HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND

VICTIMOLOGY
Prepared by: Randy Jala Lungay, RCrim
PSYCHOLOGY

Is an academic and applied discipline

involving the phenomenological and scientific
study of mental processes and behavior.
It is the study of mind and behavior.
What is Human Development?
Human development is the process of a person's
growth and maturation throughout their lifespan,
concerned with the creation of while leading
productive and creative lives in accordance with their
interests and needs. Development is about the
expansion of choices people have in order to lead
lives they value.
PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY OF HUMAN PERSONALITY

Id (Principle of Pleasure)
- Unconscious- It contains all the urges and impulses including libido because
the satisfaction of it gives enjoyment to the person.

Ego (Principle of Reality)

- Conscious Reality
- It tries to mediate the demands of the Id and prohibition of the
superego.
Superego
- It is the conscience of man which is the
unconscious part of our personality.
- It may be represented by the voice of God,
commandment of the community or self-goodwill
and sense of right and wrong.
Freud Psychosexual Stages of Development
1. Oral stage/Infancy – This stage covers the period from birth up to
the end of 2nd year of life. The mouth is the main source of gratification
of the child. The child is learning to deal w/ anxiety by the gratification
of oral needs such as sucking, chewing, biting and spitting is normal
activities of child.
2. Anal Stage/Toddler – This extends from the end of the 2nd year to
the 3rd year. The anus, through controlling and expelling feces, is the
major source of gratification for the child.
3. Phallic Stage/Preschool – This covers approximately the end of the
3rd to the 6th year of life. The child finds pleasure by fondling his or her
genitals. The child establishes sexual identity/genital stimulation. This
stage is called the Fixated Behavior.
- Electra Complex – female child develops intimacy with her
father and views the mother as the rival.
- Oedipus Complex – a male child develops intimacy to his
mother and views the father as his rival.
4. Latency/School-age –Starts from the 6th year to age 12.
During this period, the child shifts from deriving gratification
from his of her body parts to environmental activities like
playing and learning. The child gains pleasure by being with
his or company.
5. Genital Stage/Adolescence – This starts from puberty and
beyond. The individual realizes that other people are not just
mere sources of gratification but people to be loved.
BEHAVIOR
Defined as an organism’s responses to stimulation or
environment.
The manner of conducting oneself
The way in which someone behaves
Defined as anything that you do that can be directly
observed, measured, and repeated.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Refers to the voluntary and involuntary attitude of a person

adopts to fit society’s idea of right and wrong.
Determined by heredity and environment, and modified
through learning.
Range of actions and mannerisms environment,exhibited
by humans in conjunction with their internal or
responding to various stimuli or inputs, whether or
involuntary.
Two Basic Types of Behavior
INHERITED - Refers to any behavioral response or reflex exhibited by people
due to their genetic endowment or the process of natural selection. Known
as innate behavior.
LEARNED - Involves cognitive adaptation that enhances the human being’s
ability to cope with changes in the environment and to manipulate the
environment in ways, which improve the chances for survival. Also called as
operant behavior.
KINDS OF BEHAVIOR

1. CONSCIOUS OR UNCONSCIOUS
 When the person is aware of his actions, classified as Conscious Behavior.

 Acts that are embedded in one’s sub consciousness, it is Unconscious or

Unaware
2. OVERT OR COVERT
Overt Behavior is directly observable, outwardly
manifested
Covert Behavior is not visible to the naked eye,
hidden
3. RATIONAL OR IRRATIONAL
Rational when it is done with sanity
Irrational when done without knowing the nature
and consequences of the action
4. VOLUNTARY OR INVOLUNTARY
Voluntary Behavior is an act done willingly.
Involuntary refers to the body activities and processes
that we cannot stop even we are sleeping like, breathing,
circulation of the blood and metabolism.
5. SIMPLE OR COMPLEX
Simple Behavior, less neurons involved in a certain
act.
Complex Behavior, more number of neurons
involved.
Common Perspectives in the Study of Human Behavior
1. Neurological View
- This perspective emphasizes human actions in relation to events
that take place inside the body, especially the brain and the nervous
system.
2. Behavioral View
- This view focuses on the external activities that can be observed
and measured.
3. Cognitive View
- This perspective studies how the brain processes and transforms
information in various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical View
- This view emphasizes unconscious motives stemming
from repressed sexual and aggressive impulses in
childhood.
5. Humanistic View
- This perspective focuses on the subject's experience,
freedom of choice, and strong motivation to achieve self-
satisfaction.
Three Faculties of Man
1. Will – the power of conscious deliberate actions; the faculty by
which the rational mind makes choice of its ends of action, and
direct energies in carrying out its determination.
2. Intellect – the faculty of power of perception or thought; or power
of understanding.
3. Soul – the rational, emotional, and volitional faculties in man,
conceived of as forming and entity distinct from, often existing
independently of his body.
Two Basic Factors Affecting Behavior

1. Heredity – is the characteristics of a person acquired from

birth being transferred from one generation to another.
2. Environment – is the surroundings or condition in which
a person, animal, or plant lives or operates as affected by
human activity. It may also refer to anything around the
person that influences his actions.
Aspects of Human Behavior

 INTELLECTUAL
- Refers to the mental processes such as decision making, reasoning and solving
problems.
 SOCIAL
- This refers to our interaction and relationship with other people.
 EMOTIONAL
- This is concern with our feelings, moods, and temper.
 PSYCHOSEXUAL
- This is concern to our state of being whether man or woman because it is referring to our
expression of love to another person irrespective of sex.
 POLITICAL
- This aspect of behavior involves our ideology towards government.
 MORAL
- This pertains to our conscience whether the action is good or bad.
 ATTITUDE/VALUE
- This aspect of behavior pertains to our likes and dislike or our interest
towards something.
Different Environmental Factors Affecting Individual Behavior

1. THE FAMILY BACKGROUND

A basic consideration because it is in the family whereby an
individual first experiences how to relate and interact with another.
2. THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA
Which affect the feeling of security of a child undergoing development
processes
3. PATHOGENIC FAMILY STRUCTURE – those families associated
with high frequency of problems such as:

A. The inadequate family – characterized by the inability to

cope with the ordinary problems of family living. It lacks the resources,
physical or psychological, for meeting the demands of family
satisfaction.

B. The anti-social family – those that espouses unacceptable

values as a result of the influence of parents to their children.
 C. The discordant/disturbed family – characterized by
dissatisfaction of one or both parent from the relationship that
may express feeling of frustration. This is usually due to vale
differences as common sources of conflict and dissatisfaction.

D. The disrupted family – characterized by incompleteness

whether as a result of death, divorce, separation or some other
circumstances.
4. INSTITUTIONAL INFLUENCES such as: peer groups, mass, media, church
and school, government institutions, NGO’s etc.

5. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS such as war and violence, group prejudice and

discrimination, economic and employment problems and other social
changes.

6. NUTRITION OR THE QUALITY OF FOOD that a person intake is also a factor

that influences man to commit crime because poverty is one of the many
reasons to criminal behavior.
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
1. Physiological Needs – food, shelter, clothing, water, sleep, sex,
survival needs/basic needs.

2. Safety Needs – security of the body, employment, of resources, of

morality, of the family, of health and property.

3. Sense of belongingness/Love Needs – friendship, family,

affiliation, acceptance, sexual intimacy.
4. Cognitive Needs – our motivation for learning and
exploration.
5. Self-Esteem – confidence, achievements competence,
reputation, status, respect of others.

6. Aesthetic Needs – our motivation for beauty and order.

7. Self- Actualization – self-fulfillment, morality, creativity,

problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts.
Causes of Human Behavior
1. SENSATION – relates to the feeling of impression or stimulus.

Visual – sense of sight

Auditory – sense of hearing

Gustatory – sense to taste

Olfactory – sense of smell

Cutaneous – sense of touch

2. PERCEPTION – deals with the person’s knowledge of a
given stimulus which largely help to determine the actual
behavioral response in a given situation
3. AWARENESS – concerned with psychological activity
based on the interpretation and experience of object or
stimulus
Classification of Behavior
1. Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior)
The standard or totally accepted behavior because they
follow the standard or norms of the society.
a. efficient perception of reality
b. self-knowledge
c. ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior
d. ability to form affectionate relationship with others.
2. Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive or maladjusted
behavior)
A group of behaviors that are deviant from social
expectations because they go against the norms or standard
behavior of society.
a. behavior that is socially unacceptable
b. When a person fails to meet the criteria enumerated in
normal behavior, he is deemed to be an abnormal person.
Psychopathology
Study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorder.
It is the scientific study of mental disorders, including efforts to
understand their genetic, biological psychological, and social causes;
effective classification schemes (nosology); course across all stages of
development; manifestations: and treatment. It is also defined as the
origin of mental disorders, how they develop, and the symptoms they
might produce in a person.
Insanity – refers to a mental faculty which cannot judge between right
and wrong.
Rule of Intelligence in Criminal Case

1. McNaughten Rule
A person is exempted to a crime if he/she does not know
what is right from what is wrong.
2. Durham Rule
It explains that accused is not criminally responsible if
his unlawful act is the product of mental disease or mental
defect.
 IQ CATEGORY EQUIVALENT CAPACITY

1 to 20 Idiot A child from 1 to 3 years old

21 to 40 Imbecile A child from 3 to 6 years old

41 to 75 Moron A child from 6 to 8 years old

76 to 90 Dull-minded A child from 9 to 11 years old

91 to 120 Normal (Average A child from 11 to 14 years old

121 to 130 Superior Above average capacity

131 to 140 Talented High Development

141 Above Genius Very High Development

CLASSIFICATION OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS

a. Compulsive - It is an excessive concern in conforming to the rules and

regulations.

b. Passive – aggressive - It is characterized by being hostile expressed in indirect

and non - violent ways.

c. Paranoid - It is characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity,

excessive self-importance.

d. Hysteria - It is characterized by strong and an uncontrolled behavior of a

person.
CLASSIFICATION OF NEUROTIC DISORDERS

1. Conversion Neurosis - Emotional distress, which is

converted into physical symptoms associated with all
parts of the body.
2. Obsessive – compulsive - Actions that are repeated for
unexplained reasons.
3. Phobia - Morbid fear of particular object or situation
Type of Phobia
-Acrophobia ~ high places -Hematophobia ~ blood
-Agrophobia ~ open spaces -Mysophobia ~ germs
-Malgophobia ~ pain -Monophobia ~ being alone
-Astraphobia ~ storm , thunder , -Nyctophobia ~ darkness
lightning -Ochlophobia ~ crowds
-Gynophobia ~ Dogs -Pyrophobia ~ fire
-Claustrophobia ~ closed places -Zoophobia ~ animals
Schizophrenia
- It is a mental disorder, often characterized by
delusions and hallucinations and loss of contact with
reality.

- It is derived from the Greek term schidzein (split) and

phren (mind).
Kinds of Schizophrenia
1. Simple Schizophrenia - Gradual deterioration of; intellectual
function, emotional disturbances, depression without delusions and
hallucinations.

2. Paranoid Schizophrenia - Delusion of persecution or grandeur,

hallucination auditory is sometimes present.

3. Hebephrenic- Severe disintegration of personality. Inappropriate

giggling and smiling and use of bizarre language.
4. Residual Schizophrenia – Having no motivation or
interest in everyday life.
5. Catatonic Schizophrenia – Extremely withdrawn,
negative, isolated, and has obvious psychomotor
disturbances.
6. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia – People with this kind
exhibit the symptoms of more than of the above-mentioned
types of schizophrenia, but without a clear predominance of a
particular set of diagnostic characteristics.
PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS THAT AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR

• PSYCHOTICISM - Cold, cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for

danger, troublesome behavior, dislike of others, and attraction
toward the unusual

• EXTRAVERSION - dictates condition ability and is therefore the

principal factor in anti-social behavior

• NEUROTISM - reflects an innate biological predisposition to react

physiologically to stressful or upsetting events; this represents
emotionally
MENTAL DISORDERS

• SOCIOLOGICALLY, this is persistent inability to adapt oneself to

the ordinary environment.
• MEDICALLY, this is prolonged departure of the individual from
his natural mental state arising from illness.
• LEGALLY, covers nothing more than what a person does and the
particular act that is the subject of judicial investigation; insanity,
lunacy, derangement, aberration, alienation.
TYPES OF MENTAL DISORDERS

1.PSYCHONEUROSIS - may have no physical difficulty but may experience lack

of sleep loss of appetite becomes emotionally unhealthy; obsessions, fears, or
phobias are its characteristics; hysteria belong to this type and manifests itself
because of anxiety.
2. PSYCHOSIS - serious mental and emotional disorder that is a manifestation of
withdrawal from reality; encephalitis, intoxication, cerebral arteriosclerosis, senile
brain disease, mania, dementia praecox, split personality.

3. PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESS - It implies an interrelationship of mind, body,

and desire.
Mental Retardation
MR is a condition of limited ability in which an
individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 traditional
intelligence test, and difficulty adapting to everyday
life; he/she first exhibited these characteristics during
the so-called developmental period - by age 18.
Perception Disorders
HALLUCINATION – erroneous perception without an external object
or stimulus.
a. Visual – seeing things although not present
b. Auditory – hearing things which do not exist.
ILLUSION – false interpretation of an external stimulus; may be
manifested through sight; hearing, taste, touch, and smell.

- misrepresentation of real sensory.

DELUSION
- Is the faulty belief that is motivated primarily by the
individual’s needs and washes and in fact, has no basis. Hallucination
is manifested in a visual image that is quite vivid and real to the
individual who experiences it.
a. Erotomanic Type – they believe that someone is in love with
them and might try to contact that person.
b. Grandiose (Delusion of Grandeur) – believe that he is the
great person in the world.
c. Jealous Type – belief that partner is unfaithful.
d. Persecutory Type – belief that someone close to them are mistreated
or planning to harm them.
e. Reference Type – false belief of being the matter of conversation.
f. Guilt Delusion Type – belief that they have done something terribly
wrong.
g. Somatic Type – believe that they have physically defect or medical
problem.
h. Mixed Type – person that have two or more types of delusion.
Trait Theory
Trait refers to the characteristics of an individual,
describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

Trait theories attempt to learn and explain the traits

that make up personality, the differences between people in
terms of their personal characteristics, and how they relate to
actual behavior.
Personality
Refers to the permanent trait and character of person.
Hans Eysenck’s Personality Trait
1. Extrovert - It refers to a person that is sociable, out-
going, and active.
2. Introvert - It refers to a person that is withdrawn,
quiet, and introspective.
3. Emotionally Unstable - It is a trait that is being
anxious, excitable, and easily disturbed.
Four Stages of Temperament
1. Sanguine – the person is cheerful, confidently optimistic,
and impulsive.
2. Melancholic – the person is depressed, morose, and
pessimistic.
3. Choleric – the person is hot-tempered and irritable.
4. Phlegmatic – the person is slow moving, calm, and
unexcitable.
Kinds of Trait by Goldberg (Big Five or Five Factor Theory)
1. Extraversion - This dimension contrasts such traits as
sociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive, persuasive, decisive, and
active with more introverted traits such as withdrawn, quiet,
passive, retiring, and reserved.
2. Neuroticism - People high on neuroticism are prone to
emotional instability. They tend to experience negative
emotions and to be moody, irritable, nervous, and prone to
worry.
3. Conscientiousness - This factor differentiates individuals who are
dependable, organized, reliable, responsible, thorough, hard-working,
and preserving from those undependable, disorganized, impulsive,
unreliable, irresponsible, careless, negligent and lazy.
4. Agreeableness - This factor is composed of a collection of traits that
range from compassion to antagonism towards others. A person high on
agreeableness would be a pleasant person, good-natured, warm,
sympathetic, and cooperative.
5. Openness to Experience - This factor contrasts individuals who are
imaginative, curious, broad-minded, and cultured with those who are
concrete-minded and practical, and whose interests are narrow.
Personality Disorder
Characterized by impairment in self and interpersonal
functioning and he presence of pathological personality traits
that are relatively inflexible and long-standing.
Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric Behavior)
a. Paranoid Personality Disorder - A mental health
condition marked by a long-term pattern of distrust and
suspicion of others without adequate reason to be suspicious.
b. Schizoid Personality Disorder – Those with this
disorder may be perceived by others as somber, aloof,
and often are referred to as “loners”.
c. Schizotypal Personality Disorder – This disorder is
characterized both by a need for isolation as well as
sold, outlandish or paranoid beliefs.
Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behaviors)
a. Anti-social Personality – characterized by a lack of
empathy or conscience, difficulty controlling impulses, and
manipulative behaviors.
b. Borderline Personality– a mental illness interferes with an
individual’s ability to regulate emotion. They are sensitive to
rejection, and fear of abandonment may result in frantic
efforts to avoid being left alone, such as suicide threats and
attempts.
c. Narcissistic Personality – characterized primarily by
grandiosity, need for the admiration, and lack of empathy.
- Exaggerated sense of self-importance and pre-
occupation with receiving attention.
d. Histrionic Personality – This person exhibits a pervasive
pattern of excessive emotionality and attempts to get
attention in unusual ways.
Cluster C (Anxious, Fearful Behaviors)
a. Avoidant Personality – They are often hypersensitive to rejection
and unwilling to take social risks.
b. Dependent Personality – They exhibit a pattern of needy and
submissive behavior and rely on others to make decisions for them.
c. Obsessive Compulsive Personality – They are also called
Anankastic Personality Disorder, they are so focused of order and
perfection that their lack of flexibility interferes with productivity and
efficiency.
Factors Altering Human Behavior

1. Frustration
- It refers to the unpleasant feelings that results the blocking of
motive satisfaction.
- It is a form of stress, which results in tension.
- It is the feeling that is experienced when something interferes
with our hopes, wishes, plans and expectations.
Most normal persons react to frustration in the following ways:

A. Direct approach
 Can be seen among people who handle their problems in very
objective ways.
 Most practical
 Produce best method
B. Detour
 When an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution of the
problem, he always end up with a negative outcome or result.
C. Substitution
 Most of time are resulted to in handling frustration when an original plan
intended to solve the problem did not produce the intended result.
 Practical way to face the problem.
 Look for most alternative means.
D. Withdrawal or retreat
 Is corresponding to running away the problem or flight which to some the
is the safest way.
E. Developing feelings of inferiority
 Comes when a person is unable to hold on to any solution which gives a
positive result.
F. Aggression
 Is a negative outcome of a person’s inability to handle frustration rightly.
G. Use of defense and coping mechanism

Defense Mechanism

- Self- deceiving emotional conflict and anxiety.

- Use to prevent a person’s self-image from being damage.

- It refers to individual’s way of reacting to frustration

Coping Mechanism

- Some total of ways in which people deal with minor to major stress
and trauma.
A. Compromise Reaction
a. Compensation
- It is a process of balancing inferiority by doing well in another
activity, one thinks he could succeed.
b. Substitution
- It is a process of replacing an unattainable or unacceptable goal by
that is attainable or acceptable.
c. Sublimation
- It is a process of changing unacceptable impulses or needs into
socially and culturally acceptable channels
d. Intellectualization
- use by individual to escape from threat into words.
1. Rationalization – make logical reason
2. Isolation – avoid conflict between 2 opposing desires.
3. Undoing – “undo” previous unacceptable act or
thought.
B. Withdrawal

- It is a form of physical flight.

a. Repression

- It is a process of excluding memories causing pain.

b. Regression

- It is a process of going back to a pattern of behaving which was

proper to an earlier stage of development. (Childish behavior)
c. Fantasy
- Process of imagining sequence of events that serves to express
unconscious conflicts
1. Conquering Hero type - sees himself as confident and
successful.
2. Suffering Hero Type or Martyr Type – frequently asserted by
the individual who pities himself.
d. Nomadism
- Process of travelling as a form of withdrawal from the present
problem or sad reality of life.
e. Reaction Formation
- It is a process of doing the opposite of that we do not
want to recognize.
- It is shown, when an individual is motivated to act in a
certain way, but - behaves in the opposite way, and be able to
keep his urges and impulses under control.
f. Denial of Reality
- Refusal to perceive or face reality.
C. Aggressive Reaction

a. Suicide

- It is a process of destroying oneself.

b. Displacement

- It is a process of directing anger to something other than the one he

is somewhat angry at.

c. Projection

- It is a process of blaming others for one’s own mistake.

Other forms of coping mechanisms
1. ACTING OUT – this means literally acting out the desires that are
forbidden by the superego and yet desired by the ID. A person who is
acting out desires may do it in spite of their conscience or may do it with
relatively little thought.
2. AIM INHIBITION – We lower our sights, reducing our goals to
something thaw we believe is actually more possible or realistic.
3. ALTRUISM – Avoid your own pains by concentrating on the pain of
others.
4. ATTACK – “The best form of defense is attack” is a common saying
and is also a common action, and when we feel threatened or attacked,
we will attack back.
5. AVOIDANCE – we simply find ways of avoiding having to face
uncomfortable situation, thins or activities
6. COMPARTMENTALIZATION – separating thoughts that will conflict
with one another. This may happen when there are difference beliefs or
even when there are conflicting values.
7. CONVERSION – tensions manifest themselves in physical
symptoms. Extreme symptoms may include paralysis, seizure while
lesser symptoms includes tiredness, headaches etc.
8. DISSOCIATION – separating a set of thoughts or activities from the
main area of conscious mind, in order to avoid the conflict that this would
cause
9. EMOTIONALITY – when we become stressed or tension is caused, a
number of negative emotions may start to build, including anger,
frustration, fear, jealousy and so on. When we display these emotions it
can affect others around us, arousing similar or polar feelings.
10. FIGHT OR FLIGHT REACTION - When we perceive a significant
threat to us, then our bodies get ready either for a fight to the death or a
desperate flight from certain defeat by a clearly superior adversary.
11. HELP-REJECTING COMPLAINING – when helpful suggestions or
other comfort is offered, however, they reject his and return to their
complaint.
12. IDEALIZATION - It is the over-estimation of the desirable qualities
and underestimation of the limitations of a desired thing. We also tend
to idealize those things that we have chosen or acquired.
13. IDENTIFICATION - It occurs when a person changes apparent
facets of his/her personality such that he/she appears to be more like
other people. This process may be to copy specific people or it may be to
change to an idealized prototype.
14. INTROJECTION - occurs when we take on attributes of other
people who seem better able to cope with the situation than we do.
15. PASSIVE AGGRESSION - A person who uses passive-aggressive
method to cope with stresses does this by 'attacking' others through
passive means.
16. POST-TRAUMATIC GROWTH - An individual who has suffered a
traumatic experience somehow finds ways to turn it into something
good.
17. PROVOCATION OR FREE-FLOATING – provoke others into some
kind of reaction. The attention can then be put on the other person and
away from the originator’s stress.
18. SELF-HARMING – the person physically deliberately hurts
himself/herself in some way or otherwise puts themselves at high risk of
harm.
19. SOMATIZATION - occurs where a psychological problem turns into
physical and subconscious symptoms. This can range from simple
twitching to skin rashes, heart problems and worse.
20. SYMBOLIZATION – It is a way of handling inner conflicts by turning
them into distinct symbols. Symbols are often physical items, although
there may also be symbolic acts and metaphoric ideas.
21. TRIVIALIZING – one way of trivialize is to make something a joke,
laughing it off. Making small what is really something big. When we are
faced with a disappointment over something that is important to us, we
are faced with the problem of having our expectations and predictions
dashed.
22. POSITIVE COPING - There are a number of approaches that
we can take to cope in a positive way with problems, including:
a. Immediate problem-solving: Seeking to fix the problem that is
the immediate cause of our difficulty.
b. Root-cause solving: Seeking to fix the underlying cause such that
the problem will never recur.
c. Benefit-finding: Looking for the good things amongst the bad.
d. Spiritual growth: Finding ways of turning the problem into a
way to grow 'spiritually' or emotionally.
2. CONFLICT
 Simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible
motives resulting to unpleasant emotions.
 It is a form of stress, which is result from tention.
It is a stressful condition that occurs when a person must
choose between incompatible or contradictory alternatives.
It is a negative emotional state cause by an inability to
choose between two or more incompatible goals or
impulses.
Types of Conflict

1. Psychological Conflict (Internal Conflict)

Psychological conflict could be going on inside the
person and no one would know. Freud would say
unconscious ID battling SUPEREGO and further claimed
that our personalities are always in conflict.
2. Social Conflict
3. Approach-Avoidance
- Double Approach Conflict
- Approach-Avoidance Conflict
- Double Avoidance Conflict
- Multiple Approach Avoidance
 3. STRESS

- A consequence of the failure of a human being to

respond appropriately to emotional or physical treat.
- stressor – anything that produces stress.
Types of Stress
1. Eustress
- Good stress
- It is the stress that is healthy or gives one a feeling of fulfillment
or other positive feelings.
2. Distress
- Negative stress
- Persistent stress that is not resolved through coping or
adaptation, deemed stress, may lead to anxiety or withdrawal behavior.
Types and Categories of Stress
Acute stress - is what people identify as stress. It felt through tension
headaches, emotional upsets, gastrointestinal disturbances, feelings of
agitation and pressure.
Episodic acute – a more serious and can lead to migraines,
hypertension, stroke, heart attack, anxiety, depression and serious
gastrointestinal distress.
Chronic stress – is the most serious of all. It’s the stress that never
ends. It grinds us until our resistance is gone.
Traumatic stress – is the result of massive acute stress, the effects of
which can reverberate through our systems for years.
Short Term Stresses

1. Acute Time
- those which come quickly
2. Brief Naturalistic Stress
- those stress which are short in duration
Long Term Stresses
1. Stressful Event Sequences
- single event that start from chain of challenging situation.
2. Chronic Stress
- those which are lack of clear end point that may result to a life
changing events.
3. Distant Stress
- Distant stress may have been initiated in the past but continue to
affect the immune system. Distant stressors have long-lasting effects on
emotional and mental health.
4. Emotion
- Refers to feeling affective responses as a result of physiological
arousal, thoughts and beliefs, subjective evaluation and bodily
expression.
- It is a state characterized by facial expressions, gestures,
postures, and subjective feelings.
- It is associated with mood, temperament, personality, and
disposition.
Theories on Emotion
1. James-Lange Theory
- emotion occurs after physiological changes
2. Cannon-Bard Theory
- emotion and physiological occur simultaneously
3. Two Factor Theory
- physiological changes as a result of emotion
4. Depression
- It is an illness that causes a person to feel sad and
hopeless much of the time. It is an emotion which is different
from normal sadness.
- It is a common and serious medical illness that
negatively affects how you feel, the way you think, and how
you act.
Different Forms of Depression

1. Major Depressive Disorder – the combination of

symptoms that interfere with a person’s ability to work,
sleep, study, eat, and etc.
2. Dysthymic Disorder – having persistent but less severe
than major depressive disorder.
3. Psychotic Depression – severe depressive illness is
accompanied by some form of psychosis, such as with
hallucinations.
4. Postpartum Depression – a medical condition that many
women get after having a baby.
5. Seasonal Affective Disorder – It is an onset of a depressive
illness during the winter months, when there is less natural
sunlight.
6. Bipolar Disorder – a mental illness that causes unusual
shifts in a person’s mood, energy, activity levels, and
concentration.
7. Endogenous Depression – a type of major depressive
disorder where the person develop a feeling of depress for no
apparent reason.
8. Situational Depression/Reactive Depression – caused by a
stressful or traumatic event. It is develop in response to a
specific stressful situation or event.
9. Agitated Depression – a type of depression that involves
symptoms like restlessness, anger, irritability and insomnia.
5. Anxiety
• It is an intangible feeling that seems to evade any effort to
resolve it.
• It is also called neurotic fear.
• It could be intense;
• It could be low and can be a motivating force.
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder – involves excessive, unrealistic worry and
tension
2. Social Anxiety Disorder – this is also called SOCIAL PHOBIA. The worry often
centers on a fear of being judged by others, or behaving in a way that might cause
embarrassment or lead to ridicule.
3. Panic Disorder – feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no
warning. Symptoms are sweating, chest pain, palpitations
4. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder – can develop following a traumatic and/or
terrifying event such as sexual or physical assault.
5. Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia) - An anxiety disorder characterized by
chronic mental and physical fatigue and various aches and pains. Symptoms
include spending too much sleep to avoid fatigue but to no avail, even feel worse
upon awake, headaches, indigestion, back pains, and dizziness.
6. Psychastenia – A psychoneurotic condition that is accompanied by a vast
range of mental and emotional symptoms that cannot be controlled.
Phobic Disorders - These refer to the persistent fear on some objects or
situation that present no actual danger to the person. Examples of Phobia:
Acrophobia - fear of high places
Obsession – this refers to an idea or series of ideas that recur very
frequently that they interfere with the ability of an individual to think and/or
function normally
Compulsion - this is an irresistible tendency to perform an act or ritual,
which an individual feels to compelled to carry out although it is recognized
as irrational; a person must perform an act and give in to the urge in order
to reduce the tension.
SOMATOFORM AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER
A. Somatoform Disorder
- a mental health condition that causes an individual to experience
physical bodily symptoms that mimic physical disease but not actually exist.

1. Conversion Disorder – it is where a person actually loses a

sensory or motor bodily function, resulting in blindness, deafness, paralysis
or numbness or sometimes suffers from seizures.
- displays neurological symptoms such as numbness,
paralysis, or fits, even though no neurological explanation is found and it is
determined that the symptoms are due to the patient’s psychological
response to stress.
2. Somatization Disorder (Briquet’s Disorder) – A person
with this disorder can have can have various physical
symptoms related to any body part such as pain, nausea,
vomiting, bloating, headaches, sexual dysfunctions, irregular
menstruation and balance problems.
3. Hypochondriasis – A person imagine that they suffer from
a serious illness when they experience minor symptoms.
4. Pain Disorder – a person suffer from chronic pain in one or
more areas and taught to be caused psychological stress.
5. Body Dysmorphic Disorder – excessively concerned about
and pre-occupied by a perceived defect in his or her physical
features.
6. Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder – Only one
unexplained symptoms is required for atleast 6 months.
Included among these disorders are false pregnancy, urinary
retention, and mass psychogenic illness.
B. Dissociative Disorder
It is characterized by a disruption of and/or
discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness,
memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation,
motor control and behavior.
1. Dissociative Amnesia – the main symptoms is memory
loss that’s more severe than normal forgetfulness and that
can’t be explain be a medical condition.
2. Dissociative Identity Disorder – Formerly known
as multiple personality disorder, this disorder is
characterized by switching to alternate identities.
3. Depersonalization-derealization Disorder – This
involves an ongoing or episodic sense of detachment
or being outside yourself.
Sleep Disorders
Types of Sleep Disorders
1. Insomnia
- Insomnia refers to the inability to fall asleep or to remain asleep.
It can be caused by jet lag, stress and anxiety, hormones, or digestive
problems.
Three Types Insomnia
a. Chronic - It is when insomnia happens on a regular basis for at
least one month.
b. Intermittent - It is when insomnia occurs periodically.
c. Transient - It is when insomnia lasts for just a few nights at a
time.
2. Sleep Apnea
Sleep apnea is characterized by pauses in breathing during
sleep. This is a medical condition that causes the body to take in less
oxygen. It can also cause you to wake up during the night.
3. Parasomnias
A class of sleep disorders that cause abnormal movements and
behaviors during sleep.
4. Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is characterized by “sleep attacks” that occur
during the day. This means that you will suddenly feel extremely
tired and fall asleep without warning.
SEXUAL DISORDER
Human Sexual Response
- Excitement Phase – the body prepares for sexual activity by tensing muscles
and increasing heart rate and blood pressure.
- Plateau Phase – it is the part when breathing becomes more rapid.
- Orgasmic Phase – the shortest of the phase and generally lasts only a few
seconds.
- Resolution Phase
Male – Arousal decreases or refractory period
Female - Arousal may decrease or additional orgasm may occur
Three Categories of Sexual Disorder
1. Sexual Dysfunction
2. Paraphilia
3. Gender Identity Disorders
Sexual Dysfunctions
Sexual deviance refers to unusual sexual behaviors generally
defined in moral, medical or legal terms.
A. Dysfunction of Sexual Desire
1. Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire – recurrent lack of sexual
interest.
2. Sexual Aversion Disorder - It is characterized by a desire to
avoid genital contact with a sexual partner. It refers to persistent
feelings of fear, anxiety, or disgust about engaging in sex.
B. Dysfunction of Sexual Arousal

1. Erectile Dysfunctions – inability to attain or

maintain erection sufficient for sexual activity

2. Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder – little or

no sexual interest or arousal for sexual activity.

3. Penetration disorder – Difficulty with vaginal

penetration, fear of pain, tightening of pelvic muscles
C. Dysfunction of Orgasm
1. Premature Ejaculation – Ejaculation prior to or
within 1 minute after vaginal penetration
2. Delayed Ejaculation – Persistent delay or absence of
ejaculation nearly all the time during partnered sex activity.
3. Female Orgasmic Disorder – Persistent delay or
inability to attain an organism in nearly all sexual
encounters.
D. Sexual Pain Disorders
1. Vaginismus - It is the involuntary muscle spasm at
the entrance to the vagina that prevents penetration and
sexual intercourse.
2. Dyspareunia - It refers to painful coitus that may
have either an organic or psychological basis.
Abnormal Behaviors involving Sex
A. Sexual Reversals
1. Homosexuality – a sexual behavior directed towards the
same.
2. Transvestism – the achievement of sexual excitation by
dressing as a member of the opposite sex such a man who wears
female apparel.
3. Fetishism – sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some
body parts, underwear of the opposite sex or other objects associated
with the opposite sex.
B. Based on Choice of Partner
- Pedophilia - sexual desire with child
- Bestiality – sexual desire with animals
- Auto-sexual – sexual satisfaction without cooperation of others.
- Gerontophilia – Sexual desire with an elder person
- Necrophilia – sexual desire with a corpse
- Incest – sexual relation between persons who, by reason of blood
relationship cannot legally marry.
- Pygmalionism - It is a sexual deviation whereby a person has sexual
desire for statues.
C. Based on sexual urge
- Satyriasis - excessive desire of men
- Nymphomania – excessive desire of women
D. Based on mode of sexual expression
- Oralism – use of mouth or tongue as a way of sexual gratification
- Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of women
- Cunnilingus – sexual gratification by licking the external female
genitalia
- Anilism/Anilingus – licking the anus of the sexual partner
- Sadism – infliction of physical pain on the sexual partner
- Masochism – infliction of pain to oneself
- Sado-masochism (Algolagnia)
E. Based on part of the body
- Sodomy – sexual through the anus of sexual partner
- Uranism – sexual gratification is attained through fingering,
holding breast and licking part of the body.
- Frottage – act of rubbing the sex organ against body parts of
another person.
- Partialism – it refers to the sexual libido on any part of the
body of sexual partner.
F. Based on visual stimulus
- Voyeurism – commonly called the pepping tom.
- Scoptophilia – intentional act of watching people undress or during
sexual intercourse.
G. Based on number of participants
- Troilism – three participants
- Pluralism – group of person in sexual orgies.
Other sexual abnormalities
- Exhibitionism – indecent exposure, the intentional exposure of genitals
- Coprolagnia – sexual gratification through feces on the body
- Coprolalia – use of obscene language
- Don Juanism – act of seducing women as a career without permanency
of sexual partner.
- Urolagnia – sexual gratification through urinating
- Necro sadism – sexual behavior wherein the offenders perform sexual
intercourse and then kill the victims.
- Incendiarism - It is a sexual deviation whereby a person derives sexual
pleasure from setting fire.
 VICTIMOLOGY

Branch of the study of Criminology, which deals with

the victimization of crime, which is considered by political
society as any act or omission punishable by law.
Victimology is the scientific study of victimization,
including the relationships between victims and offenders,
victims and the criminal justice system, and victims and other
social groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses,
and social movements.
Routine Activity Theory
- it claims that crime is a normal function of the
routine activities of modern living. The greater the
opportunity for criminals and victims to interact, the
greater the probability of crime; the reduced the
interaction, the more opportunity for crime to
decline.
 It argues that when a crime occurs, there are three things happen
at the same time;
- Suitable target is available
- There is lack of a suitable guardian to prevent the crime from
happening
- There is motivated offender
THE LIFESTYLE THEORY
- purports that individuals are targeted based on their
lifestyle choices, and that these lifestyle choices expose them
to criminal offenders and situation in which crimes may be
committed.
- the main issue is that the crime victim often become victims
because of their own choices as to where to live, how to
socialize and other lifestyle – related variables.
DEVIANT PLACE THEORY
- states that greater exposure to dangerous places
makes an individual more likely to become the victim
of a crime.
- in order to lower the chance that one will become the
victim of a crime, the individual should avoid the
“bad” areas of town where crime rates are high.
CRIME VICTIM
- refers to any person, group, or entity who has suffered injury
or loss due to illegal activity.
- The harm can be physical, psychological, or economic. Legally,
“victim” typically includes the following: A person who has suffered
direct, or threatened, physical, emotional or pecuniary harm as a
result of the commission of a crime. In case of a victim being an
institutional entity, any of the same harms by an individual or
authorized representative of another entity.
Three Kinds of Victim

1. Primary Victim
2. Secondary Victim
3. Tertiary Victim
Mendelsohn’s Type of Victim
1. Completely Innocent
2. Victim with only minor guilt
3. Victim who is just as guilty as the offender and the voluntary
victim.
4. The victim guiltier than the offender.
5. The most guilty victim.
6. The imaginary victim.
MENDELSOHNS TYPOLOGY OF CRIME VICTIMS
Innocent victim
- did not contribute to the victimization
- is in the wrong place at the wrong time
The victim with minor guilt
- does not actively participate in their victimization but
contributes to some minor degree
The victim whose guilty offender
- the victim and offender may have engaged in
criminal activity together

The guilty offender, guiltier victim

- the victim may have been the primary attacker, but
the offender won the fight
Guilty victim
- the victim instigated a conflict but is killed in self-defense
Imaginary victim
- pretend to be victims and are not. This would be someone
falsifying reports.
Von Hentig’s Taxonomy of Murder Victims
1. Depressive Type- Submissive person by virtue of emotional
condition.
2. Acquisitive or Greedy Type- person who wants more that
what is sufficient makes a natural victim of crime.
3. Wanton Type or Overly Sensual Type- person ruled by
passion and thoughtlessly seeking pleasure.
.
4. Tormentor Type - a victim who asked for it.
5. Lonesome Type- person who eventually becomes a victim
by virtue of wanting companionship or affection.
6. Heartbroken Type- one who is emotionally disturbed by
virtue of heartaches and pains
Von Hentig’s Classes of Victim
1. The Young – weak by virtue of immaturity
2. The Female – less physically powerful
3. The Old – incapable of physical defense
4. The Mentally Defective – those unable to think clearly
5. The Immigrant – those unsure of the rules of conduct in the
surrounding society.
6. The Minorities – racial prejudice may lead to victimization.
MODELS OF VICTIMIZATION
(Man-made Cause)
A. Stage of Impact and Disorganization
B. Stage of Recoil
C. Reorganization Stage
(Natural Cause)
A. PRE-IMPACT STAGE – state of the victim prior to being
victimized
B. IMPACT STAGE – phase in which victimization occurs
C. POST-IMPACT STAGE – entails the degree and duration of the
personal and social disorganization following victimization
D. BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME – describes the victim’s adjustment to
the victimization experience.
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC
SEX – men have higher risk of assault than women
AGE – adolescents have substantially higher rates of assault than young adults or
older
URBAN – Crime and victimization is mostly an urban problem
CLASS – violence disproportionately affects those from lower socioeconomic
classes
ETHNICITY – Racial and ethnic minorities have higher rates of assault than other
people.
RELIGION – certain religious group tends to be regularly prosecuted and over
represented in hate crime statistics.
THE ROLE OF THE VICTIM IN CRIME
VICTIM PRECIPITATION
- means that the person who suffers eventual harm from a crime
plays a direct role causing the crime to be perpetrated.
Active Precipitation – refers to instances in which the victim directly
stimulates the perpetrator.
Passive Precipitation – occurs when a victim unintentionally acts in a
way or has certain qualities that initiate or encourage an attack.
VICTIM FACILITATION
- the victim unknowingly, or carelessly or negligently and
inadvertently makes it easier for a crime to take place
VICTIM PROVOCATION
- occurs when a person does something that incites another
person to commit an illegal act. Provocation suggests that without the
victim's behavior, the crime would not have occurred.
End of Presentation!