CHAPTER I.

CREATIVE WRITING

Writing and Creative Writing

Writing is a method of representing language in visual or tactile form.

Also, writing is the process of using symbols (letters of the alphabet, punctuation and
spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form.

Moreover, it can also refer to the work/career of an author, as in: "Shakespeare didn't
make much money from writing."

Writing systems use sets of symbols to represent the sounds of speech, and may
also have symbols for such things as punctuation and numerals.

We can say that the writing is imaginative when we tend to focus on fiction, creative
non-fiction and poetry.

“Creativity + Writing”

Creative writing or imaginative writing is writing that expresses the writer's thoughts
and feelings in an imaginative, often unique, and poetic way.

Creative writing is guided more by the writer's need to express feelings and ideas than
by restrictive demands of factual and logical progression of expository writing.

At its most basic, the imagination is the mental faculty that enables us to make pictures
in our minds of things that are not actually present to our senses.

Because an essential characteristic of any piece of creative writing is that it makes

people and places and things come alive in the minds of readers. More specifically, it
makes people and places and things come alive in the imaginations of readers.

Poets and novelists and other creative writers are, like all writers, engaged in the work
of communication.

Difference of Imaginative Writing to Other forms of Writings

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 But while writers of academic books or professional reports use information and
ideas to communicate, creative writers use verbal pictures.

Creative writers, then, are those who make pictures (also called images ) in their
own imaginations and transfer those pictures, through language, into the imaginations
of others.

Imaginative writing is also a way far from the other types of writing. Below are the
unique characteristics of imaginative writing:

a. Clarity: It doesn’t confuse people. (This sounds so obvious, but you’d be surprised
at the number of writers who think they have to be clever or coy or literary which just
leaves the reader in the dark.)

b. Form: It has a beginning, middle and an ending. The beginning draws readers in
and the ending is satisfying. This holds true for fiction, memoir, personal essays,
autobiographies, and stories for kids. Occasionally a writer who’s a genius ignores this,
but most of us aren’t geniuses and can’t ignore it.

c. Emotion: It’s emotionally charged and the reader cares what happens to the
protagonist. We either cry or laugh or are scared or feel something.

d. Meaning and connection: It’s about people or situations the reader can connect to.
Either a story we enter into with the author for entertainment, or a subject or emotion
that we too are dealing with or want to learn about, or can find humor in. It is not a story
about the author gazing at his or her belly button. In some way the writing connects to
the rest of the world.

e. Language: The author cares deeply about words and their power. No overblown
adjectives or adverbs (and only those absolutely necessary for information.)No flabby
clichés. The author loves language and hones and rewrites every sentence.

There are several types of literature and each has its own uniqueness. Below are the
known types of creativity in writing:

 Journals: Journals are often confused for diaries. Technically, a diary is a type of
journal, but a journal is any written log. You could keep a gratitude journal, a
memory journal, a dream journal, or a goals journal.

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 Diaries: A diary is a specific kind of journal where you write down the events of
each day, resulting in a chronicle of your life.

 Essays: Not all essays are creative, but plenty of essays flow from creative
thinking. Some examples include personal essays, descriptive essays, and
persuasive essays.

 Storytelling: One of the most popular types of creative writing is storytelling.

Storytelling lends itself to both fiction and nonfiction. Popular forms include flash
fiction, short stories, novellas, and full-length novels. But stories can also be first-
hand or second-hand accounts of real people and events.

 Poetry: Another popular but under-appreciated type of writing is poetry, which is

easily the most artistic, creative form of writing. You can write form poetry, free-form
poetry, and prose poetry. Or try writing a story in rhyme (perfect for kids).

 Memoir: Memoirs are personal accounts (or stories) with narrow themes and
specific topics. They are usually the length of novels or novellas; shorter works of
this kind would be considered essays. Memoir topics focus on specific experiences
rather than providing a broad life story (which would be a biography). For example,
one might write a travel or food memoir, which is an account of one’s personal
experiences through the lens of travel or food (or both).

 Vignettes: A vignette is defined as “a brief evocative description, account, or

episode.” Vignettes can be poems, stories, descriptions, personal accounts…
anything goes really. The key is that a vignette is extremely short — just a quick
snippet.

 Letters: Because the ability to communicate effectively is increasingly valuable,

letter writing is a useful skill. There is a long tradition of publishing letters, so take
extra care with those emails you’re shooting off to friends, family, and business
associates. In fact, one way to get published if you don’t have a lot of clips and
credits is to write letters to the editor of a news publication.

 Scripts: Hit the screen or the stage by writing screenplays (for film), scripts (for
plays), or teleplays (for TV). You can even write scripts for video games! As a
bonus, scripts have the potential to reach a non-reading audience.

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 Song lyrics: Close cousin of poetry, song lyrics are a fun and creative way to
merge the craft of writing with the art of music. Writing lyrics is an excellent path for
writers who can play an instrument or who want to collaborate with musicians.

 Speeches: Whether persuasive, inspirational, or informative, speech writing is a

discipline that can lead to prosperous and interesting career opportunities in almost
any field ranging from science to politics to education.

 Journalism: Some forms of journalism are more creative than others. Traditionally,
journalism was a straightforward, objective form of reporting on facts, people, and
events. Today, journalists often infuse their writing with opinion and storytelling to
make their pieces more compelling. For good or bad, this new practice opens
journalism to more creative approaches.

 Blogging: A blog is nothing more than a publishing platform — a piece of

technology that displays content on the web or an electronic device. A blog can be
just about anything from a diary to a personal platform to an educational tool. In
terms of creative writing, blogs are wide open because you can use them to publish
any (or all) types of creative writing.

 Free writing: Open a notebook or a document and just start writing. Let strange
words and images find their way to the page. Anything goes! It’s the pinnacle of
creative writing.

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 QUIZ #1

CREATIVE WRITING

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. Why is it important to be creative in writing? (3 points)

2. Differentiate imaginative writing from among other forms of writing. (3 points)

3. Enumerate five (5) unique characteristics of imaginative writing. Explain each

characteristic briefly. ( 2 points each)

a. --

b. --

c. --

d. --

e. --

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4. Enumerate at least two (2) known types of creativity in writing . State the difference
between them. (2 points each)

a. --

b. --

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Sensory details and experiences include sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste.
Writers employ the five senses to engage a reader's interest. If you want your writing to
jump off the page, then bring your reader into the world you are creating. When
describing a past event, try and remember what you saw, heard, touched, smelled, and
tasted, then incorporate that into your writing.

Sensory details are used in any great story, literary or not. Think about your favorite
movie or video game. What types of sounds and images are used? What do your
favorite characters taste, smell, and touch? Without sensory details, stories would fail
to come to life.

To emphasize, sensory imagery and experiences draw on our senses of touch, taste,
smell sight and sound to create a vivid and evocative picture in the mind of the
reader. It is the hallmark of successful writers and poets, and it has been for centuries.

To understand how well sensory imagery can work, consider the difference between
these two statements:

 He was hairy.

 His pelt of charcoal woollen hairs brimmed out of his crisp starched lab coat.

Obviously, the second phrase renders the character in more vivid detail. In novel
writing, vividness is primary. Readers have a much more difficult time connecting to a
character whom they are unable to visualize. Once you have a visual for your
character, imagine what they would be hearing, smelling, tasting or touching.

Write What You Know: Bringing Personal Experience Into Your Writing.

It's generally understood that many fiction writers have a semi-autobiographical

protagonist in their first books.

But whatever we write, bringing our own personal experience to the page only enriches
and deepens the experience for the reader.

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As writers mature, their content and style are increasingly influenced by their life
experiences, which can become a crucial part of the writing process.

It’s not always easy to draw on your own experiences. Though some may be
joyous and celebratory, others are likely to be delicate or painful, but if you aim to write
with authenticity then sometimes you have to be brave.

Let’s have a look at the sort of experiences that can be helpful:

(1) Childhood and Upbringing

What were the themes of your childhood that still resonate through your life today?

Many writers draw upon their childhood for inspiration. Do not be afraid to look
back into childhood for inspiration. Yes, it might not be quite the happy the time it was
meant be, and yes you may well have to be brave, but the source material is
invaluable.

(2) Previous jobs/Previous School

Where have you worked? What type of work was it? Who did you work for, and with?

Those that have known nothing but writing are very few and far between. Most of
us have done a variety of different jobs and it is in the work place where we often
pickup on things that can later help us as writers, particularly with character and
setting.

(3) Visits and vacations

Where in the world have you been? What places have you visited, either professionally
or recreationally?

Many writers use their memories of places as a basis for location. These don’t
have to be far flung or exotic, but somewhere with interesting or unusual vistas can be
quite evocative. Far more people travel now than they did a generation ago and
chances are that wherever you set your scenes some of your readers will have been
there. It’s always better to be able to picture places for yourself rather than rely on
photos and research.

(4) Learning from other writing disciplines

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What other forms of writing have you done?

Not only have most writers done other jobs, but probably written more than just prose.
This may have been undertaken professionally or socially, for reward or fun, but most
other forms of writing can help when it comes to writing your novel.

(5) Life’s journey

It seems like all of the above is a tip for using your own life journey in your writing – and
not being afraid to do so. That doesn’t mean that what you write is autobiographical, or
even semi-autobiographical, and we all get asked that question don’t we? What it
means is using your experiences to add depth to every aspect of your work, whether it
be character, narrative, location, plot, etc.

Here are some other tips that will help you in writing from your experiences:

Finding Inspiration

If you’re unsure of how to employ sensory imagery well, go to your favorite novel and
highlight how your favorite author uses the senses to dictate the mood.

Choosing the Right Words

Of course, it’s not enough just to describe your setting and characters in vivid detail.
Whenever possible, you want to choose adjectives, metaphors and similes that
complement the mood of your story. When you’re choosing between adjectives and
metaphors, choose one that reinforces the mood and tone of your story.

Using life experiences in your fiction

Creative writing courses and manuals often offer the advice ‘write what you know’. This
is undoubtedly good advice, yet what exactly does it mean?

Many writers testify to using their life experiences – their memories and their everyday
perceptions – as a source for their fiction or poetry, as well as for their autobiographies
and memoirs. Yet these experiences aren't necessarily extraordinary in themselves.
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You don't have to have led an unusual or exotic life in order to write. You do, however,
need to raise your level of perception above the ordinary. Writing what you know
means being aware of your own world, both past and present, in as full a way as
possible.

Building a believable world

Writing is a perceptual art, one in which images are created via language in order for
the reader to make meaning. It is therefore imperative that the writer's powers of
perception are alert. Writing is a process of becoming aware, of opening the senses to
ways of grasping the world, ways that may previously have been blocked. Often we
take the world around us for granted, we are so immersed in habit. All of our lives
contain relative degrees of routine. We go to sleep, we eat, we go to work. The things
we may choose to write about will also contain repeated and habitual elements.

Collecting and selecting

Writers are always on the alert for potential material. A notebook is an essential tool for
any writer and has several functions. These range from the jotting down of
observations while you’re out and about to an account of daily events, your rants and
raves, ideas for poems, single words, clippings from newspapers, responses to books
or poems you’ve read, notes from research, all kinds of ‘gathering’. Your notebook is
for you, and it needs to contain whatever helps you or fuels your writing.

A major source of potential material is your own life – what you see, experience, think,
and feel.

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 QUIZ #2

CREATIVE WRITING

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. Is bringing personal experience into your writing helpful? Why or why not? Explain
briefly.

( 5 points)

2. Here are some other tips that will help you in writing from your experiences. State
the importance of each tip. (2 points each)

a. Finding Inspiration --

b. Choosing the right words --

c. Using life experiences in your fiction --

d. Building a believable world --

e. Collecting and selecting --

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The Emotive Language

Emotive language is word choice that is used to evoke emotion. Emotive language
could also be called emotional language.

Emotive language pertains to word choice. Specific diction is used to evoke emotion in
the reader.

Word choice greatly effects how writing and speech is received. Different words can be
used to cause different reactions in the audience.

Ideas can be expressed non-emotively. For example:

 The men were killed.

However, they can also be expressed in a way that is positive or negative or

welcoming or threatening. It all depends on the words selected.

For example:

 The victims were executed in cold blood.

Examples of Emotive Language:

Emotive language is designed to tell you the facts while influencing you to adopt the
author's opinion. Here are examples of emotive language.

 Non-emotive version: Another person in the bar was injured by the man's glass.

 Emotive version: An innocent bystander suffered facial injuries when the thug
launched his glass across the bar.

 Non-emotive version: The government will reduce interest rates.

 Emotive version: The government will slash interest rates.

 Non-emotive version: Mr Smith was attacked by Mr Jones for two minutes.

 Emotive version: For what seemed a lifetime, Mr Smith was subjected to a vicious,
cowardly assault by the unemployed, steroid-pumped monster.

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A. Imagery

Imagery means to use figurative language to represent objects, actions and ideas in
such a way that it appeals to our physical senses.

Usually it is thought that imagery makes use of particular words that create visual
representation of ideas in our minds. The word imagery is associated with mental
pictures. However, this idea is but partially correct. Imagery, to be realistic, turns out to
be more complex than just a picture. Read the following examples of imagery carefully:

 It was dark and dim in the forest.– The words “dark” and “dim” are visual images.

 The children were screaming and shouting in the fields. – “Screaming” and
“shouting” appeal to our sense of hearing or auditory sense.

B. Figurative Language

Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something else, you are using
figurative language. Below are some of the common figurative languages used:

Simile

A simile uses the words “like” or “as” to compare one object or idea with another to
suggest they are alike.

Example: busy as a bee

Metaphor

The metaphor states a fact or draws a verbal picture by the use of comparison. A
simile would say you are like something; a metaphor is more positive - it says you are
something.

Example: You are what you eat.

Personification

A figure of speech in which human characteristics and other personalities are given or
projected to an animal or an object.

Example: My teddy bear gave me a hug.

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Alliteration

The repetition of the same initial letter, sound, or group of sounds in a series of words.
Alliteration includes tongue twisters.

Example: She sells seashells by the seashore.

Onomatopoeia

The use of a word to describe or imitate a natural sound or the sound commonly
produced by an object or an action.

Example: snap crackle pop

Hyperbole

An exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true.
Tall tales are hyperboles.

Example: He was so hungry, he ate that whole cornfield for lunch, stalks and all.

C. Diction

Diction can be defined as style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of

words by a speaker or a writer.

Diction or choice of words separates good writing from bad writing. It depends on a
number of factors. Firstly, the word has to be right and accurate. Secondly, words
should be appropriate to the context in which they are used. Lastly, the choice of words
should be such that the listener or readers understand easily. Besides, proper diction
or proper choice of words is important to get the message across.

On the contrary, the wrong choice of words can easily divert listeners or readers which
results in misinterpretation of the message intended to be conveyed.

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 QUIZ #3

CREATIVE WRITING

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. Define emotive language using your own words. (3 points)

2. What is the difference between imagery and diction? (3)

3. Identify what is being asked. Write your answer on the blank before the number.

____________ 1. The use of a word to describe or imitate a natural sound or the

sound commonly produced by an object or an action.

____________ 2. The repetition of the same initial letter, sound, or group of sounds
in a series of words. Alliteration includes tongue twisters.

____________ 3. The metaphor states a fact or draws a verbal picture by the use
of comparison. A simile would say you are like something; a
metaphor is more positive - it says you are something.

____________ 4. A figure of speech in which human characteristics and other

personalities are given or projected to an animal or an object.

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Closed Reading

The process of writing an essay usually begins with the close reading of a text. Of
course, the writer's personal experience may occasionally come into the essay, and all
essays depend on the writer's own observations and knowledge. You may focus on a
particular passage, or on the text as a whole.

Your aim may be to notice all striking features of the text, including rhetorical features,
structural elements, cultural references; or, your aim may be to notice only selected
features of the text—for instance, oppositions and correspondences, or particular
historical references. Either way, making these observations constitutes the first step in
the process of close reading.

Essentially, close reading means reading to uncover layers of meaning that lead to
deep comprehension.

If reading closely is the most effective way to achieve deep comprehension, then that's
how we should teach students to read. But that description doesn't match much of the
instruction I've witnessed in recent years.

How to begin:

1. Reading with a pencil in hand, and annotate text.

2. Look for patterns in the things you've noticed about the text—repetitions,
contradictions, similarities.

3. Ask questions about the patterns you've noticed—especially how and why.

On reading short stories and other fictions, you may use the following guide questions:

 What is the author telling me here?

 Are there any hard or important words?

 What does the author want me to understand?

 How does the author play with language to add to meaning?

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 QUIZ #4

CREATIVE WRITING

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. What is “closed reading”?(5 points )

2. Enumerate four (4) guide questions on reading short stories and other fictions.

a.

b.

c.

d.

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CHAPTER II. READING and WRITING POETRY

STRUCTURE and

An important method of analyzing a poem is to look at the stanza structure or

style of a poem. Generally speaking, structure has to do with the overall organization of
lines and/or the conventional patterns of sound. Again, many modern poems may not
have any identifiable structure (i.e. they are free verse).

STANZAS: Stanzas are a series of lines grouped together and separated by an empty
line from other stanzas. They are the equivalent of a paragraph in an essay. One way
to identify a stanza is to count the number of lines. Thus:

 couplet (2 lines)

 tercet (3 lines)

 quatrain (4 lines)

 cinquain (5 lines)

 sestet (6 lines)

(sometimes it's called a sixain)

 septet (7 lines)

 octave (8 lines)

FORM: A poem may or may not have a specific number of lines, rhyme scheme and/or
metrical pattern, but it can still be labelled according to its form or style. Here are the
three most common types of poems according to form:

1. Lyric Poetry:It is any poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet) who
expresses strong thoughts and feelings. Most poems, especially modern ones,
are lyric poems.

2. Narrative Poem:It is a poem that tells a story; its structure resembles the plot line
of a story [i.e. the introduction of conflict and characters, rising action, climax and
the denouement].

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3. Descriptive Poem:It is a poem that describes the world that surrounds the
speaker. It uses elaborate imagery and adjectives. While emotional, it is more
"outward-focused" than lyric poetry, which is more personal and introspective.

TECHNIQUES ON WRITING

CAUSALITY

A plot is not a random string of events. It has a logic based on cause and effect
relationships between things that happen in the story.

FORESHADOWING

Foreshadowing is a plot-related literary technique whereby an author shows or says

something in an early part of a story that hints at a later event. Psychologically,
foreshadowing prepares us for what is to come in the story, particularly the ending.

FLASHBACK

A flashback is an interruption in the chronological sequence of events in the plot. It

narrates a scene that occurred earlier.

EUPHEMISM

Often in literature, whether for humor or just for taste, a writer wishes to describe some
graphic or offensive event using milder imagery or phrasing. When an author does this,
it's called a euphemism.

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ALLUSION

An allusion is when an author refers to the events or characters from another story in
her own story with the hopes that those events will add context or depth to the story
she's trying to tell.

OTHER FORMS OF

Poetry comes in a variety of forms. Some forms have more structure than others.
Some follow rules that have to do with rhyming, syllables, repetition, etc. Others are an
expression that is fully in the hands of the author.

Cinquain

A cinquain is a 5 line poem that follows a specific format. There are various types of
cinquains. Some are created with a number of words or syllables in mind. Another form
is created using various parts of speech.

Emotion Poem

An emotion poem is used to describe various emotions, good or bad, using descriptive
language.

Free Verse

Free verse poems do not follow any rules. Their creation is completely in the hands of
the author. Rhyming, syllable count, punctuation, number of lines, number of stanzas,
and line formation can be done however the author wants in order to convey the idea.

Haiku

This is a form of Japanese poetry that follows a specific syllable pattern. It's made up
of 3 lines, consisting of 17 syllables in total. Haikus are usually about a specific part of
nature.

Narrative

A narrative poem tells the story of an event in the form of a poem.

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Sonnet

A sonnet is a 14 line poem with a specific rhyme scheme. Each type of sonnet follows
a different rhyming scheme.

Tanka

A tanka is another Japanese form of poetry that follows a syllable format. This poem is
composed of 5 lines. Lines 1 and 3 have 5 syllables. Lines 2, 4, and 5 contain 7
syllables each.

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 QUIZ #5

READING AND WRITING POETRY

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. Define “stanzas”. (3 points)

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

2. Identify what is being asked. Write your answer on the blank before the number.

_______________A. It is a poem that tells a story; its structure resembles the

plot line of a story [i.e. the introduction of conflict and

characters, rising action, climax and the denouement].

_______________B. t is a poem that describes the world that surrounds the

speaker. It uses elaborate imagery and adjectives. While

emotional, it is more "outward-focused" than lyric poetry,
which is more personal and introspective.

_______________C. It is any poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet)

who expresses strong thoughts and feelings. Most

poems, especially modern ones, are lyric poems.

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3. Enumerate at least three (3) techniques on writing poetry. Explain each briefly. ( 3
points each)

A.

B.

C.

Activity:

Write a poem using one from the forms of poetry. (5 points)

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 THE ELEMENTS OF POETRY

The basic elements of poetry include the speaker, content, theme, shape and form,
mood or tone, imagery, diction, figurative language and sound-effect devices.

1. Speaker

The poem’s speaker is the person who is addressing the reader. Sometimes, the
speaker is the poet, who addresses the reader directly or another person.

2. Content

Content is the subject of the poem. It answers the question “what?”

3.Theme

The theme of the poem is the meaning of the poem – the main idea that the poet is
trying to communicate.

4. Shape and Form

Basically, the actual shape and form of poems can vary dramatically from poem to
poem. In poetry, you will encounter two forms: structured and free verse.

5. Mood or Tone

The mood or tone of a poem is the feeling that the poet creates and that the reader
senses through the poet’s choice of words, rhythm, rhyme, style and structure.

6. Imagery

Imagery refers to the “pictures” which we perceive with our mind’s eyes, ears, nose,
tongue, skin, and through which we experience the “duplicate world” created by poetic
language.

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 TYPES OF POETRY

Poetry can be classified into three types: narrative, lyric, and dramatic poetry.

I. Narrative Poetry

In other words, a narrative poem tells a story, but it does it with poetic flair. Here are
some elements of narrative poetry that are important:

1. Character

2. Setting

3. Conflict

4. Plot

KINDS OF NARRATIVE POETRY

 Epic

An epic is a long unified narrative poem, recounting in dignified language the

adventures of a warrior, a king or a god, the whole embodying the religious and
philosophical beliefs, the moral code, customs, traditions, manners, attitudes, sciences,
folklore and culture of the people or country from which it came.

 Metrical Romance

A metrical romance recounts the quest undertaken by a single knight in order to gain a
lady’s favor.

 Metrical Tale

A metrical tale is a simple, straightforward story in verse.

 Ballad

A ballad is a narrative poem which is meant to be sung, usually composed in the ballad
stanza.

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II. LYRIC POETRY

Lyric poetry is generally considered the most intense genre of poetry, the form that
honors its musical origins.

KINDS OF LYRIC POETRY

a. Ode

An ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem praising and glorifying an
individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than
emotionally.

b. Elegy

An elegy is a lyric poem, written in elegiac couplets, that expresses sorrow or

lamentation, usually for one who has died.

c. Sonnet

A sonnet is a short poem with fourteen lines, usually written in iambic pentameter.

d. Song

A song is a lyric poem which is set to music. All songs have a strong beat created
largely through the 3R’s: rhythm, rhyme, and repetition.

e. Simple Lyric

A simple lyric is a short poem expressing the poet’s thought, feeling, or emotion.

III. DRAMATIC POETRY

Dramatic poetry presents one or more characters speaking, usually to other

characters, but sometimes to themselves or directly to the reader.

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KINDS OF DRAMATIC POETRY

a. Dramatic Monologue

Is a literary device that is used when a character reveals his or her innermost thoughts
and feelings, those that are hidden throughout the course of the story line, through a
poem or a speech.

b. Soliloquy

A soliloquy is the act of speaking while alone, especially when used as a theatrical
device that allows a character’s thoughts and ideas to be conveyed to the audience.

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 QUIZ #6

READING AND WRITING POETRY

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1.Enumerate and define the six (6) elements of poetry. (2 points each)

A. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
___

B. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
___

C. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
___

D. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
___

E. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
___

F. __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
___

Page 28 of 87
Page 29 of 87
2. How narrative poetry, lyric poetry, and dramatic poetry differ with each other? ( 3
points)

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

Page 30 of 87
 Beginning with the modernist aesthetic revolution, poetry has continuously shown
a stubborn resolve to respond to social, political and cultural shifts and crises with
technical innovation. Such innovativeness speaks of the resilience of poetry, as genre,
as it refuses to succumb to various announcements of its death or cultural irrelevance.

15 tips on how to write poetry

Writing poems may sometimes be too expressive. There are times also that you need
to consider certain rules which makes it sound too technical. With this, you as a writer
need to communicate well with your reader. Below are some of the innovative
techniques on writing poetry:

No. 1 Know your goal

If you don’t know where you’re going, how can you get there?

You need to know what you are trying to accomplish before you begin any project.
Writing a poem is no exception.

No. 2 Avoid clichés

A work full of clichés is like a plate of old food: unappetizing. Clichés dull meaning.
Because clichéd writing sounds so familiar, people can complete finish whole lines
without even reading them.

No. 3 Avoid Sentimentality

When readers have the feeling that emotions like rage or indignation have been
pushed artificially for their own sake, they will not take the poem seriously.

No. 4 Use images

Poetry should stimulate six senses:

1. Sight 4. Touch

2. Hearing 5. Taste

3. Smell 6. Motion

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No. 5 Use Metaphor and Simile

Use metaphor and simile to bring imagery and concrete words into your writing.

No. 6 Use concrete words instead of abstract words

Concrete words describe things that people experience with their senses.

 Orange

 warm

 cat

Abstract words refer to concepts or feelings.

 Liberty

 Happy

 Love

No. 7 Communicate Theme

Poetry has a theme. Theme is not just a topic, but an idea with an opinion. This also
sows what the poet thinks about a given event. The poet must strive to show the
reader his/her theme during the entire poem, making use of literary techniques.

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No. 8 Subvert the ordinary

Poets’ strength is the ability to see what other people see every day in a new way. You
don’t have to be special or a literary genius to write good poems–all you have to do is
take an ordinary object, place, person, or idea, and come up with a new perception of
it.

No. 9 Rhyme with extreme caution

Rhyme and meter (the pattern of stressed and unstressed words) can be dangerous if
used the wrong way. Remember sing-song nursery rhymes? If you choose a rhyme
scheme that makes your poem sound sing-song, it will detract from the quality of your
poem.

No. 10 Revise, revise, revise

The first completed draft of your poem is only the beginning. Poets often go through
several drafts of a poem before considering the work “done.”

No. 11 Tricks with language

Repeating a word or phrase to emphasize its importance/ create a regular rhythm.

No 12 Use personification

Describe an object/idea as though it were alive. Giving it human qualities.

No 13 Use the idea of “contrast”

The poets place 2 very different things side by side to emphasize something important
towards the subject.

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No 14 Use symbolism

It is a word that becomes a sign of something other than simply itself. This is a
powerful device because it encourages the reader to read deeper layers of meaning
into the poem.

No. 15 Ambiguity

This is where words/ sentences have more than one meaning/ are open to numerous
interpretations.

Page 34 of 87
 QUIZ #7

READING AND WRITING POETRY

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. Enumerate fifteen (15) tips on how to write poetry. Provide short explanation to each
tip. (2 points each)

1. _____________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________________

5. _____________________________________________________

6. _____________________________________________________

7. _____________________________________________________

8. _____________________________________________________

9. _____________________________________________________

10. ____________________________________________________

11. ____________________________________________________

12. ____________________________________________________

13. ____________________________________________________

14. ____________________________________________________

15. ____________________________________________________

Page 35 of 87
CHAPTER III. READING and WRITING FICTION

Literature is divided into two functions: non-fiction and fiction.

1. Non-fiction. This gives actual facts and information. The word fiction comes from
the Latin word fictio which means to invent or make-up. Therefore, non-fiction is not
invented.

2. Is a collective term for literary narratives that portray imaginary people caught in
imaginary situations usually read for pleasure and intended to expand or refine our
life and quicken our senses.

In general, literature is divided into two types: prose and poetry. In line with this,
below are some of the fictional prose and poetry with its corresponding description:

FICTIONAL PROSE

1. Short story- a brief artistic form of prose fiction which focuses on a single main
incident, involving one or more characters and is intended to produce a single
dominant impression.

2. Novel- a long narrative prose divided into chapters.

3. Legend- these are fictitious narratives usually about origins; a narrative sometimes
based on historical people or events, handed down from the past.

4. Myth- This deals with stories about gods and goddesses.

5. Fable- It is a fictitious story the characters of which are animals with human
attributes; they may be called beast tales; it is intended for children to entertain them
and to teach them some useful truth or moral.

6. Parable- Refers to stories usually Biblical in nature.

7. Folktale- refers to a prose narrative told for amusement and instructional value.

8. Play- also called drama, it is written to be performed on stage.

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There are four elements that make up fiction, all interrelated to make up a unified story.

1. PLOT- the framework of fiction, consists of casually related sequence of events,

which through conflict of opposing forces progress to a crisis or climax, which is
the turning point of the story, and finally to a denoument, where the complication
is solved and ends or concludes happily or tragically.

2. CHARACTERS- are the persons about whom the story is told; they influence the
events and are influenced by them.

3. SETTING- refer to the time, pace and general environment in which a piece of
fiction occurs. Details of setting may either be stated or suggested.

4. THEME- the underlying main idea of a literary work, a philosophy or observation

of life, a principle of truth which the author wishes to convey to the readers.

Page 37 of 87
 QUIZ #8

READING AND WRITING FICTION

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1.What is the difference between fiction and non-fiction? (3 points)

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

2.Enumerate eight (8) fictional prose.

A. _______________ E. _______________

B. _______________ F. _______________

C. _______________ G. _______________

D. _______________ H. _______________

3.Enumerate four (4) elements that make up fiction. Provide short explanation to each
element. ( 2 points each )

1.__________--_______________________________________________________

2.__________--_______________________________________________________

3.__________--_______________________________________________________

4.__________--_______________________________________________________

Page 38 of 87
Most fiction can be classified into four modes:

1. Realistic fiction- uses elements that are related to life-like situations.

2. Biographical fiction- tells a story about a person who actually lived but the
experiences told may not be factual

3. Historical Fiction- uses a real setting usually in the past, but the characters are
imaginary

4. Fanciful Fiction- is a combination of real and imaginary events.

Types of Fiction

There are three main types of fiction: the short story, the novella and the novel. Let's
explore each of these.

First, we have the short story. According to the famous short story writer Edgar Allan
Poe, a short story is a piece of fiction that can be read in one sitting of about a half
hour to about two hours. Short stories contain between 1,000 and 20,000 words and
typically run no more than 25 or 30 pages. Because of their limited length, short stories
generally focus on one major plot or storyline and a few characters.

Do you remember all those assignments you read in your elementary and high school
readers? The ones that were imaginary were probably short stories. You may even
have read and enjoyed stories by Washington Irving ('The Legend of Sleepy Hollow') or
by Edgar Allan Poe himself (if you've never read Poe's 'A Tell-Tale Heart,' give it a try;
you're in for a scary, shivery treat).

Next up, we have the novella. Novellas are longer than short stories and tend to run
about 20,000 to 50,000 words, usually between 60 and 120 pages. Because novellas
have more room to work with, they typically have a more complex plot or storyline and
more characters than short stories. Famous novellas include Robert Louis Stevenson's
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Jack London's The Call of the Wild.

Finally, a novel is a work of fiction that contains over 50,000 words or 120 pages.
Novels are even more complex than novellas, and they usually have more than one
plot or storyline and many well-developed characters. Novels can be as long as their
authors want them to be. There is no outer limit to their length. In fact, the longest
novel ever written is a 17th century work that contains over two million words and more

Page 39 of 87
than 13,000 pages. Believe it or not, the book was very popular with the readers of its
day.

The fiction sections in bookstores and libraries are full of novels, long and short. The
books in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series and Suzanne Collins's Hunger Games
series, for instance, are novels, as are the many works of Mark Twain (The Adventures
of Tom Sawyer) and Charles Dickens (Oliver Twist).

Here are some other functional fiction-writing modes:

 Description is the mode by which people, things, or concepts are described.

 Action is the mode of describing things happening, in detail, as they occur.

 Narration is the mode by which the narrator addresses the reader.

 Conversation is the mode of presenting characters talking.

 Exposition is the mode of conveying information.

 Summarization is the mode of restating or recapitulating actions or events.

 Introspection is the mode of conveying a character’s thinking.

 Sensation is the mode of presenting the five senses, or maybe even six.

 Transition is the mode of moving from one place, time, or character to another.

 Emotion is the mode of conveying how a character feels.

 Recollection is the mode of describing a character recalling something.

Page 40 of 87
 QUIZ #9

READING AND WRITING FICTION

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. What are the four (4) modes that most fiction can be classified? Explain each mode.
(2 points each)

1. -

2. -

3. -

4. -

2. Enumerate at least six (6) functional fiction- writing modes.

A. _______________ D. _______________

B. _______________ E. _______________

C. _______________ F. _______________

Define each type of fiction below. (2 points each)

1. Short story --

2. Novella --

3. Novel --

Page 41 of 87
What is a Journal?

A journal is a record that can be used to detail everything from your feelings about a
particular situation in your social life to your thoughts on a current event in the political
world. Hence, journals serve a range of purposes.

A journal is meant collect your ideas and observations on any number of things and put
the happenings of each day into writing.

In this way, you are able to better remember what you did, what you thought, and what
was happening when you were younger.

Types of Journal

 A daily journal, which can be used to record memorable moments from your life.

 An expressive journal, which is designed to give you space to pour out your
emotions and feelings.

 A dream journal that can help you put all those vivid dreams onto paper.

 A travel journal that enables you to document all your wild excursions.

 A bible journal to write your thoughts as you read the bible.

 A hobby journal to write about personal interests.

 And many, many more…

Why journal?

As you learn more about journaling, you must understand why you should keep a
journal. Most importantly, a journal offers you a private place to go and do whatever
you like. You can work on your writing skills by creating stories out of your life. You can
use the pen and paper to vent your frustrations. You can write about things you want to
do later in life. You can keep track of what you eat. In short, you can do anything.
Everything from your deepest feelings to your craziest ideas can be filed into a journal.

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How to journal?

Journaling for yourself

1. Find something that can become your journal.

2. Find a writing tool.

3. Set up a routine.

4. Choose a setting that is conducive to writing.

5. Date your entry.

6. Start writing.

7. Be creative.

8. Know when to stop.

9. Reread what you have written, if you can.

10. Keep writing

Journaling for School

1. Understand the assignment.

2. Stick to a schedule.

3. Date each entry.

4. Start writing the entry.

5. Write in first-person.

6. Make sure each entry is long enough.

7. Conclude each entry with a closing thought.

Page 43 of 87
How to write a scene: Writing scenes with purpose and structure

Scenes (in short fiction and novels, plays and films) serve several functions. They:

 Move the story forward: They keep us engaged, asking ‘what happens next?’

 Establish characters’ arcs or cause and effect. This links to the first point. The
reader wonders what impact this small misfortune will have

 Reveal consequences of earlier events. A subsequent scene following the

missed train, for example, might show the consequences for the character when
they are late for a crucial meeting

 Make a story easier to follow. Scenes chunk what could be a narrative mess into
digestible units of action and event.

Scene units or types

Scene: A story unit that introduces a goal, conflict or disaster.

Sequel: A story unit composed of a reaction, a dilemma and/or decision.

How to write a scene that has focus and narrative drive

Writing scenes that drive your story forwards by introducing significant details of plot
and character is key to an enjoyable novel. When writing a scene, ask these questions
to keep focused on your scene’s purpose:

 Where does the scene take place?

 When does the scene happen?

 Who is in the scene?

 What happens in the scene?

 Why do the characters behave as they do in this scene?

Page 44 of 87
ELEMENTS OF FICTION

The six major elements of fiction are character, plot, point of view, setting, style, and
theme.

1. Character-- A figure in a literary work (personality, gender, age, etc). E. M.

Forester makes a distinction between flat and round characters

2. Plot–- the major events that move the action in a narrative. It is the sequence of
major events in a story, usually in a cause-effect relation

3. Point of View -- the vantage point from which a narrative is told. A narrative is
typically told from a first-person or third-person point of view. In a narrative told
from a first-person perspective, the author tells the story through a character who
refers to himself or herself as "I." Third –person narratives come in two types:
omniscient and limited.

4. Setting–- That combination of place, historical time, and social milieu that
provides the general background for the characters and plot of a literary work.
The general setting of a work may differ from the specific setting of an individual
scene or event

5. Style-- The author’s type of diction (choice of words), syntax (arrangement of

words), and other linguistic features of a work

6. Theme(s)-- The central and dominating idea (or ideas) in a literary work. The
term also indicates a message or moral implicit in any work of art.

Some common genres of story/scene

 Action  Musical  Sci-fi

 Adventure  Romance  Thriller

 Comedy  Sport  Western

 Drama  Fantasy

 Family  History

 Horror  Mystery

Page 45 of 87
 QUIZ #10

READING AND WRITING FICTION

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1.What is journal? (2 points )

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

2.Why we should keep a journal? (2 points)

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

3.Explain the following types of journal. (2 points each )

1. A daily journal

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. An expressive journal

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. A bible journal

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Page 46 of 87
CHAPTER IV. READING and WRITING DRAMA (one-act)

What is drama?

A drama, or a play, is a piece of writing that is presented almost exclusively

through dialogue. The word ‘drama’ comes from the Greek word ‘dran’ meaning ‘to act
or to do.’

Unlike a short story or novel, it is a performance played by actors in front of an

audience and not meant for reading.

What are the elements of Drama?

1. Characters - are the people (sometimes animals or ideas) portrayed by the

actors in the play. It is the characters who move the action, or plot, of the play
forward.

2. Setting - identifies the time and place in which the events occur. It consists of the
historical period, the moment, day and season in which the incidents take place.
It also includes the sceneries in the performance.

3. Plot - This is what happens in the play. Plot refers to the action; the basic
storyline or the sequence of events inside a story.

In the narrative sense, the term highlights the important points which have
important consequences within the story.

Kinds:

A Dramatic or Progressive Plot: This is in a chronological structure.

An Episodic Plot: consists of a series of loosely related incidents, usually

of chapter length.

Page 47 of 87
 A Parallel Plot: The writer weaves two or more dramatic plots that are
usually linked by a common character.

A Flashback: This structure conveys information about events that

occurred earlier.

4. Dialogue - This refers to the words written by the playwright and spoken by the
characters in the play. The dialogue helps move the action of the play.

What are the techniques and literary devices in drama?

Literary devices are narrative techniques that add texture, energy, and excitement to
the narrative, grip the reader's imagination, and convey information.

While there are literally hundreds of literary devices at an author's disposal, the
following are a handful of the most common:

1. Allusion - a reference to a person, place, or event or to another literary work or

passage. It serves to illustrate, clarify, or enhance a subject.

2. Dramatic Irony - Occurs when a character’s words or acts carry a larger

meaning that the character does not perceive. He/she expects the opposite of
what fate holds in store, or unknowingly says something that has a double
meaning. The audience, however, is fully aware of the character’s situation.

3. Foreshadowing - An author’s use of “hints” which prepare the reader for future
events or the outcome.

4. Imagery - Images are the pictures created by the author’s use of words. They
are the playwright’s way of creating an atmosphere is which to tell his story.

Imagery is created through the use of figurative language created by some of the
following devices:

5. Hyperbole - is an exaggeration used to create a specific effect.

6. Metaphor - a figure of speech used to imply rather than directly express a

comparison between 2 objects.

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7. Simile - is a figure of speech used to directly express a comparison between 2
objects. (usually has “Like or as”)

8. Paradox - is when a character says something that sounds contrary or absurd,

but which holds some truth to it.

9. Personification - is a figure of speech in which a quality or idea is represented

by human qualities, or nature is portrayed as having human feelings, intelligence
or emotions

10. Pun - is a play on words; used artfully by Shakespeare for comedy and
often creates irony. It is the humorous use of a word or of words which are
formed (homographs) or sound alike (homophones) but have different meanings.

11. Understatement - is weakly stating or expressing feelings or ideas for

effect.

Page 49 of 87
 QUIZ #11

READING AND WRITING DRAMA (one-act)

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. What’s the difference between short story/ novel and drama? (3 points )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

Enumerate eleven (11) literary devices.

a. _______________ f. _______________

b. _______________ g. _______________

c. _______________ h. _______________

d. _______________ i. _______________

e. _______________ j. _______________

k. _______________

3. Define only one (1) of the following elements of drama.

A. Characters

B. Setting

C. Plot

D. Dialogue

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Page 50 of 87
What is Intertextuality?

Intertextuality denotes the way in which texts gain meaning through their referencing or
evocation of other texts.

This term was developed by the poststructuralist, Julia Kristeva, in the 1960s. Since
then, intertextuality has been widely accepted by postmodern literary critics and
theoreticians. Basically, when writers borrow from previous texts, their work acquires
layers of meaning.

What are the different types of Intertextuality?

These variations depend on two key factors: the intention of the writer and the
significance of the reference.

1. Obligatory- Obligatory intertextuality is when the writer deliberately invokes a

comparison or association between two or more texts

2. Optional - Optional intertextuality has a less vital impact on the significance of

the hypertext

3. Accidental - Accidental intertextuality is when readers often connect a text with

another text, cultural practice, or a personal experience; without there being any
tangible anchor point within the original text.

The concept of intertextuality can also be expanded to music, film, advertising, and
many more in a way that everything produced now is influenced by what came before.
References to pop culture in advertising, films that are made from books, and disc
tracks in rap can all be considered intertextual though they are not strictly texts.

Page 51 of 87
 QUIZ #12

READING AND WRITING DRAMA (one-act)

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1.What is intertextuality? (4 points)

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

2.Enumerate and explain the different types of intertextuality. (2 points each)

1. --

2. --

3. --

Page 52 of 87
What is a one-act play?

A one-act play is a play that has only one act, as distinct from plays that occur over
several acts.

In recent years the 10- minute play known as "flash drama" has emerged as a popular
subgenre of the one- act play, especially in writing competitions.

What are the elements of a one-act play?

 Theme- one-act needs to have a theme or thought just as a full-length does. But it
has to be clear, concise and well-thought of.

 Plot- the plot is the series and sequence of events that lead the hero (and the
audience) on the journey.

 Character- One-act plays focuses on the life of one character-the Hero.

 Dialogue- Economy is the key here. Each line must be crafted carefully to focus on
the theme, the incident, and the character of the protagonist.

Famous examples of One-act plays are:

 Cyclops, a satyr play by Euripides –is a contemporary, Homeric, and fantastical

story about Cyclops and satyrs.

 Krapp's Last Tape by Samuel Beckett– focuses on Krapps’ biography and his ups
and downs in life.

 A Memory of Two Mondays by Arthur Miller - focuses on a group of desperate

workers earning their livings in a Brooklyn automobile parts warehouse during the
Great Depression in the 1930s

What are the important factors in constructing a one-act play?

1. The THEME - The purpose and the intent of the play.

2. The TECHNIC - is a practical method by which an artist can most effectively convey

his message to his public.

Page 53 of 87
 QUIZ #13

READING AND WRITING DRAMA (one-act)

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. What is on-act play? ( 3 points )

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. What are the elements of a one-act play? Explain each element. ( 2 points each )

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. What are the important factors in constructing a one act-play? Explain each factor.
( 2 points each)

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Page 54 of 87
What is staging?

Staging is the position of the acting area in relation to the audience. The Acting Area is
the available space occupied by the set and used by the actors when acting.

What is staging in connection to the script or dialogue?

The staging and the dialogue (script) are the tools used to bring characters to life.

In a dramatic play, each actor speaks the lines in turn that help to reveal the type of
person that actor is playing. The back-and-forth exchange of lines in a play is the
dialogue, which is the primary way that playwrights characterize their protagonists and
antagonists.

Staging is also used to mean the result of this process, in other words the spectacle
that a play presents in performance, its visual detail.

What are Visual Details?

 Blocking - is the precise staging of actors in order to facilitate the performance of a

play, ballet, film or opera.

 Stage Business – these are movements made to strengthen the personality of a

character. The person in charge of this is the stage manager or stage director.

 Scenic Background – is used as a setting for a theatrical production.

 Props and Costume – a prop is anything movable or portable on a stage or a set,

distinct from the actors, scenery and electrical equipment while a costume is the
clothes worn by actors for their character. The person in charge of handling the
props is generally called the props "master".

 Lighting - the illumination of the stage by means of artificial light. A Lighting Plot is
a diagram of the location of lighting instruments and their areas of focus and is
often manipulated by lighting technicians.

 Sound Effects - is also an important part of staging a play. Sound technicians will
use sound effects in a variety of ways.

Page 55 of 87
What are the major types of staging?

1. Proscenium Stage - it is the usual "theatre" to which its primary feature is the
Proscenium; a "picture frame" placed around the front of the playing area of an
end stage.

2. Thrust Theatre - a stage surrounded by audience on three sides. The fourth side
serves as the background.

3. End Stage – it is a stage extended from wall to wall, like a thrust stage with
audience on just one side.

4. Arena Theatre -a central stage surrounded by audience on all sides. The stage
area is often raised to improve sightlines

5. Flexible Theatre – it is sometimes called a "Black Box" theatre. These stages

are often big empty boxes painted black inside.

6. Profile Theatres – these are often used in "found space" theatres, i.e. theatres
made by converted from other spaces.

7. Sports Arenas - often serve as venues for Music Concerts. In form, they
resemble very large arena stage but with a rectangular floor plan.

Page 56 of 87
 QUIZ #14

READING AND WRITING DRAMA (one-act)

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1.What is staging? (3 points )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

2.What is staging in connection to the script or dialogue? (4 points )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

3.What are visual details?

______________________________ ______________________________

______________________________ ______________________________

______________________________ ______________________________

______________________________ ______________________________

Page 57 of 87
4.What are the major types of staging?

______________________________ ______________________________

______________________________ ______________________________

______________________________ ______________________________

______________________________ ______________________________

Page 58 of 87
What are short exercises in drama?

They are the tools used by drama teachers and directors. Exercises take away
that blank page and stimulate creativity by challenging a writer to think about an idea
that is already somewhat defined and therefore easier to imagine.

How to write short exercises in drama?

In writing short exercises, one must consider the elements of drama. There are
twelve dramatic elements at the core of all drama.

What are the twelve dramatic elements at the core of drama?

Aside from the characters, dialogue, and plot, one must also consider the other
elements such as:

1. Focus

Focus is often used interchangeably with the terms concentration and engagement;
assisting the performer in the portrayal of believable characters.

2. Tension

Tension can sometimes be used as an interchangeable term with conflict. The

development of tension usually parallels the advancement of the plot; leading to a
crisis or climax.

3. Timing

Timing in performance refers to dramatic synchronization of movements and gestures.

Rhythm and pace are affected by timing.

4. Rhythm

Rhythm refers to the timing and pace of the drama. It also means the beat or tempo of
the performance.

5. Contrast

Contrast makes the performance interesting and full of tension.

Page 59 of 87
6. Mood

It refers to ambience or aura and is often created through a combination of several

dramatic and stagecraft elements working in harmony with each other.

7. Space

This dramatic element refers to the effective use of available space in a performance.
Movement is essential for space to be used effectively.

8. Language

Language is the spoken text. The use of language in performance can be verbal, vocal
or nonverbal.

9. Sound

Modern theatrical practice relies on sound to assist in a number of ways. It can be

useful in creating atmosphere or mood.

10. Symbol

The use of symbol in dramatic performances can be one of the simplest and also most
complicated of all techniques. Essentially, symbolism implies a greater meaning than
the literal suggestion.

11. Conflict

Drama that lacks conflict is normally dull and uninspiring. As a rule, conflict should
always be considered an essential ingredient for all dramatic performances. Conflict
can be between two or more characters, or simply one (inner conflict).Conflict on stage
can be verbal, physical or nonverbal (psychological). Conflict differs from tension in
that it is often a fixed part of the structure of a play; with characters destined to clash
with one another from the outset.

12. Climax

The ultimate crisis, or highest peak, is usually called the climax and often (but not
always) occurs toward the end of a performance.

Page 60 of 87
Tips that can be helpful in short exercises and creating a play

 All scenes that they write should have a title

 Writers need to describe the set, time, and place

 Characters need to have objectives

 Focus on dialogue

 Make sure necessary physical actions are clearly defined

 Keep scenes simple- one setting and 2 to 3 characters

 Each short play should have a beginning, middle, and end

Page 61 of 87
 QUIZ #15

READING AND WRITING DRAMA (one-act)

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. What are short exercises in drama? (2 points )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

2. How to write short exercises in drama? (2 points )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

3. Enumerate at least six (6) dramatic elements at the core of drama.

________________________________________
________________________________________

________________________________________
________________________________________

________________________________________
________________________________________

Page 62 of 87
4. Give at least five (5) tips that can be helpful in short exercises and creating a play.

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Page 63 of 87
How can you write a one-act play?

If plays are the small siblings of movies, then a one act play is the infant of the
family. One act plays are short plays but complete stories. They take place in only one
scene and are generally less than an hour long.

The elements, techniques, and literary devices are an essential make-up of a

successful and interesting one-act play.

What are the guidelines?

Traditional plays, and often one-act plays, sometimes conform to the unities of
drama as discussed by the philosopher Aristotle. These guidelines suggest that a play
should take place with:

 Unity of Location- one location

 Unity of Time- be set over a period of no more than one day

 Unity of action- have one central plot

What are the steps?

These are the simplified steps in starting a story. Extensive Exposition should be
avoided because of limited time.

1. First, it is a must to outline the basic plot. This includes the problems the
characters are facing and how will the characters react to the problem.

2. Next, there is a need to develop the setting of the scene. This includes where
the characters are talking and what the set looks like.

3. Decide on characters. A character sketch should be written beforehand to help

flesh out the characters and bring them to life. Picking a main character is an
essential point that gives more direction.

4. Develop the dialogue of the play. Once the plot and the characters are
developed, one will need to develop the script.

5. After the script is written, it should be read through with a partner or friend
to make revisions.
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6. Once the play is revised, it should be read all over.

What are the six working phases of the creative process?

1. Inspiration is when a person generates a large number of ideas.

2. Clarification focuses on a person’s goals.

3. Distillation is when a person looks through the ideas he/she have generated
and try to determine which ones to work on.

4. Perspiration is the process when one works determinedly on the best ideas.

5. Evaluation is the review phase in which a person looks back over his/her work in
progress.

6. Incubation is when the individual leaves the work alone, though he/she still
ponders about it occasionally, leaving it ‘on the surface of his/her mind’.

Page 65 of 87
 QUIZ #16

READING AND WRITING DRAMA (one-act)

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. What are the guidelines in writing one-act play?

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

2. What are the steps in writing one-act play? ( In order )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__
_____________________________________________________________________

3. What are the six (6) working phases of the creative process?

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Page 66 of 87
CHAPTER V. THE CREATIVE WORK in LITERARY and/ or SOCIOPOLITICAL
CONTEXT

What is a creative work?

A creative work is a tangible manifestation of creative effort, such as literature, music,

paintings, and software.

Creative works require a creative mindset and are not typically rendered in an arbitrary
fashion.

Creative work has 2 steps:

1. Having an idea

2. Turning that idea into a substantive form or process.

The creative process can involve one or more individuals. Based upon technological
advances as well as artificial intelligence, there is the possibility that creative works can
be created without human intervention - thereby removing the step of "having an idea".
Typically the creative process has some aesthetic value which is identified as a
creative expression.

What are the six working phases of the creative process?

1. Inspiration is when a person generates a large number of ideas

2. Clarification focuses on a person’s goals.

3. Distillation is when a person looks through the ideas he/she have generated
and try to determine which ones to work on

4. Perspiration is the process when one works determinedly on the best ideas

5. Evaluation is the review phase in which a person looks back over his/her work in
progress

6. Incubation is when the individual leaves the work alone, though he/she still
ponders about it occasionally, leaving it ‘on the surface of his/her mind’.

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Creative works can be in a literary and/or sociopolitical context. Sociological
Criticism approach “examines literature in the cultural, economic and political context in
which it is written or received”, exploring the relationships between the artist and
society.

What are the most famous types of sociological criticism?

1. Marxist criticism - focuses on the economic and political elements of art often
emphasizing the ideological content of literature.

2. Feminist literary criticism -is a literary criticism informed by the feminist theory, or
more broadly, by the politics of feminism.

Criticism is essentially related to creative works. A good example is creative writing

(literature).

Creative writing is any form of writing which is written with the creativity of mind:
fiction writing, poetry writing, creative nonfiction writing and more.

What are the two kinds of creative writing?

1. Good - effective

2. Bad - ineffective.

Page 68 of 87
 QUIZ #17

THE CREATIVE WORK IN LITERARY and/or SOCIOPOLITICAL CONTEXT

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. What is creative work?

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__
2. What are the steps in creative work?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3.What are the six (6) working phases of the creative process?
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
4.What are the most famous types of sociological criticism?

_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

5.What are the two kinds of creative writing?

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

Page 69 of 87
What is creative writing?

It is a writing that expresses ideas and thoughts in an imaginative way. The writer
gets to express feelings and emotions instead of just presenting the facts.

Creative writing can technically be considered as any writing of original

composition.

What are the forms of creative writing?

 Poetry and songs- A poem or a song tends to be more elusive or mysterious

because it has limited space.

 Plays- Plays have a different narrative language compared to other medium in a

way that they favor character and performance.

 Movie and television scripts- To write screenplays are to refrain from overtly
exposing the intricacies of what a person feels.

 Fiction (novels and short stories) – is the composition of non-factual prose texts.
Novels and stories are always creative but some are more so than others. Genre is
the category that writers use.

 Speeches- are a formal address or discourse delivered to an audience or a

sequence of lines written for one character in a play.

 Memoirs- are from the French word mémoire, which means 'reminiscence' or
'memory.’ Memoirs are typically classified as a subgenre of autobiography. The
main difference is that a memoir is more focused. An autobiography typically spans
a person's entire life and contains intricate details.

Some famous examples are “A Moveable Feast” by Ernest Hemingway, “Running with
Scissors: A Memoir” by Augusten Burroughs and “The Year of Magical Thinking” by
Joan Didion

 Personal essays - It is a personal narrative that is based on a milestone or a life-

altering event. It is written in the first person point of view.

Page 70 of 87
 QUIZ #18

THE CREATIVE WORK IN LITERARY and/or SOCIOPOLITICAL CONTEXT

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. In your own words and understanding, what is creative writing? ( 3 points )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

2. Enumerate at least six (6) forms of creative writing. Explain each form. ( 2 points
each )

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Page 71 of 87
What is an essay?

An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that expresses the author's own
argument — but the definition is vague; overlapping with those of an article, a
pamphlet, and a short story.

What are the basic parts of an essay?

 Introduction - in which one introduces the essay (1/8)

 A main body – contains an analysis and interpretation (6/8)

 A conclusion – in which one ends the essay (1/8)

What is a creative essay?

A creative essay is any short nonfiction text written with specific attention to its
aesthetic qualities and presentation; written from the point-of-view of the author.

What are the steps in writing a creative essay?

The structure of the creative essay is critical, though there is no formula to

adhere to. Below are some steps that can be useful for aspiring writers.

BEFORE WRITING

1. Choose the topic - pick a topic that is intriguing but also one that can teach a thing
or two

2. Do some research - Even if one has chosen a subject that is second nature to the
writer, it is always important to investigate deeper into the topic

3. Plan it out – This includes the five questions - How, What, When, Where, Who.

4. Write a rough draft - Try to focus on the flow of the information and put some of
your ideas on paper in chronological order. Sometimes, a good creative writer
jumps back and forth in the events to show strength in emotions.

5. Put everything in order - Read the rough draft again; exclude all unnecessary
information

6. Start writing - once the format for the creative essay is satisfactory, it is time to put
the pen in paper (or fingers to keyboard) and gradually build the tale.

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AFTER WRITING

 Re-Read and Check the Tempo – make sure that the ideas are in place and the
flow is cohesive.

 Check for Grammatical Errors and Use a Thesaurus – Using a Thesaurus

improves word game and grammatical errors can interrupt a reader’s
comprehension.

 Have a Peer to do some Proofreading – having a friend or someone to proofread

one’s work will be helpful in catching the mistakes that the person missed.

Page 73 of 87
 QUIZ #18

THE CREATIVE WORK IN LITERARY and/or SOCIOPOLITICAL CONTEXT

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. What is an essay? (2 points )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

2. What are the basic parts of an essay? Define each part based on your own
understanding. (2 points each )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

3. What is creative essay? ( 2 points )

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

4. What are the steps in writing a creative essay? ( 5 points )

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Page 74 of 87
CHAPTER VI. FINAL OUTPUT

What is a blog?

According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, a blog is a website that contains online

personal reflections, comments, and often hyperlinks, videos, and photographs
provided by the writer. It is a highly-individual form of self-expression. It is like an online
personal diary or journal that is frequently updated. Nowadays, many people especially
young ones, are so into it. But there are times that taking care of every post is a hassle
so group blogs are invented.

What is a group blog?

A group blog is a blog with multiple authors. Each person can contribute his own
work to the site. In a group blog, there are usually 5 kinds of roles.

What are the 5 kinds of roles in a group blog?

 The subscriber can read the site and leave comments.

 The contributor can create and edit own posts, but cannot publish.

 The author can create, edit, and publish their own posts.

 The editor can view, edit, publish, and delete any posts or pages.

 The administrator has the full and complete access to the blog. He/she can even
edit and rewrite the blog’s code.

What are the major components of a blog?

1. The header - headers usually consist of an image with the name of the blog.

2. The content area - this is the section where the content is displayed.

3. The footer – this displays copyright and some basic information about the site and
ownership.

4. The sidebar – this can be very useful to improve site navigation and add
enhancements to the blog.

Page 75 of 87
What are ICT and other multimedia forms?

ICT or "Information and Communication Technology" refers to the technologies

that provide access to information through telecommunications. This includes the
Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication media. Multimedia,
on the other hand, uses a combination of different content forms such as text, audio,
images, animations, video and interactive content. A multimedia is an application that
uses a collection of multimedia sources.

The following are examples of a multimedia:

1. Text – is the most common form of media type.

2. Images - can display application content or can alternatively form part of a user

interface.

3. Audio – audio files appear as part of application content and to aid interaction.

4. Video - appears in many multimedia applications, particularly on the Web.

Common digital video formats include Flash, MPEG, AVI, WMV and QuickTime.

5. Animation - includes interactive effects, allowing users to engage with the

animation action using their mouse and keyboard.

Page 76 of 87
 QUIZ #19

FINAL OUTPUT

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1.Based on your idea and understanding, what is a blog? ( 2 points )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

2.What is a group blog? ( 2 points )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

3.What are the five (5) kinds of roles in a group blog? Define each based on your
understanding. ( 2 points each )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

Page 77 of 87
4.What are the major components of a blog? Define each component. ( 2 points each )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

5. What are the ICT and other multimedia forms? ( 3 points )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

6. Give at least five (5) multimedia that we can use everyday. Specify its function. (2
points each )

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

Page 78 of 87
What is a manuscript?

A manuscript is essentially the earliest draft of a book. It is the unpublished

version of a book submitted to agents and editors for publication considerations. It
came from the Latin word “manu scriptus ” meaning written by hand.

What is publishing?

Publishing means making information available to the public. In the past, this was
mainly done through issuing printed copies of documents. Now there are many more
options such as websites, print, DVD, e-publications, and online applications.

What are the kinds of publishing?

1. Traditional - a publisher offers the author a contract and, in turn, prints,

publishes, and sells one’s book through booksellers and other retailers.

2. Self-publishing – the majority of the work falls on one’s shoulders and he/she
pays for all the expenses.

What are the different publishing models?

 POD (print-on-demand) – uses printing technology to produce books one at a time

through a company at a cost-effective price.

 Vanity publisher - the manufacturer prints and binds a book on the author's dime
and does not offer editing, marketing, or promotional assistance.

 Subsidy publisher - this type of publisher contributes a portion of the cost to

editing, distribution, warehousing, and marketing.

What are the different formats for the publishing of your work?

 Printed book – a regular book; can be a paperback or a hardbound book

 E-book - a book published in digital form

Page 79 of 87
 QUIZ #20

FINAL OUTPUT

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. What is a manuscript? (2 points )

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. What is publishing? (2 points )

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. What’s the difference between traditional and self-publishing? (3 points)

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

4. What are the different publishing models? Define each publishing model. (2 points
each )

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Page 80 of 87
5. What’s the difference between printed book and E-book?(2 points )

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Page 81 of 87
What is intertextual?

“Intertextual” is an adjective used to describe something that has Intertextuality.

Intertextuality is a discursive space that makes text intelligible and is the shaping of a
text's meaning by another text. Intertextual figures include allusion, quotation, Calque,
plagiarism, translation, pastiche, and parody.

What are its two forms?

1. Book in a book - One form of intertextuality is a brief or prolonged reference to a

literary text in a second literary text.

2. Other “Text” in a Book – A second form of intertextuality is a brief or prolonged

reference to a media or social “text” in a literary text.

What are its functions?

1. Comparison - Intertextuality involves an implicit comparison by putting two

“texts” together.

2. Dialogue - Intertextuality invites a conversational dialogue between two “texts.”

3. Destabilization - Intertextuality can sometimes destabilize, or shake up our

understanding of the original text being referenced or a scene or idea in the
primary book.

What are its effects?

1. Transformation of the Primary book - The first influence intertextuality can

have is on the reader’s understanding of the primary book.

2. Transformation of a prior text - Intertextuality can also influence our

understanding of the original text, causing us to “reflexively” re-read, or
reconsider our understanding of the original text.

3. Reinterpretation of both - Intertextuality can create a simultaneous re-reading

of both the primary book and its intertext.

Page 82 of 87
 QUIZ #21

FINAL OUTPUT

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. What is “intertextual”? (4 points)

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

2. What are the two (2) forms of intertextual? Define each form. (2 points each)

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

3. What are the functions of intertextual? Define each function. (2 points each)

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

4. What are the effects of intertextual? Define each effect(2 points each)

___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
__

Page 83 of 87
What is a poem?

A poem is a composition in verse, especially one that is characterized by a highly

developed artistic form.

What are the types of poems?

1. Haiku – a type of Japanese poem, consisting of three unrhymed lines, with

mostly five, seven and five syllables in each line.

2. Free verse – consists of non-rhyming lines, without a metrical pattern but has
natural rhythm.

3. Epic – a form of poem written in blank verse which shows a protagonist in action.

4. Ballad – a type of narrative poem that narrates a story

5. Sonnet – a poem of lyrical poem containing fourteen lines with iambic

pentameter

6. Elegy - A melancholic poem in which poet laments the death of a subject.

7. Epitaph - A small poem used as an inscription on tombstone of dead person.

8. Hymn – a type of a poem praises spirituality or God’s splendor.

9. Limerick - a type of humorous poem with five anapestic lines in which first,
second and fifth lines have three feet and third and fourth have two feet with a
strict rhyme scheme of aabba.

10. Villanelle - a French styled poem with nineteen lines contains three-line stanza
with five tercet and final quatrain.

TIPS in writing a poem

 Know One’s Goal - one should know what he/she is trying to accomplish

 Avoid Clichés – avoid overused expressions

 Avoid Sentimentality - it detracts from the literary quality of the work

 Use Images – be a painter in words

Page 84 of 87
 Use Metaphor and Simile - bring imagery and concrete words into the writing

 Use Concrete Words Instead of Abstract Words - it helps the reader get a
“picture” of what the poem is talking about.

 Communicate Theme - poetry always has a theme

 Subvert the Ordinary - take an ordinary object, place, person, or idea, and come
up with a new perception of it.

 Rhyme with Extreme Caution - rhyme and meter (the pattern of stressed and
unstressed words) can be dangerous if used the wrong way

 Revise, Revise, Revise - the first completed draft of a poem is only the beginning.

What is a short story?

A short story is an invented prose narrative shorter than a novel usually dealing
with a few characters and aiming at unity of effect and often concentrating on the
creation of mood rather than plot.

What are the types of short stories?

1. Anecdote - a short account of something interesting and amusing

2. Drabble - an exceptionally short piece of fiction, usually of exactly 100 words in

length – not including the title

3. Fable - a succinct story featuring anthropomorphic creatures (usually animals)

4. Feghoot - an interesting short story type also known as a story pun or a poetic
story joke

5. Flash fiction - refers to an extremely short piece of literature.

6. Frame story - a literary technique of placing a story within a story

7. Mini-saga - a short story told in exactly 50 words

8. Story sequence – a short story cycle or a composite novel

9. Sketch story - shorter than average piece containing little or no plot.

Page 85 of 87
 10. Vignette - a short, impressionistic piece that focuses on a single scene,
character, idea, setting, or object. GUIDE QUESTIONS IN FORMING A SHORT
STORY

What does the protagonist want?

 When the story begins, what morally significant action has the protagonist
taken towards that goal?

 What unexpected consequences — directly related to the protagonist’s goal-

oriented actions — ramp up the emotional energy of the story?

 What details from the setting, dialogue, and tone help the writer to tell the
story? Things to cut:

 Travel scenes. (Save words. “Later, at the office, I…”)

 Character A telling character B about something we just saw happening to

character A. (Cut the redundancy.)

 Facial expressions of a first-person narrator. (We can’t see what our own faces
look like, so don’t write “A smile lit my face from ear to ear.”) See Writing Dialogue.

 What morally significant choice does the protagonist make at the climax of
the story?

What is a one-act play?

A one-act play is similar to a short story in its limitations. There is a complete

drama within one act. It is brief, condensed, and single in effect.

In writing a one-act play, it is important to take the elements in consideration:

 Theme – answers the question “What is the play about?”

 Plot - this is much different in the one-act than in the full-length. The focus is very
important due to time constraints

 Character - the hero or the protagonist’s character needs to be more developed

and focused on

 Dialogue - each line must be crafted carefully to focus on the theme, the incident
and the character of the protagonist
Page 86 of 87
 QUIZ #22

FINAL OUTPUT

Date:_______________
Score:_______________

Answer the following:

1. What is a poem? (2 points )

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Enumerate at least five (5) types of poems. Define each type. (2 points each )

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Enumerate at least three (3) TIPS in writing a poem.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

4. What are the types of short stories?

________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Page 87 of 87