AMIE CLASSES 1

A.M. Institute of Excellence

PHYSICS
IMPORTANT NOTES ON CHAPTER -1 (FORCE)

MOMENT OF FORCE

1. The moment of force, also known as torque, is a measure of the effectiveness

of a force in causing rotational motion around an axis.
2. The SI unit of moment of force is Newton-meter (Nm).
3. The moment of force is calculated by multiplying the force applied by the
perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the
force. The formula for moment of force is τ = F × d × sinθ, where τ is the
moment of force, F is the force applied, d is the perpendicular distance from
the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force, and θ is the angle between
the force and the line joining the point of application of the force and the axis
of rotation.
4. The direction of the moment of force is perpendicular to both the force
applied and the axis of rotation.
5. A force that acts along the axis of rotation produces no moment of force.
6. The moment of force can be increased by increasing the force applied or by
increasing the distance between the point of application of the force and the
axis of rotation.
7. The pivot point is the point about which a body is free to rotate.
8. The moment of force can be used to calculate the rotational motion of objects,
such as the rotation of a wheel or the motion of a lever.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE TURNING OF A BODY

The turning of a body, also known as rotational motion, is affected by several factors.
Here are some of the factors that can affect the turning of a body:

1. The shape of the body: The shape of a body affects its rotational motion. A
body with a larger radius of gyration will rotate more slowly than a body with
a smaller radius of gyration.
2. The mass of the body: The mass of a body affects its rotational motion. A body
with a greater mass will rotate more slowly than a body with a smaller mass.
3. The distribution of mass: The distribution of mass affects the rotational
motion of a body. If the mass of a body is distributed farther away from the
axis of rotation, the body will be harder to turn.
4. The applied force: The amount of force applied to a body affects its rotational
motion. A greater force will cause a body to rotate more quickly.
5. The distance from the axis of rotation: The distance between the axis of
rotation and the point where the force is applied affects the rotational motion
of a body. If the force is applied closer to the axis of rotation, the body will be
easier to turn.

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6. Frictional forces: Frictional forces can affect the rotational motion of a body. If
there is more friction between the body and the surface on which it is rotating,
the body will rotate more slowly.
7. Air resistance: Air resistance can affect the rotational motion of a body. If
there is more air resistance, the body will rotate more slowly.

Here are some examples of the “Turning Effect of Force” :

1. Opening a door: When you apply a force to the door handle, the force creates a
turning effect that causes the door to rotate around its hinges.
2. Tightening a bolt: When you use a wrench to tighten a bolt, the force applied
to the wrench creates a turning effect that causes the bolt to rotate and
tighten.
3. Using a seesaw: When two people of different weights sit on a seesaw, the
force of their weights creates a turning effect that causes the seesaw to rotate
around its center of mass.
4. Swinging a bat: When a batter swings a bat, the force applied to the bat creates
a turning effect that causes the bat to rotate and hit the ball.
5. Turning a steering wheel: When you turn a steering wheel, the force applied to
the wheel creates a turning effect that causes the car to turn.

Here are some important points on “Equilibrium of Bodies ”:

1. Equilibrium is a state in which a body is at rest or in uniform motion in a

straight line.
2. There are two types of equilibrium: static equilibrium, in which a body is at
rest, and dynamic equilibrium, in which a body is in uniform motion in a
straight line.
3. The condition for static equilibrium is that the net force acting on a body must
be zero and the net torque acting on the body must also be zero.
4. The stability of a body can be increased by widening its base of support or by
lowering its center of mass.
5. The equilibrium of a body can be disturbed by external forces acting on the
body. If the net force or net torque acting on a body is not zero, the body will
experience a change in motion.
6. The concept of equilibrium is important in various fields, including physics,
engineering, and architecture.

CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM :

The conditions for equilibrium depend on the type of equilibrium, which can be
either static or dynamic. Here are the conditions for each type of equilibrium:

1. Static equilibrium: A body is said to be in static equilibrium when it is at

rest and the net force and net torque acting on it are both zero. The conditions
for static equilibrium are:

 The net force acting on the body must be zero.

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 AMIE CLASSES 3

 The net torque acting on the body must be zero.

2. Dynamic equilibrium: A body is said to be in dynamic equilibrium when it

is moving in a straight line at a constant speed and the net force acting on it is
zero. The conditions for dynamic equilibrium are:

 The net force acting on the body must be zero.

 The velocity of the body must be constant, which means there is no
acceleration.

PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS :

In both types of equilibrium, the net force acting on the body must be zero. This
means that the sum of all the forces acting on the body must be equal to zero.
Similarly, in static equilibrium, the net torque acting on the body must be zero, which
means the sum of all the torques acting on the body must be equal to zero.

The principle of moments is a concept in physics that helps to explain how objects
can be in balance or equilibrium. It states that for a body to be in equilibrium, the
sum of the clockwise moments about any point must be equal to the sum of the
anticlockwise moments about the same point.

To understand this principle, imagine a seesaw or a balance scale. When the seesaw
or balance scale is in equilibrium, it means that both sides are balanced and level.
The principle of moments explains how this balance is achieved.

When an object is placed on one side of the seesaw, it exerts a force downwards. This
force creates a moment or turning effect around the pivot point of the seesaw. The
moment is the product of the force and the distance from the pivot point to the point
where the force is applied.

To balance the seesaw, an object of equal weight is placed on the other side. The force
exerted by this object creates an equal and opposite moment around the pivot point,
which balances the first moment. The seesaw is now in equilibrium, with the sum of
the clockwise moments equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments.

The same principle applies to any object in equilibrium. The moments created by the
forces acting on the object must balance each other out in order for the object to be in
equilibrium. By understanding the principle of moments, we can predict and explain
the behavior of objects in balance and equilibrium.

CENTER OF GRAVITY :

Here are some notes on center of gravity for :

 The center of gravity (CG) is the point through which the weight of an object
appears to act.

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 The CG is also known as the center of mass (CM), as the mass of an object is
concentrated at this point.
 For an object to be in stable equilibrium, its CG must be directly above the
base of support.
 The CG of a symmetrical object is at the geometric center of the object.
 The CG of an irregularly shaped object can be found by suspending the object
from different points and finding the point at which the object is balanced.
 The CG of a uniform object is at the center of the object.
 The CG of a non-uniform object is closer to the heavier part of the object.
 The CG of a human body is typically located around the pelvis, but can vary
depending on the position of the body.
 The CG of an object can be shifted by adding or removing weight from the
object.
 The CG is an important concept in many fields, including physics,
engineering, and sports.

CENTRIPETAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

 Centripetal force is the force that acts on an object moving in a circular path,
which keeps the object moving in that path instead of flying off in a straight
line. The direction of the centripetal force is towards the center of the circle.
 For example, imagine a ball tied to a string and being swung around in a
circle. The tension in the string is the centripetal force that keeps the ball
moving in the circular path. Without this force, the ball would fly off in a
straight line.
 On the other hand, centrifugal force is the apparent outward force that seems
to act on an object moving in a circular path. It is not a true force but rather a
result of the object's inertia, or tendency to continue moving in a straight line.
The direction of the centrifugal force is away from the center of the circle.
 Using the same example of the ball being swung around in a circle, the
centrifugal force would be the force that the ball seems to exert on the string,
pulling it outwards. However, this force is not a true force but rather a result
of the ball's tendency to continue moving in a straight line, and is actually
caused by the centripetal force acting on the ball.
 In summary, centripetal force keeps an object moving in a circular path, while
centrifugal force is the apparent outward force that seems to act on an object
moving in a circular path.

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[ BY :ASHISH MISHRA] [ISHAKCHAK,BHAGALPUR] [CONTACT :9263904594]