yal structure, k may be essential to perform symmetty spate cong ‘otation translations, oF thelr combinations. Therefore olga! sent, ‘may be Bult from: one copy ofthe asymmetric. unit, Multiple copies ofthe asymmetricunit, portion of the seymmiife eit alt Targeting Gell targeting has an alm to Increase the 8 therapeutic and dlagnostlereagen: Ina target tissue witha high cancer to blood/norma tissue ratio, such ner. These ‘ate important goals for the treatment of cancer and ether Gs because thy allow for thereducton of potential side elects and the LSE! Mherapeute/cagnostic effectiveness, Charging the iCal -Gharacteistics, the surface texture and charge of the dei 9 enable thee intracallar transport is one method of 20101 Targeting canbe done with the help ts (mainly antibodies and thelr subsructres, pete, alec ads ‘ober, tiny molecules, vitamins, and earbohydrates.Spectiy for cel {ageing is obtained by receptor-mediated endocytosis by adding targeting ‘oletis. ne example is the chemical conjugation of bacteriophage MS2 VPs ‘with the targeting peptide (5P94) that binds human hepatocelircarcer (HCC) (soley CE etal. 2011), This made It possible to delve protein toxins, RNA combinations, chemotherapeutic medicines, and nanoparticles to HCC with precision 1. Drug delivery: ‘Drug Nanocristals are used for Superior Anoication Seeing aa! ied tne eee gy ses ee a net an “novely astute powder. the enocysals ange a wad ‘en and ae nanoteale ins. reer when peg Seeman Den los Much ete epee meee “rater mse nt sn so sturon ines he tgs veatane to beg ae vical deteoraton ithe oa hen eee sion foi nde Innate apc nec sy yet Pharmacia, which va re fet ancy beanies ye FO and sendy eared he Sage ace Dharmaclnets, Urge pede pharmceieas, Me tan aS hormones ar cuenta dara rman fo ac, ‘Sam sun 20) ‘Vanes Conaiws te Dac Drug every to specie organs ung heterologous ano lid vese seasemby Is one of the aplestene 'sosomes oe hes number ef ene cane + Abity titan Botogl moles ithe + composed of organi bomolecles, (ocompatiy container, sch at for Yposomes. mn te kage and relative stay, which the body recogniees as “eh * Thor chemical activity enables tham to be decorate and chemical molecles nab afi to certain gan or recep 4 with eiterent bole ing precise targeting of the veses by teh _ * Achieving such high afi is essential forthe delivery of hazardous mines Uke chemotherapeutic, * Because fewer heathy tissues are exposed tothe meting asa cesut of he {argsted delvery, adverse effects are reduced The drugs abiergtion, Aistbution, and metabolism ire .so impacted by the nane-

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