WIND- the natural movement of air or other gases elative to a planet’s
GEOGRAPHY 2 REVIEWER surface.
SPHERES OF THE EARTH 3. BIOSPHERE- is made up of the parts of earth where life exists; it
ATMOSPHERE- a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth. encompasses all living organisms including plants, animals and
microorganisms.
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE ECOLOGY- the study of the interaction of living organisms with
each other and with their environment.
1. TROPOSHERE- the lowest part of the atmosphere; the part we live
INDIVIDUALS (ORGANISMS)- the basic living things in an
in.
ecosystem.
2. STRATOSPHERE- this extends upwards from the tropopause to
POPULATION- a group organism of the same species living in a
about 50 km; it contains much of the ozone in the atmosphere.
particular area.
-ozone, protects us from skin cancer and other COMMUNITY- made up of population of different species living
health damage. together in a certain habitat.
ECOSYSTEM- a community of living organisms along with their
3. MESOSPHERE- the region above the stratosphere. natural habitat and the non-living components of their environment.
WEATHER AND CLIMATE BIOTIC- all the living organisms found in an ecosystem.
ABIOTIC- the non-living elements.
WEATHER- a local and temporary condition in the air or the atmosphere. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM (LAND-BASED)
-Forest ecosystem
CLIMATE-associated with place. It includes the daily seasonal, and yearly
-Grassland ecosystem
variation in the weather.
-Desert ecosystem
LATITUDE- a coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point -Tundra Ecosystem
on the surface of the earth. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM (WATER-BASED)
-Marine ecosystem
LOW LATITUDE- belt between 30-0 degrees north and south of the
-Fresh ecosystem
equator.
4. HYDROSPHERE- the component of the earth that is composed of all
MIDDLE LATITUDE- between the tropic of cancer and arctic circle on the
liquid water found on the planet; bodies of water accounts for 75% of the
north and tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic circle on the south.
total surface of the earth.
TEMPERATURE- refers to the quantity of heat present in particular mass.
BODIES OF WATER
PRECIPITATION- watercycle process by which water circulates between
the earth’s ocean, atmosphere, and land. STRAIT- a landform connecting two seas or two other large areas of water.
HUMIDITY- the amount of water vapor in the air. GULF- a large area of a sea or ocean that is partially enclosed by land.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE- refers to the mass weight of a column of air BAY- a body of water partially surrounded by land.
above a given point.
RIVER- a natural watercourse, typically a large stream of water that flows
towards an ocean, sea, lake or river.
LAKE-bodies of fresh water surrounded by land. CLIMATE FACTORS
FALLS- a part of river that take a step drop. 1. Latitude- distance north or south of the equator.
2. Altitude- height above sea level.
RAPIDS- a section of a river where the water moves very fast.
3. Distribution of land and bodies of water- a larger body of water tends
to cause a mild or moderate climate.
4. Orographic barriers- cause different climates on opposite sides of
[Link]- the hard shell of the earth, consisting of the crust and mountain.
the topmost part of the upper mantle. 5. Pressure and wind- winds blow most often in different parts of the
ALFRED WENGENER earth.
6. Ocean current- rivers of water that moves through the ocean.
- A german geophysicist and meteorologist, published “the origin of 7. Storms- a violent distribution of the atmosphere with strong winds
continents and oceans” and usually rain, thunder, lightning or snow.
LANDMASS- a large area of land such as a continent that is in one piece HUMAN SPHERE AND POPULATION GROWTH
and not broken up by oceans.
HUMAN SPHERE- comprises of human, it various products and
LANDFORMS; environment of both artificial and natural characteristics.
- MOUNTAINS POPULATION GROWTH
- PLAINS- low level areas.
- PLATEAUS- “plains up in the air” - the increase in the number of individuals.
- HILLS- can be called miniature mountains. -known as one of the driving forces behind environmental problems, because
EARTH PROCESSES -forces within the earth. the growing population demand more and more.
Earthquake – sudden shaking of grounds.
Convergent boundaries- collide
Divergent boundaries- move away from each other.
Transform boundaries- sliding.
Volcanoes- opening in the earth’s crust.
TYPES OF ROCKS
Igneous rock- forms by hot magma.
Sedimentary rock- formed when sediment is compressed in layered
and hardened.
Metamorphic rock- formed by the high temperature and pressure
inside the earth.
WEATHERING- breakdown of rocks
EROSION- transport of rocks.
