Korea Art Market Report 2023
Korea Art Market Report 2023
아트마켓
2023
KOREA
ART
MARKET
2023
GALLERIES AND ART FAIRS 2
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Assessments of the South Korean art market in 2023 are mixed. Galleries and art
auctions were hit hard by the global economic crisis and their rapid growth was put on
hold. On the other hand, the number of visitors to art fairs has increased, confirming
the dynamism of the Korean art market. In particular, a number of art fairs have
stepped up their game in terms of variety and quality, raising expectations for a
return to the boom years ahead. Despite the decline in the value of art transactions
in Korea, Seoul is believed to have surpassed Singapore, Taipei, and Tokyo as the art
hub of Asia.
EDITOR'S LETTER 4
The Korea Art Market Report is the first of its kind in Korea, designed to provide the
global art world with information on the various sectors of the Korean art market.
The first edition, Korea Art Market 2022, was published at the end of last year and
received good responses (partly thanks to social media postings by collector Choi
Seunghyun. aka TOP, who was one of our interviewees). Although we were not able to
reach many overseas collectors due to the low level of awareness, we are confident
that it was a meaningful first step.
Five Korean art experts participated in Korea Art Market 2023. The first article was
written by So-Hyun Cho, Team Leader of the Korea Arts Management Service, who
summarized the current state of Korean galleries and art fairs. Yunah Jung, Senior
Specialist at Christie's Hong Kong, then analyzed recent trends in the Korean art
auction market. Next, Prof. Henna Joo from Hongik University wrote a very interesting
article about Korean corporate museums such as Samsung, Amorepacific, Paradise
and their collections.
Perhaps the most eye-catching article in this report is by SE Daily reporter Sang-In
Cho, who profiles Korean art professionals who are making a name for themselves
overseas. We were unable to include more details due to space limitations, but the
profiles of many Korean art professionals working as museum curators, scholars (art
historians), and gallerists are well worth the read. Finally, Seewon Hyun, the newly
appointed artistic director of the 2024 Changwon Sculpture Biennale, explains the
Korean contemporary art exhibition trends with two keywords such as "survey" and
"crafty".
As in the previous year, three interviews are included in this report. We hope you
enjoy our candid conversations with gallerist Javier Peres, artist Ryu Sungsil, and
actress and ‘content director’ Kim Heeseon, who recently curated an exhibition titled
"Aesthetic Treasures of Orient".
I want to thank all of our writers for their amazing contributions. And a huge thank
you to Paradise Cultural Foundation for continuous support and to Korea Arts
Management Service for their help in many forms.
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fashion, food, and more, and it was great to see the global interest in Korea deepen.
We are in the midst of an era where Korean culture with the letter K is making a
meaningful impact, and we are excited to document and share this through Korea Art
Market reports.
We would like to express our deepest gratitude to everyone who has been waiting for
and supporting the report. We hope that you will continue to support the Korean art
market so that it can make further progress and have a positive impact on society.
Thank you.
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©KIAF
GALLERIES AND ART FAIRS 10
GALLERIES AND ART FAIRS 11
2023 Korean Art Market Trends: Focusing on Galleries and Art Fairs
2023 한국 미술시장 동향: 화랑과 아트페어를 중심으로
The Korean art market is estimated to have surpassed the KRW 10년 전 주요 유통영역인 화랑, 경매회사, 아트페어의 미술작품 판매
1 trillion (USD 766 million) mark in 2022, up from a mere 액 총합이 4,024억원(약 300백만달러)에 불과하던 한국 미술시장은
KRW 402.4 billion (USD 300 million) in total sales of artworks 2022년 1조원(약 766백만달러)의 벽을 넘은 것으로 추정된다.1) 한국
by galleries, auction houses, and art fairs a decade ago.1) The
의 미술시장에서 가장 큰 비중은 화랑의 작품 판매액으로 전체 시장
largest share of the Korean art market is the sales of artworks by
의 41.4%를 차지하고 있다.(2022년 기준) 지난 3년간 한국 미술시장
galleries, accounting for 41.4% of the total market. The number of
art galleries has increased from 503 in 2020 to 831 in 2022, and 이 급속도로 성장하면서, 시장의 구성원인 화랑의 수도 함께 증가하였
as the number of galleries has increased, the scale of art sales by 다. 2020년 503개로 집계됐던 화랑의 수는 2022년 831개로 확대되
galleries has also expanded. 었으며, 화랑의 개수가 증가한 만큼 화랑의 작품 판매 규모 또한 확대
되어 왔다.
Number of galleries and art fairs Unit: EA Sales figure of galleries and art fairs Unit: in million won
111 1 1111 1
The same can be said for the number of art fairs, which serve as 화랑의 주요 판매 플랫폼 역할을 하는 아트페어의 수도 마찬가지이
the main sales platform for galleries. From 49 art fairs in 2019, 다. 2019년 49개였던 아트페어는 팬데믹의 영향으로 2020년 35개
the number dropped to 35 in 2020 due to the pandemic before 로 줄었다가 22년에는 71개까지 증가하였다. 그렇다면 새로 미술시
rising to 71 in 2022. As such, what are the characteristics of the
장에 진입한 화랑과 아트페어는 어떤 특징을 가지고 있을까? 본 고에
new galleries and art fairs that have entered the art market? In this
서는 예술경영지원센터에서 발간하는 미술시장조사 결과를 활용하여
article, we will look at how galleries and art fairs, the main players
in the Korean art market growth, have changed over the past three 미술시장 성장의 주역인 화랑과 아트페어가 지난 3년간 어떻게 변화
years, using the results of the Art Market Survey published by the 해 왔는지 살펴보고자 한다.
Korea Arts Management Service.
2022년 기준 미술시장 실태조사의 화랑 모집단 수는 831개로 21년
As of 2022, the Art Market Survey’s sample of galleries is 831,
598개 대비 39.0%, 20년 503개 대비 65.2% 증가하였다. 미술시장 실
up 39.0% from 598 in 2021. This is a 65.2% increase from 503.
태조사가 시작된 2010년 324개였던 화랑이 10년간 503개로 증가한
Considering that the number of galleries has increased from 324
것을 감안한다면, 최근 3년간의 증가세는 폭발적이라고 볼 수 있다. 이
in 2010, when the Art Market Survey began, to 503 in 10 years, the
growth in the last 3 years can be considered explosive. How is the 러한 증가의 결과로 화랑의 지형은 어떻게 변하고 있을까?
landscape of art galleries changing as a result of this growth?
Looking at the regional distribution, we can see that Seoul, Jongno,
1 Based on the results of the Art Market Survey published annually by the 1 예술경영지원센터에서 매년 발간하는 미술시장실태조사 결과 기준. 해당 금액은
Korea Arts Management Service. The amount is a simple sum of the
미술시장 주요 유통영역인 화랑, 경매회사, 아트페어에서 판매된 작품 판매 금액
sales of artworks sold at galleries, auction houses, and art fairs, which
are the main channels of the art market, before removing duplicates. 을 단순 합산한 값으로 중복을 제거하기 이전의 금액임
GALLERIES AND ART FAIRS 12
Gangnam, Busan, and Daegu have decreased in importance while 지역적 분포를 살펴보면 서울종로, 강남, 부산, 대구는 비중이 줄고,
the distribution of galleries has increased. In 2020, 23.7% of galleries 그 외 지역의 화랑 분포가 높아진 것을 볼 수 있다. 2020년에는 서울
were located in Jongno, 19.3% were located in Gangnam, and 14.5%
종로에 23.7%, 강남에 19.3% 그 외 지역에 14.5%에 위치해 있는 것
were located in the rest of Seoul. However, by 2022, Jongno’s share
으로 나타났으나, 2022년이 되면서 서울 종로지역의 비중이 전체의
shrank to less than 20% of the total, while the share of the rest of
20% 미만으로 축소되고, 서울 기타지역의 비중이 4.6%p 늘어난 것
Seoul increased by 4.6 percentage points.
으로 나타났다.
This suggests that new galleries are moving out of the traditional
gallery districts of Samcheong and Cheongdam to new areas 이는 신규 화랑들이 전통적인 화랑 밀집지역인 서울 삼청, 청담을 벗어
such as Seongsu and Hannam. As you can see, the distribution 나 성수, 한남 등 새로운 지역에 분포해 있음을 짐작케 할 수 있다. 서
is regional. Outside of Seoul, the share of art fairs in Busan
울 이외 지역에서는 부산, 대구는 비중이 소폭 감소하고 그 외 기타지
and Daegu decreased slightly, while the share in other regions
역에서 5.9%p 증가하였다. 후술하겠지만 미술시장 성장기에 서울 이
increased by 5.9 percentage points. As we will see later, art fairs
외지역의 아트페어들이 속속 등장하면서 지역의 화랑들도 함께 활성화
outside of Seoul appeared one after another during the art market
growth period, showing that local galleries were also revitalized. 되었음을 보여준다.
In terms of art sales, galleries with sales of less than KRW 30 작품 판매 금액대별로 보면 2022년에는 매출액 3천만원 미만의 화
million (USD 22,388) accounted for nearly 60% in 2022. This is 랑 비중이 60%에 육박함을 볼 수 있다. 이는 2020년과 2021년 각각
a significant increase from 50.0% and 47.8% in 2020 and 2021.
50.0%, 47.8%의 비중보다 훨씬 확대된 규모다. 이는 신규화랑들이 아
This suggests that the new galleries are not well established in
직 매출규모가 높지 않은 소형화랑들이 대부분으로 시장에 아직 제대
the market yet, as most of them are small-sized galleries without
로 자리잡고 있지는 못하다는 것을 의미하는 것으로 평가된다. 이 신규
high sales volume. It will be interesting to see whether these new
galleries will stabilize the market by increasing sales in the future 화랑들이 향후 매출의 증가를 이루며 시장에 안정적으로 자리잡을 것
or whether they will leave the market. 인지, 아니면 시장에서 이탈할지 향후 귀추가 주목된다.
On the other hand, if we look at the distribution of galleries by 한편, 매출 규모별 화랑 분포를 살펴보면 작품판매규모 10억원 이상의
sales size, we can see that the number of large galleries with sales
대형화랑들의 수가 2020년 이후 점차 늘어난 것을 볼 수 있다. 비중으
of more than KRW 1 billion (USD 746,269) has gradually increased
로는 크지 않지만 2020년 16개에서 2021년 36개, 2022년에는 53개
since 2020. Although it is not a large proportion, the number of
large venues is growing from 16 in 2020, 36 in 2021, and 53 in 로 대형화랑의 수가 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 이는 신규화랑들의 진입 또
2022, and the number of large galleries is steadily increasing. This 한 이루어지고 있지만 기존 화랑의 성장도 지속되고 있다는 것을 의미
indicates that new galleries are entering the market, and existing 하는 것으로 보인다.
galleries are continuing to grow.
Distribution of galleries by region Unit: % Distribution of galleries by sales size Unit: in million won
Looking at the distribution of art fairs by region, it was found that 지역별 아트페어 분포를 살펴보면 2020년 대비 서울은 2배, 경상권
the number of art fairs expanded by 2 times in Seoul, 1.6 times 1.6배, 충청/전라/제주에서 9배가 확대된 것으로 나타났다. 서울은 다
in the Gyeongsang region, and 9 times in Chungcheong/Jeolla/
양한 성격과 형태를 가진 소형 아트페어들이 다수 등장하였으며, 경상
Jeju compared to 2020. In Seoul, several small art fairs of various
권은 부산지역 아트페어 확대 및 울산지역으로의 확장 등이 일어난 것
natures and forms have emerged, while in the Gyeongsangbuk-
으로 보인다. 주목할만한 것은 기존에 아트페어가 거의 열리지 않던
GALLERIES AND ART FAIRS 13
do region, art fairs in Busan and Ulsan have expanded. The fact 충청/전라/제주 지역에서 아트페어가 열리기 시작했다는 사실이다. 충
that art fairs have begun to take place in the Chungcheong, Jeolla, 청지역은 세종시를 중심으로 아트페어가 개최되고 있으며, 제주도에도
and Jeju regions, where few art fairs were previously held, is also 제주아트페어가 개최되기 시작했다. 아트페어의 전국적 확산은 미술시
noteworthy. In the Chungcheong region, art fairs are being held
장의 전국적 확산에 큰 기여를 하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 특히 미술관
centered on Sejong City, and the Jeju Art Fair has begun to be
이 하나도 없는 광역시에서 개최되는 아트페어는 지역 화랑과 관람객
held on Jeju Island. The nationwide spread of art fairs seems
to be contributing to the nationwide spread of the art market. 들의 미술 향유욕구를 충족시켜줄 수 있는 대안적 성격의 전시행사로
Specifically, art fairs in big cities without museums have emerged 도 자리매김 하고 있다.
as a substitute for traditional exhibitions, meeting the needs of
nearby galleries as well as the visual arts cravings of tourists.
Number of art fairs by region Unit: EA Proportion of art fairs by region Unit: %
1
2.9
80 Seoul 100 Seoul
1 0.8 1 2.7
70 90 17.1
9 Gyeongsang region 1 0.8 Gyeongsang region
80 1 2.7
60 7
9 Gyeonggi·Incheon·Gangwon 70 Gyeonggi·Incheon·Gangwon
7
50 34.3 32.3 28.2
60
20 Chungcheong·Jeolla·Jeju Chungcheong·Jeolla·Jeju
40 21 50
1
30 6 40
12 30
20 45.7 46.2 46.5
30 33 20
10 16 10
0 0
2020 2021 2022 2020 2021 2022
2 Based on press releases distributed by each art fair 2 각 아트페어 사무국에서 배포하는 성과 보도자료를 기반으로 작성하였음
GALLERIES AND ART FAIRS 14
140,000 2021
120,000 2022
100,000 2023
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
BAMA Galleries Art Fair Plastic Art Seoul Ulsan International Art Fair KIAF Frieze
Art Busan ChatGPT Docent Program KIAF New Media Art Special Exhibition
아트부산 ChatGPT 도슨트 프로그램4) 키아프 뉴미디어 아트 특별전5)
As they prefer art fairs as a place to purchase art and exchange 고 있어 이들을 타겟으로 한 카드상품들도 선보이고 있다. 저가 작품
information, credit card products targeting them are also being 을 선호하는 구매 패턴에 맞추어 젊은 세대를 타겟으로 하는 아트페어
introduced. Art fairs targeting the younger generation have lowered 들은 가격대를 낮추어 구매를 유도하고 있다. 이러한 젊은 세대들의 관
their price points to accommodate their preference for lower- 심 증가는 미술시장의 하락을 방어하는데 핵심적인 역할을 하고 있으
priced works. This growing interest among younger generations is
며, 지속적인 컬렉터 확대를 위한 기반으로 자리매김하고 있다는 평가
seen as a key defense against the decline of the art market and as
가 이어지고 있다.
a foundation for continued collector expansion.
Peres Projects, with galleries in Berlin, Germany, and Milan, Italy, expanded its presence by opening a new space in
Samcheong-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, which can be considered the heart of the Korean art market. Just a year after opening
gallery in the Shilla Hotel in Jangchung-dong, Seoul, in April of last year, which marked the 20th anniversary of the gallery.
Peres Projects is categorized as a “middle-tier” gallery compared to the mega galleries with Seoul branches such as Thaddaeus
Ropac, Pace, and Perrotin. This is because the gallery focuses on discovering emerging young artists. Nevertheless, Korean
collectors, especially newly entering young collectors, are enthusiastic about Peres Projects. This year, their exclusive artist,
Donna Huanca, is gaining attention by holding a solo exhibition at Space K, and Austin Lee is making a name for himself
with a solo exhibition at Lotte Museum.
Javier Peres, who leads Peres Projects, was born in Cuba, and he naturally became a collector within a family atmosphere
that loves art. Understanding the power of art to bring about social change and the power of communication that transcends
borders, he boldly left his career as a lawyer and is now living a second life as a gallerist. We met him who has aggressively
and effectively established themselves in the Korean art market.
GALLERIES
INTERVIEW
AND ART FAIRS 17
What led to your interest in South Korea, and when did you start traveling to Korea?
We’ve been present in the Asian continent for over fifteen years and in South Korea in particular for almost a
decade. We greatly appreciate the diversity and dynamism of the Asian art market. Each region has its unique
characteristics in terms of preferences and approaches to collecting, as well as distinct, individual audiences,
creating a wealth of opportunities. What drew us to South Korea, and to Seoul in particular, was the vibrant local
art community. The South Korean market is well supported by extensive networks of museums, curators, and
various cultural players, which contribute to its strength. Seoul has proven itself to be a city with a thriving and
well-organized art scene, and we saw its potential to emerge as a major hub for contemporary art in the Asian
continent.
What made you decide to expand to Seoul and enter the South Korean art market? How do you
assess the competitiveness of the South Korean art market?
This expansion to Seoul was a natural step for us, given our extensive client base in the area. We decided to open a
gallery space in Seoul to maintain continuous and extended proximity to our contacts in the region and to further
strengthen our connections with the local art scene and art market. Our activities in Seoul and throughout South
Korea have grown in a very organic way over the years, nurtured by strong and deep relationships with collectors,
art advisors, media outlets, curators, museums, and more. As a result, when we inaugurated our first gallery space
in Seoul in April 2022, Korean collectors were already familiar with our program, and our artists quickly gained
significant exposure in Korean museums. For instance, this last spring, Donna Huanca had a major solo at Space K
Seoul, curated by Sahim Annette Shin, and Richard Kennedy at the Jeonnam Museum of Art, curated by Sora Kim.
I addition, Austin Lee currently has a solo exhibition at Lotte Museum of Art, which opened in September.
GALLERIES
INTERVIEW
AND ART FAIRS 18
Peres Projects excels at discovering and introducing young artists born in the 1980s and 1990s.
What do you consider to be a good artist, and what do you define as a good artwork?
At Peres Projects, we have always focused on artists who have the ability to bring others into the stories they want to
tell, often stories that have long been overlooked. What interests us most when considering a new artist is that they
hava a unique voice and something interesting to say. Drawing from their personal and cultural histories, the artists
we represent convey voices that contribute to both cultural and social discourse, shaping a more comprehensive
artistic landscape; they share unique perspectives from which we can all learn.
The gallery has a rigorous process of deciding which artist to work with. The curatorial team is led by Nick
Koenigsknecht who is a partner of the gallery and who works the most closely with the gallery’s artists. The
personal dimension is a very important factor for the longevity of our collaboration with an artist.
Your gallery is not only exceptional at discovering new artists but also has innovative strategies
for promoting them. Watching an artist’s growth from up close must be one of the most satisfying
aspects of being a gallerist. Could you please provide examples of successful artist development
and promotion, like the case of Donna Huanca?
Since the inception of Peres Projects twenty years ago, the focus of the gallery has always been to identify, nurture
and support emerging artists who we think will shape the future of contemporary art and culture. Our core mission
is to enable the artists we represent to reach their maximum potential by organizing exhibitions of their works at
leading institutions around the world and seeing their works enter prestigious institutions and be part of biennials
worldwide.
Donna Huanca’s remarkable rise over the past few years is a compelling source of inspiration. In addition to
her collaboration with Louis Vuitton, she has had international solo exhibitions in major museums worldwide
such as the Henry Art Gallery, Seattle, Arnolfini, Bristol, Ballroom Marfa, Texas, Marciano Art Foundation, Los
Angeles, Copenhagen Contemporary, Denmark, and the Belvedere Museum, Vienna. Her work has also entered
esteemed collections, including the Solomon R. Guggenheim Collection, New York, Zabludowicz Collection,
London, Marciano Art Foundation, Los Angeles, Rubell Museum, Miami, Sifang Art Museum, Nanjing, Yuz Museum,
Shanghai, and B.LA Foundation, Vienna, to name just a few.
Likewise, Shuang Li, a younger artist on our roster, has garnered significant attention in the past couple of years.
In 2022 she participated in the 59th International Art Exhibition of La Biennale di Venezia. That same year, she
also created an ambitious video work for Miu Miu’s fashion show during Paris Fashion Week. Currently, she is
featured in international group exhibitions at Fondazione Prada in Milan, Zuzeum Art Centre in Riga, and the
Zurich Biennial at Kunsthalle Zürich. We also take immense pride in Rebecca Ackroyd’s career, which includes a
number of important institutional presentations. Her work is the subject of an ongoing solo exhibition at Musée
d’art Contemporain de Lyon in France, and she will soon have a solo exhibition at Kestner Gesellschaft in Hanover.
Have you identified any young Korean artists you aim to nurture and support in their
growth?
Although we opened our first gallery space in Korea in 2022, we have been present in the Korean art market for
nearly ten years and we have been paying close attention to its new generation of artists. Yaerim Ryu is the first to
have joined our roster and we are looking forward to introducing her work to our Berlin audience this November.
Additionally, we are very pleased to host the exhibition Stay Mute by young Korean artist Seungho Jo, currently on
view at our space in the Shilla Hotel. We will soon announce the representation of another Korean artist with whom
we are very excited to begin working. We plan to introduce him to our audiences through a solo exhibition at our
Berlin gallery in January, so stay tuned!
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INTERVIEW
AND ART FAIRS 19
Peres Projects is notably popular among young collectors, and having exceptional talents like
Director Kacey EunHye Cho could be one of the reasons. Why do you think the Millennial and
Gen Z collectors are particularly enthusiastic about Peres Projects’ artists and artworks?
The younger generation of collectors reflects the contemporary era, embodying a global awareness of the
importance of amplifying voices of artists that include historically marginalized social, cultural, and geographical
backgrounds. This emphasis on inclusivity and diversity is one of the central aspects of our gallery’s DNA and we
think this also strongly resonates with the young collectors.
That being said, it’s worth noting that our client base in Korea is quite diverse, ranging from young collectors
in their late 20s and early 30s, to those in their 40s and 50s, and even beyond 60 years old. We’ve always been
impressed by their receptiveness to new ideas and concepts, regardless of their age. The appeal of our program
to Korean collectors is something we have been developing from the very start of our engagement in this market
and which extends beyond the MZ Generation. Our sales program in Korea, led by Kacey Eun Hye Cho, has been
strengthened by her incredible ability to share and communicate about our artists with a Korean audience. This
is something we believe she is able to do not only with the younger generation but also across our broad collector
base. We also plan to continue growing our team in Korea, both on the sales and curatorial fronts, in order to reach
a wider range of audiences in Korea, as well as across Asia.
How do you envision the future of South Korea’s art market and Seoul as a cultural city? What
are the goals of Peres Projects within this context?
The period of adjustment we are currently experiencing, following the strong performance of the past couple of
years, is part of the economic cycles we have seen in the past. In the long run, these shifts create more stability
and can be very beneficial even if the road there feels bumpy at times. Buyers are indeed more cautious in their
investments, but we see that the core number of collectors, which tremendously increased during the Covid era, is
not declining. So, while buyers may be a bit more cautious at the moment, we see that there are actually more of
them in the Korean market than there were in 2019.
So far, 2023 has been extremely rewarding for Peres Projects. Our gallery exhibitions have been very successful.
Several of them were sold out on their opening day, including Cece Philips’ solo exhibition that inaugurated our
new gallery space in Seoul in April. Furthermore, as previously mentioned, several of our artists have had significant
institutional exhibitions in Korea this year, such as Donna Huanca, Richard Kennedy, and Austin Lee, and we plan
more major exhibitions in the region in the coming years.
The 2023 edition of KIAF Seoul was another positive signal regarding the resilience of the Korean market. The fair
recorded solid sales and attracted a strong international audience. This year’s KIAF was overall successful for us.
Artists such as Rafa Silvares, Marc Padeu, Jeremy, Melike Kara, Paolo Salvador, Donna Huanca, Cece Philips, Yves
Scherer and Sholto Blissett attracted considerable interest. Paolo Salvador and Kiyan Williams, both of whom have
ongoing shows at our Seoul gallery, particularly received a great deal of attention from the fair’s visitors, many of
whom also visited the gallery. Manuel Solano’s work also sparked widespread interest, which is very exciting and
promising as Solano’s work will be the subject of our next Seoul exhibition opening this November.
Our Seoul gallery is now the flagship of our activities throughout the region and our goals for the future are
to organize many more exhibitions and events throughout the year, in order to further connect with our local
audience as well as with curators and institutions. Our strategy is to create a meeting space for the press, curators
and clients to be able to experience fully conceived and immersive exhibitions by our gallery’s artists.
GALLERIES AND ART FAIRS 20
In 2022, South Korea saw a notable upsurge and secured the seventh 한국은 2022년에 스페인, 일본과 더불어 전 세계 미술시장에서 공동 7
position in the world art market, alongside Japan and Spain. The 위를 차지할 정도로 규모의 성장을 이루며, 큰 호황을 누렸다. 코로나
strength of the market stood out even more in the second half of 19 영향으로 2019년 하반기부터 2020년에 들어서면서 본격적으로 심
2019 and the beginning of 2020 despite experiencing a severe
각한 침체를 겪다가 급반전을 이루었기 때문에(아래 표 1 참조) 그 강
downturn due to COVID-19 (see Table 1 below).
세가 더욱 뚜렷하게 체감되었다. 특히, 한국을 포함, 전 세계적으로 전
In particular, contemporary art, which refers to art created by
artists born in the postwar era, saw an unprecedented surge in 후(戰後)시기 출생 예술가들의 미술을 칭하는 ‘동시대 미술’의 경우는
popularity, growing faster than at any other time in the history of 역사상 그 어느 시기보다 빠르게 규모의 성장을 이루었다. 높은 인기에
South Korea and the world, leading to a steep increase in prices. 힘입어 가격도 가파른 상승세를 나타냈다. 미술품 가격지수로 따졌을
According to the Art Price Index, prices are 1.5 times higher now 때, 유례없는 호황으로 기억되던 2007-2008년보다도 1.5배가량 높은
than they were in 2007 and 2008, an unprecedented boom, and
수치를 보였으며, 이는 2000년대 초반에 비하면 약 400%에 달하는 가
nearly 400% higher than in the early 2000s.
격 상승세에 해당한다.
Table 1. Changes in the size of the global art market: 2009-2022 Unit: $
111111
$80 45 95
38.8 39.0 39.8 40.5
$70 38.1 37.3 37.8 40 9
35.1 36.8 35.5 36.5 36.1
$60 31.0 35
31.4
30
$50
25
$40
20
$30
15
$20 10
$10 5
$39.5 $57.0 $64.6 $56.7 $63.3 $68.2 $63.8 $56.9 $63.7 $67.7 $64.4 $50.3 $65.9 $67.8
$0 0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
119
However, this boom, spanning from 2021 to the second half of 2022, 그러나 2021년부터 2022년 하반기까지 이어진 이러한 호황은 2023
quickly experienced a correction upon entering 2023. While this 년에 접어들면서 빠르게 조정기를 겪고 있다. 이는 각종 규제 및 부동
was a global phenomenon, influenced by the economic downturn,
산 시장 하락 등의 원인으로 경기가 급격히 나빠진 중국을 비롯해서 경
particularly in China, where regulations and a declining real estate
기 부진이 낳은 전 세계적인 현상이기는 하지만, 또 다른 중대 원인으로
market have led to a sharp drop in prices, another significant factor
was the dramatic increase in prices over the two-year period of 2021 는 2021-22년, 2년간 이루어진 급격한 가격 상승이 있다. 예를 들어,
to 2022. For instance, some young artists’ works became overheated, 일부 젊은 예술가들의 작품은 낙찰가가 1차 시장가의 20-30배에 달할
with auction prices soaring 20 to 30 times their primary market value, 정도로 지나치게 급상승하는 등 과열 양상이 있었고, 이처럼 가파르게
and there is growing concern that these rapid price hikes may soon be 상승한 가격이 머지않아 곧 조정을 받게 될 것이라는 두려움이 크게 작
subject to a correction. 용하고 있는 추세이다.
In particular, the Korean auction market, which is highly responsive
to global economic and market trends and shifts, showed a substantial 특히, 세계 경기 및 시장 트렌드와 변화에 민감하게 반응하는 한국
decline compared to the previous year. According to the 2023 midterm 의 경매시장은 지난해에 비해 상당히 고전했던 것으로 나타냈다. 고
report of the Korea Art Price Appraise Association, which publishes 미술에서부터 동시대 미술에 이르기까지 통틀어서 결과를 발표해온
results for everything from ancient to contemporary art, the total (사)한국미술시가감정협회의 2023년 상반기 보고서에 따르면, 국
transaction value of the domestic auction market was only about 내 경매시장의 총 거래액은 약 811억원(약 USD60,522,388)에 그쳤
KRW 81.1 billion (USD 60,522,388). Although higher than the first 다. 이는 팬데믹 여파로 총 거래액이 490억원(약 USD36,567,164)
GALLERIES
AUCTION
AND ART FAIRS 23
half of 2020, when total transactions plummeted to KRW 49 billion 까지 급락했던 2020년 상반기에 비하면 높은 수준이지만, 826억원(
(USD 36,567,164) amid the pandemic, it still falls below the sales 약 USD61,641,791)에 달했던 2019년 상반기에는 미치지 못하는 매
volume of the first half of 2019 at KRW 82.6 billion (USD 61,641,791) 출 규모이다. 또한 1,438억원(약 USD107,313,433)까지 올라갔던
and is significantly lower than 2021, when it reached KRW 143.8
2021년에 비해 현저히 낮은 액수이고, 지난해 같은 기간의 총 거래
billion (USD 107,313,433). Furthermore, it is only 56% of the total
액 1,446억원(약 USD107,910,448)의 56%에 불과한 수준이다. 지난
transactions worth KRW 144.6 billion (USD 107,910,448) in the
same period last year. The combined total of KRW 88.9 billion (USD 해 하반기 889억원(약 USD66,343,283)과 올해 상반기 811억원(약
66,343,283) in the second half of last year and KRW 81.1 billion USD60,522,388)을 더한 합계는 1,700억원(약 USD126,865,672)으
(USD 60,522,388) in the first half of this year is KRW 170 billion 로 3,384억원(약 USD252,537,313)에 달했던 2021년의 거의 절반 규
(USD 126,865,672), almost half the amount in 2021, which reached 모에 해당하고 2,235억원(약 USD166,791,044)이었던 지난해보다는
KRW 338.4 billion (USD 252,537,313), and 24% lower than last year’s
24%가량 낮은 수준이다. (문체부/예경 보고서 참조)
total of KRW 223.5 billion (USD 166,791,044) (based on the Korea
Arts Management Service report) The low winning rate, combined
급감한 총 거래액 이외에도 국내 경매시장의 부진을 보여주는 또 다른
with the drastically reduced number of entrants, serves as another
indicator of the domestic auction market’s collapse, in addition to 지표는 현저하게 줄어든 출품작 수와 더불어 저조한 낙찰률이다. 아래
the drastically declining total transaction value. As shown in Table 표 2에서 보여지는 바와 같이 지난 5년간 국내 경매에 출품된 작품 수
2 below, the past five years witnessed a significant drop in the 는 2019년 코로나 영향으로 현저히 줄어 들었다가 2020년에 늘어나기
number of artworks sold at domestic auctions in 2019 because of the 시작, 2021년에 대폭 증가하였다가 2023년에는 2020년을 웃도는 수
pandemic. There was a subsequent increase in 2020, a substantial
준으로 다시 감소하였다. 이보다 주목해야 할 점은 낙찰률인데, 코로나
surge in 2021, followed by another decline in 2023 that surpassed
위기 시기였던 2019년에도 66%를 살짝 밑도는 수준이었던 낙찰률이
the 2020 levels. Of particular note is the winning rate, which fell
2023년에 50% 선까지 떨어진 것이다.
from just under 66% in 2019, the height of the crisis, to around 50%
in 2023.
Table 2. Trends in the number of entries, winning works and winning rates in domestic auctions in 2020-2023
111111 111 1 1
Year Total number of auction entries Number of winning bids Bid Rate
년도 경매 총 출품작 수 낙찰 작품 수 낙찰률
2023 14,851 7,724 52.01 %
2022 15,766 10,296 65.3 %
2021 16,822 10,999 64.5 %
2020 14,224 9,173 64.5 %
2019 12,458 8,199 65.8 %
9111 11 1 1 1 1 19111
According to data from artnet.com, from September 2022 to August 아트넷 닷컴(artnet.com)의 자료에 의하면 2022년 9월부터 2023
2023, Lee Ufan’s works were sold at a total of 238 domestic and 년 8월까지 국내 미술가 가운데 이우환의 작품이 국내외 경매를 통틀
international auctions, the highest count among Korean artists. On 어 총 238점 출품되어 가장 많은 수가 출품되었다. 2023년 5월 17
May 17, 2023, Lee’s 1978 painting From Line was sold at Christie’s
일, 크리스티 뉴욕 경매에 출품된 1978년작 100호 “선으로부터”가
New York for approximately USD 1,502,000 (KRW 2 billion), setting a
미화 약 1,502,000 달러(한화 약 20억원)에 낙찰되어 이 기간 중 국
record as the highest auction price in all domestic and international
auctions. This was followed by Dialogue from 2020, which sold 내외 경매 전체 가운데 가장 높은 경매가를 기록했다. 그 다음으로는
for HKD 11,265,000 (approximately KRW 1.9 billion) at Christie’s 2020년작 “다이알로그”가 2023년 5월 28일, 크리스티 홍콩 경매
Hong Kong on May 28, 2023. In domestic auctions, a total of 124 에서 11,265,000 홍콩 달러(한화 약 19억원)에 낙찰되어 2순위를
works were presented, and among them, the 2000 masterpiece 차지했다. 국내 경매에서는 총 124점이 출품되었고, 이 가운데 2000
Correspondence sold for approximately KRW 1.5 billion (USD
년작, “조응” 대작이 케이 옥션에서 2023년 3월 29일, 약 15억원(약
1,119,402) on March 29, 2023, at K-Auction. In terms of total bids,
USD1,119,402)에 낙찰되어 가장 높은 낙찰가를 기록했다. 낙찰가 총
this statistic positions Lee Ufan, the only Korean artist to make it into
액에 있어서 국내 미술가로는 유일하게 세계 100위권에 진입해 있는
the top 100 worldwide, as a notable figure in the global art market
(see artprice.com’s list of the top 100 auction winners in terms of 이우환의 시장을 반영해주는 수치라고 하겠다. (artprice.com 의 경매
total auction prices). 낙찰가 총액 100순위 자료 참조)
GALLERIES
AUCTION
AND ART FAIRS 24
After Lee Ufan, the artist with the most entries in domestic and 이우환 다음으로 국내외 경매를 통틀어 출품작 수가 많았던 미술가
international auctions was Kim Tschang-Yeul, who had a total of 는 총 178점이 출품된 김창열이 차지했다. 이 가운데 1977년작
178 lots. Waterdrops No.16 from 1977 was sold for HKD 5,040,000 “Waterdrop No. 16”이 2023년 5월 28일, 크리스티 홍콩 경매에서
(KRW 870,000,000) at Christie’s Hong Kong on May 28, 2023,
5,040,000홍콩 달러(한화 약 8억 7천만원)에 판매되어 가장 높은 낙
making the auction record price during this period. A total of 87
찰가를 기록했다. 국내 경매에서는 총 87점이 출품되었고, 1979년작
works were sold at domestic auctions, with Waterdrops CSH70
from 1979 selling for KRW 489,300,000 (USD 365,149), including “Waterdrops CSH70”이 2023년 5월 31일, 케이 옥션 경매에서 수수
commission at K-Auction on May 31, 2023, the highest price ever 료 포함 489,300,000원(약 USD365,149)에 낙찰되어 국내 경매 가운
paid at a domestic auction. The fact that three of Kim’s five highest- 데서는 가장 높은 낙찰가를 기록했다. 김창열의 경매 낙찰가 5순위 작
priced works were created shortly after his death in 2021 reflects an 품 5점 가운데 3점이 2021년 타계 직후에 세워졌다는 점은 미술가의
unwritten rule in the art world that an artist’s death influences prices.
죽음이 가격에 영향을 미친다는 미술계의 불문율을 반영한 현상이라
The remaining one was sold in 2022, and his fifth-ranked work was
하겠다. 나머지 한 점은 2022년에, 그리고 5위를 차지한 작품이 2023
sold in 2023.
년에 낙찰된 작품이다.
Ranking About the artwork Auctioneers Auction date & sold price
순위 작품 정보 경매회사 경매 일시
CSH I May 24, 2021
1 182 x 227.5 cm Christie's Hong Kong HKD9,850,000(USD 1,268,496)
oil on hemp cloth 1978 2021년 5월 24일
Waterdrops February 23, 2021
Seoul Auction
2 161.5 x 115.7 cm KRW1,040,000,000(USD 935,216)
서울옥션
oil on hemp cloth 1977 2021년 2월 23일
Water Drop No.2M May 26, 2022
3 182 x 228 cm Christie's Hong Kong HKD7,056,000(USD 898,864)
oil on canvas 1978 2022년 5월 26일
Gouttes D'eau A-1 April 27, 2021
Seoul Auction
4 180.8 x 227.3 cm KRW830,000,000(USD 745,747)
서울옥션
oil on hemp cloth 1976 2021년 4월 27일
Waterdrops No.16 May 28, 2023
5 195 x 162 cm Christie's Hong Kong HKD5,040,000(USD 643,415)
oil on hemp cloth 1977 2023년 5월 28일
9 111 1 11 11 11
Park Seo-Bo is the third artist with the most entries, behind Lee Ufan 박서보의 작품은 국내외 경매 합쳐서 총 164점이 출품되어 이우환과
and Kim Tschang-Yeul, with 164 of his pieces having been sold at 김창열을 이어 세번째로 출품작 수가 많은 미술가를 차지했다. 이 가운
both domestic and foreign auctions. Among them, his 1976 painting, 데 1976년작, “묘법 No. 15-76”이 2023년 5월 28일, 크리스티 홍콩
Ecriture No. 15-76, sold for HKD 7,812,000 (approximately KRW
경매에서 7,812,000 홍콩 달러(한화 약 13억 5천만원)에 판매되어 가
1.35 billion), his highest price, at Christie’s Hong Kong on May 28,
장 높은 낙찰가를 기록했다. 국내 경매에서는 총 97점이 출품되었고,
2023. A total of 97 works were offered at domestic auctions, with
the 1978 painting Ecriture No. 53-78 selling for KRW 520 million 1978년작 “묘법 No. 53-78”이 2023년 2월 28일, 서울옥션 경매에
(USD 388,059) at Seoul Auction on February 28, 2023, becoming the 서 5억 2천만원(약 USD388,059)에 낙찰되어 국내 경매 최고 낙찰가
highest-priced work at a domestic auction. The news of the artist’s 를 기록했다. 작가의 타계 소식으로 작품 가격 상승 움직임이 나타나고
passing (October 14, 2023) has resulted in an increase in the prices 있으나, 타계 직후에 높은 경매가를 기록하다가 다시 가격 하락 현상이
of his works, but it is worth noting whether there will be a price drop
나타난 바 있는 김창열과 마찬가지로 가격 부침 현상이 있을지, 아니면
or whether the price increase will be sustained. Drawing a parallel
가격 상승이 유지될 지 주목해볼 필요가 있다.
to Kim Tschang-Yeul’s situation, he initially recorded high auction
국내 미술가들의 국내 경매 낙찰가 총액 10순위는 아래 표와 같다. 여기
prices immediately after his passing, followed by a price downturn.
GALLERIES
AUCTION
AND ART FAIRS 25
The table below illustrates the top 10 total auction prices for domestic 에 해외 미술가를 포함하면, 일본 현대미술가인 쿠사마 야요이(1929-)
artists. If overseas artists were included, Japanese contemporary 가 박서보 다음 순위를 차지하였다. 출품작 45점 가운데 26점이 낙찰
artist Yayoi Kusama (1929–present) would rank next to Park Seo- 되어(낙찰률 57.78%) 낙찰가 총액 약 34억원(약 USD2,537,313)을 기
Bo. Of the 45 works submitted, 26 were sold (57.78% winning rate),
록하여 지난 분기 국내 경매 낙찰가 총액 5순위를 차지했다. 해외 경
totaling approximately KRW 3.4 billion (USD 2,537,313), ranking her
매에서는 워홀(Andy Warhol, 1928-1987), 피카소(Pablo Picasso,
fifth in total domestic auction wins in the last quarter.
In international auctions, Andy Warhol (1928–1987), Pablo Picasso 1881-1973), 바스키아(Jean-Michel Basqiat, 1960-1988), 리히터
(1881–1973), Jean-Michel Basquiat (1960–1988), and Gerhard Richter (Gerhard Richter, 1932-) 등이 경매 낙찰가 총액에서 상위권을 차지
(b. 1932) were among the top artists in terms of auction grosses (see 한 반면(아래 표 5 참조), 국내 경매시장에서 가장 많이 거래된 해외 미
Table 5 below). Notably, the most traded international artist in the
술가는 5순위를 차지한 쿠사마인데, 이는 지난 분기 전 세계 경매 낙찰
domestic auction market was Kusama, securing the fifth position.
가 총액 순위에서 아시아 미술가로는 유일하게 10위권에 들어 있는 쿠
This reflects the popularity of Kusama, who was the only Asian artist
in the top 10 of the global auction grosses list in the previous quarter. 사마의 인기를 반영하는 것이라 하겠다. 국내 경매 낙찰가 총액 20순위
The only other artist in the top 20 domestic auction grosses is Ayako 가운데 유일하게 포함된 미술가는 쿠사마와 더불어 출품작 39점 가운
Rokkaku (b. 1982), a young Japanese artist who, along with Kusama, 데 26점이 낙찰되어 낙찰률 66.67%로 낙찰가 총액이 1,135,750,000
took the 11th spot with 26 of her 39 works selling for a 66.67% 원(약 USD847,575)에 달해 11순위를 차지한 젊은 일본인 화가, 아야
win rate, totaling KRW 1,135,750,000. This underscores her rapid
코 로카쿠(Ayako Rokkaku, 1982-)이다. 이 역시 2021년과 22년, 2
ascent in popularity over the past two years in 2021 and 2022, with
년간 급격히 상승한 그녀의 인기를 반영하는 것으로 2022년도 전 세계
a remarkable total of 119 works sold at auctions worldwide in 2022,
경매에서 총 119점이 낙찰되어 낙찰가 총액이 USD18,619,531(한화
amounting to USD 18,619,531 (KRW 25.2 billion).
The domestic art market has experienced significant growth in the 약 252억 원)에 달한 바 있다.
post–COVID-19 period, with a surge of young collectors entering the
art scene. According to various overseas data published in 2022, the 젊은 소장가들이 미술계에 대거 유입되는 등 코로나 이후 국내 미술시
GALLERIES
AUCTION
AND ART FAIRS 26
Korean domestic art market has grown significantly to become one 장은 유의미한 규모의 성장을 거두었다. 2022년에 발표된 해외 여러
of the top 10 in the world, leading the trends in contemporary art. 자료에 의하면 국내 미술시장은 동시대미술 분야에서는 유행을 선도하
Unfortunately, as the recession spreads, the growth of the art market 면서 세계 10위권에 들어설 정도로 크게 성장하였다. 아쉽게도 불경기
has stalled, and the domestic auction market, in particular, has been
가 확대되면서 미술시장의 성장세가 주춤하고, 특히 국내 경매 시장은
struggling, with the winning rate plummeting into the 50s for the
최근 5년간 처음으로 낙찰률이 50%대로 급락하는 등 상당히 고전을 면
first time in five years. As part of this downturn, numerous pieces by
young Korean artists that were shown in 2021 and 2022 and brought 치 못하고 있는 추세이다. 이러한 침체 현상의 일부로 2021년과 2022
in large sums of money at auction have vanished from the market. 년에 출품되어 높은 경매가를 기록하던 젊은 국내 미술가들의 작품이
Amid these challenges, it is quite an encouraging phenomenon 경매에서 대거 사라졌다. 이러한 가운데서도 백자청화오조룡문호가 70
that A Large Blue and White Porcelain Dragon Jar sold for KRW 7 억 원에 낙찰(2023년 5월 25일, 마이아트 옥션, 약 USD5,223,880)
billion (USD 5,223,880, May 25, 2023, Myart Auction), which was the
되어 국내 경매 출품작 중에서 가장 높은 낙찰가를 기록한 것은 오랜
highest bid among domestic auction entries, revitalizing the ancient
기간 침체되어 있던 고미술계에 활기를 불어넣은 상당히 고무적인 현
art world that had been stagnant for a long time.
상이다.
In the past two years, art prices have risen steeply, especially for
contemporary art, amplifying anxiety. Meanwhile, the political 지난 2년간 동시대 미술을 중심으로 미술품 가격이 가파르게 상승하면
situation in China and the ongoing economic recession have led to 서 불안감을 증폭시킨 가운데 중국의 정치적 상황과 경기 불황이 이어
warnings of a global recession. It is recognized that the effects of 지면서 전 세계적으로 불경기에 대한 예고가 있어 왔다. 특히 국내 미술
global events and trends, in particular, will be felt by the domestic art
시장은 국제 정세 및 유행에 예민하게 반응할 수밖에 없고, 경매시장에
and auction markets.
도 그 여파가 고스란히 전달된 것으로 파악된다.
Ryu Sungsil is one of the artists most mentioned when domestic and foreign experts select the ‘next generation of Korean art.’
She made her name known as the youngest winner of the ‘Artist Award at the Atelier Hermes’ in 2021. Ryu Sungsil deliciously
satirizes reality by creating fictional but extremely realistic characters like ‘Cherry Jang.’ The black comedy style stories in
her works, such as ‘nuclear missile launch conspiracy theory’, ‘filial piety tourism’, and ‘pet mutual aid company’, intertwine
traditional Korean values and materialistic desire in modern-day Korea. What is more unique is the format of her works. Her
art works first met audiences through online platforms rather than galleries or museums. She is evaluated as having built a
unique world view and at the same time representing a new generation of art language.
GALLERIES
INTERVIEW
AND ART FAIRS 28
Why do people find your work interesting even though it does not use traditional art
language?
I am grateful. I once heard a hypothesis that the root of the Korean word ‘beautiful' is 'knowledge', and therefore
'beautiful' somehow means 'seems to know.' If I think a certain work is good, I usually start with the feeling of
‘knowing it’. It's not easy to be interested in things you don't know anything about. This is because people pay
attention to things they feel like they know a little bit about, with the possibility of learning more about them in
the future.
In the business industry, the process of setting a target audience is natural, but for artists, it is often thought that it
is not something that must be done. However, the process is important to me, so I tend to perform it consciously.
Because I enjoy thinking about ways to make my work permeable to other people. I think that point can make the
texture of the work look a little different.
I don’t think it’s much different from other artists. As usual, ideas for my work start from trivial events I experience
in my daily life, and sometimes I develop my ideas by reading books or watching YouTube. However, since the daily
life that each person experiences is slightly different, the shape of the work also seems to be different. In my case,
because I grew up in a business family, the topic of conversation tends to be mainly related to money.
The main characters of your works are con artists who use anxiety, fear, sadness and
mourning, good intentions and sincerity to extract money. What story do you want to tell?
I brought up the term ‘target audience’ earlier, but ultimately, I think I'm working to convince myself more than
anyone else. It is a process of convincing myself about phenomena that I cannot understand at all. Of course, I
usually can't be persuaded, but I think that's why I can't stop working. In the cartoon ‘Mr. Sushi King’, “Even if
they sell a bad product, it’s the big fault of the person who bought it without knowing it!” A funny line appears:
“The market is a world where both sides compete.” In life, there are many unfair incidents and many cases of being
scammed, but from experience, punishing people for fraud and receiving compensation is not as easy as you think.
Still, I am a person who consistently pursues romance, and as a member of a low-trust society, I often worry about
how to pursue romance as well as simple anger or revenge.
GALLERIES
INTERVIEW
AND ART FAIRS 29
The secular and profane atmosphere created by Korean sentiments, such as political instability
and filial piety tourism where traditional values and desires clash, is the core of Ryu Sungsil's
black comedy. Can the texts in your work, which may require translation and explanation, be
properly conveyed to overseas audiences?
It appears that the ignorance of the Korean background leads to more intriguing conclusions that have never
been seen before. However, since it hasn't been long since I started thinking specifically about audiences in other
cultures, I think we need to learn a little more. On the one hand, it is like this. ‘Korean-ness’ is one perspective
from which to interpret my work, but the truth is that it is not easy to explain today’s Korean society apart from
the Western capitalist system. Even though Korean and overseas audiences have different historical/social contexts,
as members of a global society share the global economic system, there are times when even cultural specificity
can be interpreted in a universal context. For example, an elderly relative of mine who farms in the countryside
deposited all his money in a local savings bank, but lost all his money when the bank went bankrupt in the
aftermath of the global financial crisis in 2008. In any case, he did not know or need to know what a hedge fund
or a subprime mortgage was, but the global economic system treated even elderly people in rural Korea as global
citizens without exception.
Everything from the work method, content, and exhibition method is unconventional. Do you
reject the aura of traditional art?
I don’t think that the work I’ve shown so far has been ‘really’ unconventional. This is because even if you come close
to crossing the line, you end up rolling in a direction where you don't cross it. However, the term ‘unconventional’
is a positive evaluation of the potential of a young artist, so I am grateful. Personally, the format itself is not very
important to me, and I do not consciously worry about the unconventionality of the format. What is a little different
from other artists is that in the process of creating work, I worry about cost-effectiveness, and that seems to affect
the form of the result.
In fact, it is already clear that being an artist is not cost-effective since I chose it as a career, but I love art more
than money, so I am in a situation where I am doing this. I think that choosing this kind of life means that, as a
member of capitalist society, I have to face a world that endlessly demands proof from me. The challenge appears
to be higher in Korean society, which is not particularly kind in recognizing diversity. I tend to try to accept the
given situation. I think about what I can get in return for those conditions and how much I should take. Since it is
a work that comes out of that tuning process, the form appears to be rather novel.
This year, I visited the Singapore Art Museum Residency, and next year, I will participate in the ISCP Residency in
New York with the support of Doosan Art Center. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to those who created
this valuable opportunity for an artist who still has much to learn. They gave me the opportunity to live abroad for
free. Being an artist seems like a really good job. Next year, I want to do ‘the work I really wanted to do this year
but couldn’t.’ These days, I am obsessed with Sinpa plays, and I often joke with my friends that I want to make a
Sinpa play based on the sublime beauty of humanity.
GALLERIES
INTERVIEW
AND ART FAIRS 30
[photo] An overview of Ryu Sungsil’s award-winning exhibition and third solo exhibition, ‘Song of
Burning Love’, held at Atelier Hermes in Gangnam-gu, Seoul from July 29 to October 2, 2022. /Photo
= Kim Sang-tae, Courtesy of Fondation D’entreprise Hermes
GALLERIES AND ART FAIRS 31
Introduction 서론
Active cultural initiatives run by businesses and their owners have 시대 미술계에서 기업과 기업 소유주의 적극적 문화 활동이 미술계에
a significant influence on the contemporary art world, which is 미치는 영향은 상당한데, 이는 한국 미술계에서도 마찬가지이다.
also obvious in the Korean art scene. Notably, Samsung’s 2021 예를 들면, 2021년 삼성이 이건희 컬렉션을 국공립 미술관에 기증한
decision to bequeath Lee Kun-hee’s collection to a national or
사례는 한국을 넘어 전 세계적으로 주목을 받기도 했다. 본 글에서는
public art institution garnered not only domestic but international
미술관 및 그 컬렉션을 기반으로 국내 미술계에 의미있는 영향력을 미
attention. This act brought Korean corporate art museums and
their collections under the global spotlight. This article delves into 치고 있는 한국의 주요 기업들의 문화 관련 활동들을 살펴보고자 한다.
prominent Korean companies and their art museums, elucidating 현재 한국에는 285개의 정부 등록 미술관이 존재하는데, 이 중 국공립
their noteworthy impact on the domestic art world through their 미술관은 80개, 사립미술관 190개, 그리고 대학 미술관은 15개다.1)
programs and collections. 기업 미술관들은 사립 미술관에 포함되지만, 현재 국내 기업 미술관 중
사립 미술관으로 등록되지 않은 미술관도 상당하다. 그 이유는 기업 미
There are currently 285 government-registered art museums in
술관이 문화재단 소속으로 공식적으로 정부에 등록된 미술관으로 운영
Korea. Among them, 80 are national and public art museums, 190
되는 곳도 있지만, 기업의 마케팅 활동의 일환으로 본사 마케팅 관련 부
are private art museums, and 15 are university art museums.1)
Corporate art museums are included in the category of private 서나 독립 사업 부서에 소속되어 운영되는 경우 또한 많기 때문이다. 이
art museums. However, it is noteworthy that a significant 에 사립 미술관으로 정부에 등록된 여부와 상관없이 국제적 수준의 전
number of domestic corporate art museums are not officially 시와 컬렉션을 꾸준히 운영해온 한국 기업 6곳의 미술 관련 활동과 그
registered as private art museums. This is because while some 컬렉션을 소개할 것이다. 특히 아트뉴스(ARTnews)에서 선정한 세계
corporate art museums operate independently as part of cultural
200대 컬렉터에 포함된 기업 컬렉터를 중심으로 이 중 5년 이상 비영리
foundations, there are also numerous cases where they function as
미술관을 운영해 온 기업 4곳을 먼저 선정했다.
marketingrelated departments or as independent business units at
리움미술관을 운영하고 있는 삼성그룹의 이건희 회장과 그의 부인이
the company’s headquarters as part of their marketing activities.
Therefore, irrespective of their formal registration as private 자 전 리움미술관 관장인 홍라희 여사, 아모레퍼시픽미술관을 운영하
art useums, we aim to examine the art-related activities and 고 있는 아모레퍼시픽 그룹의 서경배 회장, 파라다이스 아트스페이스
collections of six Korean companies recognized for operating 를 운영하고 있는 파라다이스 그룹의 전필립 회장과 최윤정 파라다이스
art museums that engage in international exhibitions, maintain 문화재단 이사장, 아라리오뮤지엄을 운영하고 있는 ㈜아라리오의 김창
regular exhibition programs and make regular acquisitions.
일 회장이 여기 포함된다. 더불어 아트뉴스가 선정한 세계 200대 컬렉
We selected four of the corporate collectors included in the
터에는 포함되지 않지만, 국내에서 활발히 문화 활동을 전개하고 있는
world’s top 200 collectors selected by ARTnews, who have been
operating nonprofit exhibition spaces for more than five years. 코오롱 그룹과 그 미술관 스페이스 K, ㈜에스티인터내셔널코퍼레이션
These individuals include Samsung’s late Chairman Lee Kun-hee 과 그 미술관송은(SONGEUN)을 포함했다.
and his wife, Hong Ra-hee, the former director of Leeum; Suh
Kyung-bae, Chairman of AmorePacific; Phillip Chun, Chairman
of Paradise Group, and Elizabeth Chun, who is also the chairman
of the Paradise Cultural Foundation and Kim Chang-il, Chairman
of Arario. Additionally, Kolon’s SPACE K and Samtan’s SongEun,
while not featured among the world’s top 200 collectors by
ARTnews, are actively conducting exhibition programs in Korea
and were also included.
1 2002 National Cultural Infrastructure Survey, Ministry of Culture, Sports, and 1 2022 전국 문화기반시설 총람, 문화체육관광부, https://www.mcst.go.kr/kor/s_
Tourism policy/dept/deptView.jsp?pSeq=1683&pDataCD=0417000000&pType=02
COLLECTORS 34
Amorepacific Headquarter Building designed by David Chipperfield, Courtesy of Amorepacific Museum of Art
아모레퍼시픽미술관
COLLECTORS 36
Suh Sung-whan, late chairman of the global cosmetics company 아모레퍼시픽 그룹 산하의 아모레퍼시픽미술관은 1979년 故 서성환 회
Amorepacific, founded the Pacific Museum in 1979, which is 장이 설립한 태평양박물관에 그 모태를 둔다. 태평양 박물관은 화장품
where the Amorepacific Museum of Art got its start. Originally 사업을 하는 구 태평양그룹의 특성을 반영하여 고대부터 대한제국기까
showcasing a range of tea utensils from antiquity to the Korean 지의 다양한 화장 용기와 장신구뿐만 아니라 다양한 다기를 선보이는
Empire, as well as cosmetic containers and accessories, the
공간으로 시작되어, 이후 순수 미술까지 그 영역을 확대하였다. 태평
Pacific Museum mirrored the traits of a cosmetics company before
양박물관은 2009년 2대 회장인 서경배 회장 운영 체제하에서 아모
growing into a fine art museum. In 2009, the Pacific Museum
레퍼시픽미술관(APMA, Amorepacific Museum of Art)으로 그
changed its name to the Amorepacific Museum of Art (APMA)
under the management of the company’s current president, 명칭을 변경하고, 2018년 아모레퍼시픽 본사가 용산에 오픈하며 미
Chairman Suh Kyung-bae. In 2018, when the Amorepacific 술관 또한 용산 본사로 이전했다. 독일 건축가 데이비드 치퍼필드가
headquarters opened in Yongsan, the museum also moved to the 설계한 본사 건물은 전체가 미술관 건물로 보아도 무방할 만큼 높은
Yongsan headquarters. The headquarters building, designed by 예술성을 지니고 있다. 특히, 디자인 초기 단계부터 미술관 계획이 함
German architect David Chipperfield, has such high artistic value 께 수립되었기에, 기업 본사에 위치한 미술관 중에서는 손꼽힐 만한
that it can be viewed as an entire museum building. Because the 전시 컨디션을 지니고 있다. 2018년 본사 이전 후 라파엘 로자노 헤
museum plan was established from the early design stage, it has
머의 대형 인터렉티브 전시, 바바라 크루거, 메리 코스, 안드레아 걸스
one of the best exhibition conditions among art museums located
키, 로렌스 바이너 등 주요 해외 작가들의 개인전과 함께 한국 작가들
at corporate headquarters.
의 그룹전 및 컬렉션 전시들을 유치해 왔다. 아모레퍼시픽의 소장품
Since moving its headquarters in 2018, it has been hosting group 은 고전과 현대, 동양과 서양에 두루 걸쳐져 있다. 컬렉션의 규모는
exhibitions of Korean artists and collections, along with solo 공예, 도자, 책, 다기 등을 포함하여 10,000여 점에 육박한다. 작품
exhibitions of major foreign artists, such as Barbara Kruger, Mary 구매는 미술관이 별도 문화재단으로 분리되어 있지 않기에 기업 마
Corse, Andreas Gursky, and Lawrence Weiner. Amorepacific’s 케팅의 차원에서 진행된다. 현대 미술품 수집은 2000년대 초반 본
collections span across classic and modern times, as well as the 사 이전 및 본사내 미술관 운영 계획을 수립하면서부터 본격화되었
East and the West. The number of collections is close to 10,000 기에 그 역사는 짧지만 현재 소장되고 있는 작품의 대다수가 개념성
items, including fine arts, crafts, ceramics, books, tea ware, etc. 이 강한 동시대 미술이라는 점을 고려한다면 앞으로 아모레퍼시픽
In terms of media, paintings and sculptures account for about
의 동시대미술 소장품 비중 및 그 중요성은 점차 더 커질 것이다. 작
eight to two, and the purchase of works is carried out at the level
of corporate marketing. Contemporary art has been in full swing 품 소장의 방향성은 열린 가능성을 추구하는 기업 철학과도 같이 특
since plans were made to establish an art museum in the 2000s, 정한 방향을 정하기 보다는 다양한 작품들을 경계 없이 소장한다는 방
but the overall proportion is relatively low. However, considering 향성을 지니고 있다. 하지만 사업 특성을 반영하듯 타미술관보다 여성
that many of the exhibitions are about contemporary art, Amore’s
작가에 좀 더 높은 관심을 보여주는 듯한데 이는 아모레퍼시픽미술관을
contemporary art collection is expected to grow in proportion in
차별화하는 주요 특징 중 하나가 될 수 있다.
the future.
and financial support, the Foundation aims to foster innovative 화되기 힘든 부분이 있으니 이 부분을 지원함으로써 기술에 기반을 둔
artistic works and support artists exploring new realms based on 새로운 유형의 예술 작업 및 작가들을 지원하겠다는 취지를 담고 있다.
technology. Starting in 2019, works produced with the assistance
2019년 부터는 파라다이스 아트랩 페스티벌(PAL Festival)을 통해 아
of Art Lab began to be shared with the public through the PAL
Festival. In contrast to conventional participatory art experiences 트랩을 통해 지원 제작된 작품들을 대중과 함께 공유하기 시작했다. 파
characterized by passive visitor engagement, the PAL Festival 라다이스 아트랩 페스티벌에서 선보이는 작품들은 관람객이 참여하여
adopts a discerning approach. The organization evaluates
즐길 수 있는 단순 인터렉티브 아트의 수준을 넘어 예술의 영역에서 기
artists actively integrating technology into the realm of art,
술을 적극 도입하는 작가들을 심사를 통해 선정하고 이들의 작품 창작
provides assistance for their creative pursuits, and subsequently
disseminates these works to a general audience. The festival holds 을 지원하고, 그렇게 제작된 작품을 대중과 공유한다는 점에서 예술과
the potential to evolve into a meaningful platform for experimental 테크놀러지를 결합하는 실험적 작가들을 위한 의미 있는 플랫폼이 될
artists, seamlessly integrating art and technology.
수 있는 가능성을 지닌다.
which the public frequently visits, in alignment with the parent 백화점과 버스터미널을 찾는 동선 속에서 발견할 수 있다. 작품 구매
company’s business model, which encompasses a multifaceted 는 회사의 마케팅을 위한 것이기도 하지만, 동시에 젊은 작가를 지원
cultural space, including a bus terminal and a department store.
하여 국내 작가의 성장을 도모한다는 점에서 사회 공헌적 특성 또한
Damien Hirst’s Hymn and Charity, large-scale sculptures by
Keith Haring and Arman, large-scale sculptures by Kohei Nawa, 강하다. 아라리오뮤지엄은 기존의 공간을 재생하여 미술관을 만들었
and works by major domestic and international artists such as 다는 공간적 특성을 지닌다. 서울에 위치한 아라리오뮤지엄은 故 김수
Subodh Gupta and Choi Jeong Hwa are situated along the path
근 건축가가 직접 설계하고 이후 공간의 대표들이 확장한 한국 근현대
to department stores and bus terminals. Acquiring works serves
the company’s marketing objectives while also making a social 건축의 역사를 압축적으로 볼 수 있는 구 공간 사옥을 인수하여 설립
contribution by supporting young artists and promoting the 되었다. 원래 목적이 건축사 사무실로 지어진 공간을 활용하다 보니
growth of domestic artists. The Arario Art Museum, managed
층고나 동선이 일반 미술관과 달리 협소하지만, 한국 최초의 현대적
by Arario, is distinctive for creating an art museum through the
벽돌 건물을 미술관으로 재탄생시켰다는 점에서 그 자체로 하나의 건
regeneration of existing spaces built in the 1970s. Because the
space was initially constructed as an architect’s office, it features 축 작품 프로젝트이기도 하다. 작품 설치와 이동이 공간 제약으로 인
more narrow floor heights and circulation paths compared to 해 용이치 않아서 서울 미술관에서는 소장품 상설을 기본으로, 구 공
conventional art museums. Nevertheless, the transformation of
간 사옥의 공연장으로 활용되던 공간에서 기획전을 1년에 3회 정도
Korea’s first modern brick building into an art museum is an
architectural endeavor in itself. Because of spatial limitations 운영한다. 전시는 주로 젊은 작가나 주목이 필요한 중견 및 원로 작가
that make it challenging to install and move works, the Arario 를 중심으로 한다. 아라리오는 뮤지엄 이외에도 갤러리 사업부를 가
Museum in SPACE mainly hosts a permanent collections show
지고 있는데, 갤러리 운영팀과 미술관 운영팀은 철저히 분리되어 있
and a small special exhibition in the space previously used as
a performance hall in the old office building. These exhibitions 다. 하지만, 갤러리에서 전시하는 작가들의 작품, 그 중 젊은 작가들
primarily spotlight young artists or those in the middle and later 의 작품을 또한 적극적으로 소장한다는 점에서 ㈜아라리오는 작가와
stages of their careers who deserve recognition.
작품을 전시하고 홍보하고 유통하는 판매자이자 동시에 구매자의 역할
을 다각적으로 수행하고 있다는 특성을 지닌다.
COLLECTORS 39
5. SONGEUN 5. 송은 (SONGEUN)
Designed by the famous architecture firm Herzog & de 헤르조그 & 드 뫼롱이 디자인한 송은 신사옥은 현대미술 전시를 위한
Meuron, the innovative Songeun building serves as both the
문화공간과 ㈜에스티인터내셔널코퍼레이션(구 삼탄) 본사가 함께 하는
corporate headquarters for ST International Corporation
공간이다. 화가가 꿈이었지만 어려운 가정 환경 때문에 그 꿈을 이룰 수
and a cultural venue for contemporary art exhibitions. The
late Sung Yeon Yoo, honorary chairman of ST International 없었던 ㈜에스티인터내셔널코퍼레이션 故 송은(松隱) 유성연 명예회장
Corporation, dreamed of becoming a painter but faced 은 1989년 재단법인 송은문화재단을 설립하고 숨어있는 소나무, 송은(
challenges due to difficult family circumstances. He 松隱)이라는 이름과 같이 아직 알려지지 않은 재능 있는 젊은 작가들을
established the Songeun Cultural Foundation in 1989 with
발굴하는 것에 문화재단의 주요 비전을 두었다. 재단 설립 후 1989년
the core vision to support undiscovered talents, represented
부터 2000년까지 미술계 전문가의 추천을 통해 젊은 미술인들의 전시
by its name, SONGEUN, which means “hidden pine tree.”
From 1989 to 2000, after its establishment, the foundation 및 연구활동을 후원해왔으며, 2001년부터는 송은미술대상을 제정하여
supported the exhibitions and research activities of young 지금까지 23년째 운영해오고 있다. 2002년부터는 본사 건물 1층에 송
artists through recommendations from art experts. In 2001, 은아트큐브를 운영하며 신진작가들에게 공모를 통한 개인전 기회를 제
it instituted the Songeun Art Awards, which has run for 23 공해왔으며, 2010년 부터는 송은아트스페이스를 마련해 송은미술대상
years. Since 2002, Songeun Art Cube has operated on the first
에 공모한 작가들의 전시와 국내외 기획전을 통한 한국 현대미술 저변
floor of the former headquarters building of ST International
Co., Ltd. (formerly Samtan), providing opportunities for 의 확장을 위해 노력했다. 그리고 이는 현재의 송은 미술관으로 이어졌
individual exhibitions through open contests for new artists. 다. 송은 컬렉션은 송은문화재단이 지원한 젊은 작가들의 작품에 초점
To expand the realm of Korean contemporary art through 이 맞추어져 왔으며, 특히 제작비 지원이나 작가에 대한 재정적 지원의
domestic and international exhibitions of artists who have 차원에서 작품 구매가 이루어져왔다. 이에 국제적 컬렉션은 아니지만,
participated in the Songeun Art Awards, Songeun initiated
지난 20여년 넘게 지속적으로 재능 있는 한국 작가들의 초기 작품을 소
the operation of Art Space, leading to the establishment of
장해올 수 있었다. 지금도 송은의 모든 활동은 한국의 작가들에게 어
the current Songeun headquarters.
The Songeun Collection has focused on the works of young 떤 기회를 제공할 수 있을 것인가에 초점이 맞추어져 있다. 2023년 프
artists, supported by the Songeun Cultural Foundation. In 리즈 서울 기간 동안 젊은 작가 그룹전을 마련한 것도, 국제 미술계 관
particular, the purchase of works has been geared towards 계자들이 한국을 찾아드는 시기에 송은이 지원해온 젊은 작가들을 국
supporting production costs or providing financial aid to
제 미술인사들에게 소개한다는 취지에서 시작되었다. 이외에도 송은은
the artists. Therefore, despite not being an international
델피나 파운데이션과의 협업을 통해 작가들이 해외 레지던시를 경험할
collection, it has continuously possessed early works
by talented Korean artists for over 20 years. Even now, 수 있는 기회를 제공하고, 해외 유명 컬렉터의 소장품을 소개하는 전시
Songeun’s activities are centered on providing opportunities 를 통해 해외 컬렉터들이 송은이 지원해온 한국 작가들에게 관심을 가
for Korean artists. Songeun supported the group exhibition 지게 되는 계기를 마련하기도 한다. 이렇듯, 규모가 크지는 않지만 송은
of young artists during the Frieze Seoul period, when
문화재단의 모든 활동은 한국의 젊은 작가들을 지원하고 홍보하는 것
international art visitors were in the country. This initiative
에 초점을 맞추어왔다는 측면에서 기업 문화재단 및 미술관의 차별화
aimed at introducing young artists whom they have been
supporting to international art figures. Additionally, 된 모범이 될 수 있다.
Songeun facilitates opportunities for artists to experience
overseas residencies through collaboration with the Delfina
Foundation. Exhibitions showcasing the collections of
esteemed collectors from abroad serve to captivate the
interest of international collectors in Korean artists funded
by Songeun. The foundation’s primary objective is to exhibit
a diverse range of ideologies and artistic trajectories within
contemporary art collections. Despite its relatively modest
scale, the Songeun Cultural Foundation’s activities serve
as a distinctive example for corporate cultural foundations
and art museums, consistently focusing on supporting and
promoting young Korean artists.
6. Space K 6. 스페이스 K
Kolon, a South Korean company involved in diverse industries 스페이스K 한국의 화학, 소재, 패션, 건설 등의 사업을 영위하는 코오
such as chemicals, materials, fashion, and construction, operates
롱이 운영하는 미술관이다. 2011년 과천의 코오롱 본사에서 시작되어
Space K, an art museum that originated at the Kolon headquarters
전국에 4곳의 비영리 문화공간을 운영했다. 2020년 마곡으로 이전하
in Gwacheon in 2011. Initially, it managed four nonprofit cultural
spaces nationwide before being relocated to Magok in 2020. The 며, 건축가 조민석의 설계로 확대 개관하게 되었다. 이 공간은 공공 기
redesigned and expanded Space K, orchestrated by architect 여의 대표적 사례로 그 이유는 스페이스 K가 코오롱이 지어서 서울시
Cho Min-seok, exemplifies a noteworthy instance of public 에 기부채납한 미술관으로 현재 운영 또한 코오롱이 직접 부담하고 있
contribution, as Kolon not only constructed the space but also 기 때문이다. 코오롱은 젊은 작가 및 재조명이 필요한 작가를 중심으로
donated it to the city of Seoul, maintaining direct responsibility 전시의 기회를 제공하며, 해외 작가의 경우에도 아직 국내에 알려지지
for its ongoing operation. Functioning as a platform for cultural
는 않았으나 세계의 주목을 받고 있거나 받기 시작한 작가들의 한국에
enrichment, Space K offers exhibition opportunities to emerging
소개하는 방식으로 운영된다.
and established artists seeking a reevaluation of their work. For
international artists, the museum serves as a gateway to introduce
those who are gaining international acclaim but have yet to 컬렉션은 약 2,000여 점에 달하며, 회화가 주를 이루며 젊은 작가들의
gain recognition in Korea. The collection, comprising around 작품이 상당하다. 미술관 관계자에 따르면 스토리와 맥락성이 강한 작
2,000 works predominantly in painting, emphasizes a significant 품을 주로 컬렉션 한다고 한다.
representation of pieces by young artists. Most of the collections
소장품들은 코오롱 사옥 및 사업장들에 주로 설치되어 있으며, 스페이
find their place within Kolon’s headquarters and business sites,
스 K에서 보여지는 작품들은 순수하게 기획 전시 기반이다. 선임 큐레
while Space K focuses on showcasing works through special
이터인 이장욱씨를 중심으로 작은 팀으로 운영되지만, 팀원 모두가 오
exhibitions.
Under the direction of senior curator Lee Jang Uk, the cohesive 랫 동안 함께 하며 전시 기획, 미술관 운영에 전문성을 수립해왔다. 스
team is small in size but has a wealth of knowledge in exhibition 페이스 K의 전시는 그 컬렉션 비젼과 유사하게 조명이 필요한 한국의
planning and museum operations. Space K’s exhibitions aim 젊은 작가나 중견작가, 혹은 한국에 아직 소개되지 않은 해외 작가들
to highlight young or mid-career Korean artists while also 을 소개한다는 비전을 가지고 있다. 특히 해외 젊은 작가에 대한 관심
introducing foreign artists who are still unknown in Korea. The
이 높아, 최근 프리즈 서울을 통해 한국에 진출한 해외 갤러리들이 소
museum, particularly known for its interest in young foreign
속 작가를 국내에 소개할 수 있는 미술관으로 큰 주목을 하고 있는 미
artists, has gained prominence as an art institution where foreign
술관 중 하나이다.
galleries entering Korea, especially through events like Frieze
Seoul, can present their artists to the Korean audience, attracting
considerable attention in the process. 한국의 대표적인 기업 미술관 6곳을 살펴본 결과, 한국 기업이 미술 관
련 문화 활동을 할 수 있는 가장 중요한 시작점은 오너의 미술에 대한
As a result of examining six representative corporate art museums 관심임을 확인할 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 기업의 문화 사업 관계
in Korea, we can confirm that the most important starting point
자들과 인터뷰시 오너의 취향이나 의지를 강하게 부각시키지는 않았는
for Korean companies to engage in art-related cultural activities is
데 이는 기업의 미술관 운영 및 작품 컬렉션 활동이 오랫동안 기업 오
the owner’s interest in art. Nevertheless, when interviewing people
involved in the company’s cultural business, the owner’s tastes or 너의 고상한 취미 활동이나, 돈세탁으로 부정적으로 인식되어 왔기 때
will were not strongly revealed. This is because the company’s art 문으로 보인다.
museum operation and art collection activities have long been
negatively perceived as the company owner’s noble hobby or 하지만, 기업 미술관들의 활동과 사회 기여를 집중하여 살펴본 결과 큰
money laundering in Korea. 기업일수록 오너 개인의 취향보다는 한국 사회에 필요한 공익성을 띄
However, as a result of focusing on the activities and social
고자 노력하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 이 공익의 차원에서 기
contributions of corporate art museums, it was confirmed that
업에서 운영하는 미술관들은 한국 미술계 및 사회(국민, 혹은 고객의 문
the larger the company, the more efforts it made to demonstrate
the public interest necessary for Korean society rather than 화 향유)에 기여할 수 있는 전시 기획에 초점을 맞추고 있었다. 이와 같
the owner’s personal taste. In this public interest, art museums 은 이유로 국내 젊은 작가들의 작업 활동 지원 및 전시 지원은 대부분의
operated by corporations were focusing on planning exhibitions 주요 기업 미술관 활동에서 빠지지 않음을 또한 확인할 수 있었다. 작품
that could contribute to the Korean art world and society (the 컬렉션의 경우에는 기업의 글로벌 이미지, 문화 기업으로서의 이미지,
people’s or customers’ cultural enjoyment). For this reason, it was
혹은 공간 장식적 목적 속에서 글로벌 유명 작가들의 작품을 컬렉션 하
also confirmed that support for the work activities and exhibitions
기도 하지만, 또한 국내 신진, 중견 작가들의 작품 또한 전시의 과정에
of young domestic artists is an integral part of the activities of
서, 혹은 지원의 목적에서 상당부분 컬렉션 활동이 이루어져 왔음을 또
most major corporate art museums. In the case of art collections,
works by famous global artists are collected for the purpose of 한 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만, 기업 미술관들은 그 운영의 측면에 있었
the company’s global image, image as a cultural company, or 던 모기업의 경영 상황 등으로부터 영향을 받을 밖에 없고 이와 같은 의
space decoration, but works by domestic emerging and mid- 존성은 기업 미술관의 전시 프로그램 및 컬렉션 예산의 불안정성을 낳
COLLECTORS 41
career artists are also collected in the process of exhibition or for 기도 한다. 하지만, 이는 비단 한국의 문제는 아니다. 한국의 기업 미술
support purposes. It was also confirmed that a significant number 관들은 다양한 전시를 통해 한국 아트씬에 다양성을 증대시켜 왔다. 국
of collection activities had been carried out. However, corporate 공립 미술관에서 비용의 문제 및 형평성의 문제로 다룰 수 없는 해외 주
art museums are inevitably influenced by the management
요 블루칩 작가들의 전시를 유치하기도 하고, 한국 젊은 작가들에게 작
situation of the parent company in terms of their operation, and
품 제작과 전시의 기회를 제공하기도 한다. 더불어 이 기업 미술관 및
this dependence also creates instability in the exhibition program
and collection budget of the corporate art museum. However, this is 문화 재단들은 국공립 미술관에서 예산의 한계로 구매하지 못하는 해
not just a Korean problem. 외 블루칩 작가들을 구매함으로써 국제 미술 시장에서 한국의 구매 경
Korean corporate art museums have increased diversity in the 쟁력을 높이기도 하고, 동시에 개인 고객이 접근하기 힘든 실험적 작품
Korean art scene through various exhibitions. It hosts exhibitions 들을 구매함으로써 한국의 실험적 작가들이 작품을 지속할 수 있는 금
by major overseas blue-chip artists that cannot be handled by
전적 지원을 제공하기도 한다. 이와 같은 기업 미술관과 기업의 컬렉션
national or public art museums because of cost and equity issues
활동은 국공립 미술관과 함께 한국의 작가들이 성장할 수 있는 기반을
and provides opportunities for young Korean artists to produce and
제공하며, 국제 미술계에서 한국 미술계의 경쟁력을 높이는 주요 동력
exhibit their works. In addition, these corporate art museums and
cultural foundations increase Korea’s purchasing competitiveness in 이 되어왔다. 기업의 문화활동은 한국 미술계의 양적, 질적 성장에 없
the international art market by purchasing foreign blue-chip artists 어서는 안될 주요 한 축으로 그 사회적 가치와 역할이 앞으로 더욱 연
that national and public art museums cannot purchase due to budget 구되어야 할 것이다.
limitations, and at the same time, they purchase experimental works
that are difficult for individual customers to purchase, thereby
increasing Korea’s purchasing power. Corporate art museums
also provide financial support to experimental artists so they may
continue their work. Such corporate art museums and corporate
collection activities, along with national and public art museums,
provide a foundation for Korean artists to grow and are a major
driving force that increases the competitiveness of the Korean art
world in the international art world.
GALLERIES AND ART FAIRS 42
Actor Kim Heeseon often appears at galleries and art fairs, and occasionally shows a glimpse of her tastes in painting or her
friendship with artists through social media. She organized an exhibition ‘ATO (Aesthetic Treasures of Orient)’ which was
held at ‘The Hyundai Seoul’ from September 22 to October 15, 2023. More than 35,000 visitors attended the event, where 130
works by six Korean masters including Park Seo Bo, Lee Ufan, Park SukWon, Kim Kang Yong, Kang Hyung Koo, and Lee Lee
Nam were introduced.
"Celebrity artists" like singer Solbi and actors Ha Jung-woo and Koo Hyesun garnered fame for a while. “Celebrity collectors”
who have collected art for a long time with discerning eyes, including TOP (Big Bang), G-Dragon, RM (BTS), and actors Jang
Donggun and Lee Gwang-gi, also attracted attention.
And now it's been 30 years since Kim Heeseon made her debut as a representative female actor in Korea in 2023, and Kim
Heeseon has made her debut as a "celebrity curator." In fact, she strongly rejects the title of curator and calls herself "content
director" It is noteworthy that Kim Heeseon, the leading star of K-drama, initiated the dissemination of K-art through her
years of experience and wisdom as a collector and art enthusiast.
GALLERIES
INTERVIEW
AND ART FAIRS 43
You must have always been busy working as an actor since you were young. How did you become
interested in art?
Personally, I have been interested in painting for a long time. While playing the role of Woo Ajin in the drama
‘Woman of Dignity’ (broadcast on JTBC in 2017), I began studying overseas artists. In the play, Woo Ajin is a
character who is interested in art and helps new artists grow, and to understand her lines, I had to know both
domestic and foreign artists. Upon the 30th anniversary of my debut, I thought, ‘Now I need to do something fun.’ I
have spent a third of my life on acting, so wouldn't it be okay to try something new at this point? For the first time,
I finally had the courage to try something other than acting.
It can be interpreted as a shift from an actor to an art organizer, and a more active participation from
an art lover/collector. How did you prepare the exhibition?
I started by learning and am still learning. The main title of this exhibition is “Aesthetic Treasures of Orient”. We
are showcasing the works of Korean artists who are treasures, and we want to present those treasures to people not
only in Korea but also around the world. It took a full three years for the exhibition to open. It was vital to get to
know and comprehend the artists in order to appreciate and disseminate the artists’ insight and the core of their
works. I participated in the planning by meeting each artist and personally recruiting them. We visited local areas
as well as overseas. I wanted it to be a little more special, so I poured more love into it.
They are all artists with strong personalities. Are there any special episodes?
I took a plane all the way to Kamakura, Japan to first meet Lee Ufan. I was really anxious when I went to his house.
But oh my! He was a person equipped with kindness and loveliness with a twisted charm that had no way out. I
think not only Lee Ufan, but all artists were like that. What is most precious is the human connection I was able to
have through the time I had with the artists, with whom I could talk about a variety of topics, including everyday
things. An unforgettable event was the fact that artist Kang Hyung Koo, who draws hyper-realistic portraits, drew
a portrait of me, the first Asian woman to do so.
GALLERIES
INTERVIEW
AND ART FAIRS 44
Park SukWon, Lee Lee Nam, Kim Heeseon, Kim Kang Yong, Kang Hyung Koo (from left)
왼쪽부터 박석원, 이이남, 김희선, 김강용, 강형구.
As a matter of fact, I had organized two exhibitions before. The first exhibition was in a restaurant.
People enjoyed watching the exhibition after eating. I was even more grateful that they watched with
pure hearts. I thought that I could hold an exhibition anywhere, even if it wasn't a formal gallery or a
large exhibition hall, as long as I could show it.
The second time was held in a lobby of the exhibition hall. It was an exhibition by art academy students
with the theme of ‘Things you can’t see but want to do.’ Children who were busy with homework or
tutoring drew pictures of slides, trips, etc. One of them, a fifth grader, drew her mother, decked out
in jewels and gaily dressed. The child said she wanted to do this for her mom because her mom works
so hard for her. Her mom cried for a long time after seeing the picture, and I cried too. After the
exhibition ended, the children who were participating artists talked to me, “Let’s go to the playground
together,” and that was also touching. Making exhibitions has grown more and more enjoyable to me.
The actor representing the Korean Wave is planning to become a messenger introducing
Korean art overseas. What are your future plans regarding art?
This exhibition is scheduled to tour Paris. Exhibitions in other cities are also being discussed. Korean
art contains Korea’s unique imagery encapsulated in the word ‘K’. Isn’t K an irreplaceable inner
energy becoming the essence of Korean artists’ works? I believe that there may be a wider audience
for my tastes. I want to share them. That's why I want to organize an exhibition. (Perhaps because the
artist Park Seo Bo passed away during the exhibition) I would like to showcase more and more senior
Korean artists
GALLERIES AND ART FAIRS 45
©KIAF
EXHIBITIONS 47
In her article "The Labyrinthine Exhibition: A New Genre," art historian 1. 들어가며
Reesa Greenberg discusses a “nomenclature” for exhibitions that 미술사학자 리사 그린버그(Reesa Greenberg)는 전시의 형식을 다루
differs from the traditional categorizations of solo, group, and
는 글 「미궁으로서의 전시(The Labyrinthine Exhibition: A New
collection exhibitions.1) In this article, Greenberg argues that the
Genre」에서 개인전, 기획전, 소장품전 등의 기존 형식 분류와 다른 ‘
development of such a nomenclature is a way to explore new
avenues outside of traditional museum exhibition conventions. 명명법’을 이야기한다.1) 이 글에서 리사 그린버그는 이러한 전시 명명
In her view, an exhibition is not an “art of presentations” that 법의 개발이야말로 기존 미술관의 전시 관습을 벗어나는 새로운 활로
depends on the characteristics of the artworks on display but 를 모색하는 길이 된다고 주장한 바 있다. 그의 관점에 따르면, 전시
rather a technique for “presenting” artworks in the here and now. 란 전시되는 작품이 지닌 특성에 좌지우지되는 ‘보여주기의 예술(art
In the end, it is this notion of the “labyrinth” that led Greenberg
of presentations)이 아니라 예술 작품을 지금 이곳으로 ’현재화‘하는
to explore the exhibitions of the Surrealists in the 1930s (such as
기술이다. 결국, ‘미궁’이라는 단서이자 하나의 개념으로 그린버그가
the Surrealist Objects exhibition) and the Dylaby exhibition at the
1930년대 초현실주의자들의 전시(Surrealist Objects 전 등), 1960년
Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam in 1962 because exhibitions are an
independent medium that writes its own exhibition history. 대 네덜란드 암스테르담 시립미술관에서 열린 ‘딜라비(Dylaby)’ 전 등
을 탐구한 것은 전시가 나름의 전시사(exhibition’s history)를 써나가
는 독립된 매체이기 때문이다.
1 Reesa Greenberg, "The Labyrinthine Exhibition: A New Genre" Stedelijk Studies 7, 1 Reesa Greenberg, “The Labyrinthine Exhibition: A New Genre” Stedelijk
2018, n.p. Studies 7, 2018, n.p.
https://stedelijkstudies.com/journal/the-labyrinthine-exhibition-a-new-genre/
https://stedelijkstudies.com/journal/the-labyrinthine-exhibition-a-new-
(last accessed October 20, 2023)
genre/ (최종 접속 2023년 10월 20일)
2 Paul O'Neill, The Culture of Curating and The Curating of Culture(s), translated by 2 폴 오닐, 『동시대 큐레이팅의 역사 : 큐레이팅의 문화, 문화의 큐레이팅』, 변현주
Hyunjoo Byun, The Floorplan, 2019, p.92. 역, 더 플로어플랜, 2019, p.92.
EXHIBITIONS 48
in 12 years and showed an exhibition without new works. The ‘서베이’라는 용어를 사용하지는 않았지만, 12년만에 열리는 개인전을
methodology of this exhibition was different from the format of 강조하며 신작없는 전시를 보여주었다. 이 전시의 방법론은 신작이 반
conventional solo exhibitions, which always included new pieces. 드시 포함되고는 하는 기존 개인전의 형식과는 차별화되었다.
my view, the significance of survey exhibitions is that they 적으로 작가의 신작, 즉 현재 상태를 보여주는 데 초점이 있지 않았다.
have two meanings inside and outside of Korean art when 필자가 보기에 서베이 전시가 의미하는 바는 2023년 프리즈가 열리는
Frieze Seoul opens in 2023. It aims to introduce the artist 한국 미술 안팎에서 다음의 두 의미를 갖는다는 점에서 중요하다. 우
in a contemporary and nonlocal way. The audience is not 선 이 작가를 당대적이면서도 비지역적으로 소개한다는 목표를 갖는
limited to those in Seoul, Korea. The exhibitions of Kim
다. 이때 관람객은 서울/한국의 관객으로 한정되지 않는다. 김범과 서
Beom and Suh Yongsun showcased their distinct working
용선 모두 동시대 한국 미술 관객에게 그들의 세부적인 작업 세계를 보
methods and media instead of emphasizing individual pieces
to a current Korean art audience. This allowed a wider 여주기 위한 태도보다는 특유의 작업 매체와 방법론에 전시 기획의 방
worldwide audience, including art professionals, to view 향을 두고 전반적인 작품 세계를 글로벌 관객, 글로벌 미술 전문인을
their whole body of work. 대상으로 펼쳐두었다.
3 https://artsonje.org/exhibition/서용선-내-이름은-빨강/ 3 https://artsonje.org/exhibition/서용선-내-이름은-빨강/
EXHIBITIONS 49
own labels and descriptions separately. It is worth noting that the 지속해온 수십 년의 시간을 충분히 설명할 수 있는 컨텍스트(맥락)를 보
artist’s earlier works coexist with later works, even those from 조받게 되는 것이다. 작가의 작업은 별도의 라벨과 설명이 필요한 것이
similar years and different times, as physical objects in the exhibition.
아니라, 이들의 기존 작업들로 인해 서로 대화하듯 상보관계를 얻는다.
Within the survey exhibition, individual artists are provided with a
context that thoroughly explains the decades in which they have 즉 김범의 전시장에 놓인 주전자로 된 사물과 그의 미로가 그려진 막
been working. The artist’s works do not require separate labels and 힌 회화 작업이 그가 1990년대와 2010년대 무엇을 질문했는가 관객
descriptions but instead gain a dialogic complementarity from their
으로 하여금 질의하게 만드는 것처럼 말이다.
previous works, just as everyday objects in Kim’s exhibition and his
labyrinthine blocked paintings make the viewer question what he
was asking in the 1990s and 2010s. 한 작가의 작품과 작품의 관계를 주목하게 한 사례로는 2023년 여름
아틀리에 에르메스에서 열린 박미나 작가의 개인전 또한 눈여겨볼 법
Another example of an artist’s work and its relationship to her artwork
하다. 앞선 두 전시처럼 작업 세계 전반을 다룬 전시는 아니었다. 하
was Meena Park’s solo exhibition at Atelier Hermès in the summer of
지만 전시를 기획한 안소연 아틀리에 에르메스 디렉터는 작가의 작업
2023. While the exhibition did not cover the artist’s entire body of work
세계의 ‘방법론’에 초점을 두고 작가의 페인터로서의 위상을 집요하
as the previous two did, Atelier Hermès director Ahn Soyeon focused
on the “methodology” of the artist’s work, intensely tracing her status 게 추적했다. 이 전시에서 박미나는 19년 전에 행했던 ‘오렌지 페인
as a painter. In this exhibition, Park summoned her 19-year-old 팅’을 다시 꺼내 2023년의 시점에서 아파트 주거 공간과 회화의 관
Orange Painting to reexamine the relationship between apartment 계를 재질문했다. 작가는 큐레이터 안소연과의 대화에서 자신의 작업
living and painting from the perspective of 2023. In conversation with 이 지닌 ‘범위’를 다시 한 번 살펴보는 재조정의 시간으로 자신의 ‘연
curator Ahn So-yeon, the artist revisited her “research studies” and
구 조사’, ‘방법론의 회화’(김계원)를 재검토했다. 박미나 작가는 같은
“methodological painting” (Kim Gye-won) as a time of readjustment to
reexamine the “scope” of her work. Around the same time, Mina Park 시기 원앤제이 갤러리에서 ‘집’을 소재로 한 또 다른 시리즈를 선보였
presented another series on the theme of “home” at One And J. Gallery. 다. 이렇게 한 작가의 작업은 미술 현장과 미술사의 접점으로서 큐레토
In this way, the artist’s work is placed within the reconfiguration of the 리얼(전시만들기)의 재구성 안에 놓이게 되는 것이다.
curatorial (exhibition-making) as a point of contact between the art
scene and art history.
Suh Yongsun’s exhibition at the Art Sonje Center, the inspiration for 앞서 이 글의 출발점이 된 아트선재센터의 서용선 전은 근례 드물게 전
this piece, is a significant example in that it prioritizes the approach
시 기획 태도를 전면에 드러냈다는 점에서 유의미한 예이다. 어떤 전
to exhibition planning, which is uncommon in recent times. This
시도 이것이 ‘어떠어떠한 관점의 전시다’라고 명명하기란 쉽지 않은
is because it is not easy for any exhibition to declare that it takes a
particular point of view. As quoted at the beginning of this article, the Art 일이기 때문이다. 아트선재센터는 글의 서두에 인용했듯, 서용선의
Sonje Center defines “survey exhibition” in terms of “reexamining” 회화적 세계를 "재검토"한다는 말로 '서베이 전시'를 정의하고 있다.
Suh Yongsun’s painterly world. Compared to the research on senior
예술경영지원센터에서 근 몇년 간 진행한 원로 작가 연구와 비교한다
artists conducted by the Korea Arts Management Service in recent
years, survey exhibitions of midcareer artists who are actively 면, 아직 왕성하게 작품 제작을 하고 있는 중견 작가의 서베이 전시는
producing work are related to art criticism and the ongoing work 작가의 미술사적 평가뿐 아니라 작품의 가격 가치에 대한 재검토를 촉
of valuation in the art market. They tend to promote a rethinking
진하는 일이라는 점에서 미술 비평, 미술시장의 향후 지속적인 가치
of the artists’ position in the context of art history and the price
value of their works. Such a survey exhibition may not have a clear, 평가 작업과 연관된다. 이러한 서베이 전시는 미술시장에서도 명확한
immediate effect on the art market, but it is bound to be linked to the 당장의 효과로는 이어지지 않을 지언 정, 작가의 작품을 둘러싼 지표,
metrics, chronology, and valuation criteria surrounding the artist’s 연대기, 가치 평가 기준과 연결될 수밖에 없기 때문이다.
works.
EXHIBITIONS 50
In addition, the 2023 survey-type exhibition seems to coincide 나아가 2023년 서베이 형태의 전시는 지난 10월 19일 개막한 국립현
with the change in the Korea Artist Prize 2023 by the MMCA, 대미술관 올해의 작가 상의 변화와도 일견 맞물리는 듯하다. 신작 위주
which opened on October 19. Whether it is labeled as a “survey” 에서 작가의 작업 세계 전반을 (재)검토하는 일은 그것이‘서베이’라는
or not, the idea of (re)examining an artist’s entire body of work,
말을 직접적으로 언술하든, 혹은 그렇지 않든 간에 숨가쁘게, 또 스펙터
with an emphasis on new pieces, represents a notable change in a
클로 가득한 미술 현장 안에서 눈여겨볼 변화임에는 틀림없다. 이제껏
breathless and spectacle-filled art scene. After a decade consisting
solely of new productions by participating artists, the MMCA’s 십년의 기간 동안 참여 작가의 신작 프로덕션으로만 구성되었던 국립현
Korea Artist Prize 2023 exhibition will include the artist’s whole 대미술관의 올해의 작가 전시는 2023년부터 작가의 전작들을 포함하
body of work beginning in 2023. In the context of competition 는 형태로 변경되었다. 신작 위주 경쟁 및 프로모션의 구도에서 작가의
and promotion centered on new works, the combination of old and 전체 작업 궤적을 살피는 구작과 신작의 결합으로 전시가 구성된 것은
new creations examining the entire trajectory of the artist’s work
오히려 네 명의 참여 작가들 위상을 명확하게 제시하는 결과를 낳았다.
would offer a more comprehensive presentation of the status of the
four participating artists.
3. 공예’적’ 전시
2023년 한국현대미술 현장에서 목격된 전시의 두번 째 경향으로 필자
Crafty Exhibitions
As the second trend in exhibitions was witnessed in the Korean 는 작업에 깃든 공예적 감각에 대해 관찰하고자 한다. 2023년 10월 시
contemporary art scene in 2023, I want to make observations on the 점에서 두번째 언급하고자 하는 전시 경향은 소위 공예적 감각을 불러
sense of craft in the works. As of October 2023, Korea was home 일으키는 동시대 미술 작가들의 작업들이 대거 선보였다. 전시는 언제
to a significant number of exhibitions featuring modern artists that 나 동시대의 감각과 연관되는데, 1990년대 이후 비엔날레가 거대 담
evoked a sense of craft. Exhibitions are always associated with an
론의 주제 또는 담론의 거대성에 반대하는 미시적 관점의 주제 전시를
understanding of the contemporary. While biennials since the 1990s
기획했던 것과 비교해보자면 2023년 한국/서울을 중심으로 열린 전시
have organized thematic exhibitions on topics of macrodiscourse or
는 눈에 띄게, 손으로 빚은 듯한 감각을 자아낸다는 점에서 공예적이 되
microperspectives that oppose the macrodiscourse, the exhibitions
centered on Korea or Seoul in 2023 have become noticeably crafty 었다. 그것을 혹자는 조형적, 장식적이라고 부를 수도 있을 것인데 필
in that they evoke a sense of the handmade. Some might call it 자는 ‘손으로 제작한 물성의 감각’을 재소환한다는 점에서 공예적 전시
sculptural or decorative, but I would call it an artful exhibition in 라고 부르려 한다.
that it recalls the feeling of handmade materiality.
Let us start with a very old story. One of the most studied exhibitions 아주 오래된 이야기부터 꺼내 보자. 1934년 모마(뉴욕현대미술관)에
in art history is the inaugural design exhibition, Machine Art, held 서 열린 최초의 디자인 전시인 <기계 미술>전은 미술사 안에서도 주
at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in 1934. In particular, the 요하게 분석되는 전시 중 하나다. 특히 <기계 미술>전의 전시 디자인
exhibition design of Machine Art is said to have been inspired by 은 당시 백화점 공간 디스플레이를 모티브로 한 것으로 알려져 있다.
department store space displays of the time. A questionnaire
타이어, 바퀴, 구슬 등 일상 사물의 아름다움을 보여주고자 기획된 이
designed to showcase the beauty of everyday objects such as tires,
전시의 출구에는 당신이 가장 끌린 사물은 무엇인가를 질문하는 설문
wheels, and marbles was placed at the exit of the exhibition,
asking visitors which object they were most attracted to. The 지가 놓여있었다. 백화점에서 소비자가 사물을 바라보는 시점과 눈높
questionnaire was aimed at the audience by borrowing the 이를 차용해 관객들을 대상으로 질문지를 놓은 것이었다.
perspective and eye level from which consumers look at objects
in department stores. 동시대 미술과 공예적 전시의 귀환
동시대 미술과 공예적 특성의 관계는 2017년 베니스 비엔날레 주제
The relationship between contemporary art and craft qualities
has often been discussed since the 2017 Venice Biennale’s theme 전에서부터 종종 논의되었다. 2017년 베니스 비엔날레는 특히 천, 흘
exhibition. The 2017 Venice Biennale featured a particularly 러내리는 질감의 조각, 직접 손으로 빚어 만든 조형물 등이 대거 등
strong presence of textiles, flowing textured sculptures, and
장했다. 특히 섬유 작업들이 많았는데 이는 2021년 베니스 비엔날레
handmade sculptures. The trend would continue into the 2021
주제전까지도 이어졌다. 즉 담론의 강조, 큐레토리얼의 ‘교육적 전환
Venice Biennale and Kassel Documenta 2022: an emphasis on
EXHIBITIONS 51
discourse, the “educational turn” of a curatorial, the coexistence (educational turn)’으로까지 논의되던 워크숍과 관객 참여의 전시
of workshops and audience-participatory exhibitions, and forms 가 공존하는 동시에(2022 카셀 도큐멘타), 또 작가의 손에 의해 완벽
showcasing work that is perfectly orchestrated by the artist’s
하게 조율된 작업을 보여주는 형태가 등장하게 된 것이다.
hands.
Opening in September 2023 to coincide with Frieze Seoul, Kang’s 촉각, 소유의 감각
solo exhibition in the Leeum Museum of Art brought the artist’s 2023년 9월 프리즈 기간에 맞춰 오픈한 리움의 강서경 개인전은 작가
sense of handicraft to the forefront, from the unique materials 가 사용하는 특유의 재료(화문석 등)에서부터 손으로 빚은 공예의 감각
she uses (such as granite) to her artistic style. The sculptures of 을 전면에 내세웠다. 프리즈 아티스트를 수상한 1987년생 젊은 작가
Woo Hannah, a young artist born in 1987 who was awarded the
우한나의 조각에서도 흐드러지는 천으로 만들어내는 특유의 조각은 실
Frieze Seoul Artist Award 2023, also epitomized the handcrafted
September 6, 2023–February 25, 2024 MMCA Hyundai Motor Series 2023: MMCA Jung Yeondoo
Jung Yeondoo–One Hundred Years of Travels
2023.9.6~2024.2.25 국립현대미술관 정연두
MMCA 현대차 시리즈 2023: 정연두-백년 여행기
August 30–October 8, 2023 Latent Dwelling Kukje Gallery Haegue Yang
2023.8.30~10.8 동면 한옥 국제갤러리 양혜규
August 31–October 27, 2023 Jewyo Rhii : Of Hundred Carts and On Barakat Contemporary Jewyo Rhii
2023.8.31~10.27 이주요: 백 개의 카트와 그 위에 바라캇 컨템포러리 이주요
method of using thread and needle directly, with their distinctive 과 바늘을 직접적으로 사용한 수공예 방법론을 대표적으로 드러냈다.
sculptures made entirely of flowing fabric. Yang Haegue’s work 2023년 9월 프리즈 기간 동안 국제갤러리 한옥에서 열린 양혜규의 동
in Latent Dwelling, showcased at Kukje Gallery Hanok during 면한옥 전시에서의 작업은 작가가 오랜 기간 탐구해온 설치물의 조형
Frieze Seoul, featured artworks that maximized the artist’s long-
적 조율을 극대화한 작업들로 구성되었다. 이러한 작업들은 2023년 한
explored sculptural coordination of installation. These works are
국현대 미술 시장을 둘러싼 뜨거운 열기와 분명 연동된다. 실내 풍경을
clearly linked to the frenzy surrounding the Korean contemporary
art market in 2023. Suki Seokyeong Kang’s work, which resembles 닮은 듯한 강서경의 작업, 그리고 우한나 작가가 바느질로 구축한 조각
interior landscapes, and Woo Hannah’s sculptural clothing 적 옷 등은 2023년 손으로 직접 만들고 빚고 그린 작가들의 아날로그적
constructed from sewing, signify that in 2023, the analog bodies 신체가 전시장 안에 한층 깊이 들어왔다는 점을 의미한다.
of the artists, made, shaped, and painted by hand, have entered
the exhibition space more deeply.
Woo Hannah, Connection: Woo Hannah Open Studio, 2023 ©Woo Hannah Suki Seokyeong Kang: Willow Orioles, 2023 ©Leeum, Kang Seokyeong Studio.
우한나, Connection: Woo Hannah Open Studio, 2023 (C) 우한나 강서경: 버들 북 꾀꼬리, 2023 (C) 리움, 강서경 스튜디오
GALLERIES AND ART FAIRS 52
exhibition, curated by Hyunsoo Woo, deputy director for collections 피아미술관의 우현수 파파스-사반스 소장품 담당 부관장이 이 전시를 주
and exhibitions at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, is the largest 도했다. 1996년 미국으로 건너간 우 부관장은 당시 미국의 미술관은 물
of its kind among exhibitions of contemporary Korean art held
론 백과사전에서조차 한국 현대미술을 찾아볼 수 없었던 상황에 몹시 의
in North America. Woo, who moved to the United States in 1996,
was deeply perplexed by the situation at the time, when Korean 아했고, 2014년 가수 싸이의 ‘강남스타일’ 신드롬을 보며 한국미술 전시
contemporary art was virtually nonexistent in American museums 에 대한 꿈을 꾸기 시작했다고 한다. 채 10년이 지나지 않아 꿈은 실현
SPECIAL TOPIC 55
research on the position of Korean art within the context of Asian HYUN) 큐레이터가 주도했다.
and global art history while working at institutions such as LACMA
and the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco. At the Denver Art
Museum, she not only showcases the museum’s collection of
traditional Korean art alongside contemporary Korean art but
also occasionally takes on external projects to curate exhibitions
introducing contemporary Korean artists. Earlier this year, the
museum strengthened its focus on Korean art by hiring curator Ji- Hyonjeong Kim Han
young Park. In another part of the United States, the St. Louis Art the senior curator of Asian art at
Museum in Missouri announced the appointment of Min Jung Kim the Denver Art Museum
as the new director in the summer of 2021, introducing her as the
“first female leader in our museum’s 142-year history.” Min Jung 한국의 분청사기 특별전 ‘Perfectly Imperfect’를 열고 있는 덴버미술관
Kim previously worked at Sotheby’s Korea and Ho-Am Art Museum 에는 김현정(Hyonjeong Kim Han) 아시아미술 선임 큐레이터가 있다.
in Korea. She is well-known for her tenure of over 10 years as the
Director of Content Collaboration at the Guggenheim Museum
1 Ted Loos, "A spotlight on Korean Art," Oct. 22, 2023 section F, page 2 of The
in New York. Before moving on to her current position at the St.
New York Times (New York Edition)
Louis Art Museum, Kim formerly held the positions of director
SPECIAL TOPIC 56
doctoral degrees in the United States, and have a background working 드미술관은 동아시아 미술 전담 큐레이터를 신설하고 Haely 장을 영입
in museums. Rangsook Yoon, PhD, a former modern art curator at 했다. 뉴욕 스토니브룩대학교 미술관인 찰스왕센터는 진진영 씨를 디
the Baker Museum in Florida, transitioned last summer to become 렉터로 두고 있다. 두 사람 모두 한국에서 학사를 졸업한 후 미국 유학
the senior curator leading the curatorial department at the Sarasota 으로 석·박사를 한 후 미술관에 근무한 이력을 갖고 있다. 플로리다주
Art Museum of Ringling College, an esteemed institution of the arts.
의 베이커미술관에서 근대미술 큐레이터로 재직했던 윤랑숙 씨는 예술
At the Art Institute of Chicago, Yeonsoo Chee works as a curator,
명문 링링대학 산하 사라소타미술관의 학예실을 이끄는 선임(Senior)
while Jiyeon Kim holds the curator position at the Peabody Essex
Museum. Another noteworthy figure is curator Minsun Jeon, who
played a crucial role in discovering Korean female artist Theresa Hak
Kyung Cha at the Whitney Biennial hosted by the Whitney Museum
of American Art in New York. In recent years, the atmosphere in
museums across the Americas has shifted remarkably from placing
Korean art within the broader category of Asian art, often managed
by individuals overseeing Chinese or Japanese art, to having a more
distinct and focused attention on Korean art. In 2009, Doryun Chong Jinyoung A. Jin
became the first Korean curator at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) PhD, Director of Cultural Programs,
in New York. Subsequently, he moved across the ocean to Hong Kong, Charles B. Wang Center
where he was appointed as the Deputy Director of M+, strategically and
systematically prepared by the Hong Kong government to become Asia’s
largest contemporary art museum. Chong led the museum through
the collection of artworks and played a pivotal role in the opening
amid the pandemic in November 2021. In March of this year, M+
had a global grand opening aligned with the Art Basel Hong Kong
event, showcasing the vibrant diversity of M+ and its commitment
Rang sook Yoon
to cultural inclusivity on a worldwide scale. In China, the private
Ph.D, Senior Curator of the
HOW Art Museum appointed Yun Cheagap, a curator well-
Sarasota Art Museumr
versed in contemporary art from China and India, as its director,
highlighting the rich and diverse contexts within Asian art.
SPECIAL TOPIC 57
understanding of Korean art abroad, as most of their systematic 2017년에 걸쳐 미국에서 열렸다. 작년과 올해는 수묵화가 박대성의 개
research is published in English. One notable figure is Professor 인전이 LACMA, 다트머스대학 후드미술관, 하버드대 한국학 연구소
Joan Kee from the University of Michigan’s Department of Art 등지에서 잇따라 열렸다. 기획자는 다트머스대학 미술사학과의 김성림
History. Her 2013 book, Contemporary Korean Art: Tansaekhwa 교수다. 고등학교 때 도미해 UC버클리에서 미술사를 전공한 그는 중
and the Urgency of Method, has been a crucial scholarly reference
국·일본미술사에 비해 소외된 한국미술사를 알리고 싶었고, 샌프란시
in the reevaluation of monochrome paintings from 1970s Korea
스코 아시안뮤지엄에서 한국미술 큐레이터로 6년간 일하며 ‘한국의 미
in the global art market. Mina Kim, an assistant professor at the
University of Alabama who teaches Asian Art and Korean Art (美)’를 알리기 위한 준비를 했다. 세계 미술사의 큰 문맥 속에서 한국
History, is currently writing a book titled Contemporary Korean 미술의 가치를 알리고 싶어한다. 전시를 만드는 큐레이터 못지 않게 미
Art: New Directions since the 1960s, with a target release of next 술사를 연구하는 교수들의 역할도 상당하다. 이들 미술사학자들은 학
summer. Professor Kyunghee Pyun at the Fashion Institute of 문적 기반 위에서 한국 미술사가 아시아를 넘어 세계 미술사의 맥락에
Technology (FIT), who has written numerous papers on Asian art
서 어떤 독창성과 어떤 관계성으로 읽힐 수 있는지를 조명할 수 있다.
reception, is well-connected in the New York art scene. In 2014,
이들의 체계적 연구성과가 대부분 영문 서적으로 출간되기에 한국미술
에 대한 이해를 해외로 확산시키는 데도 결정적 역할을 하고 있다. 대
표적 인물로 조앤기(Joan Kee) 미시건대학교 미술사학과 교수가 꼽힌
다. 2013년 출간된 그의 저서 ‘한국의 현대미술:단색화와 방법의 긴급
성(Contemporary Korean Art: Tansaekhwa and the Urgency of
Sunglim Kim Method)’은 이후 1970년대 한국의 단색조 회화가 글로벌 미술시장에
Professor of 서 재조명 받는 과정에서 중요한 학술적 근거가 됐다.
Dartmouth College’s
알라바마 대학에서 아시아미술과 한국미술사을 가르치는 김민아 교수
Department of Art History
는 내년 여름 출간을 목표로 ‘동시대 한국미술:1960년대 이후의 새로
운 방향성(Contemporary Korean Art: New Directions since the
1960s)’이라는 책을 집필 중이다. 아시아미술 수용에 관한 다수의 논
문을 쓴 FIT의 변경희 교수는 뉴욕 미술계의 마당발로 통한다. 2014년
에는 재미(在美) 한국인 여성작가 그룹전을 기획했고, 한국 근대기 미
Joan Kee 술에 대한 여러 논문과 책을 썼다. 미술대학 파슨스디자인스쿨로도 유
Professor of the 명한 뉴스쿨의 유진랭 인문대학(Eugene Lang College of Liberal
University of Michigan’s
Arts)의 예술학과에는 윤소영 교수가 있다. 뉴스쿨의 미술사 및 시각
Department of Art History
연구 프로그램의 디렉터를 맡고 있으며, 휘트니미술관의 독립연구프로
SPECIAL TOPIC 58
and the history of graphic design. (Jinah Kim) 교수가, 뉴욕 바드 대학교(Bard College)에는 신희륜 교
Professor Yunah Lee at the University of Brighton in the United Kingdom 수가 재직 중이다. 두 사람은 인도와 남부 아시아 미술을 전공했다. 미네
teaches art history in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences. Her 소타대학과 블룸스버그대학에서 교편을 잡았던 정녹인 교수는 올해 펜
diverse research interests span the history of contemporary and modern 실베니아주 웨스트체스터 대학(West Chester University)로 옮겨 근·
fashion, urban and spatial design, and design and art in everyday 현대미술사와 그래픽디자인의 역사 등에 대해 가르치고 있다. 예술학교
life, leading to various research outcomes. Teaching art history at the 에 뿌리를 둔 영국 브라이턴 대학(University of Brighton)의 인문사회
University of Oxford, Professor J.P. Park has broad expertise not only in 과학부에서 미술사를 가르치는 이윤아 교수는 그래픽과 패션 분야를 연
Korean art but also in Chinese and Japanese art. He maintains a keen 구하며 ‘디자인역사연구센터(Centre for Design History)’, ‘공간,환경,
interest in contemporary art and has participated in curating exhibitions 문화,정치연구센터(Centre for Spatial, Environmental and Cultural
and producing publications, mainly focusing on Korean media art. Politics)’에서의 역할을 겸하고 있다. 근·현대 패션의 역사부터 도시와
Professor Minku Kim at The Chinese University of Hong Kong shares a 공간 디자인, 일상 속 디자인과 예술에 대한 관심이 많아 다양한 연구성과
similar multidisciplinary approach, contributing to the exploration 를 내놓는 중이다. 영국 옥스포드대학에서 미술사를 가르치는 박종필 교
of Korean art within the broader context of art history. 수는 한국미술은 물론 중국과 일본 미술에 두루 해박한 동시에 현대미술
에도 관심을 두고 있어 한국 미디어아트 작가들을 중심으로 한 전시기획,
Overseas Gallerists 도록 저술에도 참여했다. 홍콩중문대학의 김민구 교수도 마찬가지다.
At the forefront of connecting Korean art with the global art
market are the key players: the gallery experts. In recent years, in
해외 갤러리의 한국인 전문가들
particular, with foreign art spaces establishing branches in Seoul
한국미술과 글로벌 미술시장을 직접 연결하는 핵심 인력이 바로 갤러
and active participation in international art fairs held in Korea,
리스트다. 특히 최근 몇 년 사이 외국 화랑들이 서울에 지점을 개설하
the roles of these individuals have become increasingly prominent.
고, 한국에서 열리는 국제아트페어에 참여하는 등 교류가 활발해지면
J.P Park
Soyoung Yoon June and Simon Li Professor
Assistant Professor and Program Director in the History of Art and Fellow of
of Art History & Visual Studies at the Department of the Arts, Lincoln College, University of Oxford
Eugene Lang College of Liberal Arts, The New School.
opened a second branch near Dosan Park last year. Baek, who 해 ‘단색화’ 작가인 박서보, 정창섭과 이배, 심문섭 등을 꾸준히 해외에
stated, “The most Korean elements resonate globally, a truth that 소개하고 있다. 페로탕 서울의 초기 멤버였던 고유미 디렉터는 유럽으로
may sound cliché,” consistently introduces “Dansaekhwa” artists
떠났고 프랑스 알민 레쉬 갤러리에 합류했다. 알민 레쉬는 올해 파리에
like Park Seo-Bo, Chung Chang-Sup, Lee Bae, and Sim Mun-seop
to international audiences. 서 하종현,최명영,김창열의 전시를 열었다. 페로탕 홍콩에서 근무하던
경과 전속계약을 체결했다.
last year during the Korea International Art Fair (KIAF) and Frieze
Seoul, is led by Director Sun-il Kim.
In September this year, the UK-based White Cube opened its
Seoul gallery on Dosan-daero in Gangnam-gu and appointed
Jini Yang, who has been with the gallery since 2018, as the
General Director for Korea. White Cube previously held
Park Seo-Bo’s solo exhibition in 2016 and has maintained a
continuous exchange with the Korean art scene. Similarly, the
Japanese Whitestone Gallery, which opened its Seoul branch Soo-yeon Choi
during the same period, is directed by Jiyoung Park. White Director of KONIG Seoul
Stone garnered attention for its gallery interior in Yongsan-
gu’s Huam-dong, designed by Japanese architect Kengo Kuma.
Tang Contemporary Art, the largest contemporary art gallery
in Asia, opened its Seoul branch in March of last year, with
Director Hye-yeon Park overseeing operations in Korea.
Although it has yet to open a gallery in Korea, Gagosian has
appointed Jiyoung Lee, while Sprueth Magers assigned Shi-ne
Oh as the director for the country. Meanwhile, Hauser & Wirth Jiyoung Lee
is communicating with the Korean market through Director Gagosian's head operations
Sara Chun. in South Korea
create the Korean Art Fund curatorial position at the Metropolitan 있는 현대자동차, 뉴욕 MoMA와 오랜 파트너 관계를 유지하고 있는 현
Museum of Art. LG has also recently signed a global partnership 대카드 등 한국 기업들의 활동도 든든한 뒷배가 되고 있다.
with the Guggenheim Museum to support media art. Other Korean
companies, such as Hyundai Motor Company, which organizes the
annual “Hyundai Commission” exhibition at Tate Modern in the
United Kingdom, and Hyundai Card, which has a long-standing
partnership with MoMA in New York, also provide support.
61
Sang-Hoon Kim
Sang-Hoon Kim is a professor and Dean of Graduate School
of Business at Seoul National University. His expertise lies in
art and culture management and the analysis of art market
trends. He serves as a director of Korea Arts Management
Service (KAMS) and Korean Association of Arts Management.
He advised several cultural institutions including the Museum
of Modern and Contemporary Art and Seoul Museum of
Art. He has published papers in academic journals such as
Empirical Studies of Arts and International Journal of Arts
Management.
So-Hyun Cho
So-Hyun Cho is a team leader in the Visual Information
Team of the Visual Arts Division at Korea Arts Management
Service(KAMS). She is in charge of the "Art Market Survey"
project, which surveys the size of the Korean art market, and
K-ARTMARKET (k-artmarket.kr), which provides issues and
information on the Korean art market.
Yunah Jung
Yunah Jung is a Vice President and Senior Specialist at
Christie's Hong Kong. She specializes in 20th & 21st Century
Art, focusing on advising individual and corporate collectors
in building their art collections.
Henna Joo
Henna Joo is an Associate Professor of the Graduate School
of Arts and Cultural Management at Hongik University and
the founder of art research and advising company, ArtLab
Unlimited. She is a founding member of Arts Management
Initiative (AMI) and also serves as an advisor of KAMS(Korea
Art Management Service) and a director of the Korean Society
of Arts and Cultural Management. She was the Executive
Director of Arario Gallery and its Shanghai entity from 2003-
2007 and 2013-2021 and also a deputy director of Gallery
Hyundai from 2009-2012.
62
Seewon Hyun
Seewon Hyun is director of Audio Visual Pavilion and an
independent curator. She is the artistic director of 7th
Changwon Sculpture Biennale 2024. As a curator Hyun
curated exhibitions such as “The Way Station to the Moon-
Unfold X”(Culture Station 284, 2023), “The Platform of Night”
(Arko Art Theater, 2021), “Museum Route” (National Museum
of Modern and Contemporary Art, 2016). Hyun is a DFA
(Doctor of Fine Art) conducting research on the ‘floorplan of
exhibition.’ She has published several books on curating and
contemporary art and images.
Sang-In Cho
Sang-In Cho is an art journalist who has been working for the
Seoul Economic Daily since 2008. She studied archaeology and
art history at Seoul National University, arts management at
Seoul National University Graduate School. She is a member
of Arts Management Initiative (AMI) and an author of The
surviving paintings about Korean modern artists. She has
served as an advisor and evaluator at several art institutions
such as the Arts Council Korea, Korean Association of Arts
Management, Seoul Foundation of Art and Culture.
63
CREDITS
This report is published by Seoul National University and
Paradise Cultural Foundation.
Editor
Dr. Sang-Hoon Kim
Design
꿈인
NOTICE.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, including electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of
binding or cover other that in which it is published, except in
the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and
certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law,
with appropriate credit and source indication. For permission
requests or enquiries, please contact to Editor, Dr. Sang-Hoon
Kim. [email protected].
© Korea Art Market 2023
Art fairs have played a substantial role in the expansion of the Korean art market by serving as primary sales platforms for galleries. The number of art fairs in South Korea fell to 35 in 2020 due to the pandemic but rebounded and grew to 71 by 2022 . These fairs have not only provided venues for the sale and showcasing of artworks but have also attracted international attention, reinforcing the reputation of the Korean art market globally and contributing to its growth .
The global interest in Korean contemporary art has been manifested through numerous international exhibitions and curatorial partnerships. For instance, Korean exhibitions such as "Only the Young: Experimental Art in Korea, 1960s–1970s" at the Guggenheim Museum in New York and significant displays at the Philadelphia Museum of Art have spotlighted Korean contemporary works internationally . Additionally, Korean curators like Sook-Kyung Lee, who served as artistic director of the Gwangju Biennale, have been appointed to impactful roles such as the director at Whitworth Museum of Art in Europe, fostering cross-cultural curatorial collaborations . These events underscore the rising global fascination with Korean art, driving increased interest and participation from international art communities .
The explosive growth of art galleries in South Korea over the past few years can be attributed to several factors. One major factor is the overall increase in the Korean art market, which saw its sales surpass KRW 1 trillion in 2022, marking a significant rise from KRW 402.4 billion a decade ago . The number of galleries increased from 503 in 2020 to 831 in 2022, driven by the growing interest in art and a supportive environment of art exhibitions and fairs . Additionally, international exposure and interest in Korean art have boosted domestic market confidence, further supported by the energetic participation and expansion of art fairs, which serve as critical sales platforms for galleries .
The 'educational turn' in curatorial practices has significantly affected the presentation of Korean art in international venues by emphasizing participatory and educational aspects within exhibitions. This approach includes forms such as workshops and audience-participatory exhibits, creating an interactive experience that deeply engages audiences and broadens the intellectual and cultural discourse around Korean art . These practices have allowed more comprehensive, context-rich presentations of Korean art, facilitating greater appreciation and understanding in international contexts .
The roles of Korean curators in international museums have evolved significantly, with individuals such as Sook-Kyung Lee becoming the director of the Whitworth Museum of Art, marking the first Korean national to hold such a position in a European art institution . Similarly, Haeju Kim has taken on a senior curator role at the Singapore Art Museum, contributing to increased Korean involvement in global art spaces . These positions enhance the visibility and representation of Korean culture internationally, encouraging cross-cultural dialogue and showcasing Korean artistic contributions broadly .
The Korean art galleries have seen significant growth particularly concentrated in urban areas such as Seoul. The number of galleries in this region has substantially increased, reflective of a broader trend where urban centers are becoming hubs for cultural and commercial art activities . The growth of art galleries in these areas aligns with the overall expansion of the market and the rise in the number of art fairs, indicating a regional concentration of art market activities in major cities .
New galleries and art fairs that have emerged in the Korean art market are characterized by their adaptability to contemporary art demands and technological advancements. Challenges they face include maintaining competitiveness in a rapidly expanding market and navigating the volatility brought by external factors such as global economic conditions. While new players contribute to market diversity, they must also establish unique offerings and solidify their reputations in order to thrive . The increased number of fairs and galleries suggests a healthy, growing market but also a crowded space requiring strategic differentiation .
Lee Ufan has made a significant impact on both the domestic and international auction markets. He had the highest presence at auctions, with 238 of his works sold globally from September 2022 to August 2023. His 1978 painting "From Line" set a record at Christie's New York for USD 1,502,000, the highest price for a Korean artist at international auctions . Additionally, his work "Correspondence" achieved a high sale of KRW 1.5 billion at a domestic auction, highlighting his strong influence and the market's valuation of his art .
Auction sales for Korean art have seen fluctuating trends. The number of artworks sold at domestic auctions dropped significantly during the pandemic but later saw a substantial increase in 2021 before declining again by 2023, surpassing even 2020 levels . Notably, the winning rate fell from almost 66% in 2019 to around 50% in 2023, indicating a more competitive and selective market . These trends highlight the market's volatility and a potential need for adaptation to changing buyer interests and economic conditions .
The participation of Korean artists in international art fairs such as those in New York and Hong Kong reflects a significant level of global integration of the Korean art scene. Artists like Woo Hannah, who won the Frieze Seoul Artist Award in 2023, are recognized on international platforms, exemplifying how Korean contemporary art has garnered global interest and acclaim . This integration is further evidenced by the diversity of Korean art being showcased, reinforcing its dynamic and prominent role in the global art market .