Lesson 2A

Negative Fact Questions

A negative fact question asks you to recognize the answer option that is not true
according to the information in the reading passage. lt may take you longer to
answer negative fact questions compared to other question types because you
have to confirm the accuracy of three details instead of just one. Expect to see no
more than one negative fact question per reading passage.

Negative fact questions may be worded as follows:

» The passage describes ai/ of the following EXCEPT
» According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT true about X?
» ln paragraph 3, which of the following is LEAST likely?

QUICK GUIDE: Negative Fact Ouestions

Definítion A negative fact question asks you to choose one of four answer options
that presents incorrect information according to the passage. Toe question
is usually based on one paragraph of lhe reading, although in some cases,
negative fact questions can be based on multiple paragraphs from the
passage. Negative fact questions are often based on information that appears
as part of a list.

Targeted ln order to correctly answer a negative fact question, you must be able to:
Skills • understand lhe main ideas and main supporting details in the reading
passage.
• quickly scan the passage in order to find facts that support three out of lhe
four answer options.
• recognize one answer option that contains incorrect information according
to the passage.

The Correct The carreei answer for a negative fact question is the answer option that
Answer contradicts information in the passage. Often, it uses key words or phrases
from the text but changes a key detail, making it incorrect according to the
passage. ln cases where the question is based on a list, lhe correct answer is
the item that is not included in that list.

Wrong Watch out for answer options that include:

Answer • rephrased information from the passage. An answer option might rephrase
Options a fact from the passage so that it looks like it is incorrect when it's actually
accurate according to lhe passage. Remember, for this question type, you
are looking for the answer that is not true.
• a shift from the active voice to lhe passive voice (or vice versa). For
example, the passage might say, "The man ate the apple. • ln the answer
option, it shifts to the passive voice, reading, "Toe apple was eaten by the
man." Notice that the meaning is the sarne in both cases.

26
 QUESTION TYPE: NEGATIVE FACT

WALK THROUGH: Negative Fact Questions

A Quickly read the sample negative fact question below. Undertine any key words in the
question and the answer options that will help you detennine the correct answer.

• ,.. ,.,.) · ,) , 'I w,'I • "'I

TOEFL RPacl111g
.... o o o o
Ouestion 1 of 12 � :_.._· : : .:'__,

1. According to paragraph l, ali of the following accurately describe dynamic pricing EXCEPT:
O lts popularity started to decline at the end of the twentieth century.
O lt gives the buyer some control over the price of an item.
O lt is used by sellers in online auctions.
O lt means that sellers charge different prices according to the situation.

B Now read the sample passage. While you read, check (/') the facts that are mentioned
in the answer options in Part A. Remember, the answer option that is not a fact
according to the passage is the correct answer. When you are done, mark the correct
answer for the question above.

Toe Return of Dynamic Pricing

' Throughout the twentieth century, many businesses used fixed-price strategies, meaning
that prices for goods or services are predeterrnined by the seller. If a store has fixed prices,
customers are expected to pay the set price. More irnportantly, O buyers do not have any
direct input in regard to the price of the items that they wish to purchase. ln recent years,
however, many sellers have started using dynamic pricing, O a strategy that involves
changing the price of an item based on an individual buyer's needs and the circumstances
of the purchase. Unlike fixed pricing, dynamic pricing is more tlexible and allows buyers
and sellers to work together to come up with prices that both parties can agree on. O For
exarnple, online auctions, which allow buycrs to place bids on items, use dynamic pricing.
Toe rising popularity of dynamic pricing is, without a doubt, linked to the irnprovcment of
technology, such as the Internet.
2
Toe Internet has made it easier for sellers to use dynamic pricing by giving them access
to information that affects pricing decisions. For example, sellers can now access up-to­
date market information at any time of the day by using the Internet. They might receive
information that shows that the demand for an item is rising or that the cost to make a
specific product has dropped. Both these factors intluence the price of the item, so knowing
this information allows sellers to update prices as often as they want in order to reflect
market tluctuations.
bld: an offer to pay a
particu\aJ: amount of 3
New technologies also allow companies to monitor the purchase history of individual
money for something buyers. Sellers can then use this information to make recommendations that are tailored
lnventory: a supply or to meet a particular customer's preferences. Furthermore, the seller can change prices
stock of something according to the customer's desires. For instance, sellers might offer unwanted inventory at
lower prices to customers who show inttrest in it. As a result, the buyer receives a better deal.

27
SKIUS FOR TliE TOER. IBT TEST REAOING ANO WRffiNG

GET IT RIGHT: Tips and Tasks for Answering Correctly

» TIP 1: Read the questlon and the answer optlons before you scan the passage. For this question
type, you will have to review the paragraph or paragraphs specified in lhe question in order to check lhe
accuracy of each of lhe answer options. Before you review lhe paragraph(s), read the question and lhe
answer options. Vou should try to understand lhe full meaning of each answer option. That way, you can
determine whelher or not it is accurate based on lhe facts in the passage. Also, make note of any key
words or phrases in lhe answer options. Toen, scan lhe appropriate paragraph(s) in lhe passage and
look for lhese key words or phrases. This will help you find lhe information you need in order to answer
the question quickly.
TASK 1: Look ai lhe key words you under1ined in the question and the answer oplions on page 27.
Scan lhe passage on page 27 and circle lour key words or expressions in paragraph 1 that relate to
each oi the answer options.
» TIP 2: Check for rewording oi language from the passage. Answer options for lhis question type
will often contain rephrased information from lhe passage in order to make correct answer options
seem incorrect. lf you see lhat an answer option has reworded information from the passage, compare
il to lhe passage. Is lhe meaning lhe sarne? lf lhe answer option is supported by lhe information in lhe
passage, you can eliminate it.
TASK 2: Which two answer options on page 27 reword the information from lhe passage?
» TIP 3: Look for answer optlons that use the passive voice. ln English, lhe passive form is
constructed by using a be verb plus the past participial lorm oi a verb. For example, lhe sentence "The
company opened three new factories" is in lhe active voice. "Toree new factories were opened by lhe
company" is in the passive voice. Notice thal the meaning of lhe sentence doesn'I change regardless
of the voice. For this reason, you should watch out for answer options thal change lhe voice of the
sentences lhey are based on. For example, if a sentence in lhe passage is in lhe active voice, and lhe
: Negative lact questlons answer option is in the passive voice, they could mean the sarne thing.
: typlcaly take more time
to answer than other TASK 3: Which answer option on page 27 uses the passive voice to talk about an evenl that was
:
: question types because originally described in lhe aclive voice?
: you have to confirm
: the accuracy oi each
: - optlon. Expect
: to spend 2-,'3 mlnutn
: on each negative lact
: quntlon.

28
Lesson 2B

Function Questions
A function question (also referred to as a rhetorical purpose question) asks you about
the rhetorical strategies used by the author. A rhetorical strategy is a tactic used to
accomplish a number of functions, including giving an example, explaining or clarifying
a point, challenging or supporting a point, etc. Answers for this question type often start
with to infinitivas. For example, to explain and to make a point about are common infinitiva
phrases used to start answer options for function questions. There is typically no more
than one function question per reading passage.

Function questions may be worded as follows:

» Why does the author mention X in paragraph 1?

» Why does the author give an exampfe of X?

» How does the information in paragraph 2 relate to paragraph 1?

QUICK GUIDE: Function Ouestions

Definition Function questions ask you to identify the purpose oi a word, phrase, or even
an entire paragraph in the passage. There are two types of function questions.
One type will ask you to identify why the author mentions a specific piece of
information in the passage. For example, you will be presented with a word
or phrase, and you will have to identify the function of lhe word or phrase in
relation to the sentences around it. Toe second type asks you why the author
organizes the information in part of lhe passage in a certain way. For instance,
you may have to explain how one paragraph relates to another.

Targeted ln arder to answer a function question correctly, you must be able to:
Skllls • recognize common rhetorical strategies and the expressions associated
with them.
• determine the author's reasons for mentioning a piece of information.
• identify lhe main idea in each paragraph in arder to understand how the
paragraphs are related.
• understand how the word, phrase, or paragraph being asked about relates
to the sentences or paragraphs around it.
The Correct The correct answer for a function question correctly identifies the author's
Answer motivations for mentioning a piece of information or for organizing the
information in a paragraph in a certain way. Please note that the author
will not state the function directly in the passage. Therefore, you must
determine the function based on the clues in the passage and your overall
understanding of the passage.
Wrong Watch out for answer options that include:
Answer • information that is mentioned in the passage but does not explain the
Options speaker's function.
• ideas that are not mentioned in the passage at ali.
• relationships that contradict the facts presented in lhe reading.
29
SIQU.S FOR THE TOER IBT TEST READING ANO WRITING

WALK THROUGH: Function Ouestions

A Quickly read the sample function questions below. Under1ine any key words in the
questions and the answer options that will help you determine the correct answers.

TOEFL Read,ng
• :,'.� .. ''' o' V) o' ) o'.\ ô .. '
ÚJc•,\on�of12 � , :• '

1. ln paragraph 3, why does the author discuss the pyramid in Teotihuacan that featured the
feathered serpent?
O To argue that the Mayans inspired the use of the feathered serpent in Teotihuacan
O To contras! the syrnbolic images used by the Teotihuacanos and the Maya
O To give an example of an archaeological technique used by the Teotihuacanos
O To point out that the syrnbol was popular in Teotihuacan before the Maya used it
2. How does paragraph 1 relate to paragraph 2?
O Paragraph 1 gives examples of an idea that is explained in further detail in paragraph 2.
O Paragraph 2 describes the background of one of the cultures mentioned in paragraph 1.
O Paragraph I defines a key term that is central to the theory refuted in paragraph 2.
O Paragraph 2 provides evidence to support a theory that is introduced in paragraph 1.

B Now read the sample passage. While you read, under1ine infonnation that you think will
help you answer the questions in Part A. When you are done reading, mark the correct
answers for the questions above.

Toe Influence of Teotihuacan

'lhe city ofTeotihuacan, located in the central region of modem-day Mexico, was one of
the first urban civilizations in Central America. Due to its military strength and far-reaching
trade partnerships,Teotihuacan became very influential, reaching the height of its power
around the year 450 AD. During this time, the people ofTeotihuacan had frequent and direct
contact with the Maya, a civilization whose territory extended from southwestem Mexico
to the regions of El Salvador. Evidence suggests that the Maya were greatly influenced by the
Teotihuacanos, especially in the areas of architecture and ideology.
2
lhe Maya used a variety of architectural styles. However, one that was likely inspired
byTeotihuacan was a technique called the slope-and-panel style. This technique involved
stacking rectangular stone paneis on top of stone slabs that had inwardly sloped sides.
lhe largest stone paneis were located at the base, and the size of the paneis decreased at
each levei, giving the resulting structures their characteristic pyrarnid shape. According
to archaeological evidence, the slope-and-panel style was used inTeotihuacan as early
as 200 AD. Experts observed the sarne style in severa! Mayan cities. lnterestingly, the
Mayan structures that used the slope-and-panel style were built much later than those at
Teotihuacan. This suggests that the style developed first in Teotihuacan and that the Maya
adopted the style as a result of direct contact with theTeotihuacanos.
3
lhere is also evidence that the Teotihuacanos influenced the ideology of the Maya. This
is particularly apparent in the use of certain religious symbols. For example, one of the most
urban: belonging to a important religious symbols in Teotihuacan was the feathered serpent. Between the years
town or city
150 and 200, the Teotihuacanos even built a pyrarnid that featured the symbol extensively.
serpent: a snalce lhe sarne symbol has been found in Mayan texts. However, the Maya didn't use it before
lOOOAD.

30
SKH.15 FOR THE TOEFl IBT TEST READING ANO WRmNG

PROGRESSIVE PRACTICE: Get Ready

A Scan the short passage about architecture. Underline the main idea of each paragraph.

Active Design

' Daily physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. For this reason, many
architects and designers are working to create buildings that encourage people to make
exercise a part of their ordinary routne. Toe movement to promote healthy activity through
architecture is called active design. It began in 1998 as part of a university public health
program, and it has since gained popularity in cities around the world. Active design uses a
number of techniques to encourage the occupants of a building to be more active.
2 One of the most important strategies of active design is inspiring people to make
walking part of their routine. A particularly successful too! for promoting walking is the
skip-stop elevator. These elevators stop only on every second or third floor, leaving riders
to take the stairs in order to reach their destination. Another strategy of aclive design is to
make stairs more pleasant and inviting. Instead of creating dim stairweUs that are located in
isolated parts of buildings, active design uses weU lit and centrally placed stairs to encourage
more foot traffic. Skip-stop elevators and appealing stair design are both effective tools of
active design because they offer incentive and opportunity for exercise. ln fact, researchers
studying a building that employs both skip-stop elevators and more attractive stair design said
that 70 percent of building occupants reported using the stairs every day.
3 Active design encourages physical activity using not only the interior features of a
building, but the relationship between a building and its surroundings as weU. A building
that employs active design may integrate outdoor space in order to make the environment

..
more engaging and promote physical activity. Some elements that architects use to
incorporate the exterior with the interior are glass walls, interior gardens or park spaces,
and courtyards with open ceilings, ali of which de-emphasize the boundaries between inside
incentive: and outside. These elements make the building more physically and mentally invigorating.
encouragement to do Similarly, by increasing the number of entrances and exits to a building, architects can help
something keep a building's users interested in their surroundings by providing a variety of routes for
incorporate: to include;
them to use. If people continue to be stimulated by new sights or experiences, they are less
to make a part of likely to choose the quickest and easiest path to their destination and may instead choose a
more physically challenging route.

B Read the questions carefully. What types of questions are they? Then, answer the questions. Note the
correct answers and read why the answer options are correct or incorrect.
1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true about active design EXCEPT:
O lt began at lhe end of lhe twentielh century.
O Promoting physical activity is its goal.
O Architects and medical professionals created it.
O lt is becoming increasingly common in cities.

32
 PROGRESSIVE PRACTICE: NEGATh'E FACT ANO FUNCTION QUESTIONS

ANSWER ANALYSIS ""

Question Type: Negative Fact
1 The passage says the aclive design movement started in 1998, which is lhe end of the twenlieth century.
1 The passage says, "The movement to promete healthy activity through architecture is called aclive design."
.! While lhe passage mentions bolh architects and heallh professionals, lhere is no indication lhat architects and
medical professionals worked together to create lhe aclive design movement.
1 The passage says, "lt has since gained popularity in cities around the world."

2. Why does the author discuss dim stairwells in paragraph 2?

O To demonstrate the differences between elevator and stairwell design
O To make a point about why people don't use the stairs often
O To describe one advantage of using skip-stop elevators in buildings
O To argue that skip-stop elevators may lead to design failures

ANSWER ANALYSIS ""

Question Type: Function
1 The author does not mention the differences between the design oi etevators and stairwells .
.! The author writes that well·designed stalrwells encourage foot traffic. Dim stairwells are mentioned to give an
example of why people avoid using lhe stairs.
1 While the author talks about the advantages oi using skip-stop elevators, dim stairwells are not one of the benelits.
1 The author implies that dim stairwells are a design failure not that skip-stop elevators cause this type oi failure.
3. According to paragraph 3 , which of the following is NOT a way that architects eliminate the boundary between indoor
and outdoor spaces?
O Creating spaces with open ceilings
O Using see-through materiais
O Creating more routes for entering and exiting
O Building gardens inside the building

ANSWER ANALYSIS ""

Question Type: Negative Fact
1 The author mentions 'courtyards with open ceilings" when describing how to incorporate outdoor spaces indoors.
1 The author mentions "glass walls," and glass is a see-through material.
.! The passage says lhat creating multiple exits and entrances is meant to keep building users stimulated, not to
eliminate lhe boundary between indoor and outdoor spaces.
1 The passage mentions "interior gardens or park spaces."

4. How does paragraph 2 relate to paragraph 3 in the passage?

O Paragraph 2 describes an early model of a design discussed in paragraph 3.
O Paragraph 3 argues about the effectiveness of the techni que from paragraph 2.
O Paragraph 2 explains a technique, and paragraph 3 gives examples of how it is used.
O Paragraph 3 introduces a different strategy than the one discussed in paragraph 2.

ANSWER ANALYSIS Question Type: Function

1 The author does not discuss the early model oi any design menlioned in the passage.
1 Paragraph 3 does not mention the effectiveness of the strategy described in paragraph 2.
1 Each paragrapll describes a separate technique and gives examples. The sarne technique is not sptit over two paragraphs.
.! Both paragraphs discuss a distinct strategy lhat is used in aclive design.
33
 SIOUS FOR THE TOEFl IBTTEST READING ANO WRmNG

PROGRESSIVE PRACTICE: Get Set

A Scan the short passage about archaeology. Write the main idea of each paragraph.
1. ln the past, archaeologists had few precise ways of determining the age of artifacts.
2. The most common absolute dating technique is radiocarbon dating. This process involves analyzing objects for a substance called radiocarbon.
3. For some inorganic remains, like pottery, archaeologists use a technique called thermoluminescence dating. This process rneasures radioactive decay, which is the breakdown
and loss of atomic material that many inorganic remains experience.
4. When archaeologists heat a pottery sarnple, the amount oflight it releases tells them how long ago it was fired.
Archaeological Dating
I
ln the past, archaeologists had few precise ways of determining the age of artifacts. Some
methods they used included researching written records, comparing objects to similar items,
or analyzing the depth at which an object was buried. Toe limitations ofsuch methods
were numerous. For instance, though it may seem logical to assume that relics buried deep
underground are older than those found closer to the surface, earthquakes, floods, and even
rodents can change the position of artifacts. Thus, these methods could not provide the exact
information that archaeologists needed. However, advances in technology have provided
modem archaeologists with severa! methods that give them the absolute age of an object.
2 Toe most common absolute dating technique is radiocarbon dating. This process involves
analyzing objects for a substance cal.led radiocarbon. Ali organic material, or matter that was
once part of a living organism, contains trace amounts of radiocarbon. For exarnple, hurnan
remains, ash residue on cooking pots, or animal products used for clothing or tools ali contain
radiocarbon. Over time, the amount ofradiocarbon in an object steadily decreases at a
predictable and measurable rate. Thus, by deterrnining lhe amount ofradiocarbon present in a
skull fragment, for example, archaeologists can calculate the age of that object.
3
However, many of the artifacts that archaeologists study are not organic. They also
study the inorganic rernains of human culture, like architecture, tools, jewelry, and
pottery. For some inorganic remains, like pottery, archaeologists use a technique called
thermoluminescence dating. This process rneasures radioactive decay, which is the
breakdown and loss of atomic material that many inorganic remains experience. ln rigidly
structured matter, like the minerais often found in pottery, radioactive decay also results in
the storage of small amounts of energy. When the minerais are heated to high

l••!mmm••--11 , Thermoluminescence dating is particularly useful for dating pottery because of the
temperatures, they release this stored energy as light, or thermoluminescence.

process by which pottery is made. ln order for clay to be converted into pottery, it must be
relic: something that was fired. Toe clay is put into a special oven, called a kiln, and heated to very high temperatures.
made or used a long time When pottery is fired, the minerais in the clay release the energy they have stored during
ago radioactive decay. This resets the clock, and the minerais continue to undergo radioactive
trace: very small amount decay from the time of firing. When archaeologists heat a pottery sarnple, the amount
oflight it releases tells them how long ago it was fired. Because pottery is a common artifact
of ancient cultures, thermoluminescence dating is a valuable tool for archaeologists.
B Aead the questions carefully and note whether they are negative fact or function questions. Then, answer
the questions. Write the letter of each answer option next to the reason in the Answer Ana/ysis box
explaining why it is correct or incorrect.
1. The author discusses rodents in paragraph 1 in order to
O explain the problem with one dating technique. [A]
O argue that modem dating techniques are not accurate. [B]
O describe how scientists use living organisms to date objects. [C]
34 O give an example of a modem dating technique. [D]
 PROGRESSIVE PRACTICE: NEGATM FACT ANO FUNCTION QUESTIONS

ANSWER ANALYSIS .....

Question Type: Function
__ X The author does not mention using living organisms to date objects in paragraph 1.
__ X When the aulhor mentions rodents, the focus is on giving an example of earlier dating techniques, not modem ones.
__ I The author says that rodents can change the position of artifacts, which would give an inaccurate age if an
archaeologist used the depth of burial as an indication of age.
__ X The author is arguing that earlier dating techniques, not modem ones, are inaccurate.

2. Why does the author mention ash residue in paragraph 2?

O To illustrate the accuracy of radiocarbon dating [A]
O To show how radiocarbon can be destroyed [BJ
O To provide an example of an organic material [CJ
O To differentiate between organic and inorganic objects [D)

ANSWER ANALYSIS .....

Question Type: Function
__ X The passage does not mention ash residue in relation to the accuracy oi radiocarbon dating.
__ I ln the previous sentence, the author defines organic material. The sentence in question starts with "For example."
__ X The author does not specify if or how radiocarbon can be destroyed.
__ X The sentence in question mentions only organic materiais, not inorganic ones.

3. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true about thermoluminescence dating?
O lt will likely replace radiocarbon dating methods. [A)
O lt measures how much radioactive energy has been stored. [BJ
O lt works well for materiais that have a rigid structure. [CJ
O lt uses light as a measure of stored radioactive energy. [D)

ANSWER ANALYSIS .....

Question Type: Negative Fact
__ X The author says that the age oi pottery is based on how much light it releases when heated to extremely high temperatures.
__ I The author says that radiocarbon dating doesn't work for inorganic materiais, not that thermoluminescence
dating will become more popular than radlocarbon dating.
__ X The author says lhat radioactive decay results in "lhe storage of small amounts oi energy."
__ X The aulhor says that thermoluminescence dating is used on "rigidly structured matter," like the minerais in some pottery.

4. According to paragraphs 3 and 4, which of the following is NOT a way that pottery is well suited to
thermoluminescence dating?
O lt is relatively easy to find compared to other artifacts. (A]
O Pottery is made of inorganic materiais. [BJ
O Pottery contains minerais that undergo radioactive decay. [CJ
O lt has no stored radioactive energy from the time it is fired. [D)

ANSWER ANALYSIS .....

Question Type: Negative Fact
__ X ln paragraph 4, the author explains that when pottery is fired for the first time, it "resets lhe clock," meaning that it has
no stored radioactive energy.
__ X ln paragraph 3, the author says that thermoluminescence dating is good for some inorganic materiais, like pottery.
__ I While pottery is a common artifact, this doesn't relate to its appropriateness for thermoluminescence dating.
__ X The author says that the minerais in pottery "continue to undergo radioactive decay" once the pottery has been fired.
35
SKlLS FOR THE TOER IBT TEST READING ANO WRmNG

PROGRESSIVE PRACTICE: Go for the TOEFL Test

Read the passage about a topic in psychology.

TOEFLRe�d1ng .,,,.) =•w) �·) -·' u,)

·-
.... CI) o o o
Ouest1on 1 of 12 � OC. :1 28

Nonverbal Communication
I
Toe ability to share complex, detailed information through spoken language is
frequently cited as the primary factor that distinguishes humans from animais. However,
in addition to using a highly developed language system, people also share information
nonverbally, without using words at aU. Though speech is often considered the chief
form ofhuman communication, people also depend heavily on many types of nonverbal
communication.
2 One of the most common forms ofnonverbal communication is body language. Body
language can include facial expressions, gestures, and even eye contact. Toe human body
is capable ofa nearly limitless variety ofexpressions, postures, and gestures, ali of which
can carry meaning that can be used for the purposes of communication. Facial
expressions are perhaps the most commonly recognized form ofbody language. Some
studies even suggest that facial expressions showing feelings like anger, fear, surprise,
happiness, and sadness could be universal, meaning that they are understood by people
ali over the world. For example, in some cases, even though two people may speak
entirely different languages and come from widely divergent cultures, they can still share
basic emotions by using facial expressions.
3 lt is important to recognize, however, that not ali body language is universal and that
the attitudes and norms of a culture play a large role in how some kinds ofbody language
are interpreted. For instance, putting one's hands in one's pockets might indicate feelings
of relaxation to members of one culture, but it could signal disrespect to members of
another. Thus, the meaning ofbody language is often dependent on culture or personality.
Despite the difficulty ofinterpreting what particular types ofbody language mean, studies
ofhuman behavior indicate that it forms a significant part ofhuman life. Some researchers
suggest that 50-70 percent ofhuman communication consists ofbody language.
• ln addition to communicating through movements, expressions, or other visible body
language, human beings also communicate nonverbally through touch, which is often
@: POWEREO BY COBUILO referred to as the haptic sense. Research indicates that haptic communication is especially
dlvergent: things that important in the development of infants. Before children develop language, parents or
are diffeient from each other caregivers can use touch to convey a number of ideas, such as attention, care, and
other safety. Touch remains an important means of communication for adult humans as weU.
It is a central part of establishing friendships and other cooperative relationships. That's
convey: to cause
information or feelings because touch often indicates and encourages trust. However, in some cases, the haptic
to be known or sense can also communicate less positive messages. For instance, physical violence is a form
understood by someone of haptic communication in which a person expresses their state of mind by threatening
or harming another.

36
 PROGRESSIVE PIIACTICE: NEGATM FACT ANO RJNCTION QUESTIONS

s Though a majority of the messages sent and received through body language and
interpersonal contact are subconscious, human beings use nonverbal communication
consciously as well. People often choose certain aspects of their appearance, like their clothes,
their hairstyles, or other forros of personal decoration, very carefully, and these choices are
another form of nonverbal communication. One of the primary purposes of nonverbal
communication through appearance is to indicate wealth or status. For exarnple, a person can
communicate wealth by wearing expensive clothes. Similarly, a person can show his or her
status by wearing specialized types of clothing, like badges or uniforms. Appearance can
communicate information about whether a person wishes to be considered serious or playful,
conventional or odd, professional or casual. For instance, though the types of clothing that are
considered
formal differ widely from culture to culture, most societies recognize some difference between
formal and informal dress. Most commonly, formal dress is apparel that shows respect for
an important occasion. While most people exert some degree of control over what they wear
or how they present themselves, there are some types of nonverbal communication that are
unintentional. Studies have found that, in some cultures, taller people are regarded as being
more impressive and often receive promotions over their shorter colleagues. ln this case,
nonverbal communication is not intencional and may even convey false information.

Now answer the questions.

1. According to paragraph 2, which of the tollowing is NOT true about body language?
O lt includes behaviors like gestures and facial expressions.
O Some cultures use body language more than others.
O lt accounts for at least half of all human communication.
O Some body language is thought to have lhe sarne meaning everywhere.

2. ln paragraph 3, the author mentions putting one's hands in one's pockets in order to
O explain a common way of using body language.
O make a point about how body language can affect mood.
O give an example of body language that can have multiple interpretations.
O support the idea that the majority of communication is nonverbal.

3. How does paragraph 2 relate to paragraph 3?

O Paragraph 2 presents a theory about some body language, and paragraph 3 demonstrates that the theory is not
always true.
O Paragraph 3 compares the two types of body language described in paragraph 2.
O Paragraph 2 gives examples of body language, and paragraph 3 explains how body language is interpreted.
O Paragraph 3 provides evidence for a theory about body language that was introduced in paragraph 2.

4. ln paragraph 4, the author mentions all of the following functions of haptic communication EXCEPT:
O Giving attention to infants
O Promoting language development
O Building trust among friends
O Physically harming others

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SW.S FOR lllE TOER. IBT TEST READING Alll WlmNG
5. ln paragraph 5, the author says that conscious nonverbal communlcatlon can be used for ali of the following EXCEPT:
O To indicate one's personality
O To demoostrate how much money one has
O To recognize members of the sarne group
O To show respect in certain situations
6. Why does the author mentlon a study about height in the wortq>lace in paragraph 5?
O To illustrate how nonverbal communication can have unintended consequences
O To suggest that people's impressions based on height are the sarne around the world
O To provida evidence that most types of nonverbal communication are conscious
O To show that using nonvert>al communication can have a number of advantages

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