pre-colonial final

PRE COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Vernacular Architecture

From the latin word vernaculus that is also called folk/traditional or popular
architecture during its time.

no architects and engineer for artisans only who uses no to little plan. intuitive
thinking only and highly reliant on experiences.

It it reliant to the tradition of certain regions/ ethnic domains and in response to

geographical conditions.

This type of architecture utilizes readily available materials in the surroundings.

It evolves in accordance to the environmental, cultural. Technological aspects, and

historical context on where it is located.

Serving to protect from territorial animals, tribe conflicts and natural calamities

Five principal features of Vernacular Architecture

Bulit by local artisans

Native materials

Without construction drawings

Social and economic functionality and aesthetic features

Example: The use of flowers for design hints at the high status of the dwellers.
This is because it gives higher aesthetic features.

Architectural patterns and styles are the results of the protracted evolution of
traditional styles based on the culture of a certain region.

Austronesian Ancestry

It is called BALAI/BAHAY

It pertains to Southeast Asian domestic architecture where there is no influence of

Hispanic/Western culture.

This includes Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, etc.

Common characteristics in relation to the tropical setting:

Raised pile foundation

Elevated living floor (For protection and Lowland areas)

Rectangular volume (dahil Madali for execution)

Voluminous thatched roof (local resource to redirect rainwater)

BAHAY KUBO

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 Bahay kubo ay considered sustainable because it’s surrounded by a garden which
sustains the dwellers. Most of bahay kubo ay mobile that can transfer from one place to
another with the help of bayanihan.

ROOF PITCH: its volume for good water redirection. Hot air rising and cold air is
mas mabigat for breathable space inside (high roof para for warm air goes up that
makes interior cooler)

STILTS:

for baha and putik as well as flexibility for good response in seismic activity with
this di sila gumagamit ng nails.

Area under the stilts are used for storing materials, farming, livestock, or
workplace

KITCHEN: detached kitchen to prevent fires

Bicol in kitchen dahil sa spices

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE:

breathable materials and big openings for good air flow

COMMON ACTIVITY:

they don't spend too much time sa bahay lagi silang nasa labas to find food and
other resources.

sala is multi use kainan, living room, workshop or for sleeping

COMMON SPACES:

Bubungan: nipa or anahaw

Sala: sawali (ay thinner strips of bambooo) or bamboo

Silong (storage/farming or livestock area)): wood or bamboo

panggerhan/ banggerahan dish rack

paliguan ay NASA labas

lutuan ay kusina

VERNACULAR STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

FOUNDATION

Austronesian houses are typically built with Pile/ Stilts/ Wooden post for
framework. This applies to most tropical climate countries especially on coastal,
riverside and lakeshores for it brings protection and additional ventilation.

VOLUMINOUS THATCHED ROOF

Could be pyramidal but is commonly has a form of extended line of roof,

outward sloping gables called saddleback curves.

Made out if grasses and palm leaves

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQES

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 post and lintel construction

assembled without nails

vertical studs slotted into horizontal sill for framing system

Interwoven for stability and protection

Binding is done through lashing with rattan ropes/panali

WOOD JOINERY: tongue and groove, mortise and tenon, lapped and notched
jointing system.

WOOD CONNECTIONS

Ridge beam-Rafter connection

Pagbao (rafter)

Caballete (ridge beam

Sampao – this is where the Galvanized Iron ridge roll is attached

Rafter-purlins connection

Pagbao/pagbo (rafter)

Panolongan hawak

Hawak (Purlins)

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 NIPUHOK

Kuling (groove)

Tukud (tongue)

MUNDILIG

Bagad

Kuling

Bagad

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 FLOORING

LAOINA (rattan lashing)

Ulhut (Beam or Girder)

Runos (Floor Joiist)

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

Walls are made out of matting. It is palm leaves that are bonded through
stitching

weaved bamboo as well as wooden boards and panels for walls are
dependent on status

Here what is Philippine Architecture?

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 Philippine architecture is specific only for Filipinos and Philippines which
responds to the needs, conditions (climate, geography, culture economics,
politics and history), hopes and dreams of Filipinos. Considered one if it is done
by a Filipino architects.

LUZON AND VISAYAS PRE COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

(regional architecture)

Batanes

Cordillera

Luzon & Visayas (Central and Southern)

Mindanao

REGIONAL HOUSES

In accordance to the geographical differences, there is what we call

UPLAND and LOWLAND. With this, they have differences in terms of
architectural features.

1. BATANES (group of islands in North)

Ivatan is the name called for the people living in Batanes

Ang ga puntod ay shaped like a viking burial boat

Idjang is a community on top of an artificial mound (flat sa tuktok). This

mound serves as a protection and control to influx / considered as
sinaunang intramurous.

JINJIN (vahay a jinjin)

bahay sa batanes ng mga ivatan

it means thatched house

timber framed that uses reeds and cogon for walls and roof

they use wood talaga to withstand storms since frequent and punta ng
stroms sa Batanes.

There are other types of Ivatan thatch house:

KAMADID

may walls

It has an enclosing lower portion built of wood.

PARTS:

Sakong – ridge cover

Vuvong- lower ridge cover

Supit – red mat tie

Pangañivucan- Roof beam

Sapawan – Ridge beam

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 Jinjin – cogon wall

Pasumen – king post

Parey – Corner post

Paninjinan – wall stud

Tukah – Tie beam

Pakaw – rafter

RAHAUNG

walang wall and posts are exposed that supports the roof

Multi-function area:

Working area

Place of storage sa pangingisda

RAKUH A VAHAY / Rock House

Dominican friars introduced the Cal y Canto technique

It uses rock and lime for bonding

2 classifications of Rakuh a Vahay

There’s a difference sa roof type

SINADUMPARAN

Gable roof (dos aguas)

PARTS:

Atep – roof

Rihas – Balustrade

Ahbu – Basement

Riyan – eaves

Pakuh – Main House

Tukah – tie beam

Nidkel – reed mat

Pakaw – rafter

Bunghalo – Cantiliver support

Pangañivucan – roof beam

Gada-gada – Masonry wall

Panagatan – floor joist

Minaruman – Lime mortar

Tirante – girder

Suyid – well footing

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 Marcu – exterior lintel

Tapi – floor board

Sadumpad – Gable wall

Tarugo – collar beam

Reklan – binding rafter

Sapawan – ridge beam

Rosay – cogon parts of roof

Yayis - batten

MAYTUAB

Hip roof (Kwatro aguas)

CORDILLERA
This includes the following:

Kankanaey/ kankanai

Ibaloy

Bontok

Kalinga

Isneg

Itneg

Ifugao

Kalanguya

Iwak

Gad’dang

NORTHERN STRAIN

Categorizes houses made by isneg and kalinga

rectangular plan with high gable roof

orctagonal plan and three divided floorings

roof framing is independent as floor framework

malamig na klima prevails this strain

APAYAO HOUSE (BALAI)

Traditional house in Apayao

elevated rectangular shape one-room structure

high pitch thatch (resembled pointed barrel vault)

removable wall panel instead of windows for it to be suitable in hot or

cold days

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 removable and washable floor mats for natural ventilation

PARTS:

Atap – roof

Dindin – wallboards

Ribayan – eaves

Tapi – floor beam

Lawang – drain Gutter

Talaxatag – wood floor

Bobong – roof ridge

Sakkar – tie beam

Toldog – floor joist

Sidung/ linung – basement

Anadixiyan – girder

Rarat – roof underroofing

Dapug – Hearth

Soba – breadth of the house

Padurot – length of the house

Gawayan – interior of house

Agdan – ladder

Sotan/lamdaw – window (removable pieces)

Tabungan – gable opening

Balatad – pathwalk

Arangat – sheif/ dishwashing area

Amoto – jar for holding water

Banga – cooking jar

KALINGA HOUSE (FORUY)

Traditional house for Kalingas

Another elevated rectangular one-room house

Roofing is bamboo laid above the other 8-10 layers

Also has removable wall panel for ventilation

Elevated floor along the perimeter of the wall for seating and
sleeping

PARTS:

Talob – layered roof

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 Agakan – secondary ridge beam

Sawang – door

Ina – Main interior post

Tukud – external post

Mamalbag salakab – purlin

Angattigan – king post

Tunglob – gable wall

Bubong – ridge cover

Binukol – primary ridge beam

Dabi – wallboard

Alisot – bamboo siding

Batangan – tie beam

Daloong – stove

Sipi – elevated flooring

Lutuf – floor joist

Patang – girder

Pudis – floor beam

Singit-tukod – stone peg

Sogwas/dola – basement

Ban-oga sawang – window

Dattagon – upper floor

Sagpatan – shelf

Manukdon salakab – rafter

KALINGA HOUSE (BINAYON/FINARYON)

Traditional ocatagonal plan house of the Kalingas

PARTS:

Pongo – bent rafter

Ati-atig – horizontal roof support

Paratok – upper column

Okong – upper floor wallboards

Tatagon – floor mat

Chosar – fixed wooden floor

Fot-ang – floor joist

Tuod – post

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 Chingching – lower floor walkboards

Fuchis – beam

Soling – girder

Pispis – sill and roof beams

Fatangan – tie beam

Ta’ray – vertical roof support

Panab’ongan – ridge beam

SOUTHEREN STRAIN

Categorizes the houses mad by Ifugao Bontoc Ibaloi and

Kankanay

square plan and high gabaled

opposite to northeren strain wherein the roof framing is

dependent with the frameworks

windowless

low wall and roof for warmth

and raised 0,90 above the ground

BONTOC HOUSE (AFUNG)

Traditional house in Bontox, Mountain Province

Directly built on the ground without slits

Ground space is the main living and working area

wood wall that encloses the open living space and central
granaries

its thick roof is almost covering the perimeter wall of the

area

it has a disk placed at every columns

PARTS:

Felig – granary

Soldut – cooking area

Ang-an – sleeping area

Tap-an – pounding area

Li-im – eating area

BABAREY (VILLAGE)

Settlement area in Bontoc community

pag 8 na ilalagay na sa mga dormitory

The community consists of:

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 Ator – Meeting place for men

Pabafunan – Dormitory for boys

Pangis – dormitory for girls

Chap-ay – circular layout of flat stone

Akhamang – rice granary

Afung – Married couple bontoc house

KANKANAY AND IBALOI HOUSE (BAEY/

BAYBAYAN)

An elevated square one-room house

Has four thick posts which supports a timber upper

floor and steep hip type roof (made out of cogon
grass)

Its lower end ng roof is flared which has a similarity

to Bontoc and Kalinga’s roof

maliliit kasi tulugan lang at kainan tapos laging

NASA labas at agricultural inclined people

may parang attic

PARTS:

Baey – ceiling

Sagaang – sheif

Pananuman – Water container

Banga – cooking jar

Tokodan – bench

Balangsag – bench under the house

Sakaitan – stone stair

Atep – roof

Pangtew – door

Dett-a – floor

Abek – mat

Tetey – wood ladder

Bobongan – ridge beam

Torok – undersheating

Dagat – rafter

Tikel – flared-out rafter

Balikes – horizontal stud

Dingding- wallboards

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 Ballangan – girder

Sagpad – floor joist

Opop – wall sill

Sedngal – inclined support

Goanan – roof beam

Anayasan – tie beam

SAGADA HOUSE (TINOKBOB)

Earliest house in Sagada

Windowless

Thick and steep roof that is aimed to withstand

cold weather conditions

In similarity to the Bontoc, house, it is also

directly built on ground

Ground space is multi-functional: eating

sleeping, cooking and working space.

Central structure ay elevated that serves as the

granary

PARTS:

Agamang – central granary

Agdan – ladder

Segpan – doorway

Lomeng – pig pen

Kamalig – storage space

Dapoan – cooking area

Atep – roof

IFUGAO HOUSE (BALE/ FALE)

Traditional house of Ifugao people

Windowless

Elevated square and windowless one-room

Has high, heavy, pyramidal roof

Uses the technique of mortise and tenon

Its framework is hand-hewn timber

Instead of nails, it is mortised

Can be easily disassembled dahil mortised

langs pwede magpalipat lipat

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 posts ay nakapatong sa stone foundation
para iwas anay pag nilubog kasi sa ground
it will have susceptible for defects

Hagabi is a bench that speaks of status.

Pag may ganyan mayaman ka dahil mahal
nag pagpapaggawa ng hagabi.

Kanyaw – part of their culture wherein and

skulls ng human, pig, carabao, and other
more are displayed as it is treated as a
trophy.

PARTS:

Atop – roof

Gaob – wallboard

Tukud – post

Punchapalan – fireplace

Na-ulya – female side

Panto – door

Teteh – ladder

Silong – basement

Halipan – cylindrical disk (iwas peste

since they store things sa granary)

Nundatu – male side

Patyie – shelf

Palan - attic

Ambubulan – square box

Wanan – purlins

Bunghol – rafter

Dotal – floor board

Mundilig – outer end floor joist

Kuling – girder

Pognad – stone foundation

Gawaan – central floor joist

Huklub – transverse beam

Liub – girt

Bagat – upper column

Pumpitolan – central beam

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 Taknang – king post

BABLE (VILLAGE)

Bable is a settlement village of the

Ifugao community.

It consists of houses and granary

This area cannot be irrigated and hindi

Patag

The bale houses are placed in a way

na hindi mahaharangan yung irrigation

PLACES:

Inalahan – public forest

Hinaob – forest adopted by terrace

communities

Uma/ kaingin – swidden farm

Payo – stonewalled terrace pond-

field

Latangan – residential area

Magulon – grassland

BAHAY KUBO

LOWLANDS

Bahay kubo is known as cuala, saung or dangpa in lowland areas

MATERIALS:

Bamboo

Nipa

Cogon

Rattan

Guijo

Yakal

PARTS:

Hiero liso – caballete

Palupo – ridge pole

Kilo mayor – rafter

Sikang – purlin

Pawid – nipa shingles

Hiero liso – caballete

Sikang – purlin

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 Kilo – rafter

Sepo – girt

Haligi – post

Pawid – nipa shingles

Trabesanyo – horizontal stud

Giulan – girder

Hamba – door jamb

Sahig – floor

Palatpat – bamboo strips

Gililan – girder

Soleras – floor joist

Pilarete – vertical stud

Pasamano – window sill

Dingding napawid – wall of nipa shingle

Bubong na pawid – nipa shingled roof

Yawi – main beam

Patakuran – secondary beam

Pasibi – lean-to-roof

Banguerahan – elevated counter made of bamboo/ food storage

Sagang – railing

Silong – underneath the house

Bulwagan – main house

Abuhan – cooking area

Batalan – washing area

Balangkas – framework

INLAND COMMUNITY

it is a community where there is no water forms

RIVERSIDE COMMUNITY

Community that resides near a river

Walang toilet

Tsaka nalalng nagkaroon ng toilet pag dating ng americans

MANGYAN HOUSES

Elevated at 1.50m

Usually 6x10 m plan

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 Palaganan - passageway lower sa main house

eaves projected 1 meter para di ginawin sa hangin

no windows

wall bark of trees

TAGBANUA HOUSE

8 feet high

Consists of 8 levels

No partitions

No windows

tagbanua ay mga taga palawan

8 levels wala daw window kasi nasa trabaho

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