M.
1- The Basics
Structure Location/
Function Pathology
Name Description
Central - In the center of - Receiving, processing, and
the body responding to sensory info
Nervous - Brain and spinal
system cord --
Peripheral - Outside of - Relays info from brain to the rest
central nervous of the body
Nervous system --
system - What branches
out from the
brain and spinal
cord
Autonomic - Deals with the - Regulates involuntary
organs physiological processes
Nervous --
System
Somatic - Skeletal muscles - Body movement
- Voluntary info
Nervous --
System
- Center of the - Sends all types of info
torso throughout the body
Spinal Cord --
- Parallel to face
Coronal Plane -- --
- Parallel to
midline
Sagittal Plane -- --
- Parallel to floor
Horizontal -- --
Plane
- Toward the top
Dorsal -- --
- Toward the
underside
Ventral -- --
- Toward the
midline
Medial -- --
- Away from the
midline (to the
Lateral side) -- --
- Toward the
front (anterior)
Rostral -- --
- Toward the back
(posterior)
Caudal -- --
- Above
Superior -- --
- below
Inferior -- --
- Cluster of somas
and dendrites
Nucleus/ within the -- --
Nuclei central nervous
system
- Cluster of somas
and dendrites
Ganglia/ within the -- --
Ganglia peripheral
nervous system
- Outer layer of
brain’s surface
Cortex -- --
- Bundles of
axons located in
Tracts the central -- --
nervous system
- Bundles of
axons located in
Nerves the peripheral -- --
nervous system
- Referring to a
pathway
White Matter - CNS and PNS -- --
- An area of the
brain
Grey Matter - CNS and PNS -- --
M.2- Meninges
Structure Location/
Function Pathology
Name Description
- 3 layered - Protection and structural
membrane support
Meninges system --
- Above dura - Helps absorb shock
Epidural Space --
- Outermost layer - Limits displacement of the brain
- Strongest layer
Dura - “Tough mother” --
- Between dura - Blood clots
mater and
Subdural Space arachnoid layer --
- Site of subdural
hematoma
- Weblike
appearance
Arachnoid -- --
layer
- Area under
arachnoid layer
Subarachnoid - Site of many -- --
space bloods vessels
- “Soft and
delicate
Pia mother” -- --
- Clear fluid - Buoyancy, protection, and - infections
nutrient
Cerebrospinal
Fluid
- Originates in - Filters blood to make cerebral
subarachnoid spinal fluid
Choroid Plexus space --
- Thick band of
Dura
Falx Cerebri - Sits in -- --
longitudinal
fissure
- Thick band of
Dura
Tentorium - Sits in -- --
transverse
fissure
- Goes across the
length of the
Longitudinal brain
Fissure - Separates the -- --
two
hemispheres
- Goes across the
width of the
Transverse brain -- --
Fissure
- Located at the - Produces and releases hormones - Damage means hormone
base of the replacement therapy
Pituitary Gland brain
- “Turkish saddle” - Protects the pituitary gland
--
Sella Turcica
- Blood vessel - Site of pituitary gland
clusters - Hormone release for distribution
Capillary/ to the rest of the body --
Vascular beds
- “Cut stalk” - Connects pituitary gland to - Damage means pituitary dies
hypothalamus
Infundibulum
- “Squishy grey - Production/secretion of - hamartomas
nucleus” within histamine
Tuber hypothalamus
Cinereum
M.3- Dorsal View
Structure Location/
Function Pathology
Name Description
- Cerebral cortex
Cerebrum -- --
- “Little brain” - Error detection in motor - Alcohol damage
learning, motor memory, and
Cerebellum cognition
- Center of the - Sensory, motor, and reflexes - paralysis
torso
Spinal Cord
- Folds or
wrinkles of the
Convolutions cortex -- --
- Hill of a
convolution
Gyrus/Gyri -- --
- Valley of a
convolution
Sulcus/Sulci -- --
- A deep sulcus
Fissure -- --
- Landmark
visually
Ansate Sulcus separating -- --
frontal lobe
from parietal
lobe
- In between the
precentral gyrus
Central Sulcus and the -- --
postcentral
gyrus
- Primary motor - Movement on the opposite side
cortex of the body
Precentral --
Gyrus
- Primary - Appreciation of sensations
somatosensory
Postcentral cortex --
Gyrus
- Landmark - Reference point for surgery of
- Intersection of the brain
Bregma longitudinal --
fissure and
ansate sulcus
- Directly behind - movement/motor
forehead
Frontal Lobe --
- Toward the top - Somatosensation, spatial
of the brain awareness, and association
Parietal Lobe - Just behind the cortex --
frontal lobe
- Primary and - Processes auditory info
association
Temporal Lobe cortex for --
auditory stimuli
- Primary and - Visual inputs - blindsight
association
Occipital Lobe visual cortex
- Located in the - Language production (motor) - Broca's aphasia
frontal lobe of
Broca's Area the dominant
hemisphere
- Located in the - Language comprehension - Wernicke’s aphasia
back of the
Wernicke’s temporal lobe
Area
M.4- Lateral View
Structure Location/
Function Pathology
Name Description
- Lateral to the - Olfaction and memory - Anosmia and anterograde amnesia
thalamus
Limbic lobe
- Rostral portion - Primary olfactory cortex - Anosmia
of the limbic
Uncus lobe
- Caudal portion - All memory inputs to - Anterograde amnesia
of the limbic hippocampus
Entorhinal lobe
Cortex
- Landmark
visually --
Rhinal Fissure separating --
limbic lobe from
temporal and
frontal lobes
- Rostral portion - Mediates impulse control - Impulsivity increases
of frontal lobe
Orbitofrontal
Cortex
- Indented - Disgust, visceral reactions, and - Damage = loss of drug cravings
portion of cravings (temporary)
Insula cortex
- “Oblong - Life sustaining functions (heart - Damage = death
structure” rate, respiration, and blood
Medulla pressure)
- Center of the - Motor, reflexes, and sensory - paralysis
torso
Spinal Cord
- “Little brain” - Error detection in motor - Alcohol damage
learning, motor memory, and
Cerebellum cognition
M.5- Cerebellum
Structure Location/
Function Pathology
Name Description
- “Little brain” - Error detection in motor - Alcohol damage
learning, motor memory, and
Cerebellum cognition
- “worm” - Coordinates the movement of - Alcohol damage to neurons
- Medial portion the central body (balance, shaking, coordination
Vermis of the issues)
cerebellum
- Landmark
visually
Primary Fissure separating -- --
anterior and
posterior lobes
- Rostral
- Tucked under
Anterior Lobe occipital lobe -- --
- Caudal most
portion
Posterior Lobe -- --
- Connecting the - All axons to and from
cerebellum to cerebellum
Cerebellar the brain stem --
Peduncles and cerebrum
- Behind the brain - Conveys cerebral spinal fluid - hydrocephalus
stem from the third ventricle to the
IV Ventricle central canal
- “Tree of life”
- White matter
Arbor Vitae pattern in -- --
cerebellum
- “leaves”
- Grey matter
Folia convolutions of -- --
cerebellum
- Located in the - Conveys cerebral spinal fluid - diseases
spinal cord from the fourth ventricle
Central Canal through spinal cord
M.6- Cranial Nerves
Structure Location/
Function Pathology
Name Description
- Somas in the - Sensory only - Anosmia
nose - Olfaction
CN I – Olfactory
Nerve
- Directly inferior - Site of CN 1 synapses - Anosmia
to the frontal
Olfactory Bulbs lobe
- Located toward - Olfaction - Anosmia
the limen of the - From olfactory bulbs to uncus
Lateral insula
Olfactory Tract
- Located in the - Olfaction, emotions, and - Seizures
temporal lobe forming new memories
Uncus
- Somas in retina - Sensory only - Small = scotoma
- Vision - Large = blindness
CN II – Optic
Nerve
- Located at the - Point of partial decussation in - Small = scotoma
base of the humans - Large = blindness
Optic Chiasm brain
- Lies along the - Carries visual info to thalamus - Small = scotoma
upper anterior - Large = blindness
Optic Tract
- Exits the - Motor only - Strabismus
brainstem near - Eye/eyelid movement - Amblyopia
CN III – midline - Nystagmus
Oculomotor - Caudal to the
mammillary
Nerve bodies
- Three branches - Sensory = tooth sensation and - Marcus Gunn
some taste - Trigeminal neuralgia
CV V – - Motor = jaw movement and eye
Trigeminal blinking
Nerve
M.7- Ventral View
Structure Location/
Function Pathology
Name Description
- A component of - Olfaction reward - Decreased reward value
the ventral
Olfactory striatum
Tubercle
- Indented - Disgust, visceral reactions, and - Damage = loss of drug cravings
portion of cravings (temporary)
Insula cortex
- Rostral portion - Primary olfactory cortex - Anosmia
of the limbic
Uncus lobe
- Caudal portion - All memory inputs to - Anterograde amnesia
of the limbic hippocampus
Entorhinal lobe
Cortex
- Rostral portion - Mediates impulse control - Impulsivity increases
of frontal lobe
Orbitofrontal
Cortex
- “Cut stalk” - Connects pituitary gland to - Damage means pituitary dies
hypothalamus
Infundibulum
- - -
Tuber
Cinereum
- Specialized - Mixes blood from left and right - Intersections vulnerable to
vascular sides of the body for distribution aneurisms
Circle of Willis network to the left and right hemispheres
- Cluster of nuclei - Regulates autonomic nervous
system and neuroendocrine
Hypothalamus function --
- Nucleus within - Memory (through connections - Korsakoff’s Syndrome
hypothalamus to hippocampus)
Mammillary
Bodies
- Large trunk of - Main highway for signals
axons - Especially for body coordination
Cerebral --
Peduncle
- “Bridge pillow” - Ascending tract initiates rem - REM behavior disorder
sleep
Pons - Descending tract inhibits motor
neurons in spinal cord
- “Oblong - Life sustaining functions (heart - Damage = death
structure” rate, respiration, and blood
Medulla pressure)
Pyramids/ - Tracts with - Movement - Damage = paralysis
somas in
Pyramidal precentral gyrus
Tracts
