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CHAPTER 2: ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

English Language Teaching

The presentation covers the journey of English education in the Philippines, starting from the English
Language Policy era to today's Mother Tongue-based Multilingual Education. It defines English
Language Teaching (ELT) as teaching non-native English speakers, stressing its role in language
proficiency. Exploring ELT's dynamic nature, it includes language skills, culture, and tech.
Highlighting ELT's importance, it focuses on communication skills, grammar, cultural understanding,
and critical thinking. In a nutshell, the presentation gives a solid overview of English education,
spanning its history to current implications.

Hierarchy of Language Teaching

The presentation dives into language education, breaking down approach, method, and technique. It
explains the approach as the guiding philosophy, giving direction to teaching. It separates method
(systematic ways of doing things) from technique (tools enhancing education). The importance is
stressed – a clear approach helps problem-solving, effective methods are vital for learning, and
techniques make learning engaging. The use of gamification as an example shows how creative
methods can make learning enjoyable. In short, the presentation shows how these elements work
together for effective language education.

Cognitive Development Theory

The presentation dives into how students learn, exploring different theories like Piaget's stages where
kids act like little scientists figuring out the world. It also considers critiques, emphasizing the impact
of social and cultural factors on growth. It introduces other thinkers like Vygotsky, Erikson, Kohlberg,
Bronfenbrenner, and Gardner, each adding a unique perspective. Vygotsky talks about social
interaction, while Gardner brings in multiple intelligences. The takeaway is that education isn't just
about facts; it's a mix of human interaction, morality, and different types of smarts, all crucial for
understanding how kids learn and succeed.

Social Cognition Learning Model

Bandura's learning idea is all about how people get motivated and act. He builds on social learning,
talking about how our thoughts, watching others, self-control, and self-reflection all play into it.
Unlike basic conditioning, he says people actively decide what to do based on what they want and see.
The Bobo Doll experiment shows how kids learn by watching. While it's praised for being flexible,
critics say it overlooks personal responsibility and milestones. Basically, Bandura's theory says our
actions come from a mix of thinking and what's happening around us, making it stand out in how we
understand behavior.

Inquiry-Based Approach
The inquiry-based approach to teaching entails a methodology wherein educators guide students to
explore and discover knowledge independently rather than providing direct answers. This pedagogical
approach prioritizes the cultivation of critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and a deeper
understanding of concepts through hands-on learning. Teachers play a facilitative role, steering the
process while students take an active role in inquiry, resembling researchers or scientists in their
pursuit of knowledge. The approach emphasizes fostering curiosity and delving beyond memorization
to comprehend the underlying principles and reasons behind various phenomena. By encouraging
learning through practical engagement, the inquiry-based approach aims to enhance the overall
educational experience, rendering it more engaging and meaningful for students.
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CHAPTER 3: ELT METHODS AND APPROACHES

Grammar Translation Method

The Grammar Translation Method is all about sticking to the basics. It's great for diving deep into
grammar, vocabulary, and nailing down precise writing, especially handy for classical languages and
literature. The focus is on translating texts, which helps students get good at both understanding and
expressing themselves in the language. But, it's more about reading and writing; talking and practical
use take a back seat. With a structured approach and a teacher taking charge, it creates a focused
environment to hit specific language goals.

The Direct Method

The Direct Method for teaching English is kind of like a blast from the past, harking back to the late
1800s. It's all about jumping straight into speaking and listening – no need for heavy grammar books.
The teachers take the lead, speaking only English and encouraging us to join in, aiming for smooth
conversations without those awkward pauses. Students are fully engaged, talking, listening, and doing
fun activities. Reading and writing come into play later, but they're not the main focus. It's supposed
to mimic how we learned our first language – just by diving in. Plus, using our native language to
help out is totally okay. Tests are more about real stuff, not just filling in blanks, and if we mess up,
we fix it ourselves like language ninjas. It's interactive, teamwork, and though it might feel a bit old-
fashioned, they say it gets the job done.

Audio-Lingual Method
The Audio-Lingual Method is a language teaching thing where you basically repeat stuff until it
sticks. You're all about mimicking dialogues and doing drills to get your English game strong in
pronunciation and grammar. The endgame? Talking like a pro, nailing grammar, and being quick on
your feet in real-life language situations. Teachers are in charge, using audio materials for examples,
and students play the mimic game, focusing on speaking. Forget your native language; it's all about
diving into English. Mistakes? Teachers step in later to give feedback. Lots of repeating, inflections,
and swapping things out in activities – they want learning the language to feel like a groove, with
everyone working together toward fluency.

Suggestopedia
Suggestopedia is an approach to English Language Teaching designed to foster a positive and
enjoyable learning atmosphere. Originating from Georgi Lozanov, this method seeks to motivate
students by harnessing the power of suggestion to eliminate impediments to learning. Teachers
assume a supportive role, incorporating music and relaxation techniques during the "Concert" stage.
Students adopt a receptive state, trust the method, embrace a childlike role, eschew criticism, and
anticipate a temporary state of infantilization. Suggestopedia addresses listening, speaking, reading,
vocabulary, fluency, and confidence. Native language usage is minimized, with assessment conducted
through observation, portfolio evaluation, feedback, participation, and performance tasks. Error
correction is deferred, emphasizing positive feedback and subliminal correction. Activities encompass
music, role-playing, games, relaxation exercises, and group activities. The interaction between
students and teachers is supportive, learner-centered, and immersive, creating a nurturing learning
environment. Suggestopedia prioritizes the emotional and psychological dimensions of effective and
enjoyable learning.
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The Silent Way

The Silent Way, a language teaching approach by Caleb Gattegno, puts a spotlight on learner
independence. Teachers take a back seat, staying silent to encourage student involvement and self-
discovery. The goals include building grammar knowledge, boosting self-esteem, and honing
language expression. Teachers mainly focus on teaching, testing, and stepping aside, letting students
actively engage, assist each other, and become independent learners. Special tools like Cuisenaire rods
and sound-color charts are used, developing speaking, writing, and reading skills. Evaluation relies on
observation and student feedback, with errors considered a natural part of learning, corrected through
silence and peer input. Activities include rod tasks and charades, maintaining a quiet teacher presence
while facilitating learning through observation and occasional cues.

Total Physical Response

Total Physical Response (TPR), crafted by Dr. James Asher, is a lively language teaching method
centered on learning through physical movement, mirroring the way we naturally acquire languages.
The main goals are to improve listening, comprehension, and speaking skills in a stress-free and
enjoyable manner. Initially, the teacher guides students, but as they get the hang of the language, roles
shift, and students take the lead. The method involves connecting words with gestures, emphasizing
pronunciation, and reinforcing vocabulary through writing. It leans minimally on the students' first
language, encouraging understanding through body movements. Evaluation is informal, with subtle
error correction. Sample activities like Simon Says and storytelling make learning interactive,
fostering a positive teacher-student interaction rooted in nonverbal communication. In essence, TPR
creates an immersive and physical language learning environment, encouraging active participation
and skill development.

Communicative Language Teaching

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is a teaching approach centered around learners interacting
to acquire a second or foreign language. The focus is on developing communicative competence,
covering linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic aspects. In this learner-centered setup,
teachers act as facilitators, creating a motivating and communicative learning environment. Students
take a central role, participating in creative activities and negotiating meaning during the learning
process. Classroom activities mirror real-life situations, highlighting everyday language use, with
grammar and vocabulary teaching emphasizing meaning. CLT extends language skills beyond
sentences, enhancing cohesion, coherence, and conversation structures. Activities like role-playing,
opinion sharing, and group work encourage interactive learning. Student-teacher interactions involve
recitation, reflecting the collaborative and communicative essence of CLT.
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CHAPTER 4: TEACHING APPROACHES/TECHNIQUES/STRATEGIES

Instructional Approaches for Teaching Reading

When it comes to teaching listening, effective strategies cover various functions and modes.
Listening, seen as a learned process involving receiving, interpreting, recalling, evaluating, and
responding to verbal and nonverbal messages, serves purposes like comprehension, discernment,
analysis, appreciation, and support. Attentive listening requires focused attention, while responsive
listening involves using cues, both verbal and nonverbal, to show understanding. Active listening
combines hearing and responding without dismissing the speaker's comments. In teaching, three
modes of listening include listening to students, accepting feedback, and encouraging note-taking.
Strategies like pausing and asking questions, relating to students, utilizing visual aids, and stressing
the importance of talking less and listening more aim to enhance learning and nurture effective
communication skills.

Instructional approaches for Teaching Writing

Teaching reading is about helping students grasp and interact with texts effectively. Reading, the
process of turning symbols into sound, is crucial for mental stimulation and absorbing information.
Teachers focus on phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension, highlighting the importance of
guiding students to read independently. Different reading types, like scanning and skimming, suit
various purposes. Key principles involve tapping into background knowledge, expanding vocabulary,
teaching for comprehension, increasing reading speed, and integrating assessment for continuous
improvement. Reading strategies such as predicting, questioning, making connections, and
summarizing act as deliberate tools to enhance comprehension and engagement in the reading
process.

Instructional Strategies for Teaching Listening

Writing is this whole journey with different steps. It kicks off with pre-writing, where you think about
your ideas and plan things like who you're writing for, the format, and strong verbs (RAFTS). This
sets the stage for the drafting part, where your ideas start turning into sentences and paragraphs based
on that initial plan. After that comes revision, a chance to thoroughly review and polish the content for
clarity and coherence. Next is editing, where you carefully check for grammar, punctuation, and
structure. The whole process wraps up with publishing or sharing your work. Each step plays a role in
crafting a well-put-together piece, showing not just your writing skills but also how thoughts can
transform into something tangible and meaningful.

Instructional Strategies for Teaching Speaking

Teaching speaking involves recognizing its dynamic role in second language acquisition and
addressing key factors. Speaking is seen as a process of building and sharing meaning through words
and actions, gaining renewed attention for its significance. Functions of speaking include interaction,
transaction, and performance, showcasing its diverse applications. Balancing accuracy and fluency is
vital. Various speaking activities like "What a Life," "Taboo," and "Finding the Murderer" boost
engagement and creativity. Tackling decision-making aspects, such as course focus and performance
expectations, contributes to an effective teaching approach. In essence, teaching speaking requires
understanding its functions, achieving balance, incorporating diverse activities, and addressing
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decision-making factors, fostering a dynamic language learning environment.

CHAPTER 5: SYLLABUS AND LESSON PLAN DESIGNS

Parts of the Syllabus and Lesson Plans

A syllabus functions as a comprehensive plan for an academic course, serving as a contractual
agreement between educators and learners by delineating content, structure, and objectives. It
enhances transparency, fostering accountability and effective communication. The historical origin of
the term "syllabus" dates back to its introduction in 1656, evolving to encompass academic programs.
Critical components of a syllabus include Course Information, University Vision, Mission, Quality
Policy, Institutional and Program Outcomes, Course Description, Course Outcomes, Course Learning
Planning, Course References and Supplemental Readings, Grading Assessment, Course
Requirements, Course Policies and Expectations, Revision History, and Faculty Contact Information.
Each segment plays a pivotal role in providing a comprehensive understanding of the course and
cultivating a conducive learning environment. Syllabi have adapted to evolving conventions in both
content and format. They function as curriculum frameworks, offering clarity, consistency, and
accountability, facilitating resource planning, enabling effective communication, and fulfilling legal
and accreditation requisites. In essence, a meticulously structured syllabus is foundational for
fostering effective teaching and learning in educational settings.

Constructing Syllabus and Lesson Plans

A lesson plan is a carefully crafted document that educators use to structure a single teaching session,
covering objectives, content, instructional methods, assessments, and more. Its origins can be traced
back to Gestalt psychology, highlighting the importance of meaningful units in learning. Three
common types include Semi-Detailed, Detailed, and Daily Lesson Log plans. Detailed and Semi-
Detailed plans typically include Objectives, Subject Matter, Lesson Procedure (covering Preparation,
Presentation, Application, Generalization), Evaluation, and Assignment. An example Daily Lesson
Log comprises Objectives, Content, Learning Resources, Procedure (with ten parts), Remarks, and
Reflection. The significance of lesson planning lies in its capacity to promote reflective practice,
allowing teachers to refine strategies, address learner needs, and facilitate effective learning
experiences in the classroom. This aligns with education guidelines that underscore the importance of
daily lesson preparation for impactful teaching.