UNFOLDING STUDENTS PERCEPTION AND EXPERIENCES ON

OVERWHELMING HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS

A Research Paper Presented to

Baltazar Nicor Valenzuela National High School

Capungagan, Kapalong, Davao del Norte

In the Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the English 10

Researchers

ARABIS, GRACE
BALONG, MARK VAN
DEGAMO, JELIAN
JAYA, K-XIE
LAGROMA, ALDRIN LAURENCE
VALENTON, LEONEL

MAY 2024
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “UNFOLDING STUDENTS PERCEPTION AND

EXPERIENCES ON OVERWHELMING HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS”
prepared and submitted by LEONEL VALENTON, MARK VAN BALONG,
GRACE ARABIS, JELIAN DEGAMO, K-XIE JAYA, ALDRIN LAURENCE
LAGROMA, in partial fulfillment of the subject of English 10, has been
examined and is hereby recommended for acceptance and approval.

ZION T. DORONIO
Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

APPROVED by the Panel of Examiners on oral examination with a

grade of___________.

FLORABEL L. REBAMONTE RAY ENRICK MOSES A. RODRIGUEZ

Panel Member Panel Member

JOYBELLE D. CORTEZ
Panel Member

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subjects of

English 10.

RUBEN M. PALOMATA
School Head

MAY 2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to show and express their deep

appreciation and sincere gratitude to those who contribute meaningfully and

truthfully through the process and making of the said study.

To the Almighty God, who is the master of all creation and the

source of everything, we the researchers would like to show our sincere

gratitude in giving us the source of strength, courage, good health, time,

knowledge, and wisdom on accomplishing all throughout in making and

conducting the said study.

To the Parents/Guardians, who gave us undying support in terms

of financial, moral, spiritual, and especially in times of problems and

difficulties, we are grateful to have you.

To the Participants, who generously gave their time and answer

the said questions meaningfully and truthfully, we acknowledge your

contribution and participation. May the Almighty God , bless us all.

The researchers would like to extended their deep appreciation and

sincere gratitude to Mrs. Zion T. Doronio the research adviser, for her sage

advice, insightful criticism, steadfast support, patient, and encouragement for

this project. Without her, this research is useless and would not have been

completed or written.

To those who contribute and helped the researchers during the

conduct of the said study, thank you for cooperating despite the fact that they

were also busy doing important matters. Thank you so much for contributing

your time, God will bless everyone in manifold ways.

-The Researchers
 DEDICATION

The researchers would like to dedicate this challenging

requirement to the Almighty God who is the creator of the universe and all

living things, to their beloved families for their undying support, to all their

friends for the encouragement and motivation to move forward in order to

accomplish the said study. Lastly, to their Alma Mater － the Baltazar Nicor

Valenzuela National High School who molds them to become researcher, and

to our educators for giving their precious time in providing knowledge and

effort to correct our research.

-The Researchers
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter emphasized the rationale, purpose of the study, research

questions, theoretical lens, review of related literature, significance of the study,

definition of terms, and the delimitation and limitations of the study.

Rationale

Increasing the amount and pressure associated with homework assignments

can have negative impacts for students' well-being and academic performance. It is

necessary to comprehend students' perception and experiences regarding on

overwhelming homework assignments to effectively address the challenges that they

face.

In the Philippines, homework assignments has long been a subject of debate

in education. Advocators arguing for its benefits in reinforcing and equip students for

future challenges. While critics raise concerns about stress and negative effects. The

quantity and quality of homework assignments are crucial factors, and overwhelming

students with excessive homework can lead to diminishing effects return and

negative consequences. Additionally, home environment and socioeconomic

disparities can influence students ability to complete homework assignments

effectively (Deysolong, 2023).

In the United States of America, educators continues to assign homework

assignments as part of their best practices, and also as US being in an era of state

testing and rigorous standards. Students distinguish homework assignments as

overwhelming, backbreaking, mind-numbing, confusing, or with unclear or no

instructions, causes them to be discourage from accomplishing some or all of their

homework assignments (Stare, 2018).

 Moreover, in the province of Davao del Norte, particularly in Kapalong, the

struggles of having overwhelming homework assignments was presented among the

students in Baltazar Nicor Valenzuela National High School, especially the grade 10

and senior high school. Students get overwhelmed by the amount of works and

pressure regarding homework assignments. Educators practices this kind of system

to prepare students' ability in conquering their long journey in life, and to real world

challenges.

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of the study is to investigate and explore students'

perceptions and experiences on overwhelming homework assignments. Additionally,

the reason this study was conducted is to help improve and expand students' ability

and creative thinking in managing when having overwhelming homework

assignments.

Moreover, exploring the student’s perspectives, obstacles, and coping

mechanism, we can conclude the findings that will contribute to effectively address

the challenges that students face.

Research Questions

The study would like to dig deeper about the experiences and challenges

faced by students who are overwhelmed by excessive amount of homework

assignments. Therefore, important questions that will be tackled are as follows:

1. What are the experiences when having overwhelming homework

assignments?

2. What are the coping mechanisms when having overwhelming homework

assignments?

Theoretical Lens

The research can be viewed through the Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) that

was developed and introduced by Sweller (1988). The theory discusses the three

types of cognitive load; Intrinsic load, extraneous load, and germane load. In terms of
overwhelming homework assignments experienced by students, the cognitive load

theory can be viewed through.

Firstly, the intrinsic load is referring to the complexity and criticality of the

concept or problem being studied. In the case of overwhelming homework

assignments experienced by students, the intrinsic load may be high due to the

quality, quantity, and the complexity of the tasks or works that needs to be

accomplished. This may lead to students feeling burdened and overwhelmed.

Secondly, the extraneous load refers to the unnecessary factors that

contribute to the cognitive load of the students. This include unclear instructions or

ineffective teaching methods. For instance, when a student faced an overwhelming

homework assignments that have no or unclear instructions, the extraneous load on

the resources of their cognitive may increase, which makes more difficult for the

students to effectively process and accomplish the homework assignments.

On the other hand, the germane load is referring to the cognitive effort used

to comprehend and apply what has been learned. In the case of overwhelming

homework assignment experienced by students, the germane load may decreased

due to the excessive amount that the memory was working on. When students

working memory get overwhelmed by multiple tasks and the collected data, it can be

challenging for them to think deeply and apply what they have comprehend,

effectively.

In terms of fundamental psychological needs that students should have in

order to enhance their motivation, and overall academic experience towards

overwhelming homework assignments, the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) that

was developed and introduced by Deci and Ryan (1985) is a great theory to be

viewed through. By having this theory we can deeply comprehend and help improve

students’ ability and critical thinking towards overwhelming homework assignment.

The theory discusses the three fundamental psychological needs that a person

should have; Competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

 Firstly, competence refers to the necessity to feel effective and capable on

the surrounding environment, it’s all about gaining mastery over the tasks that were

given. In the context of overwhelming homework assignment, students’ sense of

competence may weaken as it can be challenging for them to have excessive

amount of homework assignments. Enhancing students’ competence, educators may

ensure the tasks that were given are appropriately challenging that considers the

students’ skill level, and also provide instructional materials that were clear and easy

to understand.

On the other hand, autonomy refers to the necessity to feel in control over

the actions and decision-making, it’s all about having the freedom to independently

choose and make decisions on the surrounding environment. Fostering students’

autonomy, educators may involve their students in negotiating about the deadlines or

even allowing them to choose the topic for their homework assignment.

Lastly, is the relatedness, refers to the sense of belongingness and having

connection for those that surround us, it’s all about the feeling of being understood by

the others. In terms of overwhelming homework assignments, students’ relatedness

was shown by those who supports them like their family members, friends,

educators, etc., in tackling their homework assignments. This creates an environment

where students feel comfortable in expressing their concerns and seeking help

regarding overwhelming homework assignments.

Review of Related Literature

This section will present the detail examination and review of prior literature

such as journals, publications, researches, and published articles. This broadly

explores the various scholarly discussion of the impact of overwhelming homework

assignments towards students academic growth and performance. Additionally, it

also explores students perspectives, experiences, coping strategies, and success

towards overwhelming homework assignments.

 Overwhelming Homework Assignments Impact Towards Students

Academic Growth And Performance

Homework assignments is a common feature in many middle and high

school classrooms around the world, but it is not always utilized effectively. In some

instances, homework assignments is assigned with little consideration for its

effectiveness and the impact it has on students. Students with too much homework

assignments have elevated stress levels. Higher-achieving students those who may

have more homework assignments are at particular risk for stress-related health

issues including sleep deprivation, weight loss, stomach problems and headaches. A

workbook and professional development series were designed to communicate these

ideas to teachers and administrators while also engaging them in a critical discussion

about homework. The project seeks to generate conversations about homework

assignments that challenge preconceived ideas about its necessity or benefit. The

goal is to equip educators with the knowledge to make informed choices when

determining how to use homework in their classrooms, and to consider alternative

approaches. Ultimately, teachers should be making conscious choices about all

aspects of teaching and learning for the benefit of the whole student (McPherson,

2020).

According to Songsirisak et al., (2019) as cited by Mwanamwambwa (2021),

stated that for over the five decades homework assignments has become an issue,

yet it is crucial for the development of academic growth and performance of students.

In addition, they also selected 140 undergraduates from Thai university to be

interviewed about the impact of homework assignments on students’ academic

learning. The results revealed that homework assignments benefited and supported

students’ academic learning, even though it had some psychological impacts.

Moreover, it also enabled students’ ability to acquire knowledge, developed

academic learning skills, and increased academic growth and performance.

Furthermore, it states that homework assignments promoted student’s collaborative

skills and dialogue to their educators in terms of homework clarification. Research

further revealed that one of the powerful tools for students’ academic learning and

homework assignments information was the internet.

Likewise, according to Ward (2020), stated that homework assignments eats

students alive, too much homework is causing numerous issues within

undergraduates in today 's society. Students stress levels are through the roof, social

lives are diminishing, grades are slipping and their physical health is in jeopardy.

Teachers appoint hours of work at night, which most kids do not have the time to

accomplish, especially when they want to have a gregarious life outside of school.

Homework assignments gives students the opportunity to practice new skills in both

familiar and unfamiliar situations, and to develop an understanding of related

concepts. Although some of these goals can be easily accomplished in online

homework, many systems are less useful for handling open-ended questions. Written

homework, on the other hand, takes time to grade and delays feedback. To fill the

gap left between these approaches in lower-level courses. Students put worked

problems up on the board to earn points, and we discuss the problems together. In

addition to reducing grading load, homework presentations provide students with

feedback at the optimal place in the learning process.

Students Perspectives On Overwhelming Homework Assignments

Students Experiences On Overwhelming Homework Assignments

Students Coping Strategies Towards Overwhelming Homework

Assignments

Perino et al., (2016), recommended that educators can appropriately guide

and monitor their students in order to provide immediate action and help to students

who are facing various types of stresses, given the significance of effective coping
mechanisms. One way that teachers can assist their students is by providing them

with motivation to face life's challenges with optimism. Additionally, schools have the

option to host and offer school-based seminars to their students. This session will

cover coping strategies and techniques to help students be aware of and ready for

any potential stress they may experience.

In the study of Hearon (2015) as cited by Rosario (2023), where she

studied the stress and coping strategies of high school students in Accelerated

Academic Curricula and its relationship students’ success, results showed that the

students who employed time and task management, sleep, and deterioration to cope

were more likely to experience higher academic achievement, while those who coped

by seeking academic support, skipping school, engaging in social and creative

diversions, using substances , reducing effort on schoolwork, and handling problems

alone were less likely to be academically successful. Additionally, those who use

cognitive reappraisal, turning to family, and social and athletic diversions were more

likely to experience high life satisfaction, while those who relying on creative

diversions, reduce effort on schoolwork, handle problems alone, and deterioration

were less likely to have high life satisfaction.

Due to facts that coping mechanism influence how quickly

psychopathological symptoms of stress manifest in adolescents healthy and

unhealthy coping mechanism may help prevent and treat mental health issues in

kids. The degree to which high achievers utilize various coping mechanism to deal

with the rigorous demands of the classroom must be investigated, since studies have

shown that the use of particular coping behaviors by students is associated with

positive outcomes in both the classroom and the mental health (Hearon, 2015 as

cited by Asuncion, 2023).

According to Aun et al., (2011), stated that coping skills help students attend

class more frequently, participate more actively, persevere through setbacks and

failures in general, and develop a stronger, more robust sense of self that can result
in a far more pleasant learning environment. Likewise, approach, avoidance and

social support － three components of academic coping strategies － helped

undergraduate students succeed academically.

According to Mahajan (2018), learners typically employ emotional coping

strategies during their first year of study, but as time goes on, they are more likely to

turn to confrontive, painful, and cognitive issue solutions. Furthermore, academic

coping strategies were developed to assist undergraduate student in managing their

lives, encompassing aspect such as physical, emotional, spiritual, and psychological

well-being.

Students Success On Overwhelming Homework Assignments

According to Herreid and Schiller (2013), homework assignments has been

shown to have a positive effect on student academic growth and performance,

especially when it comes to problem-solving scenario, and critical thinking skills. In

addition, homework assignments can also help students to learn how to manage their

time and resources effectively.

Points out the education goals of homework assignments which include

helping kids gain factual knowledge, enhance their academic study abilities, develop

positive attitudes regarding homework assignments, and understand that learning

happens anywhere and everywhere, not only in the classroom. Furthermore,

homework assignments can be utilized to assess students’ learning outcomes, foster

their ability to study independently, and improve their readiness for advanced

classroom instruction (Muijs and Reynolds, 2011).

Likewise, Ramdass and Zimmerman (2011), note that homework

assignments enhances students’ self-regulation, which promotes students having

motivation to monitor their learning and seek appropriate strategies to complete

homework assignments and achieve learning goals.

Nuňez et al., (2015), indicated that when students advance through higher

academic level, homework assignments can assist educators in forecasting students’

academic growth and performance inspiring them to learn and improving self-control.

Graded homework assignments are thought to benefit students’ learning and

enhance their academic achievement (Krasehan, 2005; Cooper, 2008).

Significance of the Study

It is significant and relevant to conduct this phenomenological research to

those students who experienced overwhelming homework assignments. This

qualitative study constitutes a substantial contribution for individuals, authorities, and

organizations who are interested in unfolding students perceptions and experiences

on overwhelming homework assignments and how these students address these

challenges.

This study would somehow assist other research in the future who are

interested in conducting a study related to unfolding students perceptions and

experiences on overwhelming homework assignments. Lastly, this study aims to

enlighten the mind of parents, and educators regarding on overwhelming homework

assignments experienced by student.

Students

Students may benefits from the said study by having them an idea on how to

improve their overall academic learning experiences. It may also help them manage

to reduce stress levels related to overwhelming homework assignments. It can also

help them increase their motivation and involvement on the academic learning

process. Lastly, students may achieve appropriate amount of homework assignments

that considers their skills’ level.

Parents

Parents play a crucial role on the education and the development of their

children. By giving encouragement, and supporting them all throughout their journey,

children might felt love and cared, which give them motivation to pursue their

academic journey. Communication, guidance, and ensuring child’s educational needs

are also one of the vital role that a parents should have.
 Educators

Educators also play a vital role in shaping students’ academic learning

experiences. They’re not only providing knowledge and wisdom but also to guide,

inspire, and nurture their learners. Educators are the only authorities who can change

the system of teaching method to appropriately considers students’ skill level, which

greatly impact students’ academic and personal growth.

Definition of Terms

It is important that the technical terms to use in defining the idea and concept

of the study will be given definition. Hence, the terms are important words to give a

clearer picture of the inquiry at hand.

Overwhelming. The term “ overwhelming “ refers to the force or the level of

intensity that is overpowering or difficult to resist. It also used to describe something

that is great, extensive, vast, or extreme in nature. The concept of overwhelming

also denote the sense of an individual who is unable to cope or handle a situation

due to its magnitude or the intensity (Merriam-Webster, Cambridge Dictionary,

Collins English Dictionary).

Homework. Homework is defined as studying a subject or a situation to

carefully comprehend a lot about it and successfully deals with it. It also refers to

tasks that educators assigned with their students to be completed outside the regular

class period, at home, or during non-school hour. Homework may include research,

essays, mathematical exercises, and other tasks that needs to be comprehend and

practiced at home (Merriam-Webster, Cambridge Dictionary, Oxford Learner’s

Dictionaries).

Assignments. Assignment on the other hand, is defined as the act of

assigning something to someone, such as a task, position, or an exercises (Merriam-

Webster). It also refers to a specified task or amount of work assigned or given by

educators or professor to their students to asses their comprehension and application

of course material. Assignments can take various forms similar to homework, such

as research papers, essays, presentation, problem sets, etc. (Hassan, 2024).

Overwhelming Homework Assignments. The term “ overwhelming

homework assignments “ refers to a situation where students faced an excessive

amount of works or tasks that needs to be completed at home within the given time.

It was also characterized as a feeling of being burdened or overloaded by the

extensive amount of works, which challenge students to effectively manage and

complete their homework, and process their comprehension towards the homework

assignments. It can also negatively impact students’ well-being, academic growth

and performance, and overall learning process.

Delimitation and Limitations of the Study

The study will be conducted in Baltazar Nicor Valenzuela National High

School, located in Capungagan, Kapalong, Davao Del Norte. Duration of this study

started on the month of February until the month of May of the school year 2023-

2024. The researchers prefer to pay attention to Baltazar Nicor Valenzuela National

High School as their target location, as this is the most accessible and easy way to

find their participants for the said study. This study limit to both grade 10 students

and senior high school, as it would be easier for the researchers to look and monitor

their participants.

This phenomenological study is delimited and focused in unfolding students

perception and experiences in Baltazar Nicor Valenzuela National High School and

its implication to critical comprehension of both grade 10 and senior high school

students from secondary school in Capungagan, Kapalong, Davao Del Norte. In

addition, 14 participants of the study were able to signify through an informed

consent as participants of the study were chosen. Seven of these mentioned

students have undergone the in-depth interviews, whereas the other seven will

focused on the focus group discussion. Moreover, The study will be able to know
information on how student manage, and solved overwhelming homework

assignments.

Everything will either be recorded on a sound recorder or video recorder,

these files were properly save and were kept confidential. However, account

weakness may hinder this research from achieving the generalization of the study,

results may not to generalized and cannot adequately support claims of having

achieved valid conclusion. In addition, the researchers cannot guarantee the

immaculate reminiscence of all experiences of the participants due to the fact that the

real stories shared are past event and are subject for human inaccuracy in terms of

memory lapses (Creswell, 2012

 Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

This section of the research explains the methods that will be used in this

study. The researcher will explain the research design, the population and sample of

the study, the role of the researchers, the instrument and how the data was

successfully gathered and analyzed. Trustworthiness of the study, and ethical

consideration were also emphasize.

Research Design

The qualitative study utilized a phenomenological approach. Qualitative

research pertains to endeavor the researcher to comprehend the situation and its

uniqueness, in relation to its context and the interactions inscribed herein.

Additionally, this research design is described as an investigation of things in their

natural settings. Moreover, It is also added that such is an attempt made by the

researcher to interpret or make sense of a phenomenon taken from the raw

perspectives of the participants involved in the said event (Lune & Berg, 2017).

In this study, the ideal methodology to utilize is qualitative research design,

since this study only concerned itself on investigating a research topic that is less

explored. Moreover, this study did not aim to quantify variables or to test varying

interventions through correlational or experimental methods. Furthermore,

phenomenology is utilized as it is greatly suitable in this academic attempt. This type

of study offers the chance to see the event in an entirely unaltered and natural

settings.

In the meantime, phenomenology is utilized which aims to shed light on the

specific, and pinpoint the phenomena through the perspectives of the participants

inscribed within the given situation. In the human point of view, this is usually

interpreted as an act of deep data gathering and perceptions through inductive,

qualitative methods such as discussions and participant observation, interviews, and

representing this from the points of view of the research participants (Lune & Berg,

2017).

Research Participants

The key participants of the study were both the grade 10 and senior high

school students in Baltazar Nicor Valenzuela National High School. All the

participants in this study are currently experience an overwhelming homework

assignments. Since they fell beyond the scope of this study, certain demographic

data like ethnicity and socioeconomic status were not included. This choice was

made in light of evidence that suggest racial and socioeconomic status differences

are not relevant in the modern world. All participants' names were substituted with

pseudonyms to protect their privacy.

In this study, the ideal number of participants in a qualitative study ranges

from 3-15 participants. By having this set of participants in a qualitative research

study, data saturation was highly achieved in the data collection process (Creswell,

2013)

This is why, In this study, fourteen participants are carefully selected in this

research endeavor. Seven of which underwent the in-depth interviews where in each

of them was interviewed individually by the interviewer. Meanwhile, the other seven

participated in the focus group discussion wherein all of them had gathered in one

venue and discussed among themselves the answers that they had given to the

questions that the interviewer presented.

In the recruitment process, the researcher religiously followed the succeeding

criteria. Firstly, each participant must be a grade 10 students in Baltazar Nicor

Valenzuela National High School at Capungagan, Kapalong, Davao del Norte.

Secondly, the participants must also have the experienced of having overwhelming

homework assignments. Lastly, the participants must be willing to be interviewed and

can expressed their perception and experience truthfully.

Role of the Researcher

Regarding our fundamental role, we adhered to the guiding principles that

establish the qualitative inquiry for the researchers who are prepared to invest

significant time in data collection, engage potentially in data analysis, and write

lengthy passages on their own (Corbin and Stranss, 2001). As a result, we play many

roles as a researcher, such as an interviewer, transcriber, analyst, and encoder

(Corbin and Stranss, 2001).

As the interviewer, the researcher first build a connection and friendship with

the participants. With the assistance of our gatekeepers, we called every information

to give them an introduction and enquire about their interest in taking part in our

research. In addition to using personal empathy to encourage participants to share

their tales throughout the interview and observations, we also used some other

strategies including asking proving question, listening and considering, and posing

increasingly difficult problems to the gatekeeper stages of the dialogue.

In the roles as transcriptionists and encoder, the researchers carefully

translated each recorded interview, then accurately and structured it into standard

English statement. In the roles as analysts, the researchers used appropriate

analysis numeration and cross-case analysis, and also carefully collect and

analyzed the data gathered.

Moreover, the role of the researchers is not just to collect data from a

representative sample and provide a voice for the participants, but also to carefully

examine the data and provide informed commentary (Morse, 2023).

Data Collection

At the outset of the study, the research engaged in gathering information

related to the variables.

In collecting essential information for this research, formal procedures were

adhered. These procedures include everything from requesting permission to

conduct a study to data collection. The first thing the researchers did before
conducting the interview process is having permission to conduct the said research.

Specifically, the researchers seek to ask permission from the research adviser with

regards to conducting the study using the endorsement paper. Following acceptance,

the researcher sent a letter to the honor students Baltazar Nicor Valenzuela National

High School in Capungagan, Kapalong, Davao del Norte, requested their permission

to participate in the study. Firstly, the researcher choose the participants at random,

regardless with the ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Secondly, The researcher

then waited for the chosen potential participants' acceptance before conducting the

actual interview. Thirdly, The researcher sought validation and consent from the

adviser before using the created interview questions with participants. Following the

validation process, the approved interview questions were used by the researcher as

a guide during the interview phase. Finally, after obtaining the participants' consent

and approval, the researcher conducted the interview via online chat or personal

interviews, whichever is more convenient. Grade 10 students who experienced

overwhelming homework assignments from Baltazar Nicor Valenzuela National High

School in Capungagan, Kapalong, Davao del Norte were interviewed in this case.

Data Analysis

After the collection of data from the interview and after transcribing and

translating have been completed, data analysis were performed through Creswell’s

(2000) method of analyzing data. The data for this case study were analyzed using

thematic analysis from coding of the participants' translated responses. According to

Braun & Clarke (2006), coding is the process of categorizing responses in order to

create a structure of thematic ideas related to the text. It is typically used when the

researcher wishes to create an index of ideas from participant responses by

analyzing the text, determining an appropriate conceptual understanding, and

connecting everything together. The researcher relied on the transcribed and

translated responses repeatedly during coding until a form of thematic analysis is

achieved and established through the help of the data analyst. The ideas were sorted

and analyzed based on their relationships, similarities, and oppositions.

Trustworthiness of the Study

This study emphasizes the significance of trustworthiness. Credibility,

transferability, dependability, confirmability, and authenticity are the factors in order

to achieved the trustworthiness of the study (Kyngas et al., 2020). It is also agreed

that the study is trustworthy when the research data is generalize and consistent.

Credibility is defined as the accurate description of the phenomenon of

interest and the formulation of credible research claims, and it can be improved by

adhering to a methodical procedure throughout the research process (Liao &

Hitchcock, 2018). The researcher rephrased several questions to the participants in

order to obtain the most pertinent data for the study. Furthermore, probing inquiries

would aid participants in sharing their feelings related to their experiences.

Triangulation, on the other hand, is a strategy for improving the validity, reliability,

and legitimacy of research findings, which includes credibility, dependability,

confirmability, and transferability. Triangulation is a research approach that combines

numerous data sources, researchers, theories, or research methodologies to

guarantee that a research study's data, analysis, and findings are as thorough and

accurate as feasible. It also aids in identifying areas that require more research

(Moon, 2019). This is what I am doing in this research. Instead, I'm triangulating my

data by enlisting the help of participants and key informants from several study

locations. The researcher will be performing triangulation of the data by enlisting the

help of participants and key informants from several study locations.

Confirmability is obtained by explaining the facts and findings in such a

way that others can verify their veracity. The "audit trail," in which the researcher

documents and rationalizes all of the procedures performed and judgments made

about data categorization and analysis, is one effective technique. These records are
then made accessible for additional analysis and verification (Nassaji, 2020). To

address the study's confirmability issues, the researcher will ensure that the

conclusions are based on the participants' experiences and thoughts, rather than the

researcher's personal characteristics and preferences.

Transferability refers to the extent to which qualitative research findings can

be expanded or applied to different contexts or circumstances. Transferability is

primarily the responsibility of the individual who is qualitatively generalizing. By

clearly describing the study environment and basic assumptions, the qualitative

researcher can improve transferability. The person who wishes to transfer to a

different context must first determine whether the transfer is acceptable.

Transferability, according to Johnson et al. (2019), occurs when the researcher

provides extensive contextual information so that readers can determine whether the

findings apply to themselves or other contexts. The researcher provides sufficient

details about the individuals and study procedure to ensure transferability. The

researcher will explain the environment in which the study is being conducted, the

location, sample size, sampling strategy and methods, as well as the themes, for the

benefit of future researchers. Other people's research findings may aid in the

development and modification of these techniques.

Dependability refers to the consistency of the research results, as well as

the researcher's effort to account for any changing conditions in the study, design, or

technique, as appropriate. To ensure dependability, the researcher must provide

enough information to the reader to assess the study's and researcher's

dependability. Using qualitative content analysis to analyze focus group data, for

example, may make it easier to replicate results and make accurate inferences from

text to their settings, all with the goal of generating new insights, a better

understanding of a phenomenon, and well-informed practical actions (Kalu & Bwalya,

2017).
 The procedures of the study, such as the in-depth interview, are fully

described to address the study's dependability, allowing future researchers to obtain

the same results if appropriate. Readers can evaluate the research methodology and

gain a thorough understanding of the study's methods with in-depth details.

Ethical Consideration

The sole purpose of ethics in scientific research is to exert control over both

the participant and the researcher's situation. Analysts point out that in a typical

qualitative study, the participant's relationship with the researcher during data

collection may have moral ramifications. As a result, in order to avoid ethical

ramifications, different rules must be established and followed (Adhabi & Anozie,

2017).

Respect is an ethical principle that deals with the recognition of study

participants' autonomy. The concept of autonomy can be upheld by providing

participants with relevant information about the research study in a clear and

understandable manner in the participants' information booklet, thereby improving

their informed consent (Kalu & Bwalya, 2017). The researcher is already preparing

information consent forms for the participants. The letter is being written to notify

everyone who is interested in the progress of the study. This will be done out of

courtesy to those involved in the research. Everyone who is interested in participating

in this study will be given the opportunity.

Consent was established to aid in the formation of trusting and honest

research partnerships, as well as to protect people's right to choose whether or not to

participate in research. A crucial requirement for the validity of consent is that an

individual's decision is voluntary and based on clear, unambiguous information about

what participation in the research would entail (Klykken, 2021).

Participants in this study are encouraged to make informed decisions and to

participate voluntarily. The researcher ensures that all research participants are

enthusiastic about the project and eager to participate. It is also critical to obtain
consent from study participants to record their responses and share their

experiences when collecting data and information.

Beneficence refers to the researcher's responsibility to ensure the safety of

the study participants at all times. Two maxims that have been applied to this

concept are "do not harm" and "do everything in one's power to maximize benefits

while limiting damage" (Farrugia, 2019).

No information file will be left unattended or unprotected, and all participants

will be protected at all times. Data will be kept safe and secure, and harmful behavior

will be avoided. In terms of what the study contains for participants, there will be no

direct benefit from the interview.

Confidentiality refers to a researcher's obligation to safeguard information

entrusted to them. Breach of confidentiality may have serious consequences if other

stakeholders are able to identify participants. It is also critical to establish trusting

relationships with participants (Tremblay & Cadieux, 2018).

The researcher is removing identities in order to produce a "clean" data

collection. There is no information in a clean data collection that could be used to

identify respondents, such as their name or address (such identifying information

might be stored elsewhere, in separate, protected files). Some identifiers are simple

to identify and manage.

Justice refers to the treatment of all people equally; this means that

everyone has an equal opportunity to share the benefits and costs of the research

without regard to their age, gender, ethnicity, religion, or socioeconomic status,

among other factors. Nonetheless, the researcher has an ethical responsibility to

ensure that her research does not result in injustice or prejudice at any stage of the

process, particularly in the selection of research subjects, so that no group is

excluded (Farrugia, 2019).

The researchers will give each participants an appropriate tokens as a way

of saying thank you and acknowledging their contributions to the study throughout
the investigation. The participants contribution to the study will be recognized and

appreciated.