ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

MODULE-2
GAUSS’S LAW AND DIVERGENCE

Gauss’ Law

Figure 2.1:The electric flux density Ds at P due to charge Q. The total flux passing
through ∆S is Ds.∆S.

“Gauss’s law states that the electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the total
charge enclosed by that surface”.

Let us imagine a distribution of charge shown as a cloud of point charges in figure 2.1,
surrounded by a closed surface of any shape. If the total charge is Q , the Q Coulombs of electric flux will
pass through the enclosing surface. At every point of the surface the electric flux density vector ⃗D→ will
have some value Ds and Ds in general vary in magnitude and direction from one point on surface to other.

An incremental element of area ∆S is vary nearly a position of a plane surface and the complete
description of this surface element required not only a statement of its magnitude ∆S, but also of its
orientation in space. In other words the incremental surface element is a vector quantity. The only unique
direction which may be associated with ∆S is the direction of the normal to that plane which is tangent to
the surface at that point.

At any point P consider an incremental an incremental element of surface ∆S and let ∆S makes an
angle θ with ∆S as shown in figure 2.1. The flux crossing ∆S is the product of the normal component of
Ds and ∆S.

Therefore ∆ψ = flux crossing ∆S = Ds,normal . ∆S = Ds cosθ ∆S = Ds. ∆S

The total flux passing through the closed surface is obtained by adding the differential
contribution crossing each surface element ∆S.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

i.e,

ψ = ∫ dψ = ∮ Ds ∙ ∆𝐒 (2.1)
closed
surface

The mathematical formulation of Gauss’s law is

𝛙 = ∮𝐃𝐬 ∙ ∆𝐒 = 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 = 𝐐 (2.2)

𝐒

The charge enclosed might be several point charges, in that case,

Q = ∑ Qn

For a line charge Q = ∫L ρL dL

For a surface charge Q = ∫S ρS dS

For a volume charge Q = ∫V ρV dv

The volume charge distribution is usually used. Therefore the Gauss’s law may be written as,

𝛙 = ∮𝐃𝐬 ∙ 𝐝𝐒 = ∫ 𝛒𝐕 𝐝𝐯 (2.3)
𝐒 𝐯𝐨𝐥

A mathematic statement means that the total electric flux through closed surface is equal to the charge.

ILLUSTRATION OF GAUSS’S LAW

Figure 2.2

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

Consider a point charge of Q at the origin of a spherical co-ordinate system and by choosing
closed as a sphere of radius ‘a’. the electric field intensity of the point charge has been found to be
Q
E= ar (2.4)
4πε0 r2

Since D = 𝜀˳E

Therefore
Q
D= ar (2.5)
4πr2
At the surface of the sphere
Q
Ds = a (2.6)
4πa2 r
The differential element of area on a spherical surface is ds = r2 sin θ dθd∅ar

Therefore
Q Q
Ds ∙ ds = ∙ a2 sin θ dθd∅ = ∙ sin θ dθd∅ (2.7)
4πa2 4π
Applying Gauss’s law,

Q 2π πQ
∮Ds ∙ dS = ∫ ∙ sin θ dθd∅ = ∫ ∫ 4π ∙ sin θ dθd∅ =Q (2.8)
S S4π 0 0

Divergence
Applying Gauss’s law for differential volume element we have total number of charges given by
Q = D ∙ ∆v
∂ ∂ ∂
i.e, Q = ( DX + Dy + Dz ) ∙ ∆v (2.9)
∂X ∂y ∂z

This is the charge enclosed in the volume ∆v , but Q = ∮S D ∙ ds by Gauss’s law.

Therefore we have,
∂ ∮S D ∙ ds Q
(∂ D + ∂ D + D )= = (2.10)
∂x X ∂y y ∂z z ∆v ∆v

To apply Gauss’s law we have assume a differential volume element as the Gaussian surface
over which D is constant. Hence above equations can be equated in limiting case as ∆V → 0

Therefore ,
∂ ∮S D ∙ ds
( ∂ D + ∂ D + D ) = lim = lim Q (2.11)
∂x X ∂y y ∂z z ∆V→0 ∆v ∆V→0 ∆v

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The last term of the above equation gives the volume charge density ρv
∂ ∮S D ∙ ds
( ∂ D + ∂ D + D ) = lim = ρ (2.12)
∂x X ∂y y ∂z z ∆V→0 ∆v v

Here the above equation (2.12) can be written as two separate equations.

i. e,
∂ ∮S D ∙ ds
( ∂ D + ∂ D + D ) = lim (2.13)
∂x X ∂y y ∂z z ∆V→0 ∆v

and
∂ ∂ ∂
( DX + Dy + Dz) = ρv (2.14)
∂x ∂y ∂z

the equation (2.13) does not involve charge density. Thus in general if ⃗A→ is any vector then,
∂ ∮S A ∙ ds
( ∂ A + ∂ A + A ) = lim (2.15)
∂x X ∂y y ∂z z ∆V→0 ∆v

This mathematical operation on ⃗A→ is called a divergence. The divergence of ⃗A→ is defined as

∮𝐒 𝐃 ∙ 𝐝𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐀 = 𝐝𝐢𝐯 𝐀 = 𝛁 ∙ 𝐀 = 𝛁 ∙ 𝐃 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟐. 𝟏𝟔)
∆𝐕→𝟎 ∆𝐕

The above equation gives physical interpretation if divergence.

“The divergence of the vector flux density ⃗A→ is the outflow of flux from a small closed surface
per unit volume as the volume shrinks to zero”.

A positive divergence for any vector quantity indicates a source of that vector quantity at the
point. Similarly a negative divergence indicates a shrink.

Divergence in different co-ordinate system:

1. Rectangular co-ordinate system(RCS)

∂ ∂ ∂
divD = ∇ ∙ D = DX + Dy + Dz (2.17)
∂x ∂y ∂z
2. Cylindrical co-ordinate system(CCS)
1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
divD = ∇ ∙ D = (ρDρ) + D∅ + Dz (2.18)
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂∅ ∂z
3. Spherical co-ordinate system(SCS)
∂ 1 ∂
divD = ∇ ∙ D = 1 (r2D ) + (sin θ D ) + 1 ∂ D (2.19)
r2 ∂r r r sin θ ∂θ θ r sin θ ∂∅ ∅

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Maxwell’s First equation(Electrostatic) (point form of Gauss’s law)

The divergence of electric flux density D is
∮S D ∙ ds
∇ ∙ D = lim (2.20)
∆V→0 ∆v
∂ ∂ ∂
∇∙ D = ( DX + Dy + Dz) (2.21)
∂x ∂y ∂z

∇ ∙ D = ρv (2.22)

The equation (2.20) is the definition of divergence. The equation (2.21) is the result of applying
the definition to a differential volume element in rectangular co-ordinate system and equation (2.22) is
written using new term ∇ ∙ D = ρv.

According to Gauss’s law we have, ∮S D ∙ ds = Q

Expressing Gauss’s law per unit volume basis,

∮S D ∙ ds Q
=
∆v ∆v
As the volume shrinks to zero we have,

∮S D ∙ ds Q
lim = lim (2.23)
∆V→0 ∆v ∆V→0 ∆v

Therefore from equation (2.20) and definition of volume charge density equation (2.23) becomes

𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐃 = 𝛁 ∙ 𝐃 = 𝛒𝐯 (𝟐. 𝟐𝟒)

This is the first of Maxwell’s four equations as they apply to electrostatics. It states that “The
electric flux per unit volume leaving a vanishingly small volume unit is exactly equal to the volume
charge density there”. This equation is also known as point form of Gauss’s law.

Vector operator 𝛁
The divergence of D in rectangular co-ordinate system is represented by ∇ ∙ D. This contains two
vector fields ∇ and D. In rectangular co-ordinate system,
∂ ∂ ∂
∇∙D = DX + Dy + Dz
∂x ∂y ∂z

Therefore vector operator ∇ is defined by,

∂ ∂ ∂
∇= a + a + a
∂x x ∂y y ∂z z

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

Divergence Theorem

Figure 2.2

The divergence theorem applies to any vector field for which the appropriate partial derivatives
exists. Although it is easiest to develop it for the electric flux density.

According to Gauss’s law we have,

∮D ∙ ds = Q (2.25)
S

Let Q = ∫vol ρv dv (2.26)

According to Maxwell’s first equation of point form or point form of Gauss’s law we have,

∇ ∙ D = ρv (2.27)

Therefore from equations (2.25) , (2.26) and (2.27) we get,

∮D ∙ ds = Q = ∫ ρv dv = ∫ ∇ ∙ D dv (2.28)
S vol vol

The first and last expressions of equation (2.28) constitute the divergence theorem. Therefore,

∮𝐃 ∙ 𝐝𝐬 = ∫ 𝛁 ∙ 𝐃 𝐝𝐯 (𝟐. 𝟐𝟗)
𝐒 𝐯𝐨𝐥

Which may be stated as follows:

“The integral of the normal component of any vector field over a closed surface is equal to the
integral of the divergence of this vector field through the volume enclosed by the closed surface ”

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

ENERGY, POTENTIAL AND CONDUCTORS

Energy expended in moving a point charge in an electric field

The electric filed intensity was defined as force on a unit test charge at that point at which we
wish to find the value of this vector filed. If we attempt to move the test charge against the electric filed,
we have to exert a force equal and opposite to that exerted by the field and this requires us to expend
energy or do work. If we move the charge in the direction of the field our energy expenditure turns out to
be negativ ; we do not do the work, the field does.

If a charge Q is moved a distance dL , in an electric field E, the force on Q arising from the
electric field is,

FE = QE (2.30)

Where the subscript reminds that this force arises from the field. The component of this force in
the direction of dL is,

FEL = F ∙ aL = QE ∙ aL (2.31)

Where aL is a unit vector in the direction of dL. The force which we must apply is equal and
opposite to the force associated with the field,

Fappl = −QE ∙ aL (2.32)

The energy is the product of force and distance i.e, differential work done by external source moving Q =
−QE ∙ aLdL = QE ∙ dL.

Therefore 𝐝𝐖 = −𝐐𝐄 ∙ 𝐝𝐋 (𝟐. 𝟑𝟑)

If E and dL are perpendicular to each other, then the work done is zero. Therefore the work
required to move the positive charge a infinite distance must be determined by integrating.
𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥
i.e, 𝐖 = −𝐐 ∫𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭 𝐄 ∙ 𝐝𝐋 (𝟐. 𝟑𝟒)

The line integral

The integral expression for the work done in moving a point charge Q from one position to
another is an example of a line integral.

final
W = −Q ∫ E ∙ dL
init

The graphical interpretation of a line integral in a uniform field is shown in figure 2.3 , where a
path has been chosen from an initial point B to a final point A and a uniform electric field intensity is
assumed.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

Figure 2.3

The path is divided into six segments, ∆L1, ∆L2, ∆L3 … … … . . ∆L6 and the components of E
along each segment are denoted by EL1, EL2, EL3 ..................... EL6 . the work involved in moving a charge Q
from B to A is approximately ,

W = −Q(EL1∆L1+EL2∆L2+EL3∆L3+ ⋯ .............EL6∆L6)

Using vector notation,

W = −Q[E1 ∙ ∆L1+E2 ∙ ∆L2+E3 ∙ ∆L3+ ⋯ .............E6 ∙ ∆L6]

And since we have assumed a uniform fields , E1 = E2 = E3 = ⋯............ E6 = E

i.e, W = −QE ∙ [∆L1 + ∆L2+∆L3 + ⋯ ............ ∆L6]

This sum of the vector segment is the just vector directed from initial point B to final point A . i.e, LBA

Therefore W = −QE ∙ LBA (uniform field E)

A
But the summation is the line integral. Therefore W = −Q ∫ B E ∙ dL

A
As applied to a uniform field W = −QE ∫B dL

Where the last integral becomes LBA

Therefore W = −QELBA

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

The work involved in moving charge depends only on Q , E and LBA.

The expressions for dL in different co-ordinate systems are,

dL = dxax + dyay + dzaz (RCS)

dL = dρaρ + ρd∅a∅ + dzaz (CCS)

dL = drar + rdθaθ + r sin θ d∅a∅ (SCS)

Definition of potential difference and potential

Potential difference is the work done in moving a unit positive charge from one point to another
in an electric field.

final
i.e, V = − ∫init E ∙ dL = Potential difference

The potential difference between the points A and B can be written as VAB. It is the work done in
moving the unit charge from point B to A. Thus in determining the VAB , B is the initial point and A is the
final point. Potential difference is measured in J/C for which volt is defined as more common unit. Hence
the potential between point A and B can be written as ,
𝐀
𝐕𝐀𝐁 = − ∫ 𝐄 ∙ 𝐝𝐋
𝐁

VAB is positive, if work done in carrying the positive charge from B to A.

The potential field of point charge

Figure 2.4

Consider a point charge Q at the origin of the system. In this field consider two points A and B at
radial distances rA and rB from Q.

The electric field intensity in the radial direction is given by ,

Q
E= ar (2.35)
4πε0 r2

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Differential length in spherical co-ordinate sysem is dL = drar + rdθaθ + r sin θ d∅a∅.

The given points A and B are in radial direction. Therefore dL = drar (2.36)
A
The potential difference between two points A and B is given by, VAB = − ∫B E ∙ dL

From equation (2.35) and (2.36) , we have

Q rA Q rA 1

VAB = −∫ dr = − ∫ dr
rB
4πε0 r2 4πε0 rB r2

Q 1 rA
VAB =− [− ]
4πε 0 r rB

Q 1 1
VAB = [ − ] (2.37)
4πε0 rA rB

If rB>rA , the potential difference VAB is positive, indicating that energy is expended by the external
source in bringing the positive charge from rB to rA.

Definition of potential or absolute potential:

The absolute potential or potential at any point in an electric field is defined as the work done in
moving a unit test charge from the infinity to the point against the direction of the field.

If the potential at A is VA and at B is VB , then the potential difference between A and B is given
by,
𝐀
𝐕𝐀𝐁 = 𝐕𝐀 − 𝐕𝐁 = − ∫ 𝐄 ∙ 𝐝𝐋 (𝟐. 𝟑𝟖)
𝐁

The potential field of a point charge

Consider a point charge at the origin of the system and two points A and B at different values of
Q
(r, θ, Φ) components and the electric field as only a radial component. i.e E = Erar = ar as shown
4π𝗌0r2
in figure 2.5 .

The differential path length dL in spherical co-ordinate system is given by,

dL = drar + rdθaθ + r sin θ d∅a∅

The potential difference between A and B is

A r
V = ∫ E ∙ dL = − ∫ A E a ∙ (dra + rdθa + r sin θ d∅a )
AB B rB r r r θ ∅

rA Q
VAB = − ∫ dr
rB 4πε0 r2

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

Q 1 1
VAB = [ − ] (2.39)
4πε0 rA rB

Figure 2.5
Q
Let the point r= rB be at ∞ , the potential at rA becomes, VAB =
4π𝗌0 rA

In general potential can be written as,

Q
V= (2.40)
4πε0r

This expression defines the potential at any point distance ‘r’ from a pint charge ‘Q’ at the origin.
The potential at infinite radius is taken as zero reference. We may say that Q Jouls of work must be
4π𝗌0 r
done in carrying a 1C charge from infinity to any point ‘r’ meters from charge Q at the origin.

A convient method to express the potential without selecting a specific zero reference at ‘rB’ and taking
Q Q
be a constant C1. Therefore V = + C1 (2.41)
4π𝗌 r
0 B 4π𝗌0 r

C1 can be selected so that V=0 at any desired value of ‘r’.

Current and Current density

Electric charges in motion constitute a current. The unit of current is the ‘Ampere (A)’ , defined
as a ‘rate of movement of charge passing a given reference point of one Coulomb per second’. Current is
dQ
symbolized by ‘I’ and therefore I = . Current is thus defined as motion of positive charges.
dt

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

Current density (J):

Current density is measured in A/m2. It is a vector represented by ‘J’. The incremental of current
∆I crossing in incremental surface normal to the current density is ∆I = JN ∆S

i.e, ∆I = J ∙ ∆S.

The total current is obtained by integrating , I = ∫S J ∙ ds (2.42)

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Current density may be related to the velocity of volume charge density at a point. Consider the
element of charge ∆Q = ρV ∆V = ρV ∆S ∆L as shown in figure 2.6. Assume the charge element is oriented
with its edges parallel to the co-ordinate axis and it posses only an x-component of velocity. In the time
interval ∆t , the element of charge as moved a distance ∆x , as indicated in figure 2.7. We have therefore

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

moved a charge , ∆Q = ρV ∆S ∆x through a reference plane perpendicular to the direction of motion in a

time increment ∆t, and the resultant current is ,
∆Q ∆𝑥
∆I = = ρv∆S
∆t ∆t
As we take the limit with respect to time , we have, ∆I = ρv ∆S v𝑥

Where vx represents the x-component of the velocity. In terms current density, J𝑥 = ρv𝑣𝑥 and in
general ,

𝐉 = 𝛒𝐯 𝐯 (𝟐. 𝟒𝟑)

This equation shows that the charge in motion constitute a current. This type of current is called
‘convection current’ and ‘J’ is the convection current density.

Continuity of current
The principle of conservation of charge states that charges can neither created nor destroyed,
although equal amounts of positive and negative charge may be simultaneously created , obtained by
separation, destroyed or lost by recombination.

The continuity equation follows from this principle when we consider any region bounded by a
closed surface. The current through the closed surface is I = ∮S J ∙ ds and this outward flow of positive
charge must be balanced by a decrease of positive charge within the closed surface. If the charge inside
dQ
the closed surface is denoted by Qi, then the rate of decrease is − i and the principle of conservation of
dt
dQi
charge requires, I = ∮ J ∙ ds = − (2.44)
S dt

Equation (2.44) is the integral form of the continuity equation and the differential or point form
is obtained by using the divergence theorem to change the surface integral into a volume integral. i.e,

∮S J ∙ ds = ∫vol ∇ ∙ J dv (2.45)

From equation (2.44) and (2.45) we have,

dQi
∫ ∇ ∙ J dv = − (2.46)
vol dt

The enclosed charge Qi can be expressed in terms of volume integral of the charge density. i.e

Qi = ∫ ρv dv (2.47)
vol

Substituting equation (2.47) in (2.46) gives,

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

d
∫ ∇ ∙ J dv = − ∫ ρv dv (2.48)
vol dt vol

If the surface is constant the derivative becomes partial derivative,

∂
∫ (∇ ∙ J) dv = − ∫ ρv dv (2.49)
vol vol ∂t

For incremental volume,

∂
∇ ∙ Jdv = − ρ ∆V this gives
∂t v

∂
∇∙J = − ρ (2.50)
∂t v
This equation is known as point form of continuity equation.

SOLVED QUESTION PAPER AND EXERCISE PROBLEMS

Differential element diagrams:

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

1).Given a 60-μC point charge located at the origin, find the total electric flux passing through: (a). that
portion of the sphere r =26cm bounded by 0< θ< π/2 and 0< Φ< π/2 ; (b). the closed surface defined by
ρ = 26cm and z = ±26cm; (c) the plane z =26cm.

SOLUTION:
Q 60×10−6
(a) Flux density D = = = 70.63μ C/m2
4πr2 4π×0.26 2
Surface area of given region :S = ∫S ds = ∬ r2 sin θdθd∅
π π
900 π π
2 2
S = r2 ∫ sin θdθ ∫ d∅ = r2[− cos θ] 0 [∅] 0 2 = r2[0 + 1] π = 0.262 × = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝟐
[ ] 2
θ=0 ∅=0 2
Therefore total flux crossing through given region is
Ψ = D∙S = 7.5μC

( b) Given region is a closed surface. Therefore according to Gauss’s law total flux leaving through
any closed surface is equal to charge enclosed by that surface. Therefore Ψ = 60μC.

(c)If the charge is placed at the origin , then flux passing through any infinite plane is half of that
charge. Therefore Ψ = 60μ/2 = 30μC.

2). Given the electric flux density D = 0.3r 2 ar nC/m2 in free space:

(a).find E at point P(r =2, θ =25˚,Φ=90˚)

(b). find the total charge within the sphere r = 3

(c). find the total electric flux leaving the sphere r=4.

SOLUTION:

(a) Given D = 0.3r2 ar nC/m2

We have , D = ɛ0E
Therefore E = D/ ɛ0
0.3×22
At point P, E = × 10−9 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟓𝐚 𝐫 𝐕/𝐦
𝗌0
(b) According to Gauss’s law the total charge within the sphere of radius r = 3 is,
Q = ∮S D ∙ dS
The expression for dS along ar is , dS = r2 sin θ dθd∅ar , therefore,
π 2π

Q = ∫∫ 0.3r2a r × 10−9 ∙ r2 sin θ dθd∅ar = 0.3r4 × 10−9 ∫ sin θ dθ ∫ d∅

θ=0 ∅=0
4 −9[ π 2π 4 −9
Q = 0.3r × 10 − cos θ] [∅] = 0.3 × 3 × 10 [1 + 1][2π] = 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝐧𝐂
0 0
(c) According to Gauss’s law,

ψ = Q = ∮D ∙ dS = 0.3 × 10−9 × 44[2][2π] = 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝐧𝐂

S

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

2z2
3). Given that D = ρ cos ∅ a , determine the flux crossing Φ = π/4 half plane defined by 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 3 and
3 ∅
0 ≤ z ≤ 4.

SOLUTION:

According to Gauss’s law electric flux leaving is given by,

ψ = Q = ∮D ∙ dS
S

The expression for dS along aΦ direction is dS = dρdza∅ , therefore

3 4
ρ2z2 cos ∅ cos ∅ ρ3 3 z3 4
ψ = ∫∫ cos ∅ dρdz = ∫ ρ2dρ ∫ z2dz = [ ] × [ ]
3 3 3 3 0 3 0
ρ=0 z=0

At Φ = π/4 plane,

cos 45 33 43 23
ψ= [ − 0] × [ − ] = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟐𝟓𝐂
3 3 3 3

4). In each of the following parts, find a Numerical value for divD at the point specified.

(a). D = (2xyz − y2)ax + (x2z − 2xy)ay + x2yaz C/m2 at PA(2,3,-1)

(b). D = 2ρz2sin2∅ aρ + ρz2 sin 2∅ a∅ + 2ρ2zsin2∅az C/m2 at PB(ρ=2,Φ=1100,z= -1)

(c). D = 2r sin θ cos ∅ar + r cos θ cos ∅ aθ − r sin ∅ a∅ C/m2 at PC(r=1.5,θ=300,Φ=500)

SOLUTION:
∂ ∂ ∂
(a) We have, ∇ ∙ D = DX+ Dy + Dz (P4.1)
∂X ∂y ∂z
Where , Dx =(2xyz − y2) , Dy = (x2z − 2xy) , Dz = x2y
Substituting these in equation P4.1 gives,
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ ∙ D = [2xyz − y2] + [x2z − 2xy] + [x2y] = 2yz − 2x
∂x ∂y ∂z
At point PA , ∇ ∙ D = 2 × (3) × (−1) − 2 × (2) = −𝟏𝟎
1∂ 1 ∂ ∂
(b) We have, divD = ∇ ∙ D = (ρD ρ ) + D∅ + Dz (P4.2)
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂∅ ∂z

Where, Dρ = 2ρz2sin2∅ , D∅ = ρz2 sin 2∅ , Dz = 2ρ2zsin2∅

Substituting these in equation P4.2 gives,

1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
∇∙D = [ρ ∙ 2ρz2sin2∅] + [ρz2 sin 2∅] + [2ρ2zsin2∅]
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂∅ ∂z

[Link] M, ASST . PROFESSOR 16 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

2z2sin2∅ ρz2
∇∙D= [2ρ] + [2cos 2∅] + [2ρ2sin2∅] = 4z2sin2∅ + 2z2 cos 2∅ + 2ρ2sin2∅
ρ ρ

At point PB ,

∇ ∙ D = 4(−1)2sin2110 + 2(−1)2 cos(2 × 110) + 2 × 22sin2110 = 𝟗. 𝟎𝟔

(c) We have,
1 ∂ (r2D ) + 1 ∂ (sin 1 ∂
∇∙D= θD ) + D (P4.3)
r2 ∂r r r sin θ ∂θ θ r sin θ ∂∅ ∅
Where, Dr = 2r sin θ cos ∅ , Dθ = r cos θ cos ∅ , D∅ = −r sin ∅
Substituting these in equation P4.3 gives,
1 ∂ [r2 ∙ 2r sin θ cos ∅ ] + 1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇∙D= [sin θ ∙ r cos θ cos ∅] + [−r sin ∅]
r2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂∅

2 sin θ cos ∅ r cos ∅ ∂ sin 2θ r [cos ∅]

∇∙D = [3r2] + [ −
r2 r sin θ ∂θ ]
cos ∅ 2 cos 2θ 2 ∅ r sin θ
cos cos 2θ cos ∅ cos ∅
∇ ∙ D = 6 sin θ cos ∅ + [ ]− = 6 sin θ cos ∅ + −
sin θ 2 sin θ sin θ sin θ
At point PC,
cos(2 × 30) × cos 50 cos 50
∇ ∙ D = 6 × sin 30 × cos 50 + − = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗
sin 30 sin 30

5). Determine an expression for the volume charge density associated with each D field following:
4X y 2 2
(a). D = a X + 2X a y − 2X y az
z z 2 z

(b). D = zsin∅ aρ + z cos ∅ a∅ + ρsin∅az

(c). D = sin θ sin ∅ar + cos θ sin ∅ aθ + cos ∅ a∅

SOLUTION:

(a) According to Maxwell’s first equation , volume charge density is given by ,

In rectangular co-ordinate system,
∂ ∂ ∂
ρv = ∇ ∙ D = DX + Dy + Dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
4X y 2X2 2
Where , DX = , Dy = , D z = − 2X2 y
Z z z
∂ 4xy ∂ 2x2 ∂ 2x2y 4y 4y 4x2y
ρv = [ ] + [ ] + [− ] = [ ] − 2x2y[−2z−3] = + 3
∂x z ∂y z ∂z z2 z z z
𝟒𝐲
𝛒𝐯 = 𝟑 [𝐳 + 𝐱 ]
𝟐 𝟐
𝐳
(b) In cylindrical co-ordinate system is given by,
1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
ρv = ∇ ∙ D = (ρDρ) + D∅ + Dz
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂∅ ∂z

[Link] M, ASST . PROFESSOR 17 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

Where, Dρ = zsin∅ , D∅ = z cos ∅ , Dz = ρsin∅

1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂ zsin∅ z
ρv = [ρ ∙ zsin∅] + [z cos ∅] + [ρsin∅] = [1] + [− sin ∅] + 0
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂∅ ∂z ρ ρ
𝛒𝐯 = 𝟎
(c) In spherical co-ordinate system is given by,
∂ 1 ∂
ρ = ∇ ∙ D = 1 (r2D ) + (sin θ D ) + 1 ∂ D
v r2 ∂r r r sin θ ∂θ θ r sin θ ∂∅ ∅
Where, Dr = sin θ sin ∅ , Dθ = cos θ sin ∅ , D∅ = cos ∅
1 ∂ 1 ∂
ρ = [r2 ∙ sin θ sin ∅] + [sin θ ∙ cos θ sin ∅] + 1 ∂ [cos ∅]
v r2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂∅
sin θ sin ∅ sin ∅ 2cos 2θ 1
ρv = [2r] + [ ]− [sin ∅]
r2 r sin θ 2 r sin θ
sin ∅
ρ = 2sin θ sin ∅ + sin ∅ cos 2θ − sin ∅ = [2sin2θ + cos2θ − 1]
v
r r sin θ r sin θ r sin θ
sin ∅ 1 − cos2θ sin ∅
ρv = [2 ( ) + cos2θ − 1] = [1 − cos2θ + cos2θ − 1]
r sin θ 2 r sin θ
𝛒𝐯 = 𝟎

6). Find the volume charge density at (4m , 450 , 600). If the electric flux density is given by ,

D = r ar + sin θ aθ + sin θ cos ∅ a∅ C/m2 .

SOLUTION:

The given D field is in spherical co-ordinate system. Therefore Maxwell’s first equation becomes,
∂ 1 ∂
ρ = ∇ ∙ D = 1 (r2D ) + (sin θ D ) + 1 ∂ D
v r2 ∂r r r sin θ ∂θ θ r sin θ ∂∅ ∅

Where, Dr = r , Dθ = sin θ , D∅ = sin θ cos ∅, therefore

1 ∂ 1 ∂
ρ = [r2 ∙ r] + [sin θ ∙ sin θ] + 1 ∂ [sin θ cos ∅]
v r12 ∂r 1 r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂∅
ρ = [3r2] + ∂ [1 − cos2θ + sin θ [−sin ∅]
v
r2 r sin θ ∂θ ]
1 −2sin2θ2 r sin
−sin ∅θ sin2θ −sin ∅
ρv = [3] + [0 − ( )] + = 3+ +
r sin θ 2 r r sin θ r
At (r=4m , θ =450 , ∅ =600),
sin2 × 45 sin 60
ρ =3+ − = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝐂/𝐦𝟑
v 4 × sin 45 4
0.1
7). Let D = 5r2 a mC/m2 for r < 0.08m and D = a mC/m2 for r > 0.08. Find ρV for (i) r = 0.06m
r r2 r
(ii)r = 0.1m.

SOLUTION:

[Link] M, ASST . PROFESSOR 18 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

(i) r = 0.06m , this region is r < 0.08m . therefore D = 5r2 armC/m2

According to Maxwell’s first equation,
∂ 1 ∂
ρ = ∇ ∙ D = 1 (r2D ) + (sin θ D ) + 1 ∂ D
v r2 ∂r r r sin θ ∂θ θ r sin θ ∂∅ ∅

Dr = 5r2× 10−3 , Dθ = 0 , D∅ = 0
1 ∂ (r2 ∙ 5r2× 10−3) = 5× 10−3
ρv = (4r3) = 20r × 10−3
r2 ∂r r2
For ρv = 0.06,
ρv = 20 × 0.06 × 10−3 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝐦 𝐂/𝐦𝟑 0.1
(ii) r = 0.1m , this region is r > 0.08. therefore D = a mC/m2
1 ∂ 0.1 r2 r
ρ = (r2 ∙ × 10−3) = 𝟎
v r2 ∂r r2

8). Calculate the divergence of D at the point specified if,

1
(i). D = 2[10xyza X + 5x2zay + (2z3 + 5x2y)az] at P(-2,3,5)
z

(ii). D = 5z2 aρ + 10ρzaz at P(3, -450 , 45)

(iii). D = 2rsin θ sin ∅ar + r cos θ sin ∅ aθ + rcos ∅ a∅ at P(3, 450 , -450)

SOLUTION:
∂ ∂ ∂
(i) ∇∙D = DX+ Dy + Dz
∂X ∂y ∂z
10Xy 5X 2 5 X2 y
DX =
Z
, Dy=
z
, Dz = 2z + z2
∂ 10xy ∂ 5x2 ∂ 5x2y
∇∙D= [ z ] + [ ] + [2z + ]
∂x ∂y z ∂z z2
10y −2 10y 10x2y
∇∙D=[ ] + 2 − 5x 2y (
)=[ ]+2+ 3
z z3 z z
At P(-2,3,5)

[Link] M, ASST . PROFESSOR 19 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

10 × 3 10(−2)2 × 3
∇∙D = [ ]+2+ = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟒
1∂
5
1 ∂
53∂
(ii) ∇ ∙ D = (ρD ρ ) + D∅ + Dz
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂∅ ∂z
Dρ = 5z2
, D∅ = 0 , Dz = 10ρz
1 ∂ (ρ 1 ∂ ∂
(0) + (10ρz) = 5z (1) + (10ρ)
2
∇∙D= ∙ 5z2) +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂∅ ∂z ρ

At P(3, -450 , 45)

5 × 452
∇∙D = + (10 × 3) = 𝟑𝟒𝟎𝟓
1 ∂3 1 1 ∂
(iii) ∇∙ D = (r2D ) + ∂ (sin θ D ) + D
r2 ∂r r r sin θ ∂θ θ r sin θ ∂∅ ∅

Dr = 2rsin θ sin ∅ , Dθ = r cos θ sin ∅ , D∅ = rcos ∅

1 ∂ (r2 ∙ 2rsin θ sin ∅) + 1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇∙D= (sin θ ∙ r cos θ sin ∅) + (rcos ∅)
r2sin
2 ∂r
θ sin ∅ r sin ∅ r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂∅
∇∙D = (3r2) + 2 cos2 θ r (−sin ∅)
2
( )+
r r sin θ 2 r sin θ
cos2 θ sin ∅ sin ∅
∇ ∙ D = 6sin θ sin ∅ + −
sin θ sin θ

At P(3, 450 , -450)

cos(2 × 45) × sin(−45) sin(−45)
∇ ∙ D = 6 × sin 45 × sin(−45) + − = −𝟐
sin 45 sin 45
10 cos θ sin ∅
9). Determine the volume charge density , if the field is D = a C/m2
r r

SOLUTION:

The given D field is in SCS , therefore according Maxwell’s first equation,

∂ 1 ∂
ρ = ∇ ∙ D = 1 (r2D ) + (sin θ D ) + 1 ∂ D
v
r2 ∂r r r sin θ ∂θ θ r sin θ ∂∅ ∅

Where,
10 cos θ sin ∅
Dr = , Dθ = D∅ = 0 , therefore
r

1 ∂ 2 10 cos θ sin ∅ 𝟏𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅

ρv = (r ∙ )= 𝐂/𝐦𝟑
r ∂r
2 r 𝐫𝟐

10). Given the field 1 1 C/m2 , evaluate both sides of the divergence
D = 6ρ sin 2 ∅aρ + 1.5ρ cos 2 ∅a∅
theorem for the region bounded by ρ = 2 , Φ = 0 , Φ = π , z = 0 and z = 5.

[Link] M, ASST . PROFESSOR 20 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

SOLUTION:

The divergence theorem is given by,

∮D ∙ ds = ∫ ∇ ∙ D dv
S vol

Consider LHS = ∮S D ∙ ds

LHS = ∫ D ∙ ds + ∫ D ∙ ds + ∫ D ∙ ds + ∫ D ∙ ds + ∫ D ∙ ds (1)
top bottom lateral ∅=0 ∅=π
(2π) (π)

dS for top side = ρdρd∅az

dS for bottom side = ρdρd∅(−az)

dS for lateral side = ρd∅dzaρ

dS for ∅ side = dρdza∅

For the top and bottom side D ∙ dS = 0 ∵ (aρ ∙ az = a∅ ∙ az = 0)

∫ 𝐃 ∙ 𝐝𝐬 = ∫ 𝐃 ∙ 𝐝𝐬 = 𝟎 (2)
𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦

[Link] M, ASST . PROFESSOR 21 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

1 1
∫ D ∙ ds = ∫ ∫ [6ρ sin ∅aρ + 1.5ρ cos ∅a∅] ∙ ρd∅dzaρ
2 2
lateral

π 5
1 1
2 ∫ sin ∅ d∅ ∫ dz
∫ D ∙ ds = ∫ ∫ [6ρ sin ∅ ∙ ρd∅dz] = 6ρ 2
lateral 2 ∅=0 z=0

− cos 21∅ π 5 1 π 5
∫ D ∙ ds = 6ρ2 [ ] [z] = 6ρ2 [−2 cos ∅] [z] = 6ρ2[−2cos90 + 2cos0][5]
1⁄ 0 0 2 0 0
lateral 2

∫ D ∙ ds = 2 × 6ρ2 × 5 = 2 × 30ρ2
lateral

∫ 𝐃 ∙ 𝐝𝐬 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 (3)
𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥

1 1 1
∫ D ∙ ds = ∫ ∫ [6ρ sin ∅aρ + 1.5ρ cos ∅a∅] ∙ dρdza∅ = ∫ ∫ 1.5ρ cos ∅ dρdz
2 2 2
∅=0
(2π)

2 5
1 1 ρ2 2 5 1
∫ D ∙ ds = 1.5 cos ∅ ∫ ρdρ ∫ dz = 1.5 cos ∅ [ ] [z] = 1.5 cos ∅[2][5]
2 2 2 0 0 2
∅=0 ρ=0 z=0
(2π)

At ∅ = 2π plane
2π
∫ D ∙ ds = 1.5 cos ( ) [2][5] = −𝟏𝟓 (4)
2
∅=0
(2π)

At ∅ = π plane
π
∫ D ∙ ds = 1.5 cos ( ) [2][5] = 𝟎 (5)
2
∅=π
(π)

Substituting equation (2) to (5) in (1) gives,

𝐋𝐇𝐒 = ∮𝐃 ∙ 𝐝𝐬 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝐒

Now consider ,

RHS = ∫ ∇ ∙ D dv
vol

[Link] M, ASST . PROFESSOR 22 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

We have ,
1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
∇∙D= (ρDρ) + D∅ + Dz
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂∅ ∂z
Where, 1 1 , therefore
Dρ = 6ρ sin 2 ∅ , D∅ = 1.5ρ cos 2 ∅ , Dz = 0
1∂ 1 1 ∂ 1
∇∙D= (ρ ∙ 6ρ sin ∅) + (1.5ρ cos ∅) + 0
ρ ∂ρ 2 ρ ∂∅ 2

6 sin 1
2∅ 1.5ρ 1 1 1 1 1
∇∙D = (2ρ) + (− sin ∅) = 12 sin ∅ − 0.75 sin ∅ = 11.25 sin ∅
ρ ρ 2 2 2 2 2

Therefore,
2 π 5
1 1
RHS = ∫ ∫ ∫ 11.25 sin ∅ ρdρd∅dz = 11.25 ∫ ρdρ ∫ sin ∅ d∅ ∫ dz
2 2
ρ=0 ∅=0 z=0

1
ρ2 2 − cos ∅ π [z] 5
RHS = 11.25 [ ] [ 1 2 ] = 𝟐𝟐𝟓
2 0 ⁄2 0 0

Therefore LHS=RHS, hence divergence theorem is proved.

11). Evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the field D = 2xyax + x2ay C/m2 and the
rectangular parallelepiped formed by the planes x=0 and x=1 , y=0 and y=2 and z=0 and z=3.

SOLUTION:

[Link] M, ASST . PROFESSOR 23 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

The divergence theorem is given by,

∮D ∙ ds = ∫ ∇ ∙ D dv
S vol

Consider LHS = ∮S D ∙ ds

LHS = ∫ D ∙ ds + ∫ D ∙ ds + ∫ D ∙ ds + ∫ D ∙ ds + ∫ D ∙ ds + ∫ D ∙ ds (1)
top bottom front back left right

∫ D ∙ ds = ∫(2xyax + x2ay) ∙ dxdyaz = 𝟎 (𝟐)

top top

∫ D ∙ ds = ∫ (2xyax + x2ay) ∙ dxdy(−az) = 𝟎 (𝟑)

bottom bottom

∫ D ∙ ds = ∫ (2xyax + x2ay ) ∙ dydzaX = ∬ 2xydydz = ∫ ∫ 2 × 1 × ydydz

front front X=1
for front side

2 3

∫ D ∙ ds = 2 ∫ ydy ∫ dz = 2 × 2 × 3 = 12 (𝟒)
front y=0 z=0

∫ D ∙ ds = ∫ (2xyax + x2ay) ∙ dydz(−aX) = ∬ 2xydydz = 𝟎 (𝟓)

back back x=0
for back side

x3 1 3
∫ D ∙ ds = ∬ (2xyax + x2ay) ∙ dxdz(−ay) = − ∫ ∫ x2dxdz = − [ ] [z]
3 0 0
left y=0 X Z
for left side

∫ D ∙ ds = −1 (6)
left

x3 1 3
∫ D ∙ ds = ∬ (2xyax + x2ay) ∙ dxdzay = ∫ ∫ x2dxdz = [ ] [z]
3 0 0
right y=2 X Z
for right side

∫ D ∙ ds = 1 (7)
right

Substituting (2) to (7) in (1) gives

LHS=12

[Link] M, ASST . PROFESSOR 24 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

Now consider ,

RHS = ∫ ∇ ∙ D dv
vol

We have ,
∂ ∂ ∂
∇∙D= DX + Dy + Dz
∂x ∂y ∂z

Where , DX = 2xy , Dy = x2 , Dz = 0
∂ ∂
∇∙D = [2xy] + [x2] + 0 = 2y
∂x ∂y

Therefore ,

1 y2 2 3
RHS = ∭ 2y ∙ dxdydz = 2 ∫ dx ∫ ydy ∫ dz = 2[x] [ ] [z]
0 2 0 0
X y z

RHS = 2 × 1 × 2 × 3 = 𝟏𝟐

Therefore LHS=RHS, hence divergence theorem is proved.

3
12). Given D = 10r a in cylindrical co-ordinates , evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the
r 4
volume enclosed by the cylinder with r = 2m , z =0 to 10m.

SOLUTION:

The divergence theorem is given by,

∮D ∙ ds = ∫ ∇ ∙ D dv
S vol

Consider LHS = ∮S D ∙ ds

LHS = ∫ D ∙ ds + ∫ D ∙ ds + ∫ D ∙ ds (1)
top bottom lateral

10r3
∫ ar ∙ rdr d∅az = 0 (2)
4
top

[Link] M, ASST . PROFESSOR 25 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

10r3
∫ ar ∙ rdr d∅(−az) = 0 (3)
4
bottom

2π 10
10r3 10r4 10r4 2π 10
∫ ar ∙ r d∅ dzar = ∫ d∅ ∫ dz = [∅] [z] = 𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟕
4 4 4 0 0
lateral ∅=0 z=0

Therefore LHS=2513.27

Now consider ,

RHS = ∫ ∇ ∙ D dv
vol

We have ,
1∂ 1 ∂ ∂
∇∙D = (rD ) + D∅+ Dz
r ∂r r r ∂∅ ∂z

10r3
Where, Dr = 4
, D ∅ = Dz = 0

1∂ 10r3 10
∇∙D = (r ∙ [4r3] = 10r2
)=
r ∂r 4 4r

Therefore,
2 2π 10

∫ ∇ ∙ D dv = ∭ 10r2 ∙ rdr d∅ dz = 10 ∫ r3dr ∫ d∅ ∫ dz

vol
r=0 ∅=0 z=0

r4 2 2π 10 4
∫ ∇ ∙ D dv = 10 [ ] [∅] [5] = 10 [ 2 ] [2π][10]
vol 4 0 0 0 4

Therefore RHS=2513.27

Therefore LHS=RHS

13). Given D= 5ar C/m2 ,prove divergence theorem for a shell region enclosed by spherical surfaces at
r= a and r = b(b >a) and centered at the origin.

[Note:same question for D= 5rar C/m2]

SOLUTION:

The divergence theorem is given by,

∮D ∙ ds = ∫ ∇ ∙ D dv
S vol

[Link] M, ASST . PROFESSOR 26 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

π 2π
Consider LHS = ∮S D ∙ ds = ∬ 5ar ∙ r2 sin θdθd∅ar = 5r2 ∫θ=0 sin θ dθ ∫∅=0 d∅

2
π 2π
LHS = 5r [−cosθ] [∅] = 5r2 [1 + 1][2π] = 20πr2
0 0

𝐋𝐇𝐒 = ∮𝐃 ∙ 𝐝𝐬 = 𝟐𝟎𝛑[𝐛 − 𝐚]𝟐

𝐒

RHS = ∫ ∇ ∙ D dv
vol

We have ,
∂ 1 ∂
∇ ∙ D = 1 (r2D ) + (sin θ D ) + 1 ∂ D
r ∂r
2 r r sin θ ∂θ θ r sin θ ∂∅ ∅

Where , Dr = 5 , Dθ = D∅ = 0
1 ∂ 5 10
∇∙D= (r2 ∙ 5) = (2r) =
r2 ∂r r2 r
Therefore ,
10
∫ ∇ ∙ D dv =∭ ∙ r2sinθ dr dθ d∅ = 10 ∫ r dr ∫ sinθ dθ ∫ d∅
vol r
r θ ∅

r2 π 2π 10
∫ ∇ ∙ D dv = 10 [ ] [−cosθ] [∅] = r2[2][2π] = 20πr2 = 𝟐𝟎𝛑[𝐛 − 𝐚]𝟐
vol 2 0 0 2

Therefore LHS=RHS

14). Given the electric field E = 1 (8xyza X + 4x2zay − 4x2yaz)V/m , find the differential amount of
2 z
work done in moving a 6-nC 3 charge a distance of 2μm , starting at P(2,-2,3) and proceeding in the
direction a = : (a) 6 2 3 2 6
; (b) 6 ; (c) 3
L − 7 ax + 7 ay + 7 az a − 7 ay − 7 az
7 x
a + 7 ay
7 x

SOLUTION:

Differential amount of work done , dW = −QE ∙ dL (1)

(a).Given 6 3 2
aL = − 7 ax + 7 ay + 7 az

Therefore vector length dL= 2μ. aL

6 3 2
dL = 2μ (− ax + ay + az)
7 7 7
Therefore (1) becomes,

[Link] M, ASST . PROFESSOR 27 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

1 6 3
dW = −6 × 10−9 [ (8xyza + 4x2za − 4x2ya )] ∙ 2 × 10−6 [− a + a + 2 a ]
y z
z2 X
7 X 7 y 7 z
6 8xy 3 4x2 2 4x2y
dW = −6 × 10−9 × 2 × 10−6 [− × + × + × ]
7 z 7 z 7 z2

At point P(2,-2,3),

𝐝𝐖 = −𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓 = −𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟑𝐟 𝐉

Similarly,

(b) 𝐝𝐖 = 𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟑𝐟 𝐉
(c) 𝐝𝐖 = 𝟎

15). Find the amount of energy required to move a 6-Coulomb of point charge from the origin to
P(3,1,-1)m in the field E = (2xax − 3y2ay + 4az)V/m along the straight line path , x=--3z , y= x+2z.

SOLUTION:

Work done W = −Q ∫ E ∙ dL = −6 ∫(2xax − 3y2ay + 4az) ∙ (dxaX + dyay + dzaz)

2x2 3y3
W = −6 ∫(2x dx − 3y2 dy + 4 dz) = −6 [ − + 4z] = −6[x2 − y3 + 4z]
2 3

At point P(3,1,-1) , 𝐖 = −𝟐𝟒𝐉

16). If E = −8xyax − 4x2ay + az V/m . Find the work done in carrying a 6- Coulomb charge from
A(1,8,5) to B(2,18,6) along the path y=3x+2 , z=x+4

SOLUTION:

The equation of dL in RCS is dL = dxax + dyay + dzaz. therefore ,

E ∙ dLdL = (−8xyax − 4x2ay + az) ∙ (dxaX + dyay + dzaz) = −8xydx − 4x2dy + dz

The given path is,

y= 3x+2 and z= x+4

Therefore, dy= 3dx and dz= dx.

E ∙ dLdL = −8x(3x + 2)dx − 4x23dx + dx = −24x2dx − 16xdx − 12x2dx + dx

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

The work done is given by,

Final 2

W = −Q ∫ E ∙ dL = −6 ∫ −36x2dx − 16xdx + dx = 𝟔𝟒𝟐𝐉

Initial X=1

17). Calculate the work done in moving a 4-C charge from B(1,0,0) to A(0,2,0) along the path y=2-2x ,
z=0 in the field E =: (a) 5axV/m ; (b) 5xaxV/m ; (c) 5xax+5ya y V/m.

SOLUTION:

Given Q=4C

The expression for dL in RCS is,

dL = dxax + dyay + dzaz

A
(a) W = −Q ∫B E ∙ dL

E ∙ dL = 5ax ∙ (dxax + dyay + dzaz) = 5dx

W = −4 ∫ 5dx = 𝟐𝟎 𝐉
X=1

Similarly,

(b) W=10 J and (c)W= -30 J

18). An electric field is expressed in rectangular co-ordinates by E = 6x2ax + 6yay + 4azV/m . Find: (a)
VMN if points M and N are specified by M(2,6,-1) and N(-3,-3,2).

(b) VM if V = 0 at Q(4,-2,-35)

(c) VN if V = 2 at P(1,2,-4)

SOLUTION:

(a) The expression for dL in RCS is dL = dxax + dyay + dzaz

Therefore E ∙ dL = 6x2dx + 6ydy + 4dz
The potential difference between the points M and N is
M M(2,6,−1)

VMN = − ∫ E ∙ dL = − ∫ 6x2dx + 6ydy + 4dz

N N(−3,−3,2)
2 6 −1

VMN = − [ ∫ 6x2dx + ∫ 6ydy + ∫ 4dz] = −𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟎𝐕

X=−3 y=−3 z=2

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

(b)(b)

We have, VMQ = VM -VQ

Therefore VM = VMQ+VQ = VMQ.

M M(2,6,−1)

VMQ = − ∫ E ∙ dL = − ∫ 6x2dx + 6ydy + 4dz

Q Q(4,−2,−35)
2 6 −1

VMQ = − [ ∫ 6x2dx + ∫ 6ydy + ∫ 4dz] = −𝟏𝟐𝟎𝐕

X=4 y=−2 z=−35

Therefore VM = VMQ. = -120V

(c) (c)

We have,
N

VNP = − ∫ E ∙ dL = VN − VP
P
Therefore , VN= VNP+VP
N(−3,−3,2)

VNP = − ∫ 6x2dx + 6ydy + 4dz

P(1,2,−4)

−3 −3 2

VNP = − [ ∫ 6x2dx + ∫ 6ydy + ∫ 4dz] = 17V

X=1 y=2 z=−4
Therefore VN = VNP + VP = 17+2 = 19V

19). A 15-nC point charge is at the origin in free space. Calculate V1 if point P1 is located at P1(-2,3,-1)
and: (a)V=0 at (6,5,4) ; (b) V=0 at infinity; (c) V=5V at (2,0,4).

SOLUTION:

(a) We have,
Q 1 1
V = [ − ]
AB 4π𝗌0 rA rB

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

Therefore ,
Q 1 1
V12 = [ − ] = V1 − V2
4πε0 r1 r2

r1 = √22 + 32 + 12 = √14 , r2 = √62 + 52 + 42 = √77

15 × 10−9 1 1
V12 = 4πε [ − ] = 20.67V
0 √14 √77

V12 = V1 − V2

Therefore V1 = V12 − V2 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝐕

(b) At infinity V=0

Therefore

Q 15 × 10−9
V1 = = = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝐕
4πε 0r1 4πε0 × √14
(c) (
c
)

Q 1 1
V12 = [ − ] = V1 − V2
4πε0 r1 r2
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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

r1 = √14 , r2 = √20
V12 = Q [ 1 1
4πε 14 − ] = 5.89V
0 √ √20

V1 = V12 + V2 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝐕

20). If we take the zero reference for potential at infinity, find the potential at (0,0,2) caused by this
charge configuration in free space: (a) 12nC/m on the line ρ = 2.5m , z=0; (b) point charge of 18nC at
(1,2,-1); (c) 12nC/m on the line y=2.5 , z=0.

SOLUTION:

(a) We have the potential expression for this system is

ρLa
V= 2 2
2𝗌0 √z +a
Where ,a=𝜌=2.5 , z=2

12 × 10−9 × 2.5
V= = 𝟓𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟔𝐕
2ε0√22 + 2.52
(b) The potential expression due to point charge is,
Q
V=
4πε0r
Where r = √14
18 × 10−9
V= = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟐𝐕
4πε0 × √14
(c) The potential expression due to line charge is given by,
ρLdL
V=∫
4πε 0|r − r′|
Where r = 2az , r′ = 2.5ay , therefore r − r′ = 2az − 2.5ay , |r − r′| = 3.20 , dL = dz
Therefore ,
2
12 × 10−9 12 × 10−9 2
V= ∫ dz = [z] = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟒𝐕
4πε0 × 3.20 4πε0 × 3.20 0
z=0

21). Given the filed E = 40xyax + 20x2ay + 2azV/m , calculate the potential between the two points
P(1,-1,0) and Q(2,1,3).

SOLUTION:

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

We have the straight line equation is given by,

x − xQ y − yQ z − zQ
= =
xP − xQ yP − yQ zP − zQ

Therefore ,
x−2 y−1
= → 2(x − 2) = y − 1
1−2 −1 − 1
Therefore , y = 2x – 3 and dy = 2dx

And
x−2 z−3
= → 3(x − 2) = z − 3
1−2 0−3
Therefore , z = 3x -3 and dz = 3dx

The potential difference between P and Q is

P

VPQ = − ∫ E ∙ dL
Q
E ∙ dL = (40xyax + 20x2ay + 2az) ∙ (dxaX + dyay + dzaz)

E ∙ dL = 40xydx + 20x2dy + 2dz = 40x(2x − 3)dx + 20x2(2dx) + 6dx

E ∙ dL = (120x2 − 120x + 6)dx
Therefore
1
x3 1 x2 1 1
VPQ = − ∫(120x2 − 120x + 6)dx = − {120 [ ] − 120 [ ] + 6[x] } = 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝐕
3 2 2 2 2
X=2

22). Calculate the potential difference between A and B for a line charge ρL = 0.25nC/m on the z-axis
when point A(12m , π/2 , 0) and point B(4m , π/2 , 3m).

SOLUTION:

The given system is in cylindrical co-ordinate system.

A

VAB = − ∫ E ∙ dL
B
Due to line charge electric field intensity is given by,
ρ
Eρ = L a ρ and dL = dρaρ
2π𝗌0ρ
A A 12
V = −∫ ρL a ∙ dρa = − ∫ ρL dρ = − ρL ∫ 1 dρ
AB 2πε0ρ ρ ρ 2πε0ρ 2πε0 ρ
B B ρ=4

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

ρL 12
V =− [lnρ] = −𝟒. 𝟗𝟑𝟕𝐕
AB 2πε0 4

23). Find the potentials at rA =5m and rB = 15m due to a point charge Q=500pC placed at the origin. Find
the potential at rA=5m assuming zero as potential at infinity. Also obtain the potential difference between
points A and B.

SOLUTION:

Potential at rA and rB is,

Q 500 × 10−12
VA = = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟖𝐕
4πε0 rA 4πε0 × 5

And

Q 500 × 10−12
VB = = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝐕
4πε0r B 4πε0 × 15

Therefore Potential difference between r A and rB is,

VAB = VA – VB = 0.599V

24). Given the vector current density J = 10ρ2zaρ − 4ρcos2∅a∅ mA/m2 ; (a) find the current density at
P(ρ=3 , Φ=300 , z=2); (b) determine the total current flowing outward through the circular band ρ=3 ,
0<Φ<2π , 2<z<2.8.

SOLUTION:

(a) Current density at P(ρ=3 , Φ=300 , z=2) is ,

J = 10 × 32 × 2aρ − 4 × 3 × cos2∅30a∅ = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐚𝛒 − 𝟗𝐚∅ mA/m2

(b) The total current is given by,

I = ∫J ∙ dS
S

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

The expression for dS along radial direction is given by, dS = ρd∅dzaρ. Therefore,

I = ∫ ∫(10ρ2zaρ − 4ρcos2∅a∅) × 10−3 ∙ ρd∅dzaρ = ∫ ∫ 10ρ2z × 10−3ρd∅dz

2.8 2π
z2 2.8 2π
I = 10 × 10−3ρ3 ∫ zdz ∫ d∅ = 10 × 10−3ρ3 [ ] [∅] = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟔𝐀
2 2 0
z=2 ∅=0

25). Current density is given in cylindrical co-ordinates as J = −106z1.5az A/m2 in the region 0≤ρ≤20μ
m; for ρ≥ 20μm J=0. (a) find the total current crossing the surface z=0.1m in the a z direction.; (b) If the
charge velocity is 2x106 m/s at z=0.1m , find ρV there. ; (c) If the volume charge density at z=0.15m is
-2000C/m3 , find the charge velocity there.

SOLUTION:

(a) Total current along z-direction is given by,

I = ∫J ∙ dS
S

The expression for dS along az is given by, dS = ρdρd∅az . Therefore

I = ∫−106z1.5az ∙ ρdρd∅az = − 106 ∫z1.5ρdρd∅

S S

At z=0.1,
20μ 2π

I = −106 ∫0.11.5ρdρd∅ = −0.11.5 × 106 ∫ ρdρ ∫ d∅ = −𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝛍𝐀

S
ρ=0 ∅=0

(b) We have, J = ρvv

J −106z1.5 −1060.11.5
ρv = = = = −𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝐦𝐂/𝐦𝟑
v 2 × 106 2 × 106
(c) We have, J = ρvv

J −106z1.5 −1060.151.5
v= = = = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝐦/𝐬
ρv −2000 −2000

26). A certain current density is given in cylindrical co-ordinates as J = 100e−2z(ρaρ + az)A/m2. Find
the total current passing through each of these surfaces:

(a) z=0 , 0≤ρ≤1 , in the aZ direction.

(b) z=1 , 0≤ρ≤1 , in the aZ direction.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

(c) Closed cylinder defined by 0≤z≤1 , 0≤ρ≤1, in an outward direction.

SOLUTION:

(a) The total current is given by,

I = ∫J ∙ dS
S

The expression for dS along az is given by, dS = ρdρd∅az . Therefore

I = ∫100e−2z(ρaρ + az) ∙ ρdρd∅az = ∫100e−2zρdρd∅

S S

1 2π

I = 100e−2z ∫ ρdρ ∫ d∅
ρ=0 ∅=0

At z = 0,
ρ2 1 2π
I = 100e0 [ ] [∅] = 𝟑𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝐀
2 0 0

(b)At z=1,
ρ2 1 2π
I = 100e−2×1 [ ] [∅] = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟓𝟐𝐀
2 0 0

(c) We have,

I = ∫J ∙ dS
S

The expression for dS along aρ is given by, dS = ρd∅dzaρ . Therefore

1 2π

I = ∫100e−2z(ρaρ + az) ∙ ρd∅dzaρ = ∫100e−2zρ2d∅dz = 100 ρ2 ∫ e−2zdz ∫ d∅

S S
z=0 ∅=0

−e−2z 1 2π
I = 100ρ2 [ ] [∅] = 𝟐𝟕𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝐀
2 0 0

27). Find the total current in the outward direction from a cube of 1m , with one corner at the origin and
edges parallel to the co-ordinate axes if J = 2x2ax + 2xy3ay + 2xyaz A/m2.

SOLUTION:

We have

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

I = ∮J ∙ dS = ∫ ∇ ∙ Jdv (according to divergence theorem)

S vol

∂ ∂ ∂
∇∙J = JX + J Jy +
∂x ∂y ∂z z
Where JX = 2x2 , Jy = 2xy3 , Jz = 2xy , therefore,
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ ∙ J = (2x2) + (2xy3) + (2xy) = 4x + 6xy2 . Therefore,
∂X ∂y ∂z

I = ∫ 4x + 6xy2dxdydz = ∫ 4xdxdydz + ∫ 6xy2dxdydz

vol vol vol

1 1 1 1 1 1

I = 4 ∫ ∫ ∫ xdxdydz + 6 ∫ ∫ ∫ xy2dxdydz
X=0 y=0 z=0 X=0 y=0 z=0

x2 1 1 1 x2 1 y3 1 1
I = 4[ ] [y] [z] + 6 [ ] [ ] [z] = 𝟑𝐀
2 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 0

28). Given that ⃗A→ = 30e−r âr − 2zâz in the cylindrical co-ordinates. Evaluate both sides of the divergence
theorem for the volume enclosed by r=2, z=0 and z=5.

SOLUTION:

The divergence theorem is given by,

∮A ∙ ds = ∫ ∇ ∙ A dv
S vol

Consider LHS = ∮S D ∙ ds

LHS = ∫ A ∙ ds + ∫ A ∙ ds + ∫ A ∙ ds (1)
top bottom lateral

2 2π
r2 2 2π
∫(30e−r âr − 2zâz ) ∙ rdr d∅az = ∫(−2z) ∙ rdr d∅ = −10 ∫ rdr ∫ d∅ = −10 [ ] [∅]
2 0 0
top top r=0 ∅=0

∫ 𝐀 ∙ 𝐝𝐬 = −𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟔
𝐭𝐨𝐩

∫ 𝐀 ∙ 𝐝𝐬 = 𝟎 (Because z = 0 at bottom)
𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦

2π 5

∫ (30e−r âr − 2zâz ) ∙ rd∅dzar = ∫ (30e−r ) ∙ rd∅dz = 30re−r ∫ d∅ ∫ d∅

lateral lateral ∅=0 z=0

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 2

2π 5
= 30re−r[∅] [z]
0 0

∫ 𝐀 ∙ 𝐝𝐬 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓. 𝟏
𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥

∴ 𝐋𝐇𝐒 = ∫ 𝐀 ∙ 𝐝𝐬 + ∫ 𝐀 ∙ 𝐝𝐬 + ∫ 𝐀 ∙ 𝐝𝐬 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟒
𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦 𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥

Now consider ,

RHS = ∫ ∇ ∙ A dv
vol

We have ,
1∂ 1 ∂ ∂
∇∙A = (rA ) + A∅+ Az
r ∂r r r ∂∅ ∂z

Where, Ar = 30e−r , A∅ = 0, Az = −2z

1∂ ∂ 30e−r
∇∙A = (r ∙ 30e−r) + (−2z) = − 30e−r − 2
r ∂r ∂z r
Therefore,
2 2π 5
30e−r
∫ ∇ ∙ A dv = ∭ ( − 30e−r − 2) ∙ rdr d∅ dz = ∫(30e−r − 30re−r − 2r)dr ∫ d∅ ∫ dz
vol r
r=0 ∅=0 z=0

2 2 2 2π 5
2 r2 2 d
{[−30e−r] − 30 [𝑟 ∫ e−rdr − ∫ ( (r) ∫e−rdr) dr] − 2 [ ] } ∫ d∅ ∫ dz
0 dr 2 0
r=0 r=0 r=0 ∅=0 z=0

2
2 r2 2
= {−4.06 − 30 [𝑟[−e−r] − ∫(1(−e−r))dr] − 2 [ ] } [2π][5]
0 2 0
r=0

2 2 r2 2
= {−4.06 − 30 [𝑟[−e−r] − [e−r] ] − [ ] } [2π][5] = {−4.06 + 12.18 − 4}[2π][5]
0 0 2 0

∴ 𝐑𝐇𝐒 = ∫ ∇ ∙ A dv = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟒
vol

Therefore LHS=RHS

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