11 PHYSICS MATERIAL ENGLISH MEDIUM K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V.

PAGANDAI,
VILLUPURAM

HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR (+1)

PHYSICS

WAY TO SUCCESS
HARD WORK
NAME : _______________________________
PRACTICE
STD : _______________________________
CONFIDENCE

RESULT SEC : _______________________________

HAPPINESS

IMPOSSIBLE AND CANNOT ARE TWO WORDS THAT

SHOULD NOT BE IN THE DICTIONARY OF THE STUDENTS.

I HAVEN’T FAILED, I HAVE JUST FOUND 10,000 WAYS THAT WON’T WORK -Thomas Alva Edison

K. IYYAPPAN M.Sc.,M.Phil., B.Ed.,

PG.TEACHER (PHYSICS),

GHSS., V.PAGANDAI,VILLUPURAM-605 501

CELL.No.9787543450
 11 PHYSICS TWO MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS., V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

1. Nature of Physical World and Measurement 2. KINEMATICS

1. Explain what is meant by Cartesian coordinate system?
1. Briefly explain the types of physical quantities. At any given instant of time, the frame of reference with respect to which
Physical quantities are classified into two types. the position of the object is described in terms of position coordinates (x, y, z)
❖ Fundamental quantities: are quantities which cannot be expressed in is called Cartesian coordinate system”.
terms of any other physical quantities. 2. Differentiate between scalar and vector.
❖ These are length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, luminous SCALAR VECTOR
intensity and amount of substance. It is a property which can be It is a quantity which is described by
❖ Derived quantities: Quantities that can be expressed in terms of described only by magnitude. both magnitude and direction.
fundamental quantities
❖ For example, area, volume, velocity, acceleration, force, etc. Examples: Distance, mass,
Examples: Force, velocity,
temperature, speed and energy.
displacement
2. Define Unit 3. Write a short note on the scalar product between two vectors.
An arbitrarily chosen standard of measurement of a quantity, which is The scalar product of two vectors is defined as the product of the
accepted internationally is called unit of the quantity. magnitudes of both the vectors and the cosine of the angle between them.
𝐴⃗ . 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
3. Write the advantage of the SI system?
4. Write a short note on vector product between two vectors.
❖ This system makes use of only one unit for one physical quantity, which
The vector product of two vectors is defined as another vector having a
means a rational system of units.
magnitude equal to the product of the magnitudes of two vectors and the sine
❖ In this system, all the derived units can be easily obtained from basic and
supplementary units, which means it is a coherent system of units. of the angle between them. 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝑛̂
❖ It is a metric system which means that multiples and submultiples can be
expressed as powers of 10. 5. How do you deduce that two vectors are perpendicular?
The scalar product of two vectors is Zero. Then these two vectors are
4. Define precision and accuracy.
❖ Accuracy: refers to how far we are from the true value.
perpendicular to each other (θ = 90°). Then,
❖ Precision: The closeness of two or more measurements to each other is 𝐴⃗ . 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵 cos 90° = 0
known as precision. 6. Define acceleration
The acceleration of the particle at an instant t is equal to rate of change of
5. What is the principle of homogeneity of dimensions? velocity. SI unit is 𝑚𝑠−2
The principle of homogeneity of dimensions states that the dimensions of 𝑑𝑣⃗
all the terms in a physical expression should be the same. 𝑎⃗ =
𝑑𝑡
Example: 𝑣2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
The dimensions of 𝑣 2 , 𝑢2 and 2𝑎𝑠 equal to [𝐿2 𝑇 −2 ] 7. Define displacement and distance.
6. What is the definition of light year? DISTANCE DISPLACEMENT
Distance travelled by light in vacuum in one year is called light year. Distance is the actual path length Displacement is the difference
1 light year= 9.467 × 1015 𝑚 travelled by an object in the given between the final and initial
interval of time during the motion positions of the object in a given
7. What is astronomical unit?
interval of time
The mean distance of the Earth from the Sun is called Astronomical Unit. positive scalar quantity Vector quantity
1𝐴𝑈 = 1. .496 × 1011 𝑚
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 11 PHYSICS TWO MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS., V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

8. Define velocity and speed. 14. Write down the expression for angle made by resultant acceleration
VELOCITY SPEED and radius vector in the non uniform circular motion.
velocity is equal to rate of change The magnitude of velocity v is 𝑎𝑡
tan 𝜃 = 2
of position vector with respect to called speed (𝑣 ⁄𝑟 )
dr⃗⃗
time. v⃗⃗ = v = √ vx 2 + vy 2 + vz 2 Where, tangential accelaration = 𝑎𝑡
dt
2
Velocity is a vector quantity Speed is always a positive scalar Centripetal accelartion 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑣 ⁄𝑟

9. What is the difference between velocity and average velocity. 15. What is projectile motion. Give examples.
VELOCITY AVERAGE VELOCITY When an object is thrown in the air with some initial velocity and then
velocity is equal to rate of change of The average velocity is defined as allowed to move under the action of gravity alone, the object is known as a
position vector with respect to time. ratio of the displacement vector to projectile. Example:
v⃗⃗ =
dr⃗⃗ the corresponding time interval. • A bullet fired from a rifle.
dt
⃗⃗ =
v
∆r⃗⃗ • A ball thrown in any direction.
∆t • A javelin or shot put thrown by an athlete
It measure particular instant of time It measure particular interval of
time.
10. Define a radian. 3. LAWS OF MOTION
One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc that is 1. Define the concept of inertia.
equal in length to the radius of the circle. This inability of objects to move on its own or change its state of motion is
180°
1𝑟𝑎𝑑 = = 57.27° called inertia.
𝜋
11. Define angular displacement and angular velocity.
2. State Newton’s second law.
Angular displacement Angular velocity The force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum.
The angle described by the particle The rate of change of angular
about the axis of rotation (or centre O) displacement is called angular 𝑑𝑃⃗⃗
𝐹⃗ =
in a given time is called angular velocity. SI Unit: 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1 𝑑𝑡
displacement. SI unit: radian. 𝑑𝜃 3. Define one newton.
𝜔=
𝑆 𝑑𝑡 One Newton is defined as the force which acts on 1 kg of mass to give an
𝜃=
𝑟 acceleration 1 m s-2 in the direction of the force.
12. What is non uniform circular motion?
If the velocity changes in both speed and direction during the circular 4. Write types of friction.
motion, is called non-uniform circular motion. ❖ Static friction
❖ Kinetic friction
13. Write down the kinematic equations for angular motion.
❖ Rolling friction
𝜔 = 𝜔𝑜 + 𝛼𝑡
1 5. Give Suggestion a few methods to reduce friction.
𝜃 = 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2 To reduce this kinetic friction lubricants are used
2
Ball bearings provides another effective way to reduce the kinetic friction
𝜔2 = 𝜔𝑜 2 + 2𝛼𝜃 in machines.
(𝜔𝑜 + 𝜔)𝑡
𝜃=
2 2
 11 PHYSICS TWO MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS., V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

6. What is the meaning by ‘pseudo force’? 3. Explain the characteristic of elastic and inelastic collision.
❖ centrifugal force is a pseudo force. Elastic collision Inelastic collision
❖ ‘centrifugal force’ appears to act on the particle, only when we analyse the Total momentum is conserved Total momentum is conserved
motion from a rotating frame. So it is called pseudo force but effect is real. Total kinetic energy is Total kinetic energy is not conserved
conserved
7. State the empirical laws of static and kinetic friction.
Forces involved are Forces involved are non-
Static friction Kinetic friction conservative forces conservative forces.
0 ≤ 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 𝑓𝐾 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁
Mechanical energy is not Mechanical energy is dissipated into
• 𝜇𝑠 –coefficient of static friction • 𝜇𝑘 –coefficient of kinetic friction
dissipated heat, light, sound etc
• N is normal force exerted by the • N is normal force exerted by the
surface on the body surface on the body 4. Defie Power
• 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 Power is defined as the rate of work done or energy delivered
work done (W)
Power P =
8. State Newton’s third law. Time taken (t)
Newton’s third law states that for every action there is an equal and 5. State the law of conservation of energy.
opposite reaction. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It may be transformed from
𝐹⃗12 = −𝐹⃗21 one form to another but the total energy of an isolated system remains
9. What are inertial frames? constant
➢ Unaccelerated frame is known as intertial frame.
➢ when the bodies in this frame obey Newton’s law. 5. MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND RIGID BODIES
➢ In this frame, a body remains at rest or in continuous motion unless 1. Find out the centre of mass for the given geometrical structures.
acted upon by an external force. a) Equilateral triangle b) Cylinder c) Square
10. Under what condition will a car skid on a leveled circular road?
𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟐 Equilateral Point of intersection of the
> 𝝁𝒔 𝒎𝒈 (or) > 𝝁𝒔 triangle axis.
𝒓 𝒓𝒈
If the static friction is not able to provide enough centripetal force to turn,
the vehicle will start to skid.
Cylinder Middle point (height) of
4. WORK, ENERGY AND POWER the axis.
1. Explain how the definition of work in physics is different from
general perception.
General perception: work refers to both physical as well as mental work. Square Point of intersection of
Physics: Work is said to be done by the force when the force applied on a body diagonal.
displaces it.
2. Define Coefficient of restitution.
Velocity of separation (after collision)
Coefficient of restitution e = 2. Define centre of mass.
Velocity of approach (before collision)
The centre of mass of a body is defined as a point where the entire mass of
(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
e= the body appears to be concentrated.
(𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )

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 11 PHYSICS TWO MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS., V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

3. Define torque and mention its unit.

Torque is defined as the moment of the external applied force about a point 12. What is the condition for pure rolling?
or axis of rotation. SI unit: Nm ➢ Rolling = Rotational motion + Translational motion
𝜏⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗ ➢ As point of the rolling object which comes in contact with the surface is at
4. Give any two examples of torque in day-to-day life. momentary rest
➢ opening and closing of a door about the hinges ➢ its resultant velocity v is zero
𝑉𝑇𝑅𝐴𝑁𝑆 = 𝑉𝐶𝑀 ; 𝑉𝐶𝑀 = 𝑅𝜔
➢ Turning of a nut using a wrench.
13. What is the difference between sliding and slipping?
5. What is equilibrium?
SLIDING SLIPPING
A rigid body is said to be in mechanical equilibrium when both its linear
𝑉𝐶𝑀 > 𝑅𝜔 𝑉𝐶𝑀 < 𝑅𝜔
momentum and angular momentum remain constant.
6. State principle of moments. 𝑉𝑇𝑅𝐴𝑁𝑆 > 𝑉𝑅𝑂𝑇 𝑉𝑇𝑅𝐴𝑁𝑆 < 𝑉𝑅𝑂𝑇
Sum of the clockwise moments is equal to sum of the anticlock wise moments The translation is more than the The rotation is more than the
when a body is in rotational equilibirium or algebraic sum of moments at any rotation translation
point is zero. 𝑑1 𝐹1 = 𝑑2 𝐹2 Example: when the vehicle enters Example: The vehicle is stuck in
into a slippery road mud
7. Define centre of gravity.
14. Define couple. And give example.
The centre of gravity of a body is the point at which the entire weight of the
A pair of forces which are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction and
body acts irrespective of the position and orientation of the body. separated by a perpendicular distance so that their lines of action do not
8. Mention any two physical significance of moment of inertia. coincide that causes a turning effect is called a couple.
❖ For rotational motion, moment of inertia is a measure of rotational inertia Example:
❖ It is not an invariable quantity ➢ Opening or closing a water tap.
❖ It depends not only on the mass of the body, but also on the way the mass ➢ Turning the cap of a pen.
is distributed around the axis of rotation. ➢ Steering a car.
9. What is radius of gyration? 6. GRAVITATION
The radius of gyration of an object is the perpendicular distance from the
axis of rotation to an equivalent point mass, which would have the same mass
as well as the same moment of inertia of the object. 1. State Newton’s Universal law of gravitation.
The gravitational force between two masses is directly proportional to
𝑟1 2 + 𝑟22 + ⋯ + 𝑟𝑛2
𝐾= √ product of masses and inversely proportional to square of the distance
𝑛
between the masses.
10. State conservation of angular momentum. 𝐺𝑀1 𝑀2
𝐹⃗ = − 𝑟̂
When no external torque acts on the body, the net angular momentum of a 𝑟2
𝑑𝐿
rotating rigid body remains constant.𝜏 = 𝑑𝑡 2. Will the angular momentum of a planet be conserved? Justify your
If τ = 0 Then L = constant answer.
11. What are the rotational equivalents for the physical quantities, (i) ➢ The torque experienced by the Earth due to the gravitational force of the
mass and (ii) force? Sun is 𝜏⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = 0
S.No Translational Motion Rotational motion ⃗⃗
𝑑𝐿
➢ Since, 𝜏⃗ = = 0
I) Mass 𝑚 Moment of inertia 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅2 𝑑𝑡
ii) Force 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 ➢ The angular momentum of the Earth about the Sun is constant throughout
Torque 𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
the motion.

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 11 PHYSICS TWO MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS., V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

3. Define the gravitational field. Give its unit. 7. PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Gravitational field defined as the gravitational force experienced by unit 1. Define stress and strain.
𝐹⃗ 𝐺𝑀
mass. 𝐸⃗⃗ = = − 2 𝑟̂ The force per unit area is called as stress. SI Unit Nm-2
𝑚 𝑟
4. Define gravitational potential energy. Force 𝑭
stress 𝛔 = =
Gravitational potential energy of a system of two masses m 1 and m2 Area 𝑨
separated by a distance r as the amount of work done to take the mass m2
from a distance r to infinity assuming m1 to be fixed in its position. Strain measures how much an object is stretched or deformed when a force
5. Define gravitational potential. is applied. No unit.
Change in size ∆𝑳
The gravitational potential at a distance r due to a mass is defined as the Strain 𝛜 = =
amount of work required to take unit mass from the distance r to infinity Original size 𝑳
6. What is the difference between gravitational potential and
2. State Hooke’s law of elasticity.
gravitational potential energy?
Hooke’s law states that for a small deformation within the elastic limit, the
Gravitational potential energy Gravitational potential
strain produced in a body is directly proportional to the stress that produces
The energy stored in the body at that Gravitational potential energy per
point. unit mass it.
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝐺𝑚 stress ∝ Strain
𝑈 (𝑟) = −𝐺 𝑉(𝑟) = −
𝑟 𝑟
SI unit: J SI unit: J kg-1 3. Define Poisson’s ratio.
𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧
7. Why is the energy of a satellite (or any other planet) negative? 𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧’𝐬 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨, 𝛍 =
𝐋𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧
The negative sign in the total energy implies that the satellite is bound to
the Earth and it cannot escape from the Earth.
4. Which one of these is more elastic, steel or rubber? Why?
8. Define weight
Steel is more elastic than rubber.
The weight of an object 𝑊 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ is defined as the downward force whose
If an equal stress is applied to both steel and rubber, the steel produces less
magnitude W is equal to that of upward force that must be applied to the object strain.
to hold it at rest or at constant velocity relative to the earth. SI unit: N So the Young’s modulus is higher for steel than rubber.
The direction of weight is in the direction of gravitational force . 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 The object which has higher Young’s modulus is more elastic
9. Why is there no lunar eclipse and solar eclipse every month?
❖ If the orbits of the Moon and Earth lie on the same plane, during full Moon of 5. A spring balance shows wrong readings after using for a long time.
every month, we can observe lunar eclipse. If this is so during new Moon we Why?
can observe solar eclipse. ➢ When a spring balance is used for long time, the spring in that balance
❖ But Moon’s orbit is tilted 5° with respect to Earth’s orbit. Due to this 5° tilt, undergoes elastic fatigue and begins to loses its elastic property.
only during certain periods of the year, the Sun, Earth and Moon align in ➢ So it does not regains its original dimension (length). Because of this, it
straight line leading to either lunar eclipse or solar eclipse depending on the shows wrong readings
alignment. 6. What is the effect of temperature on elasticity?
10. How will you prove that Earth itself is spinning? If temperature of the body increases, it elastic property (i.e.) modulus of
❖ The Earth’s spinning motion can be proved by observing star’s position elasticity decreases.
over a night.
❖ Due to Earth’s spinning motion, the stars in sky appear to move in circular உயர்வாக நினைத்தால் உயர்ந்திட முடியும்
motion about the pole star.
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 11 PHYSICS TWO MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS., V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

7. State Pascal’s law in fluids. 17. Distinguish between cohesive and adhesive forces.
If the pressure in a liquid is changed at a particular point, the change is Cohesive forces Adhesive forces
transmitted to the entire liquid without being diminished in magnitude The force between the like When the liquid is in contact with a
8. State Archimedes principle. moleculeswhich holds the liquid solid, the molecules of these solid
It states that when a body is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, it together is called ‘cohesive force’. and liquidwill experience an
experiences an upward thrust equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it attractive force which is called
and its upthrust acts through the centre of gravity of the liquid displaced. ‘adhesive force’.
9. What do you mean by upthrust or buoyancy? Example: force between water Example: water stick on the glass rod
The upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed molecules
object in a fluid is called upthrust or buoyant force and the phenomenon is
called buoyancy. 18. What do you mean by capillarity or capillary action?
10. State the law of floatation. The rise or fall of a liquid in a narrow tube is called capillarity or capillary
It states that a body will float in a liquid if the weight of the liquid displaced action.
by the immersed part of the body equals the weight of the body. 19. A drop of oil placed on the surface of water spreads out. But a drop of
11. Define coefficient of viscosity of a liquid. water place on oil contracts to a spherical shape. Why?
The coefficient of viscosity of a liquid is the viscous force acting tangentially ❖ A drop of oil placed on the surface of water spreads because the force of
per unit area of a liquid layer having a unit velocity gradient in a direction adhesion between water and oil molecules dominates the cohesive force of
perpendicular to the direction of flow of the liquid. Unit: Nsm-2 oil molecules.
and dimension-[𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 ] ❖ But drop of water placed on the surface of oil contracts to a spherical shape
12. Define terminal velocity. because, the cohesive force of water molecules dominates the adhesive
The maximum constant velocity acquired by a body while falling freely force between water and oil molecules.
through a viscous medium is called the terminal velocity vt.
13. Two streamlines cannot cross each other. Why?
8. HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
If two streamlines cross each other, the particles of liquid at the point of
intersection will have two different directions of flow, which will destroy the 1. Define one mole.
steady nature of the liquid flow. One mole of any substance is the amount of that substance which
14. Define surface tension of a liquid. Mention its S.I unit and dimension. contains Avogadro number ( NA = 6.023 × 1023 mol−1 ) of particles (such as
The surface tension of a liquid is defined as the force of tension acting on a atoms or molecules).
unit length of an imaginary line drawn on the free surface of the liquid, the 2. Define specific heat capacity and give its unit.
direction of the force being perpendicular to the line so drawn and acting Specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as the amount of heat energy
parallel to the surface. required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 Kelvin or 1°C.
15. Define angle of contact for a given pair of solid and liquid. SI unit: 𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1 𝐾 −1
The angle between tangents drawn at the point of contact to the liquid
surface and solid surface inside the liquid is called the angle of contact for a 3. Define molar specific heat capacity.
pair of solid and liquid. Molar specific heat capacity is defined as heat energy required to increase
16. What are the factors affecting the surface tension of a liquid? the temperature of one mole of substance by 1K or 1°C.
Surface tension for a given liquid varies in following factor SI unit: 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾 −1
❖ The presence of any contamination or impurities 4. Define latent heat capacity. Give its unit.
❖ The presence of dissolved substances Latent heat capacity of a substance is defined as the amount of heat energy
❖ Electrification required to change the state of a unit mass of the material.
❖ Temperature SI unit: 𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1
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 11 PHYSICS TWO MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS., V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

5. State Stefan-Boltzmann law. 13. Define one calorie.

Stefan Boltzmann law states that, the total amount of heat radiated per The amount of heat required at a pressure of standard atmosphere
second per unit area of a black body is directly proportional to the fourth to rise the temperature of 1g of water 1°C.
power of its absolute temperature.
𝐸 ∝ 𝑇4 (or) 𝐸 = 𝜎 𝑇4 14. State the first law of thermodynamics.
6. What is Wien’s law?
This law states that ‘Change in internal energy (ΔU) of the system is equal to
Wien’s law states that, the wavelength of maximum intensity of emission of heat supplied to the system (Q) minus the work done by the system (W) on the
a black body radiation is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of surroundings’
the black body. 𝛥𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
1 𝑏
𝜆𝑚 ∝ (or) 𝜆𝑚 ∝ 15. Can we measure the temperature of the object by touching it?
𝑇 𝑇
7. Define thermal conductivity. Give its unit. ➢ The skin is not measuring the actual temperature of the object; instead it
The quantity of heat transferred through a unit length of a material in a measures the rate of heat energy transfer.
direction normal to unit surface area due to a unit temperature difference ➢ But, thermometer is used to measure the temperature.
under steady state conditions is known as thermal conductivity of a material 16. Give the sign convention for Q and W.
SI unit: 𝑊 𝑚−1 𝐾 −1
Systems gain heat Q is positive
8. What is meant by ‘thermal equilibrium’?
System loses heat Q is nagative
Two systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium with each other if they
are at the same temperature, which will not change with time. Workdone on the system W is nagative
9. What are intensive and extensive variables? Give examples. Workdone by the system W is positive
S.No Intensive variables Extensive variables
1 Intensive variables do not depend Extensive variable depends on 17. What is PV diagram?
on the size or mass of the system. the size or mass of the system. PV diagram is a graph between pressure P and
2 Example: Temperature, pressure, Example: Volume, total mass, volume V of the system. The P-V diagram is used to
specific heat capacity, density etc. entropy, internal energy, heat calculate the amount of work done by the gas during
capacity etc. expansion or on the gas during compression.
10. What is an equation of state? Give an example.
The equation which connects the state variables in a specific manner is called
equation of state. 18. What is meant by a reversible and irreversible processes?
Example: 1) An ideal gas equation 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 S.No Reversible processes Irreversible processes
2)van der Waals equation. 1 A thermodynamic process can be Irreversible process cannot
11. State Zeroth law of thermodynamics. considered reversible if it possible to be plotted in a PV diagram,
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two systems, A and B, are retrace the path in the opposite because these processes
in thermal equilibrium with a third system, C, then A and B are in thermal direction in such a way that the system cannot have unique values
equilibrium with each other. and surroundings pass through the of pressure, temperature at
12. Define the internal energy of the system. same states as in the initial,direct every stage of the process
The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of kinetic and process.
potential energies of all the molecules of the system with respect to the center 2 Example: slow compression and Example: natural
of mass of the system. expansion of a spring processes.
𝑈 = 𝐸𝐾 + 𝐸𝑃

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 11 PHYSICS TWO MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS., V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

19. Define the quasi-static process. 3. Why moon has no atmosphere?

A quasi-static process is an infinitely slow process in which the system ❖ The escape speed of gases on the surface of Moon is much less than the root
changes its variables (P,V,T) so slowly such that it remains in thermal, means square speeds of gases due to low gravity.
mechanical and chemical equilibrium with its surroundings throughout. ❖ Due to this all the gases escape from the surface of the Moon .
20. State Clausius form of the second law of thermodynamics.
4. Define the term degrees of freedom.
“Heat always flows from hotter object to colder object spontaneously”.
The minimum number of independent coordinates needed to specify the
This is known as the Clausius form of second law of thermodynamics
position and configuration of a thermo-dynamical system in space is called the
21. State Kelvin-Planck statement of second law of thermodynamics.
degree of freedom of the system.
It is impossible to construct a heat engine that operates in a cycle, whose 5. Define mean free path and write down its expression.
sole effect is to convert the heat completely into work
This average distance travelled by the molecule between two successive
22. Define heat engine.
collisions is called mean free path (λ).
Heat engine is a device which takes heat as input and converts this heat 𝟏
in to work by undergoing a cyclic process 𝝀=
√𝟐𝒏𝝅𝒅𝟐
23. State the second law of thermodynamics in terms of entropy.
➢ For all the processes that occur in nature (irreversible process), the entropy
6. List the factors affecting the mean free path.
always increases.
➢ For reversible process entropy will not change”. ❖ Mean free path increases with increasing temperature.
➢ Entropy determines the direction in which natural process should occur Example: It is the reason why the smell of hot sizzling food reaches several
meter away than smell of cold food.
❖ Mean free path increases with decreasing pressure of the gas and diameter
24. Define the coefficient of performance
of the gas molecules.
It is defined as the ratio of heat extracted from the cold body (sink) to the 7. Why no hydrogen in Earth’s atmosphere?
external work done by the compressor W. ❖ As the root mean square speed of hydrogen is much greater than that of
𝑸𝑳
𝑪𝑶𝑷 =
𝑾
nitrogen, it easily escapes from the earth’s atmosphere.
❖ In fact, the presence of nonreactive nitrogen instead of highly combustible
hydrogen deters many disastrous consequences
9. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

1. Write the expression for rms speed, average speed and most 10. OSCILLATIONS
probable speed of a gas molecule. 1. What is meant by periodic and nonperiodic motion? Give any two
𝟑𝒌𝑻 𝒌𝑻 examples, for each motion.
❖ Rms speed 𝒗𝒓𝒎𝒔 = √ = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑 √
𝒎 𝒎 S.N Periodic motion Non-periodic motion
𝟖𝒌𝑻 𝒌𝑻 o
❖ Average speed 𝑣̅ = √ = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎 √
𝝅𝒎 𝒎 Any motion which repeats itself in Any motion which does not repeat
𝟐𝒌𝑻 𝒌𝑻 1 a fixed time interval is known as itself after a regular interval of
❖ Probable speed 𝒗𝒎𝒑 = √ = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏 √
𝒎 𝒎 periodic motion time is known as non-periodic
motion
2. What are the factors affecting Brownian Motion? 2 • Examples: Hands in pendulum • Example: Occurance of Earth
❖ Brownian motion increases with increasing temperature. clock, quake,
❖ Brownian motion decreases with bigger particle size, high viscosity and • The revolution of the Earth • Eruption of volcano,
density of the liquid (or) gas around the Sun.

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 11 PHYSICS TWO MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS., V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

2. What is meant by force constant of a spring? 9. What is meant by maintained oscillation? Give an example.
Force constant (k) is defined as force per unit length. By supplying energy from an external source, the amplitude of the
𝑭𝒙 oscillation can be made constant. Such vibrations are known as maintained
𝒌= − vibrations.
𝒙
Example: The vibration of a tuning fork getting energy from a battery.
SI unit : N m-1
3. Define time period of simple harmonic motion.
11. WAVES
The time period is defined as the time taken by a particle to complete one
1. What is meant by waves?
oscillation. 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅⁄𝝎 SI unit: second The disturbance, which carries energy and momentum from one point in
space to another point in space without the transfer of the medium is known
4. Define frequency of simple harmonic motion.
as a wave.

The number of oscillations produced by the particle per second is called

2. Write down the types of waves.
𝟏
frequency. 𝒇 = SI unit: Hz ➢ Mechanical wave – Waves which require a medium.
𝑻
5. What is an epoch? Example: sound waves,
➢ Non-mechanical wave – Wave not require any medium.
At time t = 0 s (initial time), the phase φ = φ0 is called epoch (initial phase)
where φ0 is called the angle of epoch. Example: light wave,
➢ Transverse waves and Longitudinal waves.
6. What is meant by free oscillation?
When the oscillator is allowed to oscillate by displacing its position from 3. What are transverse waves?. Give one example.
equilibrium position, it oscillates with a frequency which is equal to the natural In transverse wave motion, the constituents of the medium oscillate or
frequency of the oscillator. vibrate about their mean positions in a direction perpendicular to the direction
Examples: (i) Vibration of a tuning fork. of propagation of waves.
(ii) Vibration in a stretched string. Example: light waves

7. Explain damped oscillation. Give an example 4. What are longitudinal waves? Give one example.
If an oscillator moves in a resistive medium, its amplitude goes on In longitudinal wave motion, the constituents of the medium oscillate or
decreasing and the energy of the oscillator is used to do work against the vibrate about their mean positions in a direction parallel to the direction of
resistive medium. This type of oscillatory motion is known as damped propagation.
oscillation. Example: sound waves,
Examples: (i) The oscillations of a pendulum.
(ii) Oscillations in a dead beat and ballistic galvanometers. 5. Define wavelength.
The distance between two neighbouring crests or troughs is known as the
8. Define forced oscillation. Give an example. wavelength. The SI unit of wavelength is meter.
The body executing vibration initially vibrates with its natural frequency
and due to the presence of external periodic force, the body later vibrates with 6. Write down the relation between frequency, wavelength and velocity
the frequency of the applied periodic force. Such vibrations are known as of a wave.
forced vibrations. 𝒗 = 𝝀𝒇
Example: Sound boards of stringed instruments.
Here, 𝒗 – velocity, 𝛌 − wavelength, 𝐟- frequency.
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 11 PHYSICS TWO MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS., V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

7. What is meant by interference of waves? 14. Write down the factors affecting velocity of sound in gases.
Interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superimpose to form a Pressure
resultant wave of greater, lower or the same amplitude. Temperature
Density
8. Explain the beat phenomenon.
Moisture
When two or more waves superimpose each other with slightly different
frequencies, then a sound of periodically varying amplitude at a point is 15. What is meant by an echo? Explain.
observed. This phenomenon is known as beats.
• An echo is a repetition of sound produced by the reflection of sound waves
9. Define intensity of sound and loudness of sound. from a wall, mountain or other obstructing surfaces.
❖ Intensity of sound is defined as “the sound power transmitted per unit area • Example: The speed of sound in air at 20°C is 344 m s –1. If we shout at a
placed normal to the propagation of sound wave wall which is at 344m away, then the sound, we hear the echo after two
❖ Loudness of sound is defined as “the degree of sensation of sound produced seconds.
in the ear or the perception of sound by the listener
16. What is Supersonic speed?
10. Explain Doppler Effect. An object moving with a speed greater than the speed of sound is said to
move with a supersonic speed.
Whenever there is a relative motion between the source of sound and the
listener, the frequency of the sound observed by the listener is different from 17. State the law of reflection of sound wave
the frequency produced by the source. This is known as Doppler effect. ❖ The angle of incidence of sound is equal to the angle of reflection.
❖ When the sound wave is reflected by a surface then the incident wave,
11. Explain red shift and blue shift in Doppler Effect.
reflected wave and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same
❖ Red shift: The spectral lines of the star are found to shift towards red end
plane
of the spectrum then the star is receding away from the earth.
❖ Blue shift: The spectral lines of the star are found to shift towards blue end 18. Write the applications of reflection of sound waves.
of the spectrum then the star is approaching Earth. ➢ Stethoscope
➢ Echo
12. What is meant by end correction in resonance air column apparatus? ➢ SONAR
In air column apparatus, the antinodes are not exactly formed at the open end, ➢ Reverberation
we have to include a correction, called end correction.
𝑳𝟐 − 𝟑𝑳𝟏 19. What is Mach number?
𝒆= Velocith of Source
𝟐 Mach number: = Velocith of Sound

13. Sketch the function y = x + a. Explain your sketch.

It is a straight line
கல்வி என்பது தகவல்களைத் ததரிந்து தகொள்வது அல்ல, மொறொக
Y Varies linearly with X
சிந்தளைளைத் தூண்டும் பைிற்சி - ஆல்பர்ட் ஐன்ஸ்டீன்
A fixed amount is added at regular intervals.

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 11 PHYSICS THREE MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

1. Nature of Physical World and Measurement; 5. Write the rules for determining significant figures .

1. What are the limitations of dimensional analysis? Rules Example significant figures
❖ This method gives no information about the dimensionless constants in • All non-zero digits are significant 1342 4
the formula like 1, 2, ……. π, e (Euler number), etc. • All zeros between two non-zero digits are 2008 4
❖ This method cannot decide whether the given quantity is a vector or a significant.
scalar. • It does not depend on the system of units. 153cm 3
❖ This method is not suitable to derive relations involving trigonometric,
0.0153 m
exponential and logarithmic functions.
• All zeros are significant if they come from a 30700 m 5
❖ It cannot be applied to an equation involving more than three physical
measurement.
quantities.
• For the number without a decimal point, 400 1
❖ It can only check on whether a physical relation is dimensionally correct but
the terminal zero(s) are not significant.
not the correctness of the relation.
𝟏 • All zeros to the right of a non-zero digit but 30700. 5
Example: 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 is dimensionally correct but the correct to the left of a decimal point are significant.
𝟑
𝟏
relation is 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐
6. Write the rules for determining Rounding – off
2. What is the applications of dimensional analysis?
❖ Convert a physical quantity from one system of units to another. Rules Example
❖ Check the dimensional correctness of a given physical equation. Number rounded
If the digit to be dropped is
❖ Establish relations among various physical quantities. off
• smaller than 5, then the preceding digit should 7.32 7.3
3. Define precision and accuracy. Explain with one example. be left unchanged
❖ Accuracy: refers to how far we are from the true value. • greater than 5, then the preceding digit should 17.26 17.6
❖ Precision: The closeness of two or more measurements to each other is be increased by 1
known as precision. • 5 followed by digits other than zero, then the 7.352 7.4
preceding digit should be raised by 1
• 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then the preceding digit 3.45 3.4
is not changed if it is even 8.250 8.2
• 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then the preceding digit 3.35 3.4
is raised by 1 if it is odd 8.350 8.4

7. Expain the Dimensionless quantities

❖ Dimensionless variables
1
4. Check the correctness of the equation 2 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ using dimensional analysis Physical quantities which have no dimensions, but have variable values are
method. called dimensionless variables. Examples are specific gravity, strain, refractive
𝟏 index etc.
𝒎𝒗𝟐 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉
𝟐 ❖ Dimensionless Constant
From Dimensional formula [𝐌][𝐋𝐓 −𝟏 ]𝟐 = [𝐌𝐋𝟐 𝐓 −𝟐 ] Quantities which have constant values and also have no dimensions are called
[𝐌𝐋𝟐 𝐓 −𝟐 ] = [𝐌𝐋𝟐 𝐓 −𝟐 ] dimensionally correct. dimensionless constants. Examples are π, e (Euler’s number), numbers etc .

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 11 PHYSICS THREE MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

8. Write the different types of Measurement Systems? Z ± ΔZ = (A ± ΔA) − (B ± ΔB)

A complete set of units which is used to measure all kinds of fundamental and = (A − B) ± (ΔA + ΔB)
derived quantities is called a system of units. = Z ± (ΔA + ΔB)
❖ f.p.s. system: is the British Engineering system of units, which uses foot, ΔZ = ΔA + ΔB
pound and second as the three basic units for measuring length, mass and
time respectively.
❖ c.g.s system: is the Gaussian system, which uses centimeter, gram and 2. KINEMATICS
second as the three basic units for measuring length, mass and time
respectively. 1.Show that the path of projectile is parabola.
❖ m.k.s system: is based on metre, kilogram and second as the three basic
• Consider a projectile, thrown horizontally with an
units for measuring length, mass and time respectively
⃗ from the top of a tower of height h.
initial velocity𝑢
• Motion along horizontal direction.
9. How will you measure the diameter of the Moon using
The distance traveled by the projectile at a time t is
parallax method? 1
➢ Diameter of the Moon 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
➢ the distance of the moon from earth is 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑑 initial velocity ux remains constant, 𝑎 = 0
𝑥
➢ Parallex angle is ∠𝐀𝟎𝐁 = 𝛉 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡 𝑡 =
𝐴𝐵 𝐷 𝑢𝑥
➢ ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵ல் 𝜃 = = • Motion along downward direction
𝑂𝐴 𝑑
1 2 𝑢𝑦 = 0
𝐷 = 𝜃. 𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2 𝑎=𝑔
Knowing d and θ, we can calculate the diameter of Moon. 1 2
𝑦= 𝑔𝑡
2
10. What do you mean by propagation of errors? Explain the propagation 1 𝑥2
𝑦= 𝑔 2
of errors in addition and difference 2 𝑢𝑥
The error in the final result depends on 𝑦 = 𝐾𝑥 2
➢ The errors in the individual measurements Where, 𝐾 =
𝑔
is a constant,
➢ On the nature of mathematical operations performed to get the final result. 2𝑢𝑥 2
So, the path followed by the projectile is a parabola.
Error in the sum of two quantities:
Measured value of A = A ± ΔA
2. What is the difference between kinematic for linear equation and
Measured value of B = B ± ΔB
kinematic for angular equation.
The sum, Z = A + B
Z ± ΔZ = (A ± ΔA) + (B ± ΔB) Kinematic for linear equation Kinematic for linear equation
= (A + B) ± (ΔA + ΔB) 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑜 + 𝛼𝑡
= Z ± (ΔA + ΔB) 1 1
ΔZ = ΔA + ΔB 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2
2 2
Error in the difference of two quantities: 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 𝜔2 = 𝜔𝑜 2 + 2𝛼𝜃
Measured value of A = A ± ΔA (𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑡 (𝜔𝑜 + 𝜔)𝑡
Measured value of B = B ± ΔB 𝑠= 𝜃=
2 2
The difference, Z = A - B

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 11 PHYSICS THREE MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

3. Explain the type of motion. 3. LAWS OF MOTION

❖ Linear motion:
1. Explain the concept of inertia. Write two examples each for inertia of
An object is said to be in linear motion if it moves in a straight line . Example: motion, inertia of rest and inertia of direction
An athlete running on a straight track. ❖ This inability of objects to move on its own or change its state of motion is
❖ Circular motion: called inertia.
Circular motion is defined as a motion described by an object traversing a ❖ Inertia of rest:
circular path. Example: The motion of a satellite around the Earth. The inability of an object to change its state of rest is called inertia of rest.
❖ Rotational motion Example: When a stationary bus starts to move, the passengers experience a
If any object moves in a rotational motion about an axis, the motion is called sudden backward push
‘rotation. Example: Spinning of the Earth about its own axis. ❖ Inertia of motion:
❖ Vibratory motion The inability of an object to change its state of uniform speed (constant speed)
If an object or particle executes a to–and– fro motion about a fixed point, it is on its own is called inertia of motion
said to be in vibratory motion. Example: Vibration of a string on a guitar Example: When the bus is in motion, and if the brake is applied suddenly,
❖ passengers move forward and hit against the front seat
4. Derive the equations of motion for a particle (a) falling vertically ❖ Inertia of direction:
(b) projected vertically.(அ) The inability of an object to change its direction of motion on its own is called
(a) A body falling from a height h: inertia of direction
Consider an object of mass m falling from a height h Example: When a stone attached to a string is in whirling motion, and if the
The object experiences constant acceleration. 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎 = 𝑔 string is cut suddenly, the stone will not continue to move in circular motion
velocity of the particle any time t is 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒈𝒕 but moves tangential to the circle
𝟏
position of the particle any time t is 𝒚 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒈𝒕𝟐
The square of the speed 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒚 2. Show that impulse is the change of momentum
❖ If a very large force acts on an object for a very short duration, then the force
The particle starts from rest. Then u = 0 is called impulsive force or impulse. Unit : N s
𝑣 = 𝑔𝑡 ❖ If a force (F) acts on the object in a very short interval of time (dt), from
1 Newton’s second law in magnitude form,
𝑦 = 𝑔𝑡 2 dp = Fdt
2
𝑃𝑓 𝑡𝑓
𝑣 2 = 2𝑔𝑦 ∫ dp = ∫ Fdt
𝑃𝑖 𝑡𝑖
𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑖 = 𝐹 (𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖 )
(b)A body thrown vertically upwards:
Consider an object of mass m thrown vertically upwards with an initial ∆𝑃 = 𝐹∆𝑡
velocity u. ❖ is called the ‘impulse-momentum equation
The acceleration 𝑎 = −𝑔 ∆𝑃 = 𝐽
The kinematic equations for this motion are ❖ Impulse is also equal to change in momentum.

𝑣 = 𝑢 − 𝑔𝑡 3.. When a Cricket playe cathches the ball, he pulls his hands in the
direction of the ball’s motion. Why?
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 The momentum of the ball is brought to rest very quickly. The force is
2 𝑱
𝑭 = . By pulling the hand in the direction of the ball, time increases. So force
𝑣2 = 𝑣2 − 2𝑔𝑦 𝒕
on the hand decreases. Hand won’t be hurt.
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 11 PHYSICS THREE MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

4. Using free body diagram, show that it is easy to pull an object than to 6. Explain the similarities and differences of centripetal and centrifugal
push it. forces.
❖ When a body is pushed at an angle θ (0 to 𝜋⁄2 ), the applied force F can be Centripetal forces Centrifugal forces
resolved into two components. • Real force and has real effects Pseudo force but has real effects
❖ F sinθ parallel to the surface, • Acts in both inertial and non-inertial Acts only in rotating frames (non-
❖ F cosθ perpendicular to the surface. frames inertial frame)
The total downward force acting on the body (mg + Fcosθ) is equal to the normal • It acts towards the axis of rotation It acts outwards from the axis of
force. rotation.
𝑁𝑝𝑢𝑠ℎ = mg + Fcosθ • It acts towards centre of the circle in It acts radially outwards from the
circular motion centre of the circular motion.
𝑓𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁𝑝𝑢𝑠ℎ = 𝜇𝑠 (mg + Fcosθ) 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑣 2
|𝐹𝑐𝑝 | = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 = |𝐹𝑐𝑓 | = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 =
𝑟 𝑟
∴ The greater force needs to be applied to push the • In inertial frames centripetal force In rotating frames, both centripetal
object into motion. has to be included when free body and centrifugal force have to be
diagrams are drawn included when free body diagrams
An object is pulled at an angle θ, the total downward force acting on the object are drawn
is . • It is a real force which is exerted on It is a pseudo force or fictitious force
𝑁𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = mg − Fcosθ the body by the external agencies which cannot arise from gravitational
𝑓𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 𝜇𝑠 (mg − Fcosθ) like gravitational force, tension in force, tension force, normal force etc
the string, normal force etc.

4. WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

∴it is easier to pull an object than to push to make it move.
1. Write the various types of potential energy. Explain the formulae
❖ The energy possessed by the body due to gravitational force gives rise to
5. What is the difference between static friction and kinetic friction. gravitational potential energy.
Static friction Kinetic friction 𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
• It opposes the starting of motion
It opposes the relative motion of the ❖ The energy due to spring force and other similar forces give rise to elastic
object with respect to the surface potential energy.
• Independent of surface area of Independent of surface area of contact 1
𝑈 = 𝑘𝑥 2
contact 2
• Depends on the magnitude of Independent of magnitude of applied ❖ The energy due to electrostatic force on charges gives rise to electrostatic
applied force force potential energy
• 0 ≤ 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 𝑓𝐾 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑈=
• 𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝐾 It is less than maximum value of static 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
friction 2. What is the relation between Momentum and Kinetic Energy.
• 𝜇𝑠 > 𝜇𝑘 Coefficient of kinetic friction is less Consider an object of mass m moving with a velocity 𝑣 . Then its linear
than coefficient of static friction ⃗ = mv⃗ and its kinetic energy
momentum is P
1 1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚 ( 𝑣 . 𝑣 )
2 2

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 11 PHYSICS THREE MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

𝐾𝐸 =
1
(𝑚 𝑣 . 𝑚 𝑣 ) Elastic collision Inelastic collision
2𝑚 Total momentum is Total momentum is conserved
1
𝐾𝐸 = ( 𝑃⃗ . 𝑃⃗ ) conserved
2𝑚
𝑃2 Total kinetic energy is Total kinetic energy is not
𝐾𝐸 = conserved conserved
2𝑚
𝑃 = √2𝑚 (𝐾𝐸) Forces involved are Forces involved are non-
conservative forces conservative forces.
3. Write the differences between conservative and Non-conservative Mechanical energy is not Mechanical energy is dissipated into
forces. Give two examples each. dissipated heat, light, sound etc
Conservative forces Non-conservative forces Example: when a clay putty is thrown on a moving vehicle, the clay putty (or
• Work done is independent of the Work done depends upon the path Bubblegum) sticks to the moving vehicle and they move together with the same
path velocity.
• Work done in a round trip is zero Work done in a round trip is not zero 5. MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND RIGID BODIES
• Total energy remains constant Energy is dissipated as heat energy
• Work done is completely Work done is not completely
recoverable recoverable 1. How do you distinguish between stable and unstable equilibrium?
• Example: magnetic force, Example: Frictional forces, Stable • Linear momentum and angular
gravitational force, viscous force equilibrium momentum are zero.
• The body tries to come back to
equilibrium if slightly disturbed and
4. Explain the loss of kinetic energy equation in inelastic collision.
released.
❖ In perfectly inelastic collision, the loss in kinetic energy during collision is • The centre of mass of the body
transformed to another form of energy like sound, thermal, heat, light etc. shifts slightly higher and Potential
❖ Total kinetic energy before collision increases if disturbed.
1 1
𝐾𝐸𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 2 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 2 Unstable • Linear momentum and angular
2 2 equilibrium momentum are zero.
❖ Total kinetic energy after collision • The body cannot come back to
1
𝐾𝐸𝑓 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣 2 equilibrium if slightly disturbed and
2 released.
❖ The loss of kinetic energy is • The centre of mass of the body shifts
∆𝑄 = 𝐾𝐸𝑖 − 𝐾𝐸𝑓 slightly lower and Potential energy
1 1 1 decreases if disturbed
∆𝑄 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 2 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 2 − (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣 2
2 2 2
simplifying, 2. What is the relation between torque and angular momentum?
1 𝑚1 𝑚2 Angular momentum of a rigid body L = Iω
∆𝑄 = ( ) (𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )2
2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑑𝜔
Torque on a rigid body is τ = Iα = I 𝑑𝑡 [𝑟̂ . 𝑑 𝑟
⃗ = 𝑟̂ . 𝑑𝑟 𝑟̂ = 𝑑𝑟] 𝑑𝜔
[α = ]
5.What is inelastic collision? In which way it is different from elastic
𝑑(𝐼𝜔) 𝑑𝑡
τ=
collision. Mention few examples in day to day life for inelastic collision 𝑑𝑡
Inelastic collision: 𝑑𝐿
τ=
Total kinetic energy before collision ≠ Total kinetic energy after collision 𝑑𝑡

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 11 PHYSICS THREE MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

3. What is the difference between Let us choose 𝑟 ′ = ∞

S.No Translational Motion Rotational motion 𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
1
U(r) = −
Displacement 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑥
Angular displacement 𝜔 = 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑡
𝑟
𝑑𝑡
2
3. Discuss the important features of the law of gravitation
Angular Acceleration 𝛼 = 𝑑𝜔
𝑑𝑣
Acceleration 𝑎 = 𝟏
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ❖ 𝑭∝ , the distance between two masses increases, the
3 𝒓𝟐
Mass 𝑚 Moment of inertia 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅 2

4
strength of the force tends to decrease.
Force 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 Torque 𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼 ❖ Example: Uranus experiences less gravitational force
5 Linear momentum 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑣 Angular momentum 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔 from the Sun than the Earth.
6 Kinetic energy 𝐾𝐸 = 12 𝑚𝑣2 Kinetic energy 𝐾𝐸 = 12 𝐼𝜔2 ❖ The gravitational forces between two particles always
7 Power 𝑃 = 𝐹. 𝑣 Power 𝑃 = 𝜏𝜔 constitute an action- reaction pair.
8 Work W= 𝐹𝑠 Power W= 𝜏𝜃 ❖ The angular momentum of the Earth about the Sun is constant throughout the
motion.
𝑑𝐿⃗
6. GRAVITATION 𝜏=
𝑑𝑡
=0
1. State Kepler’s three laws ❖ Assume Earth and Sun to be point masses. This assumption is a good
❖ Law of orbits: approximation because the distance between the two bodies is very much
Each planet moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit with the Sun at one larger than their diameters
of the foci. ❖ Consider a hollow sphere of mass M. If we place another object of mass ‘m’
❖ Law of area: The radial vector (line joining the Sun to a planet) sweeps inside this hollow sphere. the force experienced by this mass ‘m’ will be zero
equal areas in equal intervals of time. ❖ it concludes that the mango that is falling down and the Moon orbiting the
❖ Law of period: Earth are due to the same gravitational force.
The square of the time period of revolution of a planet around the Sun in 4. Derive an expression for energy of satellite.
its elliptical orbit is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis The total energy of the satellite is the sum of its kinetic energy and the
of the ellipse. gravitational potential energy.
𝑻𝟐 ∝ 𝒂𝟑 GMs ME
➢ The potential energy of the satellite is U = −
2. Derive the expression for gravitational potential energy (RE +h)
1
Assuming 𝑚1 to be fixed in its position, work must be done on 𝑚2 to move the ➢ The kinetic energy of the satellite is 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑀𝑠 𝑣 2
2
distance from r’ to r
𝐺𝑀𝐸
dW = 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 . 𝑑𝑟 ➢ The orbital speed of the satellite 𝑣 = √(R
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 E +h)
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 [ |𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 | = ]
dW = 𝑟̂ . 𝑑𝑟 𝑟2 1 GMs ME
𝑟2 ➢ The kinetic energy of the satellite KE =
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 2 (RE+h)
dW = 𝑑𝑟 1 GMs ME GMs ME
𝑟2 ➢ The total energy of the satellite is E= −
2 (RE+h) (RE +h)
total work done
𝑟
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 GMs ME
W=∫ 𝑑𝑟 E=−
2(R E + h )
𝑟′ 𝑟2
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 ➢ The negative indicate that satellite is bound to the Earth and it cannot escape
W= − + from the Earth.
𝑟 𝑟′
W = U(r) − 𝑈 (𝑟 ′ ) ➢ if h = ∞, TE=0, the satellite is completely free from Earth’s gravity.

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 11 PHYSICS THREE MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

5. Explain in detail the geostationary and polar satellites. ❖ When the Moon is inside the umbra shadow, it appears red in color. As soon as
.Geo-stationary satellites: the Moon exits from the umbra shadow, it appears in crescent shape.
➢ The satellites orbiting the Earth have different time periods corresponding to The apparent radius of Earth’s umbra shadow R s = 13.2 cm
different orbital radii. Apparent radius of the Moon R 𝑚 = 5.15 cm
R
➢ From Kepler’s third law 𝑇2 =
4𝜋2
(R E + h )3 The ratio R 𝑠 ≈ 2.56 .
𝑚
GME
2 1⁄3 The radius of Earth’s umbra shadow
GME 𝑇
RE + h = ( ) R s = 2.56 × R 𝑚
4𝜋 2 R s = 2.56 × 1737𝑘𝑚 = 4446𝑘𝑚
➢ It is placed the distance 36,000 km from the
surface of the Earth orbits. Such satellites are 7. PROPERTIES OF MATTER
called “geo-stationary satellites. 1. Write the applications of viscosity.
➢ since they appear to be stationary when seen
❖ The oil used as a lubricant for heavy machinery parts should have a high
from Earth.
➢ India uses the INSAT geo- satellites and the
viscous coefficient. To select a suitable lubricant, we should know its viscosity
and how it varies with temperature.
purpose of telecommunication.
❖ The highly viscous liquid is used to damp the motion of some instruments and
Polar satellite:
is used as brake oil in hydraulic brakes.
❖ The statellite which orbiting Earth from north to south at the height of 500 to
❖ Blood circulation through arteries and veins depends upon the viscosity of
800km from the surface of the Earth are called a polar satellite.
❖ The time period of a polar satellite is nearly 100 minutes and the satellite
fluids.
❖ Millikan conducted the oil drop experiment to determine the charge of an
complete many revolutions in a day
❖ It covers the entire surface area of the Earth. electron. He used the knowledge of viscosity to determine the charge .

6. Explain in detail the Eratosthenes method of finding the radius of Earth. 2. write the practical applications of capillarity.
❖ Around 225 B.C, “Eratosthenes” measured the radius of the Earth with a small error
❖ Due to capillary action, oil rises in the cotton within an earthen lamp.
when compared with results using modern measurements.
❖ Likewise, sap rises from the roots of a plant to its leaves and branches.
❖ He observed that during noon time of summer solstice the Sun’s rays cast no
❖ Absorption of ink by a blotting paper
shadow in the city Syne which was located 500 miles away from Alexandria.
❖ Capillary action is also essential for the tear fluid from the eye to drain
❖ At the same day and same time, he found that in Alexandria the Sun’s rays
constantly.
made 7.2 degree with local vertical ❖ Cotton dresses are preferred in summer because cotton dresses have fine
1
θ = 𝟕. 𝟐° = rad pores which act as capillaries for sweat .
8
S = Rθ = 500 mile
The radius of the Earth 3. Write the applications of surface tension.
500
R = θ = 4000 miles [1 mile=1.609km] • Mosquitoes eggs killed due to oil poured in surface of water. oil reduce the
𝑅 = 6436 𝑘𝑚 surface tension of water, it breaks the elastic film of water surface and eggs are
❖ It’s close to the correct value of 6378 km.
killed by drowning.
. • Chemical engineers adjust the surface tension of the liquid used to in desktop
7. Describe the measurement of Earth’s shadow (umbra) radius during total printing, to paint automobiles and decorative items.
lunar eclipse • Specks of dirt get removed when detergents are added to hot water while
❖ On January 31, 2018 there was a total lunar eclipse which was observed in
washing clothes because surface tension is reduced.
• A fabric can be made waterproof, by adding suitable waterproof material (wax)
Tamil Nadu.
to the fabric. This increases the angle of contact.

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 11 PHYSICS THREE MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

4.. How is surface tension related to surface energy? 7. Write the difference between streamlined flow and turbulent flow?
➢ Consider a rectangular frame of wire ABCD in S.No Streamlined flow Turbulent flow
a soap solution ABCD. 1 The velocity of flow fluid below the The velocity of flow fluid above
➢ Let AB be the movable wire. critical velocity ( 𝒗𝒄 ). the critical velocity ( 𝒗𝒄 ).
➢ The force due to surface tension, 𝐹 = (2𝑇)𝑙
2 When a liquid flow such that each The velocity changes both in
particle of the liquid passing magnitude and direction from
➢ Work done = Force × distance = (2𝑇 𝑙) (𝛥𝑥)
through a point moves along the particle to particle (Rondom
➢ Increase in area of the film
same path with the same velocity. motion).
𝛥𝐴 = (2𝑙) (𝛥𝑥) = 2𝑙 𝛥𝑥
3 𝑹𝒄 < 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝒄 > 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
Work done 2𝑇 𝑙 𝛥𝑥
Surface energy = Increase in surface area = 2𝑙 𝛥𝑥 = 𝑇 4 Example: The axis of the tube of Example: The flow of water just
➢ The surface energy per unit area of a surface is numerically equal to the flow behind a boat or a ship
surface tension.
5. Write down the expression for the Stoke’s force and explain the 8. State and prove Archimedes principle
symbols involved in it. It states that when a body is partially or wholly
The viscous force F acting on a spherical body of radius r depends directly on , immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upward
• coefficient of viscosity (η) of the liquid thrust equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by
• radius (r) of the sphere and it and its upthrust acts through the centre of
• velocity (v) of the sphere. gravity of the liquid displaced.
𝐹 ∝ ƞ𝑥 𝑟 𝑦 𝑣 𝑧 upthrust or buoyant force = weight of liquid displaced
𝐹 = 𝑘ƞ𝑥 𝑟 𝑦 𝑣 𝑧
Using dimensions [𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 ] = [𝑀𝐿−1 𝑇 −1 ]𝑥 [𝐿]𝑦 [𝐿𝑇 −1 ]𝑧
On solving, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 1 9. Describe the construction and working of venturimeter and obtain an
𝐹 = 𝑘ƞ𝑟𝑣 equation for the volume of liquid flowing per second through a wider entry
Experimentally, 𝑘 = 6𝜋 of the tube
𝐹 = 6𝜋ƞ𝑟𝑣 Principle: Bernoulli’s Theorem
Usage:
6. What is Reynold’s number? Give its significance This device is used to measure the rate
Reynold’s number Rc is a critical variable which decides whether the flow of a of flow of the incompressible fluid
fluid through a cylindrical pipe is streamlined or turbulent . flowing through a pipe.
𝝆𝒗𝑫 From the equation of continuity
𝑹𝒄 = 𝐴
ƞ 𝐴𝑣1 = 𝑎𝑣2 𝑣2 = 𝑣1
𝑎
𝝆- density of the fluid, 𝒗 - velocity of the flowing fluid, 𝑫- diameter of the pipe, Using Bernoulli’s equation,
Ƞ- coefficient of viscosity of the fluid . 𝑣1 2 𝑣2 2 1 𝐴 2
𝑃1 + 𝜌 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌 ( 𝑣1 )
Significance: 2 2 2 𝑎

S.No Reynold’s number Flow

The pressure difference
1 R c < 1000 streamline 𝑣1 2 (𝐴2 −𝑎2 )
2 1000 < R c < 2000 Unsteady ∆𝑃 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌
2 𝑎2
3 R c > 2000 turbulent
The volume of the liquid flowing out per second is
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 11 PHYSICS THREE MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

❖ Area Expansion: The expansion in area is termed as area expansion,

2 ∆𝑃
𝑣1 = √ ∆𝐴
𝜌(𝐴2 − 𝑎2 ) 𝐴𝑜
= 𝛼𝐴 ∆𝑇

𝛼𝐴 - coefficient of area expansion ∆𝐴

= 2𝛼∆𝑇
10. Explain elasticity using intermolecular forces ∆𝐴 - Change in area 𝐴𝑜
If a body regains its original shape and size after the removal of
𝐴𝑜 - Original area
deforming force, it is said to be elastic and the property is called elasticity .
∆𝑇 - Change in temperature
Examples: Rubber, metals, steel ropes. ❖ Volume Expansion: The expansion in volume is termed as volume
expansion.
11.. We use straw to such soft drinks. Why?
∆𝑉 ∆𝑉
❖ When we suck through the straw the pressure inside becomes less than the = 𝛼𝑉 ∆𝑇 = 3𝛼∆𝑇
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜
atomospheric pressure.
❖ Due to pressure difference, the soft drink raises into the straw an we are 𝛼𝑉 - coefficient of volume expansion
able to drink it. ∆𝑉 - Change in volume
𝑉𝑜 - Original volume
8. HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS ∆𝑇 - Change in temperature
1. Discuss the ideal gas laws. 3. Discuss various modes of heat transfer.
❖ Boyle’s law: When the gas is kept at constant temperature, the pressure of ❖ Heat is a energy in transit which is transferred from one body to another body
1
the gas is inversely proportional to the volume. [𝑃 ∝ ] due to temperature difference.
𝑉 ❖ Conduction
❖ Charles’ law: When the gas is kept at constant pressure, the volume of the Conduction is the process of direct transfer of heat through matter due to
gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature. [𝑉 ∝ 𝑇]
temperature difference.
❖ By combining these two equations 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶𝑇
Example: silver and aluminum have high thermal conductivities. So they
❖ Here C is a positive constant 𝐶 = 𝑁𝑘
are used to make cooking vessels.
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 [𝑁 = 𝜇𝑁𝐴 ]
❖ Convection
𝑃𝑉 = 𝜇𝑁𝐴 𝑘𝑇 Convection is the process in which heat transfer is by actual movement of
❖ The ideal gas equation molecules in fluids such as liquids and gases.
𝑃𝑉 = 𝜇𝑅𝑇 [𝑁𝐴 𝑘 = 𝑅] Example: Boiling water in a cooking pot.
❖ Radiation:
2. Explain in detail the thermal expansion. Radiation is a form of energy transfer from one body to another
Thermal expansion is a tendency of an object to change its shape, area, and by electromagnetic waves.
volume due to change in temperature. Example: Solar energy from the Sun
❖ Linear Expansion: The expansion in length is called linear expansion.
∆𝐿 4. Explain in detail the isochoric process
= 𝛼𝐿 ∆𝑇
𝐿𝑜 In this process in which the volume of the system is
𝛼𝐿 - coefficient of linear expansion. kept constant. But pressure, temperature and internal
∆𝐿 - Change in length energy continue to be variables.
The equation of state for an isochoric process is
𝐿𝑜 - Original length 𝜇𝑅 𝜇𝑅
∆𝑇 - Change in temperature 𝑃 = ( 𝑉 )𝑇 [
𝑉
= Constant]
𝑃∝𝑇
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 11 PHYSICS THREE MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

P-T graph for an isochoric process is a straight line . ❖ Thermal equilibrium:

For an isochoric process, ∆𝑽 = 𝟎 and 𝑾 = 𝟎 Two systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium with each other if they are
Then the first law becomes ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 at the same temperature, which will not change with time.
Exampe: When a hot cup of coffee is kept in the room, after some time
Example: When food is being cooked in this closed
position, the lid is being pushed upwards by the water no net heat flow from coffee to air or air to coffee.
steam. ❖ Mechanical equilibrium:
When some mass is placed on the piston, it will move downward due to
5. What are the limitations of the first law of thermodynamics? downward gravitational force and after certain humps and jumps the piston
will come to rest at a new position.
The first law of thermodynamics explains well the inter convertibility of heat and When the downward gravitational force given by the piston is balanced by the
work. But it does not indicate the direction of change. upward force exerted by the gas, the system is said to be in mechanical
➢ Example: heat always flows from the hot object to cold object but not in the equilibrium.
reverse direction. ❖ Chemical equilibrium:
➢ According to first law, it is possible for the energy to flow from hot object to If there is no net chemical reaction between two thermodynamic systems in
cold object or from cold object to hot object. contact with each other then it is said to be in chemical equilibrium.
➢ When brakes are applied, a car stops due to friction and the work done against ❖ Thermodynamic equilibrium:
friction is converted into heat. But this heat is not reconverted to the kinetic If two systems are set to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, then the systems
energy of the car are at thermal, mechanical and chemical equilibrium with each other.
➢ So, the first law is not sufficient to explain many of natural phenomena. Here, pressure, volume and temperature will have fixed values and do not
change with time
6. Explain the isobaric process and derive the work done in this process.
In this process pressure is constant, temperature, volume and internal energy 8. Draw the PV diagram for a) Isothermal process b) Adiabatic process
are not constant. c) Isobaric process d) Isochoric process
From the ideal gas equation, Isothermal process:
𝜇𝑅 𝜇𝑅
𝑉 = ( 𝑃 )𝑇 [
𝑃
= constant]
𝑉∝𝑇
The V-T graph is a straight line.
Example: When the food is cooked in an open vessel, the
pressure above the food is always at atmospheric pressure .
The work done by the gas
𝒗
𝑾 = 𝑷 ∫𝒗 𝒇 𝒅𝑽
𝒊
𝑾 = 𝑷[𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊 ] = 𝑷∆𝑽
Ti Adiabatic process
W = μRTf (1 − )
Tf
In the PV diagram, area under the isobaric curve is equal
to the work done.
The first law of thermodynamics for isobaric process is ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑃∆𝑉

7. Discuss the a) thermal equilibrium b) mechanical equilibrium

c) Chemical equilibrium d) thermodynamic equilibrium.
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 11 PHYSICS THREE MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

Isobaric process Isochoric process 3. Describe the Brownian motion.

❖ Brownian motion is due to the bombardment of suspended particles by
molecules of the surrounding fluid
❖ According to kinetic theory, any particle suspended in a liquid or gas is
continuously bombarded from all the directions so that the mean free path is
almost negligible. This leads to the motion of the particles in a random and
zig–zag manner
Factors affecting Brownian Motion:
9.What are the conditions for reversible process? 1. Brownian motion increases with increasing temperature.
2. Brownian motion decreases with bigger particle size, high viscosity and
❖ The process should proceed at an extremely slow rate.
density of the liquid (or) gas.
❖ The system should remain in mechanical, thermal and chemical equilibrium
4. What is the relation between the average kinetic energy and pressure?
state at all the times with the surroundings, during the process.
The internal energy of the gas,
❖ No dissipative forces such as friction, viscosity, electrical resistance should be 3 3
𝑈 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 = 𝑃𝑉
present. 2 2
2𝑈 2
𝑃= = 𝑢
3𝑉 3
9. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Writing pressure in terms of mean kinetic energy density,
1 1
𝑃 = 𝑛𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝜌𝑣 2
1. Why moon has no atmosphere? 3 3
2 𝜌𝑣 2 2
❖ The escape speed of gases on the surface of Moon is much less than the root 𝑃= ( ) = (𝐾𝐸)
3 2 3
mean square speeds of gases due to low gravity.
2
❖ Due to this all the gases escape from the surface of the Moon . 𝑃 = (𝐾𝐸)
3
Pressure is equal to 2/3 of mean kinetic energy per unit volume
2. State the law of equipartition of energy.
❖ According to kinetic theory, the average kinetic energy of system of 10. OSCILLATIONS
molecules in thermal equilibrium at temperature T is uniformly distributed 1. Write down the difference between simple harmonic motion and
to all degrees of freedom. angular simple harmonic motion.
𝟏
❖ Each degree of freedom will get 𝐤𝐓 of energy. S.No Simple harmonic motion Angular simple harmonic motion
𝟐
molecules average kinetic energy 1 The displacement of the particle The displacement of the particle is
monoatomic f=3 𝟑
𝟐
𝒌𝑻 is measured in terms of linear measured in terms of angular
low temperature (f = 5) 𝟓
𝒌𝑻
displacement 𝑟 displacement 𝜃
Diatomic 𝟐 2 Acceleration of the particle is Angular acceleration of the
high temperature (f = 7) 𝟕
𝟐
𝒌𝑻 𝑎 = −𝜔2 𝑟 particle is 𝛼 = −𝜔2 𝜃
linear triatomic (f = 7) 𝟕
𝒌𝑻 3
Force 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 Torque 𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
𝟐
Non-linear triatomic (f = 6) 𝟑𝒌𝑻 4
The restoring force 𝐹 = −𝑘𝑟 The restoring torque 𝜏 = −𝑘𝜃
5 𝑘 𝑘
Angular frequency 𝜔 = √𝑚 Angular frequency 𝜔 = √ 𝐼

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2. Explain resonance. Give an example 5. Write short notes on two springs connected in parallel.
Let us consider two springs connected in parallel whose spring constant are
➢ It is a special case of forced vibrations where the frequency of external 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 and which can be attached to a mass m as shown in Figure.
periodic force matches with the natural frequency of the vibrating body. Both the springs elongate or compress by the same
➢ As a result, the oscillating body begins to vibrate with large amplitude. Such a amount of displacement.
phenomenon is known as resonance and the corresponding vibrations are From Hooke’s law, F = −k p x
known as resonance vibrations. The net force F = −k1 x − k 2 x = −(k1 + k 2 )x
Example:The breaking of glass due to sound Equating equations,
𝑘𝑝 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2
3. State the laws of simple pendulum?

❖ Law of length:
11. WAVES
For a given value of acceleration due to gravity, the time period of a simple
pendulum is directly proportional to the square root of length of the pendulum . 1. What is the difference between transverse wave and longitudinal wave
.
𝑇 ∝ √𝑙
❖ Law of acceleration: Transverse wave Longitudinal wave motion
For a fixed length, the time period of a simple pendulum is inversely • The direction of vibration of • The direction of vibration of
proportional to square root of acceleration due to gravity particles of the medium is particles of the medium is parallel
𝑇∝
1 perpendicular to the direction of to the direction of propagation of
√𝑔
propagation of waves waves
❖ The time period of oscillation is independent of mass of bob. • The disturbances are in the form of • The disturbances are in the form of
❖ the time period is independent of amplitude of the oscillation.
crests and troughs compressions and rarefactions
• Transverse waves are possible in • Longitudinal waves are possible in
4. Write short notes on two springs connected in series elastic medium all types of media (solid, liquid and
Let us consider two springs connected in series whose spring constant gas).
are 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 and which can be attached to a mass m as shown in Figure. • Example: light • Example: Sound wave
The net displacement 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
𝐹
From Hooke’s law, 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = − 2. Write the characteristics of wave motion
𝑘𝑠
For springs in series connection ❖ For the propagation of the waves, the medium must possess both inertia and
𝐹 𝐹 elasticity.
𝑥1 = − , 𝑥2 = −
𝑘1 𝑘2 ❖ In a given medium, the velocity of a wave is a constant whereas the
The effective spring constant constituent particles in that medium move with different velocities at
𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 different positions.
− − =−
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘𝑠 ❖ Waves undergo reflections, refraction, interference, diffraction and
1 1 1 𝑘1 𝑘2 polarization.
+ = (or) 𝑘𝑠 =
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘𝑠 𝑘1 + 𝑘2

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 11 PHYSICS THREE MARKS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

3 Write the difference between travelling waves and standing waves. ❖ The law of mass:
For a given wire 𝑙 , T , frequency varies inversely with the square root of the
S.No Progressive waves Stationary waves mass per unit length μ
1 Crests and troughs are formed in Crests and troughs are formed in 1 𝐵
transverse progressive waves, and transverse stationary waves, 𝑓∝ 𝑓=
√μ √μ
compression and rarefaction are and compression and
formed in longitudinal progressive rarefaction are formed in
6. Discuss how ripples are formed in still water
waves longitudinal stationary wave
2
❖ we drop a stone in a trough of still water, we can see a disturbance produced
These waves move forward or These waves neither move forward
backward in a medium nor backward in a medium at the place where the stone strikes the water surface.
3 All the particles in the medium The amplitude is minimum or ❖ This disturbance spreads out in the form of concentric circles of ever
vibrate such that the amplitude of zero at nodes and maximum at increasing radii (ripples) and strike the boundary of the trough.
the vibration for all particles is anti-nodes ❖ The kinetic energy of the stone is transmitted to the water molecules on the
same surface. Actually, the particles of the water (medium) themselves do not move
4 These waves carry energy while These waves do not transport outward with the disturbance.
propagating energy. ❖ This can be observed by keeping a paper strip on the water surface. The strip
moves up and down when the disturbance (wave) passes on the water
surface. This shows that the water molecules only undergo vibratory motion
4. Explain the characteristics of progressive waves: about their mean positions
❖ Particles in the medium vibrate about their mean positions with the same
amplitude.
❖ The phase of every particle ranges from 0 to 2π வெற்றியின் ொசல் தேடி ெந்ேெர்கள், நிச்சயம் ஆயிரம்
❖ Transverse progressive waves are characterized by crests and troughs
தோல்விகளிடம் விலாசம் தகட்டிருப்பார்கள்
whereas longitudinal progressive waves are characterized by compressions
and rarefactions
❖ When the particles pass through the mean position they always move with the
same maximum velocity

5. Discuss the law of transverse vibrations in stretched strings

❖ The law of length:
For a given wire T, μ , The frequency varies inversely with the vibrating length.
1 𝐶
𝑓∝ 𝑓=
𝑙 𝑙
❖ The law of tension:
For a given wire 𝑙 , μ , the frequency varies directly with the square root of the
tension T.
𝑓 ∝ √𝑇 𝑓 = 𝐴√𝑇
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 11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

1. Nature of Physical World and Measurement Least count error: is smallest value that can be measured by the measuring
instrument,
1. Write a note on triangulation method and radar method to measure ii) Random errors:
larger distances ➢ It arises due to random and unpredictable variations in experimental
TRIANGULATION method: conditions like pressure, temperature, voltage supply etc. and
❖ AB - The height of the tree to be measured. ➢ Error may be due to personal errors by the observer who performs the
❖ Let C be the point of observation at distance x from experiment. It is called “chance error”
B and measure the angle of elevation, ∠ACB = θ ➢ Minimimize: It reduced by averaging over a large number of
❖ From right angled triangle ABC observations.
𝑨𝑩 𝒉 (iii) Gross Error: The error caused due to the shear carelessness of an observer .
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = =
𝑩𝑪 𝒙 Reading an instrument without setting it properly
𝒉 = 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 Recording wrong observations
RADAR method: Using wrong values of the observations in calculations.
❖ RADAR stands for radio detection and ranging Minimimize: when an observer is careful and mentally alert
❖ It is used to measure accurately the planet 3.Obtain an expression for the time period T of a simple pendulum. The
distance (Mars) and height, at which an time period T depends on (i) mass ‘m’ of the bob (ii) length ‘l’ of the
aeroplane flies from the ground pendulum and (iii) acceleration due to gravity g at the place where the
❖ In this method, radio waves are sent from pendulum is suspended. (Constant k = 2π)
transmitters which, after reflection from the Soln., 𝑻 ∝ 𝒎𝒂 𝒍𝒃 𝒈𝒄
planet, are detected by the receiver
distance 𝑻 = 𝒌𝒎𝒂 𝒍𝒃 𝒈𝒄 -----------(1)
Velocity = Apply dimension formula
time
𝟐𝒅 [𝑻] = [𝑴𝒂] [𝑳𝒃 ] [𝑳𝑻−𝟐 ]𝑪
𝒗=
𝒕
𝒗×𝒕 [𝑴𝟎 𝑳𝟎 𝑻𝟏 ] = [𝑴𝒂𝑳𝒃+𝒄 𝑻−𝟐𝑪 ]
𝒅=
𝟐 Comparing the powers of M, L and T
𝒂=𝟎 𝒃+𝒄 = 𝟎 −𝟐𝒄 = 𝟏
2. Explain in detail the various types of errors. 𝒃 = −𝒄
The uncertainty in a measurement is called an error. Three errors, 𝒄 = − 𝟏⁄𝟐
𝒃 = 𝟏⁄𝟐
i) Systematic errors: are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in 𝒂 = 𝟎, 𝒃 = 𝟏⁄𝟐 𝒄 = − 𝟏⁄𝟐
the same direction. It can be classified
Substitute, value in eqn (1)
❖ Instrumental errors: When an instrument is not calibrated properly at the 𝑻 = 𝒌𝒎𝟎𝒍𝟏/𝟐𝒈−𝟏/𝟐
time of manufacture. Example: worn out end meter scale. Correction:
choosing instrument carefully. 𝒍 𝟏/𝟐
𝑻=𝒌 ( )
❖ Imperfections in experimental technique: It arises due to the limitations 𝒈
in the experimental arrangement. Example: no proper insulation in 𝒍
𝑻 = 𝒌√
calorimeter expt., 𝒈
❖ Personal errors: carelessness of the individual making the observation and
instrumental setting. 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√
𝒍
❖ Errors due to external causes: change in the external conditions during an 𝒈
experiment. Example: changes in temperature, humidity, or pressure
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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

4. Explain the use of screw gauge and vernier caliper in measuring smaller Apply dimension formula
distances
[𝑻−𝟏 ] = [𝑴𝑳𝑻−𝟏 ]𝒂 [𝑳𝒃 ] [𝑴𝑳−𝟏 ]𝒄
SCREW GAUGE:The screw gauge is an
instrument used for measuring accurately the Comparing the powers of M, L and T
dimensions of objects up to a maximum of about 𝟏
𝒂= , 𝒃 = −𝟏, 𝒄 = − 𝟏⁄𝟐
50 mm. 𝟐
𝜸 ∝ 𝑭𝟏/𝟐 𝒍−𝟏 𝒎−𝟏/𝟐
❖ principle: the magnification of linear motion
using the circular motion of a screw
𝟏 𝑭
❖ Least count of the screw gauge is 0.01 mm 𝜸 ∝ √
𝒍 𝒎
VERNIER CALIPER:
❖ A vernier caliper is a versatile instrument for
Additional Quesstion:
measuring the dimensions of an object
1) Explain Error analysis (Page No:22)
namely diameter of a hole, or a depth of a hole.
2) Explain the propagation of errors in multiplication and division
❖ Least count of the vernier caliper is 0.01 cm
(Page No:25)
5. If the value of universal gravitational constant in SI is 𝑮𝑺𝑰 = 𝟔. 𝟔 × 3) Convert 76 cm of mercury pressure into Nm -2using the method of
𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑵𝒎𝟐 𝒌𝒈−𝟐 then find its value in CGS System? dimensions. (Page No:33)
1)
The dimensional formula for G is = [𝑴 𝑳 𝑻 ] −𝟏 −𝟑 −𝟐 2. KINEMATICS
𝐌𝟏 𝐚 𝐋𝟏 𝐛 𝐓𝟏 𝐜 1.Explain in detail the triangle law of addition
𝐆𝐜𝐠𝐬 = 𝐆𝐒𝐈 [ ] [ ] [ ]
𝐌𝟐 𝐋𝟐 𝐓𝟐 ❖ Represent the vectors 𝑨 ⃗⃗ and 𝑩 ⃗⃗ by the two
𝐌𝟏 = 𝟏𝐤𝐠 𝐋𝟏 = 𝟏𝐦 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟏𝐬 adjacent sides of a triangle taken in the same
𝐌𝟐 = 𝟏𝐠 𝐋𝟐 = 𝟏𝐜𝐦 𝐓𝟐 = 𝟏𝐬 order. Then the resultant is given by the
and 𝒂 = −𝟏 𝒃 = 𝟑, 𝒄 = −𝟐 third side of the triangle.
𝟏𝒌𝒈 −𝟏
𝟏𝒎 𝟑 𝟏𝒔 −𝟐 ❖ The head of the first vector ⃗⃗𝑨 is connected to
𝑮𝒄𝒈𝒔 = 𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 [ ] [ ] [ ] the tail of the second vector 𝑩 ⃗⃗ .
𝟏𝒈 𝟏𝒄𝒎 𝟏𝒔
❖ The resultant vector is ⃗𝑹 ⃗ =𝑨 ⃗⃗ + 𝑩 ⃗⃗
𝟏𝒌𝒈 −𝟏 𝟏𝒎 𝟑 𝟏𝒔 −𝟐 Magnitude of resultant vector:
𝑮𝒄𝒈𝒔 = 𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 [ ] [ −𝟐 ] [ ]
𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝒈 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝟏𝒔 From ∆𝑨𝑩𝑵 , 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
𝑨𝑵
; 𝑨𝑵 = 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝑩
𝑮𝒄𝒈𝒔 = 𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 × 𝟏 𝑩𝑵
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = ; 𝑩𝑵 = 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑩
𝑮𝒄𝒈𝒔 = 𝟔. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒆 𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒈−𝟐 For ∆𝑶𝑩𝑵 𝑶𝑩 = 𝑶𝑵 + 𝑩𝑵𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝑹𝟐 = (𝑨 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)𝟐 + (𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽)𝟐

6.Assuming that the frequency γ of a vibrating string may depend upon i) 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 + 𝟐𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝑩𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
applied force (F) ii) length () iii) mass per unit length (m), prove that 𝜸 ∝ 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝟏 𝑭
√ using dimensional analysis. 𝑹 = √𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 -----------(1)
𝒍 𝒎
Direction of resultant vectors ⃗⃗𝑹 :
Soln., ⃗⃗ makes an angle α with ⃗⃗𝑨, then in ΔOBN,
If 𝑹
𝜸 ∝ 𝑭𝒂 𝒍𝒃 𝒎𝒄 𝑩𝑵 𝑩𝑵
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 = =
𝜸 = 𝒌 𝑭𝒂 𝒍𝒃 𝒎𝒄 𝑶𝑵 𝑶𝑨 + 𝑨𝑵

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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 =
𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 • The vector product of two vectors will be minimum when (𝜽 = 𝟎°) and (𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°)
𝑨 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
⃗⃗ × 𝑩
. (𝑨 ⃗⃗ ) =𝟎
𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝜶 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) -----------(2) • self–vector products of unit vectors are thus zero
𝑨 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
⃗⃗ × 𝑨
𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟎° 𝒏
̂=𝟎
• ̂ ×𝒌
self–vector products of unit vectors are zero. 𝒊̂ × 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂ × 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂ = ⃗𝟎
2. Discuss the properties of scalar products of Two vectors • In the case of orthogonal unit vectors
⃗⃗ . 𝑩
The product quantity 𝑨 ⃗⃗ is always a scalar. ̂;
𝒊̂ × 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂ = 𝒊̂ ;
𝒋̂ × 𝒌 ̂ × 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂
𝒌
⃗⃗ . 𝑩
𝑨 ⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 • The components of Vector product are
Angle Product quantity 𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ 𝒌 ̂
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑩
⃗⃗ = | 𝑨𝒙
acute angle (𝜽 < 𝟗𝟎°) Positive 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛 |
𝑩𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝑩𝒛
Obtuse angle (𝟗𝟎° < 𝜽 < 𝟏𝟖𝟎°) Negative
• If two vectors 𝑨
⃗⃗ and 𝑩 ⃗⃗ adjacent side of parallelogram, then
• The scalar product is commutative. ⃗⃗𝑨 . ⃗⃗𝑩 = ⃗⃗𝑩 . ⃗⃗𝑨 • Area of prallelogram = |𝑨 ⃗⃗ × 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗ |
• The vectors obey distributive law. ⃗⃗𝑨 . (𝑩⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑪 ) = ⃗⃗𝑨 . ⃗⃗𝑩 + ⃗⃗𝑨 . ⃗𝑪
• Area of triangle = 𝟐 |𝑨 × 𝑩|
𝟏 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
⃗𝑨
⃗ .𝑩
⃗⃗
• The angle between the vectors, 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 [ 𝑨𝑩 ] • Example: 1) Torque 𝝉⃗ = 𝒓⃗ × ⃗𝑭 2) Angular Momentum ⃗𝑳 = 𝒓
⃗ × ⃗𝑷
⃗
• Scalar product of two vector is miximum when vectors are parallel(𝜽 = 𝟎°).
⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗𝑩) 4. Derive the kinematic equations of motion for constant acceleration.
(𝑨 = 𝑨𝑩
பெருமம் Consider an object moving in a straight line with uniform or constant
• Scalar product of two vector is minimum when vectors are anti-parallel(𝜽 = acceleration ‘a’.
𝟏𝟖𝟎°) Velocity - time relation:
⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗𝑩)
(𝑨 = −𝑨𝑩 The acceleration is given by the first derivative of velocity with respect to time.
𝒎𝒊𝒎
𝑑𝑣
⃗⃗ and 𝑩
⃗⃗ are perpendicular (𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°) to each other then their 𝑎= ⟹ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
• Two vectors 𝑨 𝑑𝑡
scalar product is zero. ⃗𝑨
⃗ .𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝟎 (mutually orthogonal) Integrating
𝑣 𝑡
• The scalar product of a vector with itself is termed as self–dot product ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
⃗𝑨
⃗ . ⃗𝑨
⃗ = 𝑨𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝑨𝟐 𝑢 0
𝑣 𝑡
• In case of a unit vector 𝒊̂ . 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂ . 𝒋̂ = 𝒌
̂. 𝒌̂=𝟏 [𝑣] = 𝑎[𝑡]
• In case of orthogonal unit vectors, 𝒊̂. 𝒋̂ = 𝒋̂ . 𝒌 ̂=𝒌 ̂ . 𝒊̂ = 𝟎 𝑢 0
𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡
• The components of scalar product are, 𝑨 ⃗⃗ . 𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒛
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 -----------(1)
• The magnitude of vector 𝑨 = √𝑨𝒙 𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚 𝟐 + 𝑨𝒛 𝟐 Displacement – time relation:
The velocity of the body is given by the first derivative of the displacement with
3.Discuss the properties of vector products of two vectors. respect to time.
𝑑𝑠
• The vector product of any two vectors is always another vector. whose 𝑣= ⟹ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 -----------(2)
𝑑𝑡
direction is perpendicular to these two vectors. Substituting eqn (1) in eqn (2)
⃗𝑨
⃗ × ⃗𝑩
⃗ = 𝑨𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒏̂
𝑑𝑠 = (𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑡
• The vector product is not commutative. ⃗𝑨⃗ × ⃗𝑩⃗ ≠ ⃗𝑩⃗ × ⃗𝑨⃗ 𝑠 𝑡 𝑡

• But., ⃗⃗𝑨 × ⃗⃗𝑩 = −(𝑩

⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗𝑨) ∫ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎 ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡
0 0 0
• The vector product of two vectors will have maximum when (𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°) .
1 -----------(3)
⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗𝑩)
(𝑨 = 𝑨𝑩𝒏
̂ 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
𝒎𝒂𝒙 2

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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

Velocity – displacement relation: 𝒖𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣 𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑎= = = 𝑣 𝟐𝒈
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑣 𝑠 Time of flight: The total time taken by the projectile from the point of projection
∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑠
𝑢 0 till it hits the horizontal plane is called time of flight .
2 𝑣 𝑠 𝟏
𝑣
[ ] = 𝑎[𝑠] 𝒔𝒚 = 𝒖𝒚 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒚 𝒕𝟐
2 𝑢 𝟐
0
𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂𝒔 Here, 𝒖𝒚 = 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 , 𝒂𝒚 = −𝒈, 𝒔𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒕 = 𝑻𝒇
𝟏
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔 -----------(4) 𝟎 = 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝑻𝒇 − 𝒂𝒚 𝑻𝒇 𝟐
𝟐
From eqn (3), 𝟐𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝟏 𝟏 𝑻𝒇 =
𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕 . 𝒕 = 𝒖𝒕 + (𝒗 − 𝒖)𝒕 𝒈
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒖 + 𝒗)𝒕 -----------(5) Horizontal range: The maximum horizontal distance between the point
𝒔=
𝟐 of projection and the point on the horizontal plane where the projectile
5.. Derive the equation of motion, range and maximum height reached by hits the ground is called horizontal range (R).
the particle thrown at an oblique angle 𝜽 with respect to the horizontal horizontal range = horizontal Velocity × Time of flight
direction 𝑹 = 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 × 𝑻𝒇
When the particle thrown with an initial velocity 𝒖
⃗ at an angle (𝜽 ) to the 𝒖𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽
horizontal is angular projection. Example: Cannon fired in a battle ground 𝑹=
𝒈
⃗⃗ = 𝒖𝒙 𝒊̂ + 𝒖𝒚 𝒋̂
𝒖 𝒖𝟐
where, 𝒖𝒙 = 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 - horizontal component, If 𝜽 = 𝝅⁄𝟒 = 𝟒𝟓° Then 𝑹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒈

𝒖𝒙 = 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 -vertical component of velocity 6. Derive the expression for centripetal acceleration.
After the time t, the velocity along horizontal motion 𝒗𝒙 = 𝒖𝒙 = 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ➢ The acceleration is acting towards the centre of the circle in
The horizontal distance a uniform circular motion is known as centripetal
𝐱 = 𝐮 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 . 𝐭 (or) 𝐭 =
𝐮 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 acceleration.
𝐱
➢ The direction of position and velocity vectors shift through
For the vertical motion, the same angle 𝜽 in small time∆𝒕
𝒗𝒚 = 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − 𝒈𝒕
➢ For uniform circular motion
The vertical distance travelled by the 𝒓 = |𝒓⃗ 𝟏 | = |𝒓
⃗ 𝟐|
projectile 𝒚 = 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒕 − 𝟏
𝒈𝒕𝟐 𝒗= 𝒗| |
⃗𝟏 = 𝒗 | ⃗ 𝟐|
𝟐
➢ From figure
Substituting eqn (1) in eqn (2) ∆𝒗 ∆𝒓
𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝜽=− =
𝒚 = 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 − 𝒈 𝟐
𝒗 𝒓
𝟐 𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 ➢ Here negative sign implies that ∆𝒗 points radially inwards.
The path followed by the projectile is an inverted parabola. ∆𝒓
∆𝒗 = −𝒗 ( )
Maximum height: The maximum vertical distance travelled by the projectile 𝒓
during its journey is called maximum height. ➢ Dividing by ∆𝒕 on both side
∆𝒗 𝒗 ∆𝒓
𝒗𝒚 𝟐 = 𝒖𝒚 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒚 𝒔 =− ( )
∆𝒕 𝒓 ∆𝒕
Here, 𝒖𝒚 = 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 , 𝒂𝒚 = −𝒈, 𝒗𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒔 = 𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒗𝟐 [𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔]
𝒂=−
𝟎 = 𝒖𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟐𝒈𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒓
𝒂 = −𝝎𝟐 𝒓
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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

3. LAWS OF MOTION 2. What are concurrent forces? State Lami’s theorem.

❖ A collection of forces is said to be concurrent, if the

1. Prove the law of conservation of linear momentum. Use it to find the
lines of forces act at a common point.
recoil velocity of a gun when a bullet is fired from it.
❖ If they are in the same plane, they are concurrent as
❖ If there are no external forces acting on the system, then the total
linear momentum of the system is always a constant vector. well as coplanar forces.
❖ When two particles interact with each other. The particle 1 exerts force ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑭𝟐𝟏

on particle 2 and particle 2 exerts an exactly equal and opposite force ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭𝟏𝟐on LAMI’S THEOREM
particle 1, ❖ The magnitude of each force of the system is
❖ According to Newton’s third law proportional to sine of the angle between the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭𝟐𝟏 = −𝑭 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝟏𝟐 -----------(1) other two forces.
Newton’s second law ❖ Let us consider three coplanar and concurrent
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑷𝟏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑷𝟐 forces⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭𝟏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭𝟐 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭𝟑 which act at a common point O
𝟏𝟐 = 𝒅𝒕 , and
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 𝟐𝟏 = 𝒅𝒕
-----------(2) ⃗⃗ 𝟏 | ∝ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶
|𝑭
Substitute equation (2) in equation (1)
⃗⃗ 𝟐 | ∝ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷
|𝑭
𝒅𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 𝒅𝑷⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐
=− ⃗⃗ 𝟑 | ∝ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜸
|𝑭
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 𝒅𝑷
𝒅𝑷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 ⃗⃗ 𝟏 |
|𝑭 ⃗⃗ 𝟐 |
|𝑭 ⃗⃗ 𝟑 |
|𝑭
+ =𝟎 = =
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜸
𝒅
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑷 𝑷𝟐 ) = 𝟎 3. Briefly explain the origin of friction. Show that in an inclined plane, angle
𝒅𝒕 𝟏
of friction is equal to angle of repose
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 = constant vector (always)
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟏 + 𝑷
𝑷 The origin of friction is electromagnetic interaction between the atoms
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒕 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑷𝟐 is total linear momentum of the System.
𝑷𝟏 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ of two surfaces which are touching each other
Therefore, total linear momentum of the system is conserved in time. The angle of repose is the angle of inclined plane with the horizontal such
Recoil velocity of a gun that an object placed on it begins.
Consider the firing of a gun. Here the system is Gun+bullet The gravitation force mg resolved two components to plane,
𝑷𝟏 - momentum of the bullet, ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑷𝟐 - momentum of the gun • Parallel component- 𝒎𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Initially both are at rest, 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟎, ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟎 • Perpendicular component (mg cosθ) is balanced by the Normal force (N).
Total momentum before firing the gun is zero, ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑷𝟏 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟎 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃
When the gun is fired: The static friction attains its maximum value
′ ′
𝑷𝟏 - momentum of the bullet, ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑷𝟐 - momentum of the gun 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃
′ ′
From law of conservation of linear momentum ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷 This friction also satisfies the relation
′ ′
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐
𝑷𝟏 = −𝑷 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
The momentum of the gun is exactly equal, but in the opposite direction to the 𝜇𝑠 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
momentum of the bullet. It is called ‘recoil momemtum 𝜇𝑠 = tan 𝜃

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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

4. State Newton’s three laws and discuss their significance 5. Explain the need for banking of tracks.
❖ Newton’s First law ❖ To avoid Skidding in levelled circular road, usually the outer edge of the road
Every object continues to be in the state of rest or of uniform motion is slightly raised compared to inner edge. This is called banking of roads or
(constant velocity) unless there is external force acting on it. tracks.
❖ Newton’s second law ❖ Let the surface of the road make angle θ with horizontal surface. When the
The force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum . car takes a turn, there are two forces acting on the car.
⃗⃗
⃗𝑭 = 𝒅𝑷 • Downward Gravitational force (mg)
𝒅𝒕
• Normal force N
❖ Newton’s Third law
From Figure,
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. 𝑵 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒎𝒈
⃗𝑭𝟏𝟐 = −𝑭 ⃗ 𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝑵 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 =
significance 𝒓
Newton’s laws are vector laws By dividing the eqns.
⃗ = 𝒎𝒂 ⃗ 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝑭 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
̂ ̂
𝑭𝒙 𝒊̂ + 𝑭𝒚 𝒋̂ + 𝑭𝒛 𝒌 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒊̂ + 𝒎𝒂𝒚 𝒋̂ + 𝒎𝒂𝒛 𝒌 𝒓𝒈
❖ The force acting along y direction cannot alter the acceleration along x 𝒗 = √𝒓𝒈 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
direction.
❖ Acceleration of the object does not depend on the previous history of the Speed of the car Effect frictional force
force. 𝑭⃗ (𝒕) = 𝒎𝒂 ⃗ (𝒕) it starts to skid outward provides an additional
❖ Example: The acceleration of the ball is independent of how the ball was greater than safe centripetal force to
bowled (with a lower or a higher speed). speed prevent the outward
Direction of a force indepent of direction of motion: skidding
➢ Force and motion in the same direction it starts to skid inward reduces centripetal force
lesser than safe
When apple falls towards the Earth. Both force and motion are downwards to prevent inward
speed
➢ Force and motion not in the same direction: skidding
Moon orbiting in elliptical orbit around the Earth
➢ Force and motion in opposite direction: 4. WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
If an object is thrown vertically upward (motion), but gravitational force is 1. Explain with graphs the difference between work done by a constant
downward force and by a variable force.
❖ The acceleration is the second derivative of position vector. and Force is
When a constant force F acts on a body, the small work done (dW) by the
𝒅𝟐 ⃗𝒓 𝒅𝟐 ⃗𝒓
⃗ = 𝟐
𝒂 ; ⃗𝑭 = 𝒎 𝟐 force in producing a small displacement dr is
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
❖ If no force acts on the body then Newton’s second law is consistent with 𝒅𝑾 = (𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝒓
Newton’s first law Total work
𝒓𝒇
⃗
𝒅𝒗
𝒎 = 𝟎; ⃗ = constant
𝒗 ∫ 𝒅𝑾 = ∫ (𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝒓
𝒅𝒕 𝒓𝒊
❖ Newton’s second law is cause and effect relation. Conventionally, the effect 𝒓𝒇
(acceleration) should be written on the left and cause (force) on the right 𝑾 = (𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) ∫ 𝒅𝒓
hand side of the equation . 𝒓𝒊

𝒎𝒂⃗ =𝑭⃗ 𝑾 = (𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) (𝒓𝒇 − 𝒓𝒊 )

The area under the graph shows the work done by the constant force .
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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

Work done by a variable force

When the component of a variable force F acts 3. Arrive at an expression for elastic collision in one dimension and discuss
on a body, the small work done (dW) by the force various cases.
in producing a small displacement dr is Consider two elastic bodies of masses m1 and
𝒅𝑾 = (𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝒓 m2 moving in a straight on a frictionless
Total work horizontal surface.From the law of
𝒓𝒇 𝒓𝒇
conservation of linear momentum,
𝑾 = ∫ 𝒅𝑾 = ∫ (𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝒅𝒓
𝒓𝒊 𝒓𝒊 Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
The area under the graph is the work done by the variable force. 𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐 -----------(1)
𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 − 𝑚2 𝑢2
2. State and explain work energy principle. Mention any three examples
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 ) -----------(2)
for it.
❖ Work and energy are equivalents . For elastic collision,
❖ The work done by the force on the body changes the kinetic energy of Total kinetic energy before collision =Total kinetic energy after collision
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
the body. This is called work-kinetic energy theorem. 𝟐
𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟐
𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝟐
The work (W) done by the constant force (F) for a displacement (s) in the same 𝑚1 𝑢1 2 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 2 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 2 -----------(3)
direction is 𝑚1 𝑢1 2 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 2 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 2 − 𝑚2 𝑢2 2
𝑾 = 𝑭𝑺 -----------(1) 𝑚1 (𝑢1 2 − 𝑣1 2 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 2 − 𝑢2 2 )
From the Newton second law 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 -----------(2) 𝑚1 (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 )(𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 + 𝑢2 )(𝑣2 − 𝑢2 ) -----------(4)
The third equation of motion. Dividing equation(4) by (2)
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐
𝟐𝒂𝒔 = 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 -----------(5)
𝟐
𝒗 − 𝒖 𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 -----------(6)
𝒂= -----------(3)
𝟐𝒔 Substituting eqn (6) in eqn (2)
Substituting eqn (3) in eqn (2) 𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 − 𝑢2 − 𝑢2 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑣1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢2
𝒗 − 𝒖
𝑭 = 𝒎( ) -----------(4)
𝟐𝒔 𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚2 𝑢1 + 2𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣1
Substituting eqn (4) in eqn (1) (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 ) 𝑢1 + 2𝑚2 𝑢2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑣1
𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 𝟐𝒎𝟐
𝑾 = 𝒎( )𝒔 𝒗𝟏 = ( ) 𝒖𝟏 + ( )𝒖
𝟐𝒔 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 − 𝒎𝒖𝟐 -----------(5) Substituting eqn (5) in eqn (2)
𝟐 𝟐 𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏 𝟐𝒎𝟏
𝟏 𝒗𝟐 = ( ) 𝒖𝟐 + ( )𝒖
Kinectic Energy 𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟏
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
∆𝑲𝑬 =𝒎𝒗𝟐 − 𝒎𝒖𝟐 -----------(6)
𝟐 𝟐
From eqn (5) , (6) 𝑾 = ∆𝑲𝑬 Case 1: When bodies has the same mass 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 , 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒖𝟐 , 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟏
work done by the force on the body Kinectic Energy Case 2: When bodies has the same mass and second body is at rest
(𝑾) (𝑲𝑬)
𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟎 𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟏
positive increases
negative decreases
Zero no change
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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

4. Arrive at an expression for power and velocity. Give some examples for 𝒎𝒗𝟐
the same −𝒎𝒈𝑨𝑩 + 𝑩𝑪 = 𝟎
𝒓
⃗ for a displacement 𝒅𝒓
The work done by a force 𝑭 ⃗ is 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝒎𝒈𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑪
𝒓
𝑾 = ∫ ⃗⃗𝑭 . 𝒅𝒓
⃗ -----------(1)
Left hand side of the equation (1) can be written as
𝒅𝑾 From ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪, 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨𝑪𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽, and 𝑩𝑪 = 𝑨𝑪𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑾 = ∫ 𝒅𝑾 = ∫ 𝒅𝒕 -----------(2) 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝒎𝒈𝑨𝑪𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝑨𝑪𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒓
Right hand side of the equation (1) can be written as [ ⃗ =
𝒗
𝒅𝒓
⃗
(or) 𝒅𝒓 ⃗ 𝒅𝒕 ]
⃗ =𝒗 𝒗𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝒅𝒕 𝒓𝒈
𝟐
⃗
𝒅𝒓 −𝟏 𝒗
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (
∫ ⃗⃗𝑭 . 𝒅𝒓 ⃗⃗ .
⃗ = ∫ (𝑭 ⃗⃗ . 𝒗
) 𝒅𝒕 = ∫(𝑭 ⃗ )𝒅𝒕 -----------(3) 𝒓𝒈)
𝒅𝒕
Substituting eqn (2) and eqn (3) in eqn (1),
𝒅𝑾 2. Derive the expression for moment of inertia of a rod about its centre
∫ ⃗⃗ . 𝒗
𝒅𝒕 = ∫(𝑭 ⃗ )𝒅𝒕 and perpendicular to the rod
𝒅𝒕
Let us consider a uniform rod of mass (M) and length (l).
∫(
𝒅𝑾
− ⃗⃗𝑭 . 𝒗
⃗ ) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟎 The moment of inertia (dI) of this mass (dm) about the axis is,
𝒅𝒕 𝐝𝐈 = (𝐝𝐦) 𝒙𝟐 -----------(1)
𝒅𝑾 The (dm) mass of the infinitesimally small length
−𝑭 ⃗ = 𝟎 (or)
⃗⃗ . 𝒗 𝑴
𝒅𝒕 -----------(2)
𝒅𝑾 𝐝𝐦 = 𝝀𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙
= ⃗⃗𝑭 . ⃗𝒗 = 𝑷 𝒍
𝒅𝒕 Substituting eqn (2) in eqn (1)
𝑴 𝟐
𝐝𝐈 = 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
5. MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND RIGID BODIES 𝒍
The moment of inertia (I) of the entire rod ,
1. Explain why a cyclist bends while negotiating a curve road? Arrive at the 𝒍
𝑴 ⁄𝟐 𝟐
expression for angle of bending for a given velocity ∫ 𝐝𝐈 = ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
❖ Let us consider a cyclist negotiating a circular level road (not banked) of
𝒍 −𝒍⁄
𝟐
radius r with a speed v. 𝒍⁄
𝑴 𝒙𝟑 𝟐
❖ The cycle and the cyclist are considered as one system with mass m . 𝐈 = [ ]
𝒍 𝟑 −𝒍⁄
❖ 𝑪 − centre gravity. it goes in a circle of radius r with centre at O. 𝟐

The forces acting on the system are, 𝑴 𝒍 𝟑

𝒍 𝟑
𝐈 = [ + ]
• gravitational force (𝒎𝒈) 𝒍 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒
• normal force (𝑵)
𝑴 𝟐 𝒍𝟑
• frictional force (𝒇) 𝐈 = [ ]
𝟐
𝒍 𝟐𝟒
• centrifugal force (𝒎𝒗
𝒓 )
𝟏
For rotational equilibrium 𝝉𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝟎 𝐈 = 𝑴𝒍𝟐
𝟏𝟐
The torque due to the gravitational force = 𝒎𝒈𝑨𝑩 (clockwise)
𝒎𝒗𝟐
The torque due to the centrifugal force = 𝑩𝑪 (Anti-clockwise)
𝒓 முயற்சிகள் தவறலாம் … ஆனால் முயற்சிக்க தவறாதத…
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 11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

3. Derive the expression for moment of inertia of a uniform ring about an 𝟐𝑴 𝑹 𝟑

∫ 𝐝𝐈 = ∫ 𝒓 𝒅𝒓
axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane . 𝑹𝟐 𝟎
Let us consider a uniform ring of mass M and radius R . 𝑹
𝟐𝑴 𝒓𝟒
The moment of inertia (dI) of this small mass (dm) is , 𝐈 = [ ]
𝑹𝟐 𝟒 𝟎
𝐝𝐈 = (𝐝𝐦) 𝑹𝟐 -----------(1)
𝑴 𝟐𝑴 𝑹𝟒
The mass per unit length 𝝀 = 𝐈 = ( )
𝟐𝝅𝑹 𝑹𝟐 𝟒
The mass (dm) of the infinitesimally small length is
𝑴 𝟏
𝐝𝐦 = 𝝀𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙 -----------(2) 𝐈 = 𝑴𝑹𝟐
𝟐𝝅𝑹 𝟐
Substituting eqn (2) in eqn (1) 5. Discuss conservation of angular momentum with example.
𝑴𝑹
,𝐝𝐈 =
𝟐𝝅
𝒅𝒙 • When no external torque acts on the body, the net angular momentum
Integerating, the moment of inertia (I) of the entire of a rotating rigid body remains constant.
𝒅𝑳
ring is, 𝝉=
𝒅𝒕
𝑴𝑹 𝟐𝝅𝑹
∫ 𝐝𝐈 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 If 𝛕 = 𝟎 then 𝐋 = constant
𝟐𝝅 𝟎 Angular momentum 𝐋 = 𝐈𝛚
𝑴𝑹
𝑰= [𝒙]𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝟎 The conservation Angular momentum,
𝟐𝝅
Initial angular momentum = final angular momentum
𝑰 𝒊 𝝎 𝒊 = 𝑰 𝒇 𝝎𝒇
𝑴𝑹
𝑰= (𝟐𝝅𝑹) ∴ 𝐈𝛚 = constant
𝟐𝝅
if I increase ω will decrease and vice-versa to keep the
𝐈 = 𝐌 𝑹𝟐 angular momentum constant.Example: 1) Ice dancer
❖ when the hands are stretched out, moment of inertia(I)
4. Derive the expression for moment of inertia of a uniform disc about an increases and angular velocity decrease (𝛚) as result the
axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane dancer spins slowly
❖ Let us consider a uniform ring of mass M and radius R. ❖ when the hands are brought close to the body. the moment
❖ This disc is made up of many infinitesimally small (mass dm, thickness dr of inertia(I) decreases, angular velocity increases (𝛚)
and radius r). The moment of inertia (dI) of this small ring is as a result faster spin.
𝐝𝐈 = (𝐝𝐦) 𝒓𝟐 -----------(1) 2)A diver while in air, curls the body close to decrease the
𝑴
The mass per unit area 𝝈= moment of inertia, which in turn helps to increase the number
𝝅𝑹𝟐
𝑴 of somersaults in air.
𝐝𝐦 = 𝝈𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒅𝒓 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒅𝒓
𝝅𝑹𝟐
𝟐𝑴
𝐝𝐦 = 𝒓𝒅𝒓 -----------(2)
𝑹𝟐
Substituting eqn (2) in eqn (1),
𝟐𝑴 𝟑
𝐝𝐈 =𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝑹𝟐
The moment of inertia (I) of the entire disc is,
,
லட்சியம் இருக்குமிடத்தில் அலட்சியம் இருக்காது
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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

6. Explain the types of equilibrium with suitable examples Proof:

S. Types conditions Example • Let us consider a rigid body of mass M.
No
1 Translational • Linear momentum is constant. A book resting on book • 𝑰𝑪 − moment of inertia of the body about the centre of mass.
equilibrium • Net force is zero self • let us consider a point mass m on the body at position x from its centre of
2 Rotational • Angular momentum is constant. Ceiling fan mass. The moment of inertia of the point mass about the axis DE is
equilibrium • Net torque is zero
3 Static • Linear momentum and angular A book on the table 𝑰 = ∑ 𝒎 (𝒙 + 𝒅)𝟐
equilibrium momentum are zero.
• Net force and net torque are zero
𝑰 = ∑ 𝒎 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒅)
4 Dynamic • Linear momentum and angular A bus moving with
equilibrium momentum are zero. uniform velocity
• Net force and net torque are zero 𝑰 = ∑ 𝒎𝒙𝟐 + ∑ 𝒎𝒅𝟐 + 𝟐𝒅 ∑ 𝒎𝒙
5 Stable • Linear momentum and angular
equilibrium momentum are zero.
• The body tries to come back to Here, 𝑰𝑪 = ∑ 𝒎𝒙𝟐
equilibrium if slightly disturbed and x can take positive and negative values with respect to the axis AB, ∑ 𝒎𝒙 = 𝟎
released. Total mass ∑ 𝒎 = 𝑴
• The centre of mass of the body shifts
𝑰 = 𝑰𝑪 + ∑ 𝒎𝒅𝟐
slightly higher and Potential
increases if disturbed. 𝑰 = 𝑰𝑪 + 𝑴𝒅𝟐
6 Unstable • Linear momentum and angular
8. State and prove perpendicular axis theorem
equilibrium momentum are zero.
• The body cannot come back to The moment of inertia of a plane laminar body about an axis perpendicular to
equilibrium if slightly disturbed and its plane is equal to the sum of moments of inertia about two perpendicular axes
released. lying in the plane of the body such that all the three axes are mutually
• The centre of mass of the body shifts perpendicular and have a common point.
slightly lower and Potential energy 𝐼𝑍 = 𝐼𝑋 + 𝐼𝑌
decreases if disturbed
7 Neutral • Linear momentum and angular
Proof:
equilibrium momentum are zero. • let us consider a plane laminar object of negligible
• The body remains at the same thickness on which lies the origin (O).
equilibrium if slightly disturbed and • The X and Y-axes lie on the plane and Z-axis is
released. perpendicular to it.
• The centre of mass of the body and
Potential energy remains same even • The moment of inertia of the entire lamina about Z-
if disturbed axis 𝑰𝒁 = ∑ 𝒎𝒓𝟐
Here, 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝑰𝒁 = ∑ 𝒎(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )
7. State and prove parallel axis theorem .
The moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to the sum of its 𝑰𝒁 = ∑ 𝒎𝒙𝟐 + 𝒎𝒚𝟐
moment of inertia about a parallel axis through its centre of mass and the product
of the mass of the body and the square of the perpendicular distance between
∑ 𝒎𝒙𝟐 - moment of inertia about Y axis 𝑰𝒀 = ∑ 𝒎𝒙𝟐
the two axes. ∑ 𝒎𝒚𝟐 - moment of inertia about X-axis 𝑰𝑿 = ∑ 𝒎𝒚𝟐
𝑰 = 𝑰𝑪 + 𝑴𝒅𝟐 𝑰𝒁 = 𝑰𝑿 + 𝑰𝒀
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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

9. Discuss rolling on inclined plane and arrive at the expression for the 𝟏 𝟐
𝑲𝑬 = 𝑰𝝎
acceleration 𝟐
❖ Let us assume a round object of mass m and radius R is rolling down an
inclined plane without slipping. Relation between rotational kinetic energy and angular momentum:
❖ There are two forces acting on the object. The angular momentum of a rigid body 𝑳 = 𝐈𝛚
𝟏
• gravitational force 𝒎𝒈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 The rotational kinetic energy of the rigid body 𝑲𝑬 = 𝑰𝝎𝟐
𝟐
• static frictional force (𝐟) 𝟏 (𝑰𝝎) 𝟐
The other component of gravitation force (mg cosθ) 𝑲𝑬 =
𝟐 𝑰
is cancelled by the normal force (N)
𝑳𝟐
From the free body diagram, 𝑲𝑬 =
𝒎𝒈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − 𝒇 = 𝒎𝒂 --------(1) 𝟐𝑰

The frictional force f can set torque of Rf.

6. GRAVITATION
𝑹𝒇 = 𝑰𝜶 ----------(2)
1. Explain how Newton arrived at his law of gravitation from Kepler’s
Substitute 𝒂 = 𝑹𝜶, 𝑰 = 𝒎𝑲𝟐 in eqn (2)
𝒂 third law?
𝑹𝒇 = 𝒎𝑲𝟐 ( )
𝑹 Newton considered the orbits of the planets as circular. For circular orbit of
𝒇 = 𝒎𝒂 ( 𝑹𝟐 )
𝑲𝟐
----------------(3) radius r, the centripetal acceleration towards the center is
Substitute eqn (3) in eqn (1) 𝒗𝟐
𝒂=−
𝑲𝟐 𝒓
𝒎𝒈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − 𝒎𝒂 ( 𝟐 ) = 𝒎𝒂 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝑹
𝑲𝟐 ❖ Here 𝒗 -velocity 𝒗=− 𝑻
𝒎𝒈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒎𝒂 + 𝒎𝒂 ( )
❖ Here 𝑻 -Time period of revolution of planet.
𝟐
𝑹
𝑲𝟐
𝒎𝒈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒎𝒂 [𝟏 +
𝑹𝟐
] 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐
( ) 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝒓
𝒈 𝒂=− 𝑻 =− 𝟐
𝒂= 𝑲𝟐 𝒓 𝑻
(𝟏 + 𝟐 )
𝑹
From Newton second law 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂
10.Explain kinetic energy in rotation and drive relation between rotational 𝟒𝒎𝝅𝟐 𝒓
kinetic enery and angular momentum. 𝑭=−
❖ Let us consider a rigid body rotating with angular velocity ω about an axis.
𝑻𝟐
𝒓𝟑
❖ The particle of mass mi situated at distance ri from the axis of rotation From Keple’s third law = 𝑘 (constant)
𝑻𝟐
❖ The kinetic energy KEi of the particle is
𝟏
𝑲𝑬𝒊 = 𝒎𝒊 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 𝒓 𝒌
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 = 𝟐
𝑲𝑬𝒊 = 𝒎𝒊 (𝒓𝒊 𝝎)𝟐 = (𝒎𝒊 𝒓𝒊 𝟐 ) 𝝎𝟐 𝑻 𝒓
𝟐 𝟐
For the kinetic energy of the whole body
𝟏 𝟒𝒎𝝅𝟐 𝒌
𝑲𝑬 = (∑ 𝒎𝒊 𝒓𝒊 𝟐 ) 𝝎𝟐 𝑭=−
𝟐 𝒓𝟐
[𝑮𝑴 = 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝒌]
The moment of inertia of the whole body 𝑰 = ∑ 𝒎𝒊 𝒓𝒊 𝟐
𝑮𝑴𝒎
𝑭=−
𝒓𝟐
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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

2. Prove that at points near the surface of the Earth, the gravitational 4. Explain the variation of g with depth from the Earth’s surface. ?
potential energy of the object is U= mgh Consider a particle of mass m which is in depth d on the Earth. (Example: coal
Consider the Earth and mass system, with r, the distance between the mass m mines in Neyveli).
and the Earth’s centre. Then the gravitational potential energy Acceleration experienced by the object
𝑮𝑴𝒆 𝒎 𝑮𝑴′
𝑼=− 𝒈′ = --------- (1)
𝒓 (𝑹𝒆 − 𝒅)𝟐
Here 𝒓 = (𝑹𝒆 + 𝒉)
Here 𝑴′ is the mass of the Earth of radius (𝑹𝒆 − 𝒅)
𝑮𝑴𝒆 𝒎
𝑼=−
( 𝑹𝒆 + 𝒉 )
Density of Earth ρ to be constant,
𝑴′ 𝑴
If 𝒉 ≪ 𝑹𝒆 𝝆= ′
=
𝑽 𝑽
𝑮𝑴𝒆 𝒎 𝒉 −𝟏 ′
𝑴 ′
𝑼=− (𝟏 + ) 𝑴 = 𝑽
𝑹𝒆 𝑹𝒆 𝑽
Using Binomial expansion 𝑴
𝑴′ = (𝑹𝒆 − 𝒅)𝟑 --------- (2)
𝑮𝑴𝒆 𝒎 𝒉 𝑹𝒆 𝟑
𝑼=− (𝟏 − )
𝑹𝒆 𝑹𝒆 Sub., eqn (2) in eqn (1)
𝑮𝑴𝒆 𝒎 𝑮 𝑴
= 𝒎𝒈𝑹𝒆 𝒈′ = . (𝑹 − 𝒅)𝟑
𝑹𝒆 (𝑹𝒆 − 𝒅)𝟐 𝑹𝒆 𝟑 𝒆
𝑼 = −𝒎𝒈𝑹𝒆 + 𝒎𝒈𝒉
The term 𝒎𝒈𝑹𝒆 = 𝟎 𝑮𝑴 𝒅
𝑼 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝒈′ = . (𝟏 − )
𝑹𝒆 𝟐 𝑹𝒆
𝒅
𝒈′ = 𝒈 (𝟏 − ) --------- (3)
3. Explain the variation of g with altitude? 𝑹𝒆
Consider an object of mass m at a height h from the surface of the Earth. 𝒈′ < 𝒈 , As depth increases, 𝒈′ decreases.
Acceleration experienced by the object due to Earth is 5. Explain the variation of g with lattitude
𝒈′ =
𝑮𝑴 ❖ Earth spins about its own axis. So, when an object is on the surface of the
(𝑹𝒆 + 𝒉)𝟐 Earth, it experiences a centrifugal force that depends on the latitude(λ) of the
object on Earth.
𝑮𝑴 ❖ If the Earth were not spinning, the force on the object
𝒈′ =
𝒉 𝟐 would have been mg.
𝑹𝒆 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝑹 )
𝒆 ❖ The object experiences an additional centrifugal force
due to spinning of the Earth.
𝑮𝑴 𝒉 −𝟐 ❖ centrifugal force = 𝒎𝝎𝟐 𝑹′
𝒈′ = 𝟐 (𝟏 + )
𝑹𝒆 𝑹𝒆 ❖ Where 𝑹′ = 𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝀
If 𝒉 ≪ 𝑹𝒆 , using Binomial expansion ❖ The component of centrifugal acceleration 𝒂𝑷𝑸 = 𝝎𝟐 𝑹′ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝀 = 𝝎𝟐 𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝝀
𝑮𝑴 𝒉 𝒈′ = 𝒈 − 𝝎𝟐 𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝝀
𝒈′ = 𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝟐 )
𝑹𝒆 𝑹𝒆 ➢ 𝝀=𝟎 –At equator, acceleration due to gravity 𝒈′ is minimum 𝒈′ = 𝒈 − 𝝎𝟐 𝑹
➢ 𝝀 = 𝟗𝟎° - At poles, 𝒈′ is maximum 𝒈′ = 𝒈
𝒉
𝒈′ = 𝒈 (𝟏 − 𝟐 ) 6. Derive an expression for escape speed
𝑹𝒆
❖ “The minimum speed required for a body to escape from the earth’s
𝒈′ < 𝒈 , as altitude h increases, 𝒈′ decreases. gravitational pull”.

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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

❖ Consider an object of mass M on the surface of the Earth. When it is Squaring both sides
thrown up with an initial speed vi, 𝟒𝝅𝟐
𝑻𝟐 = (𝐑 𝐄 + 𝐡 )𝟑
❖ The initial total energy of the object is 𝐆𝐌𝐄
𝟏 𝑮𝑴𝑴𝑬 𝑻𝟐 = 𝑪 (𝐑 𝐄 + 𝐡)𝟑
𝑬𝒊 = 𝑴𝒗𝟐𝒊 −
𝟐 𝑹𝑬
𝑴𝑬 - mass of the Earth, 𝑹𝑬 - radius of the Earth If Satellite near surface of earth, h is negligible compared to 𝐑 𝐄
𝑮𝑴𝑴𝑬 𝟒𝝅𝟐
- potential energy of the mass M 𝑻𝟐 = 𝐑 𝟑
𝑹𝑬 𝐆𝐌𝐄 𝐄
When the object reaches at infinity, the gravitational potential is zero (U=0) and 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝟑 𝟒𝝅𝟐 [𝐆𝐌𝐄 = 𝒈𝐑 𝐄 𝟐 ]
𝑻𝟐 = 𝐑 = 𝐑𝐄
the kinetic energy becomes zero. 𝒈𝐑 𝐄 𝟐
𝐄
𝒈
The final total energy of the object 𝑬𝒇 = 𝟎
𝑹𝑬
According to the law of energy 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅 √
𝒈
conservation, 𝑬𝒊 = 𝑬𝒇
𝑻 = 𝟖𝟓 minutes
𝟏 𝑮𝑴𝑴𝑬
𝑴𝒗𝟐𝒊 − =𝟎
𝟐 𝑹𝑬 7. PROPERTIES OF MATTER
𝟏 𝑮𝑴𝑴𝑬
𝑴𝒗𝟐𝒊 = 1. State Hooke’s law and verify it with the help of an experiment.
𝟐 𝑹𝑬
escape speed 𝒗𝒊 = 𝒗𝒆 Hooke’s law states that within the elastic limit, the stress is directly
proportional to strain.
𝟏 𝑮𝑴𝑴𝑬 stress ∝ strain
𝑴𝒗𝟐𝒆 = 𝝈∝𝜺
𝟐 𝑹𝑬
Experimental verification
𝟐𝑮𝑴𝑬 ❖ Thin straight wire (stretches like spring) of length L and uniform cross-
𝒗𝟐𝒆 = [∴ 𝑮𝑴𝑬 = 𝒈𝑹𝑬 𝟐 ]
𝑹𝑬
sectional area A suspended from a fixed-point O.
𝒗𝟐𝒆 = 𝟐𝒈𝑹𝑬 ❖ Given load, the corresponding stretching force is F and
the elongation produced on the wire is ΔL. It is directly
𝒗𝒆 = √𝟐𝒈𝑹𝑬 proportional to the original length L and inversely
The escape speed of the Earth 𝒗𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐 𝒌𝒎𝒔−𝟏 proportional to the area of cross section A.
(slope) F = ΔL
7. Derive the time period of satellite orbiting the Earth
The distance covered by the satellite during one rotation in its orbit is equal Multiplying and dividing by volume, V = A L
AL
to 𝟐𝝅(𝑹𝒆 + 𝒉) and time taken for it is the time period, T F (slope) = ∆L ×
AL
Distance travelled F L ∆L
Speed =
Time taken 𝑮𝑴𝑬 (slope) =
𝟐𝝅(𝑹𝒆 + 𝒉) [𝒗 = √
(𝑹𝒆 + 𝒉)
] A A L
𝒗=
𝑻 F L ∆L
𝑮𝑴𝑬 𝟐𝝅(𝑹𝒆 + 𝒉) =( )
√ = A A × slope L
( 𝑹𝒆 + 𝒉 ) 𝑻 F ∆L
𝟐𝝅
∝
𝑻 = (𝑹𝑬 + 𝒉)𝟑/𝟐 A L
√𝑮𝑴𝑬 𝝈∝𝜺

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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

2. Explain the different types of modulus of elasticity. 𝑾=

𝟏 𝒀𝑨𝒍
(
𝟏
) 𝒍 = 𝑭𝒍
Modulus of elasticity = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠⁄strain , Unit: Pascal 𝟐 𝑳 𝟐
There are three types 𝟏
Tensile stress (or)𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Young’s modulus: 𝒀 = Tensile strain (or)𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑾 = 𝑭𝒍 = Elastic potential Energy
𝟐
𝝈𝒕 𝝈𝒄 The energy per unit volume is called energy density.
𝒀= (அ) 𝒀=
𝜺𝒕 𝜺𝒄
𝑭 𝑳 𝟏
𝒀= × Elastic potential Energy 𝟐 𝑭𝒍
𝑨 𝒍 𝒖= =
volume 𝑨𝑳
Bulk modulus: 𝟏 𝑭𝒍 𝟏
𝐮 = = (stress × strain)
The bulk modulus is defined as the ratio of the volume stress to the volume strain. 𝟐 𝑨𝑳 𝟐
Normal stress
𝑲= 4. State and prove Pascal’s law in fluids
Volume strain
∆𝑷𝝈𝒏 Pascal’s law:
𝑲 = − = − ∆𝑽
𝜺𝒏 if the pressure in a liquid is changed at a particular point, the change is
𝑽
transmitted to the entire liquid without being diminished in magnitude.
The negative sign indicates that when pressure is applied on the body, its volume Hydraulic lift:
decreases. ❖ A practical application of Pascal’s law is the hydraulic lift which is used to lift a
Shear modulus: heavy load with a small force. It is a force multiplier.
It is defined as the ratio of the shearing stress to the shearing strain . ❖ It consists of two cylinders A and B connected to each other by a horizontal
shearing stress
ƞ𝐑 = pipe, filled with a liquid
shearing strain ❖ They are fitted with frictionless pistons of cross-sectional areas A1 and A2 (A2 >
𝑭 𝒙
Here 𝝈𝒔 = 𝒕 , 𝜺𝒔 = = 𝜽 A1)
∆𝑨 𝒉 𝐅
Shear modulus ƞ𝐑 =
𝝈𝒔
=
𝑭𝒕 ❖ Force F is applied on the smaller piston, the pressure of the liquid 𝐏 = 𝐀𝟏 .
𝜺𝒔 ∆𝑨𝜽 𝟏
❖ Upward force on piston B is
𝐅𝟏
3. Derive an expression for the elastic energy stored per unit volume of a 𝐅𝟐 = 𝐏 × 𝐀𝟐 =
𝐀𝟏
× 𝐀𝟐
wire. 𝐀𝟐
❖ When a body is stretched, work is done against the restoring force. This 𝐅𝟐 = × 𝐅𝟏
𝐀𝟏
work done is stored in the body in the form of elastic energy. ❖ Therefore, by changing the force on the smaller
❖ Consider a wire of length is L and area of cross section is A. piston A, the force on the piston B can be
❖ work done by the force F is 𝐀𝟐
𝐝𝐖 = 𝐅𝐝𝐥 increased by the factor .
--------- (1) 𝐀𝟏
𝒍
Total work 𝑾 = ∫𝟎 𝑭 𝒅𝒍
From Young’s modulus of elasticity,
𝑭 𝑳 𝒀𝑨𝒍 --------- (2)
𝒀= × ⟹ 𝑭=
𝑨 𝒍 𝑳
Substituting eqn (2) in eqn (1),
𝒍 𝒀𝑨𝒍
𝑾 = ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒍
𝑳

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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

5. Derive the expression for the terminal velocity of a sphere moving in a 𝑷 𝒄

high viscous fluid using stokes force. 𝒗=𝒌 ƞ𝒂 𝒓𝒃 ( )
𝒍
❖ The maximum constant velocity acquired by a body while falling freely Apply dimension formula
through a viscous medium is called the terminal velocity 𝒗𝒕 .
[𝑳𝟑 𝑻−𝟏 ] = [𝑴𝑳−𝟏 𝑻−𝟏 ]𝒂 [𝑳]𝒃 [𝑴𝑳−𝟐 𝑻−𝟐 ]𝑪
❖ Graph is drawn with velocity along y- axis and time
along x- axis. [𝑴𝟎 𝑳𝟑 𝑻−𝟏 ] = [𝑴𝒂+𝒄 𝑳−𝒂+𝒃−𝟐𝒄 𝑻−𝒂−𝟐𝑪 ]
❖ Consider a sphere of radius r which falls freely Comparing the power 𝐚 = −𝟏, 𝐛 = 𝟒, 𝐜 = 𝟏
through a highly viscous liquid of coefficient of
viscosity η. Let the density of the material of the 𝑷 𝟏
𝒗 = 𝒌 ƞ−𝟏 𝒓𝟒 ( )
sphere be ρ and the density of the fluid be σ. 𝒍
𝝅
Gravitational force acting on the sphere, Experimetally 𝒌 = ,
𝟖
𝟒 𝝅𝒓𝟒 𝑷
𝑭𝑮 = 𝒎𝒈 = 𝝅𝒓𝟑 𝝆𝒈 𝒗=
𝟑 𝟖ƞ𝒍
𝟒 𝟑
Up thrust 𝑼 = 𝝅𝒓 𝝈𝒈 7. Obtain an expression for the excess of pressure inside a i) liquid drop ii)
𝟑
Viscous force 𝑭 = 𝟔𝝅𝜼𝒓𝒗𝒕 liquid bubble iii) air bubble
The net downward force = upward force Force Liquid Drop Soap bubble Air bubble
𝑭𝑮 = 𝑼 + 𝑭 (அ) 𝑭𝑮 − 𝑼 = 𝑭 Force due to
𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 surface
𝝅𝒓 𝝆𝒈 − 𝝅𝒓𝟑 𝝈𝒈 = 𝟔𝝅𝜼𝒓𝒗𝒕 𝐹𝑇 = 2𝜋𝑅𝑇 𝐹𝑇 = 4𝜋𝑅𝑇 𝐹𝑇 = 2𝜋𝑅𝑇
𝟑 𝟑 tension,
𝟐 𝒓𝟐 (𝝆 − 𝝈) towards right
𝒗𝒕 = × 𝒈 Force due to
𝟗 𝜼
outside 𝐹𝑃 1 = 𝑃1 𝜋𝑅2 𝐹𝑃 1 = 𝑃1 𝜋𝑅2 𝐹𝑃 1 = 𝑃1 𝜋𝑅2
𝒗𝒕 ∝ 𝒓𝟐 pressure,
The terminal speed of the sphere is directly proportional to the square of its towards right
radius
Force due to
inside 𝐹𝑃 2 = 𝑃2 𝜋𝑅2 𝐹𝑃 2 = 𝑃2 𝜋𝑅2 𝐹𝑃 2 = 𝑃2 𝜋𝑅2
6. Derive Poiseuille’s formula for the volume of a liquid flowing per second
pressure,
through a pipe under streamlined flow. towards Left
❖ Poiseuille derived an expression for the volume of the liquid flowing per
second through the capillary tube. Conditions are 𝐹𝑃 2 = 𝐹𝑇 + 𝐹𝑃 1 (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )𝜋𝑅2 = 2𝜋𝑅𝑇 (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )𝜋𝑅2 = 4𝜋𝑅𝑇 (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )𝜋𝑅2 = 2𝜋𝑅𝑇
❖ The flow of liquid through the tube is streamlined
❖ The tube is horizontal so that gravity does not influence the flow 2𝑇 4𝑇 2𝑇
❖ The layer in contact with the wall of the tube is at rest Excess ∆𝑃 = ∆𝑃 = ∆𝑃 =
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
❖ Uniform pressure pressure
The volume of the liquid flowing out per second through a capillary tube
𝑽
𝒗=( ) . Figure
𝒕
It depends on (1) coefficient of viscosity (η) of the liquid, (2) radius of the tube
𝑷
(r), and (3) the pressure gradient ( )
𝒍
𝑷 𝒄
𝒗 ∝ ƞ𝒂 𝒓𝒃 ( )
𝒍
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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

8. What is capillarity? Obtain an expression for the surface tension of a

𝟏
𝑲𝑬𝑨 = 𝒎𝒗𝑨 𝟐
𝟐
liquid by capillary rise method Potential energy of the liquid at A,
❖ The rise or fall of a liquid in a narrow tube is called capillarity or capillary
𝑷𝑬𝑨 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝑨
action. The total energy at A
❖ In order to arrive a relation between the capillary rise (h) and surface tension 𝑬𝑨 = 𝑬𝑷𝑨 + 𝑲𝑬𝑨 + 𝑷𝑬𝑨
(T), 𝑷𝑨 𝟏
𝑬𝑨 = 𝒎 + 𝒎𝒗𝑨 𝟐 + 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝑨
❖ consider a capillary tube which is held vertically in a 𝝆 𝟐
beaker containing water; the water rises in the Similarly, The total energy at B
capillary tube to a height h due to surface tension 𝑷𝑩 𝟏
𝑬𝑩 = 𝒎 + 𝒎𝒗𝑩 𝟐 + 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝑩
Total upward force = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑻 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝝆 𝟐
𝟏
The volume of liquid column in the tube 𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉 + 𝟑 𝝅𝒓𝟑 From the law of conservation of energy, 𝑬𝑨 = 𝑬𝑩
𝑷𝑨 𝟏 𝑷𝑩 𝟏
upward force = weight of the liquid column 𝒎 + 𝒎𝒗𝑨 𝟐 + 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝑨 = 𝒎 + 𝒎𝒗𝑩 𝟐 + 𝒎𝒈𝒉𝑩
𝟏 𝝆 𝟐 𝝆 𝟐
𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑻 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 (𝒉 + 𝒓) 𝝆𝒈 𝑷𝑨 𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝑩 𝟏 𝟐
𝟑 + 𝒗 + 𝒈𝒉𝑨 = + 𝒗 + 𝒈𝒉𝑩
𝒓
𝒓 (𝒉 + 𝟑) 𝝆𝒈 𝝆 𝟐 𝑨 𝝆 𝟐 𝑩
𝑻= 𝑷 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒗 + 𝒈𝒉 = constant
𝒓 𝒓
If 𝒉 ≫ 𝟑 , then 𝟑 can be neglected 𝝆 𝟐

𝒓𝒉𝝆𝒈 8. HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

𝑻=
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 1. Explain in detail Newton’s law of cooling
9. State and prove Bernoulli’s theorem for a flow of incompressible, non- ‘The rate of loss of heat of an object is directly proportional to the
viscous, and streamlined flow of fluid difference in the temperature between that object and its surroundings’.
‘Sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy per 𝒅𝑸
∝ −(𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 )
unit mass of an incompressible, non-viscous fluid in a streamlined flow 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑸 --------- (1)
remains a constant’. = −𝒂(𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 )
𝒅𝒕
𝑷 𝟏 𝟐
+ 𝒗 + 𝒈𝒉 = constant T = Temperature of the object, 𝑻𝒔 = Temperature of the surrounding.
𝝆 𝟐
Negative sign indicates that heat lost decreasing with
Proof: time.
• Let us consider a flow of liquid through a pipe Let us consider an object of mass m and specific heat
AB capacity s at temperature T If the temperature falls by dT
• Let aA, vA and PA be the area of cross section of the in time dt
tube, velocity of the liquid and pressure exerted The amount of heat lost.
by the liquid at A respectively. 𝒅𝑸 = 𝒎𝒔𝒅𝑻
• Let the force exerted by the liquid at A is 𝑭𝑨 = 𝑷𝑨 𝒂𝑨 Dividing both sides by dt,
Distance travelled by the liquid in time t is 𝒅 = 𝒗𝑨 𝒕 𝒅𝑸 𝒅𝑻
--------- (2)
= 𝒎𝒔
work done is 𝑾 = 𝑭𝑨 𝒅 = 𝑷𝑨 𝒂𝑨 𝒗𝑨 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑾 = 𝑷𝑨 𝑽 From eqn (1) and (2) 𝒅𝑻
𝒎𝒔 = −𝒂(𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 )
𝒅𝒕
The pressure energy of the liquid at A is
𝐏 𝒅𝑻 𝒂
𝐄𝐏𝐀 = 𝐏𝐀 𝐕 = 𝐦 𝛒𝐀
=− 𝒅𝒕
𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 𝒎𝒔
The kinetic energy of the liquid at A
Integrating

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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

∫
𝒅𝑻
= −∫
𝒂
𝒅𝒕 The work done by the gas
𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 𝒎𝒔 𝒗𝒇
𝜇𝑅𝑇
𝒂 𝑾 = ∫ 𝑷𝒅𝑽 [𝑃 = ]
𝒍𝒏(𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 ) = − 𝒕 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒗𝒊 𝑉
𝒎𝒔 𝒗𝒇
Taking exponential 𝝁𝑹𝑻
𝑾=∫ 𝒅𝑽
𝒂 𝑽
𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 = 𝒆(− 𝒎𝒔𝒕+𝒃𝟏) 𝒗𝒊
𝒂
𝑻 = 𝑻𝒔 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒆− 𝒎𝒔𝒕 𝒗𝒇
𝒅𝑽
𝑾 = 𝝁𝑹𝑻 ∫
𝒃𝟐 = 𝒆𝒃𝟏 constant. 𝒗𝒊 𝑽
2.Derive Mayer’s relation for an ideal gas 𝑽𝒇
𝑾 = 𝝁𝑹𝑻 𝐥𝐧 ( )
Consider μ mole of an ideal gas in a container with volume V, pressure P 𝑽𝒊
and temperature T. •
𝑽𝒇
𝑽𝒊
work done by the gas during an isothermal
> 𝟏,
➢ When the gas is heated at constant volume, no work but internal enery expansion is positive
increase (dU). •
𝑽𝒇
< 𝟏, work done on the gas in an isothermal
--------- (1) 𝑽𝒊
𝒅𝐔 = 𝛍𝑪𝒗 𝐝𝐓
compression is negative
The gas is heated (Q) at constant pressure • In the PV diagram the work done during the isothermal expansion is equal to
𝐐 = 𝛍𝑪𝑷 𝐝𝐓 --------- (2) the area under the graph.
Workdone by the gas in this process 4. Derive the work done in an adiabatic process
𝐖 = 𝐏𝐝𝐕 --------- (3) ➢ This is a process in which no heat flows into or out of the system (Q=0).
From the first law of thermodynamics, ➢ Pressure, volume and temperature of the system may change in an adiabatic
𝐐 = 𝐝𝐔 + 𝐖 process. Example: Tyre bursts
--------- (4)
Substituting eqn (1), (2),(3) in eqn (4) Work done in an adiabatic process:
𝛍𝑪𝑷 𝐝𝐓 = 𝛍𝑪𝒗 𝐝𝐓 + 𝐏𝐝𝐕 Let W be the work done when the system goes from the
--------- (5)
For mole of ideal gas equation initial state (Pi,Vi,Ti) to the final state (Pf,Vf,Tf)
𝐏𝐕 = 𝛍𝐑𝐓 adiabatically
--------- (6) 𝒗𝒇 constant
Differentating, 𝑾𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂 = ∫ 𝑷𝒅𝑽 [𝑃 = ]
𝑉𝛾
𝐏𝐝𝐕 + 𝐕𝐝𝐏 = 𝛍𝐑𝐝𝐓 𝒗𝒊
𝒗𝒇
since pressure constant 𝐝𝐏 = 𝟎 constant
--------- (7) 𝑾𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂 = ∫ 𝒅𝑽
𝐏𝐝𝐕 = 𝛍𝐑𝐝𝐓 𝒗𝒊 𝑉𝛾
Sub eqn (7) in eqn (5)
∴ 𝑪𝑷𝐝𝐓 = 𝑪𝒗 𝐝𝐓 + 𝐑𝐝𝐓
𝑪𝑷 = 𝑪𝒗 + 𝐑 𝒗𝒇
𝑪𝑷 − 𝑪𝒗 = 𝐑 𝑾𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂 = constant ∫ 𝑉 −𝛾 𝒅𝑽 [𝑷𝒇 𝑽𝒇 𝜸 = 𝑷𝒊 𝑽𝒊 𝜸 = constant]
𝒗𝒊
𝟏
𝑾𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂 = [𝑷 𝑽 − 𝑷𝒊 𝑽𝒊 ] 𝑷𝒇 𝑽𝒇 = 𝝁𝑹𝑻𝒇 ,
3. Derive the work done in an isothermal process. 𝜸−𝟏 𝒇 𝒇 [ 𝑷𝒊 𝑽𝒊 = 𝝁𝑹𝑻𝒊 ]
This process, temperature remains constant but the pressure and volume 𝝁𝑹
𝑾𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂 = [𝑻 − 𝑻𝒇 ]
of a thermodynamic system will change. 𝜸−𝟏 𝒊
Ideal gas equation, 𝐏𝐕 = 𝛍𝐑𝐓, here 𝐓 constant ❖ In adiabatic expansion, work is done by the gas .
𝐏𝐕 = constant 𝑻𝒊 > 𝑻𝒇 In adiabatic compression, work is done on the
Consider an ideal gas which is allowed to expand quasi-statically at gas. 𝑻𝒊 < 𝑻𝒇
constant temperature from initial state (𝑷𝒊 , 𝑽𝒊 )to the final state(𝑷𝒇, 𝑽𝒇 ).

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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

5. Explain in detail Carnot heat engine 𝑸𝑳 = 𝝁𝑹𝑻𝑳 𝐥𝐧 ( )

𝑽𝟑
A reversible heat engine operating in a cycle 𝑽𝟒
between two temperatures in a particular way is 𝑸𝑯 𝑻𝑯
=
called a Carnot Engine 𝑸𝑳 𝑻𝑳
Four parts: 1)Source 2) Sink 𝑻𝑳
ƞ= 𝟏−
3) Insulating stand 4) Working substance 𝑻𝑯
CARNOT CYLCLE ❖ ƞ < 𝟏 because 𝑻𝑳 < 𝑻𝑯. This implies the efficiency cannot be 100%.
The working substance is subjected to four ❖ ƞis independent of the working substance. It depends only on the
successive reversible processes forming what is temperatures of the source and the sink.
called Carnot’s cycle.
❖ When 𝑻𝑳 = 𝑻𝑯 , ƞ = 𝟎, No engine can work.
Step A to B: Quasi-static isothermal expansion from (P1,V1,TH) to (P2,V2,TH):
𝑽𝟐
𝑾𝑨→𝑩 = ∫ 𝑷𝒅𝑽 = 𝝁𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝐥𝐧 (
𝑽𝟐
)= Area under curve AB 8. Explain in detail the working of a refrigerator
𝑽𝟏
𝑽𝟏 A refrigerator is a Carnot’s engine working in the reverse order.
Step B to C: Quasi-static adiabatic expansion from (P2,V2,TH) to (P3,V3,TL) Working Principle:
𝑽𝟑
𝝁𝑹 ❖ The working substance (gas) absorbs a quantity of heat QL from the cold body
𝑾𝑩→𝑪 = ∫ 𝑷𝒅𝑽 = [𝑻 − 𝑻𝑳 ] = Area under curve BC
𝑽𝟐 𝜸−𝟏 𝑯 (sink) at a lower temperature TL.
Step C → D: Quasi-static isothermal compression from (P3,V3,TL) to (P4,V4,TL): ❖ A certain amount of work W is done on the working substance by the
𝑽𝟒
𝑽𝟒 𝑽𝟑
compressor and a quantity of heat QH is rejected to the hot body (source)
𝑾𝑪→𝑫 = ∫ 𝑷𝒅𝑽 = 𝝁𝑹𝑻𝑳 𝐥𝐧 ( ) = − 𝝁𝑹𝑻𝑳 𝐥𝐧 ( ) = − Area under curve CD ❖ ie, the atmosphere at TH. When you stand beneath of refrigerator, you can feel
𝑽𝟑 𝑽𝟑 𝑽𝟒
warmth air.
From the first law of thermodynamics
Step D→A: Quasi-static adiabatic compression from (P4,V4,TL) to (P1,V1,TH):
❖ 𝑸𝑳 + 𝑾 = 𝑸𝑯
𝑽𝟏
𝝁𝑹
𝑾𝑫→𝑨 = ∫ 𝑷𝒅𝑽 = − [𝑻 − 𝑻𝑳 ] = − Area under curve DA Coefficient of performance (COP) (β):
𝜸−𝟏 𝑯
𝑽𝟒
❖ COP is a measure of the efficiency of a refrigerator.
Net work ❖ It is defined as the ratio of heat extracted from the
𝑾 = 𝑾𝑨→𝑩 + 𝑾𝑩→𝑪 + 𝑾𝑪→𝑫 + 𝑾𝑫→𝑨
cold body (sink) to the external work done by the
𝑾 = 𝑾𝑨→𝑩 + 𝑾𝑪→𝑫
compressor W.
𝑾 = |𝑾|𝑨→𝑩 − |𝑾|𝑪→𝑫
𝑸𝑳
𝑪𝑶𝑷 = 𝜷 =
𝑾
7. Derive the expression for Carnot engine efficiency
Efficiency is defined as the ratio of work done by the working substance 𝑸𝑳
𝜷= 𝑸𝑯 𝑻𝑯
in one cycle to the amount of heat extracted from the source . 𝑸𝑯 − 𝑸𝑳 [ =
𝑸𝑳 𝑻𝑳
]
work done 𝑾
ƞ= =
heat extracted 𝑸𝑯 𝑻𝑳
𝜷=
From the first law of thermodynamics, 𝑾 = 𝑸𝑯 − 𝑸𝑳 𝑻𝑯 − 𝑻𝑳
𝑸𝑯 − 𝑸𝑳 𝑸𝑳
ƞ= = 𝟏−
𝑸𝑯 𝑸𝑯
Applying isothermal conditions, we get,
𝑽𝟐
𝑸𝑯 = 𝝁𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝐥𝐧 ( )
𝑽𝟏
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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

9. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 3. Describe the total degrees of freedom for monoatomic molecule,
diatomic molecule and triatomic molecule.
Monoatomic molecule
1. Write down the postulates of kinetic theory of gases ?
A monoatomic molecule by virtue of its nature has only three
❖ All the molecules of a gas are identical, elastic spheres.
translational degrees of freedom. 𝑓 = 3
❖ The molecules of different gases are different.
❖ The number of molecules in a gas is very large and the average Example: Helium, Neon, Argon
separation between them is larger than size of the gas molecules.
Diatomic molecule - At Normal temperature
❖ The molecules of a gas are in a state of continuous random motion.
❖ A molecule of a diatomic gas consists of two atoms bound to each other by a
❖ The molecules collide with one another and also with the walls of the
force of attraction.
container ❖ Motion of the center of mass requires three
❖ These collisions are perfectly elastic so that there is no loss of kinetic translational degrees of freedom.
energy during collisions. ❖ it has only two rotational degrees of freedom. Therefore,
❖ Between two successive collisions, a molecule moves with uniform
totally there are five degrees of freedom. 𝑓 = 5
velocity.
❖ The molecules do not possess any potential energy and the energy is At High Temperature
wholly kinetic. ❖ At a very high temperature (5000 K), the diatomic molecules possess
❖ The collisions are instantaneous. additional two degrees of freedom due to vibrational motion.
❖ These molecules obey Newton’s laws of motion. ❖ totally there are seven degrees of freedom. 𝑓 = 7
❖ Examples: Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen
2. Derive the expression of pressure exerted by the gas on the walls of the
container. Triatomic molecules
❖ Consider a monoatomic gas of N molecules each Linear triatomic molecule:
having a mass m inside a cubical container of side l . ❖ Three translational degrees of freedom. It has two rotational degrees of
❖ The molecules of the gas are in random motion. freedom
❖ there is no loss of kinetic energy, but a change in ❖ At normal temperature, linear triatomic molecule will have five degrees of
momentum occurs. freedom.
❖ The force experienced per unit area of the walls of ❖ At high temperature it has two additional vibrational degrees of freedom.

the container determines the pressure exerted by So, a linear triatomic molecule has seven degrees of freedom .
the gas. ❖ Example: Carbon dioxide

❖ The change in momentum of the molecule = −2𝑚𝑣𝑥 Non-linear triatomic molecule

❖ change in momentum of the wall = 2𝑚𝑣𝑥 It has three translational degrees of freedom and three
❖ total momentum ∆𝑃 = 𝐴𝑣𝑥 2 𝑛𝑚∆𝑡 rotational degrees of freedom about three mutually
orthogonal axes. The total degrees of freedom 𝑓 = 6
∆𝑃 Example: Water, Sulphurdioxide
❖ The force exerted by the molecules on the wall 𝐹 = = 𝑛𝑚𝐴𝑣𝑥 2
∆𝑡
𝐹
❖ Pressure 𝑃= = 𝑛𝑚𝑣𝑥 2
𝐴 தளராத இதயம் உள்ளவனுக்கு, இவ்வுலகில்
1 1𝑁
𝑃 = 𝑛𝑚𝑣ҧ 2 (or) 𝑃 =
3 3𝑉
𝑚𝑣ҧ 2 முடியாதது என்ற ஏதுவுதே இல்லல

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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

4. Derive the ratio of two specific heat capacities of monoatomic, diatomic 10. OSCILLATIONS
and triatomic molecules. 1. What is meant by angular harmonic oscillation?. Compute the time
Meyer’s relation 𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝑣 = R , Equipartition law of energy is used to period of angular harmonic oscillation.
𝐶
calculate the value of 𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝑣 and the ratio between them 𝜸 = 𝐶𝑃. ❖ When a body is allowed to rotate freely about a given axis then the oscillation
𝑣
Monatomic molecule: is known as the angular oscillation.
𝟑
Average kinetic energy of a molecule = 𝟐 𝐤𝐓 ❖ If the body is displaced from the mean position, then
the resultant torque is proportional to the angular
Total energy of a mole of gas = 𝟑𝟐 𝐤𝐓 × 𝐍𝐀 = 𝟑𝟐 𝐑𝐓 displacement
𝐝𝐔 𝐝 𝟑 𝟑
𝐂𝐯 = =
𝐝𝐓 𝐝𝐓 𝟐
[ 𝐑𝐓] = 𝐑
𝟐
⃗ ∝ ⃗𝜽 (or) 𝝉
𝝉 ⃗ = −𝑲𝜽 ⃗
𝟑 𝟓
𝐂𝑷 = 𝐂𝐯 + 𝐑 = 𝐑 + 𝐑 = 𝐑 𝑲 -restoring torsion constant.
𝟐 𝟐 ⃗
𝑪𝑷 𝟓 ⃗ = 𝑰𝜶
𝝉 ⃗⃗ = −𝑲𝜽
𝜸= = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
𝑪𝒗 𝟑
𝒅𝟐⃗⃗𝜽 𝑲
Diatomic molecule: = − ⃗⃗𝜽
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝑰
Low temperature High temperature It is a simple harmonic differential equation.
𝟓
Average kinetic energy = 𝟐 𝐤𝐓 Average kinetic energy = 𝟕𝟐 𝐑𝐓
𝐝𝐔 𝐝 𝟕 𝟕 𝑲
Total energy of one mole of gas 𝐂𝐯 = = [ 𝐑𝐓] = 𝐑 𝝎= √ 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒔−𝟏
𝟓 𝟓 𝐝𝐓 𝐝𝐓 𝟐 𝟐 𝑰
= 𝐤𝐓 × 𝐍𝐀 = 𝐑𝐓 𝟕 𝟗
𝟐 𝟐 𝐂𝑷 = 𝐂𝐯 + 𝐑 = 𝐑 + 𝐑 = 𝐑
𝐝𝐔 𝐝 𝟓 𝟓 𝟐 𝟐 1 𝐾
𝐂𝐯 = =
𝐝𝐓 𝐝𝐓 𝟐
[ 𝐑𝐓] = 𝐑
𝟐 𝑪𝑷 𝟗 Frequency 𝑓= √ 𝐻𝑧
𝜸= = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 2𝜋 𝐼
𝟓 𝟕 𝑪𝒗 𝟕
𝐂𝑷 = 𝐂𝐯 + 𝐑 = 𝐑 + 𝐑 = 𝐑
𝟐 𝟐 𝐼
𝑪𝑷 𝟕 Time period 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝐾
𝜸= = = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎
𝑪𝒗 𝟓
2. Discuss the simple pendulum in detail
❖ A pendulum is a mechanical system which exhibits periodic motion .
Triatomic molecule:
❖ It has a bob with mass m suspended by a long string of length (l) and the other
Linear molecule Non-linear molecule end is fixed on a stand.
Energy of one mole = 𝟕𝟐 𝐤𝐓 × 𝐍𝐀 = 𝟕𝟐 𝐑𝐓 Energy of one mole = 𝟔𝟐 𝐤𝐓 × 𝐍𝐀 = 𝟑𝐑𝐓 Two forces act on the bob of the pendulum.
𝐝𝐔 𝐝 𝟕 𝟕 𝐝𝐔 𝐝 ⃗ = 𝒎𝒈
𝐂𝐯 = = [ 𝐑𝐓] = 𝐑 𝐂𝐯 = = [𝟑𝐑𝐓] = 𝟑𝐑 • Gravitational force vertically downwards 𝑭 ⃗⃗
𝐝𝐓 𝐝𝐓 𝟐 𝟐 𝐝𝐓 𝐝𝐓
𝟕 𝟗 𝐂𝑷 = 𝐂𝐯 + 𝐑 = 𝟑𝐑 + 𝐑 = 𝟒𝐑 • Tension along the string 𝑻 ⃗
𝐂𝑷 = 𝐂𝐯 + 𝐑 = 𝐑 + 𝐑 = 𝐑
𝟐 𝟐
𝜸=
𝑪𝑷 𝟒𝑹
= = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑
Two component of Gravitation force are
𝑪𝑷 𝟗
𝜸= = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 𝑪𝒗 𝟑𝑹 • Normal component 𝑭𝒂𝒔 = 𝒎𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑪𝒗 𝟕
𝒗𝟐
𝑻 − 𝒎𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒎
𝒍
• Tangential component 𝑭𝒑𝒔 = 𝒎𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
From Newton’s second law
𝒅𝟐 𝒔
எல்தலாரும் பயணிக்கிறார்கள் என்று நீயும் பின் 𝒎 = −𝑭𝒑𝒔
𝒅𝒕𝟐
ததாடராது உனக்கான பாலதலய நீதய ததர்ந்ததடு 𝟐
𝒅 𝒔
𝒎 𝟐 = −𝒎𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒅𝒕 --------- (1)
Arc length 𝒔 = 𝒍𝜽
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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

𝒅𝟐 𝒔 𝒅𝟐 𝜽
=𝒍 𝟐 --------- (2) 4. Describe the vertical oscillations of a spring.
𝒅𝒕 𝟐 𝒅𝒕
❖ Let us consider a massless spring of length (L) and force constant k attached
From eqn (1) and eqn (2)
to a ceiling.
𝒅𝟐 𝜽
𝒍 = −𝒈𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 ❖ If m mass attached to the other end of spring, then the spring elongates by a
𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝒅 𝜽 𝒈 length l.
𝟐
= − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝑭𝟏 ∝ 𝒍 (அ) 𝑭𝟏 = −𝒌𝒍
𝒅𝒕 𝒍
𝒅𝟐 𝜽 𝒈 When the system is under equilibrium
=− 𝜽 𝑭𝟏 + 𝒎𝒈 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒍
This is the well known oscillatory differential equation , −𝒌𝒍 + 𝒎𝒈 = 𝟎
𝒎
= 𝒈𝒍
𝒈
𝝎𝟐 = 𝒎𝒈 = 𝒌𝒍 (or)
𝒍 𝒌
𝒈
Angular frequency 𝝎 = √𝒍
If externl force act on mass, total extension of spring is (𝒚 + 𝒍)
𝟏 𝒈
Frequency of oscillation 𝒇= √ 𝑯𝒛 𝑭 = −𝒌𝒚
𝟐𝝅 𝒍
From Newton’s second law
𝒍 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
Time period of oscillation 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√𝒈 𝒔 𝒎
𝒅𝒕𝟐
= −𝒌𝒚
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒌
= − 𝒚
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎
3. Explain the horizontal oscillations of a spring. ❖ is called as simple harmonic motion equation.
➢ Consider a system containing a block of mass m attached to a massless ❖ Time period 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√ 𝒌
𝒎

spring with force constant (k) placed on a smooth horizontal surface.

➢ If mass is displaced through a small displacement x towards right and 𝒍
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√𝒈
then released, it will oscillate back and forth about its mean position x0.
➢ Restoring force of spring,
𝑭 ∝ 𝒙 (or) 𝑭 = −𝒌𝒙 5. Write short notes on the oscillations of liquid column in U-tube.
➢ From Newton’s second law ➢ Consider a U-shaped glass tube which consists of two open arms with uniform
𝒅 𝒙𝟐 cross-sectional area A. Let us pour a non-viscous uniform incompressible liquid
𝒎 = −𝒌𝒙
𝒅𝒕𝟐 of density ρ in the U-shaped tube to a height h
𝟐
𝒅 𝒙 𝒌
= −𝒎𝒙 ➢ If the liquid and tube are not disturbed then the liquid surface will be in
𝒅𝒕𝟐
equilibrium position O. It means the pressure as measured at any point on the
➢ is called as simple harmonic motion
liquid is the same and also at the surface on the arm, which balances with the
equation.
atmospheric pressure.
➢ Angular frequency 𝝎= √
𝒌
𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒔−𝟏 ➢ By blowing air one can provide sufficient force in one arm, and the liquid gets
𝒎
disturbed from equilibrium position O, which
𝟏 𝒌 means, the pressure at blown arm is higher
➢ Frequency 𝒇= √ 𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝝅 𝒎 than the other arm.
➢ This creates difference in pressure which will
𝒎
➢ Time period 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√ 𝒌 𝒔 cause the liquid to oscillate.
𝒍
➢ Time period 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅√𝟐𝒈 𝑠

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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

6. Discuss in detail the energy in simple harmonic motion 𝒅𝒍 𝒅𝒍

𝐅𝒓 = 𝐓𝛉 = 𝐓 ------- (3) [𝜽 = ]
Expression for Potential Energy: 𝑹 𝑹

For the simple harmonic motion, the force and the displacement are related by
Hooke’s law , 𝑭 = − 𝒌 𝒙 equating eqn (1) and eqn (3), we have
𝒅𝑼 𝒅𝒍 𝝁𝒗𝟐 𝒅𝒍
𝑭 = − 𝐓 =
𝒅𝒙 𝑹 𝑹
𝒅𝑼
= 𝒌𝒙 (or) 𝒅𝑼 = 𝒌𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝑻 --------- (4)
𝒅𝒙 𝒗=√
Potential energy due to work done 𝝁
𝒙
𝟏 𝟐
𝑼(𝒙) = ∫ 𝒌𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌𝒙 2. Describe Newton’s formula for velocity of sound waves in air and also
𝟐
𝟎 discuss the Laplace’s correction.
here, Force constant 𝒌 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 Newton assumed that when sound propagates in air, the formation of
𝟏
𝑼 ( 𝒙) =𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝒙𝟐 compression and rarefaction takes place in a very slow manner so that the
𝟐
𝟏 process is isothermal in nature. From ideal gas equation,
𝑼(𝒕) = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝎𝒕 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝟐
Expression for Kinetic Energy: Differentiating
𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝑃𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉𝑑𝑃 = 0
𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝒎 𝒗𝒙 𝟐 = 𝒎 ( 𝒅𝒕 ) 𝑑𝑃
𝟐 𝟐 𝑃 = −𝑉 = 𝐾𝐼
𝟏 𝑑𝑉
𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 (𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) [𝒗𝒙 = 𝝎√𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ]
𝟏
𝟐
The speed of sound in air is
𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝝎𝒕
𝟐 𝐾𝐼 𝑃
Energy: 𝑬 = 𝑲𝑬 + 𝑼 𝑣𝑇 = √ = √
𝜌 𝜌
𝟏 𝟏
𝑬 = 𝟐 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 (𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝟐 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝑣𝑇 = 280 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑬= 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 = constant
𝟐 Laplace’s correction
11. WAVES when the sound propagates through a medium, the particles oscillate
𝑻 very rapidly such that the compression (heat) and rarefaction (cooling) occur
1. Show that the velocity of a travelling wave produced in a string is 𝒗 = √ very fast. So it obey adiabatic process. From poisson’s law,
𝝁
𝛾
When a jerk is given at one end (left end) of the rope, the wave pulses 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
move towards right end with a velocity (v) of transverse wave produced on a Differentiating
string. 𝑉 𝛾 𝑑𝑃 + 𝑃(𝛾𝑉 𝛾−1 𝑑𝑉) = 0
Let dl and dm be the length and mass of the elemental string, respectively 𝑑𝑃
𝐝𝐦 = 𝛍𝐝𝐥
𝛾𝑃 = −𝑉 = 𝐾𝐴
𝑑𝑉
--------- (1) The speed of sound in air is
(𝒅𝒎)𝒗𝟐
Then, centripetal force is 𝐅𝒄𝒑 = 𝐾𝐴 𝛾𝑃
𝑹 𝑣𝐴 = √ = √ = √𝛾 𝑣𝑇
𝝁𝒗𝟐 𝒅𝒍 𝜌 𝜌
From eqn (1), 𝐅𝒄𝒑 = --------- (2)
𝑹
𝜽
𝑣𝐴 = 331.30 𝑚𝑠 −1
The net radial force due to tension force is 𝐅𝒓 = 𝟐𝐓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝟐

Since the amplitude of the wave is very small, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) ≈

𝜽 𝜽
தவற்றியின் வாசல் ததடி வந்தவர்கள் நிச்சயம் ஆயிரம்
𝟐 𝟐
ததால்விகளிடம் விலாசம் தகட்டிருப்பார்கள் 45
11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

3. Briefly explain the concept of superposition principle 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱) = 𝟏 𝐤𝐱 =

𝛑 𝟑𝛑 𝟓𝛑
, , ,… = mπ
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superimpose to form 𝟐𝐦+𝟏 𝛌
a resultant wave of greater, lower or the same amplitude. The mth anti-nodal positions is 𝐱 𝐦 = ( ) where 𝒎 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 …
𝟐 𝟐
The displacement of the coherent source with an amplitude 𝐀𝟏 and 𝐀𝟐 The distance between two successive anti-nodes m 𝐱 𝐦 − 𝐱 𝐦−𝟏 = 𝟐
𝛌

𝐲𝟏 = 𝐀𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱 − 𝛚𝐭)
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱) = 𝟎 𝐤𝐱 = 𝟎, 𝛑, 𝟐𝛑, 𝟑𝛑, … = 𝐧𝛑
𝐲𝟐 = 𝐀𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱 − 𝛚𝐭 + 𝝋) 𝛌
The nth nodal positions is 𝐱 𝒏 = 𝒏 where 𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 …
From superposition principle 𝐲 = 𝐲 𝟏 + 𝐲 𝟐 𝟐
𝛌
𝐲 = 𝐀𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱 − 𝛚𝐭) + 𝐀𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱 − 𝛚𝐭 + 𝝋) The distance between two successivenodes 𝐱 𝐧 − 𝐱 𝐧−𝟏 = 𝟐
𝐲 = 𝐀𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱 − 𝛚𝐭) + 𝐀𝟐 [ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱 − 𝛚𝐭) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐤𝐱 − 𝛚𝐭) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋] Characteristics:
Simplying ❖ Wave does not move forward or backward in a medium.
𝐲 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱 − 𝛚𝐭 + 𝜽) ❖ The distance between two consecutive nodes (or) anti-nodes is
𝛌
Amplitude 𝟐
❖ Amplitude is minimum or zero at nodes and max. at anti-nodes
𝑨𝟐 = 𝑨𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑨𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋
❖ These waves do not transpot energy.
Since, intensity is square of the amplitude.
5. What is a sonometer? Give its construction and working. Explain how to
𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝟐√𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋
determine the frequency of tuning fork using sonometer
For constructive interference:
Sono means sound related, and sonometer implies sound-related measurements
When crests of one wave overlap with crests of another wave, their amplitudes
Construction:
will add up and we get constructive interference.
➢ It is made up of a hollow box which is 1m long with a uniform metallic thin
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 = +𝟏 𝛗 = 𝟎, 𝟐𝛑, 𝟒𝛑, 𝟔𝛑, … = 𝟐𝐧𝛑
𝟐
string attached to it. One end of the string is connected to a hook and the other
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 = (√𝑰𝟏 + √𝑰𝟐 ) = ( 𝐀𝟏 + 𝐀𝟐 )𝟐 end is connected to a weight hanger through a pulley.
resultant amplitude 𝑨 = 𝐀 𝟏 + 𝐀 𝟐 ➢ Two adjustable wooden knives are put over the board, and their positions are
For destructive interference: adjusted to change the vibrating length of the stretched wire.
When the trough of one wave overlaps with the crest of another wave, their Working :
amplitudes “cancel” each other. Standing wave is produced and hence, at the knife
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 = −𝟏 𝛗 = 𝛑, 𝟑𝛑, 𝟓𝛑, … = (𝟐𝐧 − 𝟏)𝛑 edges P and Q, nodes are formed. In between the
𝟐
𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 = (√𝑰𝟏 − √𝑰𝟐 ) = ( 𝐀𝟏 − 𝐀𝟐 )𝟐 knife edges, anti-nodes are formed.
resultant amplitude 𝑨 = |𝐀 𝟏 − 𝐀 𝟐 | The length of the vibrating element is
𝝀
4. What are stationary waves? Explain the formation of stationary waves 𝒍= 𝝀 = 𝟐𝒍
𝟐
and also write down the characteristics of stationary waves. Frequency of the vibrating element,
When the wave hits the rigid boundary, it bounces back to the original 𝒗 𝟏 𝑻
medium and can interfere with the original waves. A pattern is formed, which are 𝒇=
𝝀
= √
𝟐𝒍 𝝁
known as stationary waves.
The displacement of the first wave (incident wave) is 𝐲𝟏 = 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱 − 𝛚𝐭) Let ρ density of the material of the string and d -diameter of the string, Frequency
The displacement of the second wave (reflected wave) is 𝐲𝟐 = 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱 + 𝛚𝐭) 𝒇=
𝟏 𝑻
√
𝒍𝒅 𝝅𝝆
From superposition principle𝐲 = 𝐲 𝟏 + 𝐲 𝟐
𝐲 = 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱 − 𝛚𝐭) + 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱 + 𝛚𝐭) Uses: To determine the following quantites
𝐲 (𝐱, 𝐭) = 𝟐𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛚𝐭) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱) ➢ the frequency of the tuning fork or alternating current
𝐲 (𝐱, 𝐭) = 𝐀′ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛚𝐭) ➢ tension in the string
where 𝐀′ = 𝟐𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐤𝐱) ➢ unknown hanging mass
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11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

6. Explain how overtones are produced in a (a) Closed organ pipe is called second over tone. (or) 3rd harmonic.
(b) Open organ pipe Frequency of nth harmonic is. 𝒇𝒏 = 𝒏𝒇𝟏
மூடிய ஆர்கன் குழாய் Frequencies of harmonics are the ratio, 𝒇𝟏 : 𝒇𝟐 : 𝒇𝟑 : 𝒇𝟒 : … = 𝟏: 𝟐: 𝟑: 𝟒: …
➢ It is a pipe with one end closed and the other end open. Example: clarinet.
➢ Nodes are formed at the closed end and anti-nodes are formed at open end. 7.. What is meant by Doppler effect? Discuss the following cases.
➢ For the fundamental mode of vibration, we have Whenever there is a relative motion between the source of sound
𝝀𝟏
𝑳= 𝟒
(𝒐𝒓) 𝝀𝟏 = 𝟒𝑳 and the listener, the frequency of the sound observed by the listener is
𝒇𝟏 =
𝒗
=
𝒗 different from the frequency produced by the source.
𝝀𝟏 𝟒𝑳
it is called fundamental frequency. S.NO Situation Observed frequency
Blowing air strongly at open end. 1 S moves toward the stationary L 𝒗 Maximum
𝟑𝝀𝟐 𝟒𝑳 𝒇′ = ( )𝒇
𝑳= (𝒐𝒓) 𝝀𝟐 = (a) 𝒗 − 𝒗𝒔 𝒇′ > 𝒇
𝟒 𝟑
(b) 𝒗
𝒗 𝟑𝒗 S moves away from the stationary L 𝒇′ = ( )𝒇
Minimum
𝒇𝟐 = = = 𝟑𝒇𝟏 𝒗 + 𝒗𝒔 𝒇′ < 𝒇
𝝀𝟐 𝟒𝑳
2 𝒗 + 𝒗𝑳
is called first over tone. (or) Third harmonic L moves toward the stationary S 𝒇′ = ( )𝒇
Maximum
𝟓𝝀𝟑 𝟒𝑳 (a) 𝒗 𝒇′ > 𝒇
𝑳= (𝒐𝒓) 𝝀𝟑 =
(b) 𝒗 − 𝒗𝑳
𝟒 𝟓
L moves away from the stationary S 𝒇′ = ( )𝒇
Minimum
𝒗 𝟓𝒗 𝒗 𝒇′ < 𝒇
𝒇𝟑 = = = 𝟓𝒇𝟏
𝝀𝟑 𝟒𝑳 𝒗 + 𝒗𝑳
3 S and L moves toward each other 𝒇′ = ( )𝒇
Maximum
is called second over tone. (or) harmonic. 5th (a) 𝒗 − 𝒗𝒔 𝒇′ > 𝒇
Frequency of nth harmonic is. 𝒇𝒏 = (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒇𝟏 (b) 𝒗 + 𝒗𝑳
S chases the L 𝒇′ = ( )𝒇
Maximum
Frequencies of harmonics are the ratio, 𝒇𝟏 : 𝒇𝟐 : 𝒇𝟑 : 𝒇𝟒 : … = 𝟏: 𝟑: 𝟓: 𝟕: … 𝒗 + 𝒗𝒔 𝒇′ > 𝒇

(c ) 𝒗 − 𝒗𝑳 Maximum
L chases the S 𝒇′ = ( )𝒇
திறந்த ஆர்கன் குழாய் 𝒗 − 𝒗𝒔 𝒇′ > 𝒇
➢ It is a pipe with both the ends open. Example: Flute
➢ At both open ends, anti-nodes are formed. 7. How will you determine the velocity of sound using resonance air
➢ In fundamental vibration, the wavelength of wave is column apparatus?
𝝀𝟏
𝑳= (𝒐𝒓) 𝝀𝟏 = 𝟐𝑳
𝟐
𝒗 𝒗 ➢ It consists of a cylindrical glass tube of one-meter length whose one end A is
𝒇𝟏 = =
𝝀𝟏 𝟐𝑳 open and another end B is connected to the water reservoir R through a rubber
it is called fundamental frequency.Blowing air tube.
strongly ➢ When a vibrating tuning fork is brought near the open end of the tube,

𝑳=
𝟐𝝀𝟐
(𝒐𝒓) 𝝀𝟐 = 𝑳 longitudinal waves are formed inside the air column.
𝟐
𝒗 𝒗 ➢ At resonance, the frequency of sound waves produced is equal to the frequency
𝒇𝟐 =
𝝀𝟐
= = 𝟐𝒇𝟏
𝑳 of the tuning fork.
𝟏
➢ Let the first resonance occur at length 𝑳𝟏 , then 𝝀 = 𝑳𝟏
is called first over tone. (or) Second harmonic. 𝟒
𝟏
𝑳=
𝟑𝝀𝟑
(𝒐𝒓) 𝝀𝟑 =
𝟐𝑳 ➢ Including end correction, the first resonance is 𝝀 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝒆 --------- (1)
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

𝒗 𝟑𝒗
𝒇𝟑 = = = 𝟑𝒇𝟏
𝝀𝟑 𝟐𝑳
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 11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

𝟑 EX.P 1.6:
➢ The second resonance 𝟒 𝝀 = 𝑳𝟐 + 𝒆 --- (2)
The temperatures of two bodies measured by a thermometer are
t1 = (20 + 0.5)°C, t2 = (50 ± 0.5)°C. Calculate the temperature difference and the
➢ difference of eqn (1) and eqn (2), we get
𝟏 error therein.
𝝀 = 𝑳𝟐 − 𝑳𝟏
𝟐 Soln. 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 = (𝑨 − 𝑩) ± (∆𝑨 + ∆𝑩)
𝒕 = (𝟓𝟎 ± 𝟎. 𝟓) − (𝟐𝟎 ± 𝟎. 𝟓)= (𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎) ± (𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓)
𝝀 = 𝟐∆𝑳
𝒕 = (𝟑𝟎 ± 𝟏)°𝑪
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
➢ speed of the sound 𝒗 = 𝒇𝝀 = 𝟐𝒇∆𝑳
EX.P 2.9: Two vectors are given as 𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ and 𝐹 = 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ Find
𝑳𝟐 −𝟑𝑳𝟏
the resultant vector 𝜏 = 𝑟 × 𝐹
➢ end correction 𝒆= Soln.
𝟐
𝐢̂ 𝐣̂ ̂
𝐤
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ⃗ = 𝐫 × 𝐅 = |𝟐
𝛕 𝟑 𝟓|
𝟑 −𝟐 𝟒
IMPORTANT PROBLEMS ̂ (−𝟒 − 𝟗)
⃗ = 𝐢̂(𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎) − 𝐣̂(𝟖 − 𝟏𝟓) + 𝐤
𝛕
EX.P 1.1: From a point on the ground, the top of a tree is seen to have an angle ̂
⃗ = 𝟐𝟐𝐢̂ + 𝟕𝐣̂ − 𝟏𝟑𝐤
𝛕
of elevation 60°. The distance between the tree and a point is 50 m. Calculate
the height of the tree? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Soln. 𝒉 = 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 EX.P 2.16: An athlete covers 3 rounds on a circular track of radius 50 m.
𝒉 = 𝟓𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟎° Calculate the total distance and displacement travelled by him.
𝒉 = 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟔 𝒎 Soln.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- total distance = 3 × Circumference of track
EX.P 1.3: A RADAR signal is beamed towards a planet and its echo is received 7 = 𝟑 × 𝟐𝝅 × 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝝅 ≈ 𝟗𝟒𝟐𝒎
minutes later. If the distance between the planet and the Earth is 6.3 × 1010 𝑚. Displacement is Zero
Calculate the speed of the signal? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝟐𝒅
Soln. 𝒗= EX.P 2.24: Consider two masses of 10 g and 1 kg moving with the same speed 10
𝒕
𝟐 × 𝟔. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 m s-1. Calculate the magnitude of the momentum.
𝒗= Soln.
𝟕 ×× 𝟔𝟎
𝒗 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 𝑷 = 𝒎𝒗
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For the mass of 10 g, 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒔−𝟏
EX.P 1.5: Two resistances 𝑅1 = (100 ± 3) Ω, 𝑅2 = (150 ± 2) Ω are connected in For the mass of 1 g, 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒔−𝟏
series. What is their equivalent resistance? 𝑷𝟐 > 𝑷𝟏
Soln. 𝑹 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑹 = (𝟏𝟎𝟎 ± 𝟑) + (𝟏𝟓𝟎 ± 𝟐) EX.P Check the correctness of the equation 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 using dimensional
𝑹 = (𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎) ± (𝟑 + 𝟐) analysis method.
𝑹 = (𝟐𝟓𝟎 ± 𝟓)Ω Soln. 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [𝑳𝑻−𝟏 ] = [𝑳𝑻−𝟏 ] + [𝑳𝑻−𝟐 ][𝑻]
[𝑳𝑻−𝟏 ] = [𝑳𝑻−𝟏 ] + [𝑳𝑻−𝟏 ]
dimensionally correct.
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 11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

EX.P 2.25: A particle moves along the x-axis in such a way that its coordinates x EX.P 2.41:
varies with time 't' according to the equation x = 2 - 5t + 6t2. What is the initial A particle is in circular motion with an acceleration 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒔−𝟐 .
velocity of the particle? (a) What is the angular displacement made by the particle after 5 s?
Soln. (b) What is the angular velocity at t = 5 s? Assume the initial angular velocity is
𝒅𝒙 zero.
𝒗= 𝟏
𝒅𝒕 Soln. 𝜽 = 𝝎𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟐 𝜶𝒕𝟐
𝒅(𝟐 − 𝟓𝐭 + 𝟔𝐭 𝟐 ) 𝟏
𝒗= = −𝟓 + 𝟏𝟐𝒕 𝜽= × 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏 × 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝒅𝒕 𝟐
𝒕 = 𝟎 எனில் 𝒗 = −𝟓𝒎𝒔−𝟏
𝜽 = 𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝟓𝟕. 𝟐𝟕° ≈ 𝟏𝟒𝟑°
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EX.P 2.28: Considertwo trains A and B moving along parallel tracks
EX.P 2.41: What are the resultants of the vector product of two given vectors
with the same velocity in the same direction. Let the velocity of each given by. 𝐴 = 4𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, ⃗ = 5𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂
𝐵
train be 50 km h-1 due east. Calculate the relative velocities of the Soln.
trains. 𝐢̂ 𝐣̂ ̂
𝐤
Soln. 𝑽𝑩𝑨 = 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑨 𝐂=𝑨 ⃗⃗ × 𝑩⃗⃗ = |𝟒 −𝟐 𝟏 |
𝑽𝑩𝑨 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 − 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 𝟓 𝟑 −𝟒
𝑽𝑩𝑨 = 𝟎 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 ̂ (𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎)
⃗⃗𝑨 × ⃗⃗𝑩 = 𝐢̂(𝟖 − 𝟑) − 𝐣̂(−𝟏𝟔 − 𝟓) + 𝐤
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ⃗⃗ × 𝑩
𝑨 ̂
⃗⃗ = 𝟓𝐢̂ + 𝟐𝟏𝐣̂ + 𝟐𝟐𝐤
எ.கா2.29: How long will a boy sitting near the window of a train travelling at 36
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
km h-1 see a train passing by in the opposite direction with a speed of 18 km h-1 .
EX.P 3.2: If two objects of masses 2.5 kg and 100 kg experience the same force 5
The length of the slow-moving train is 90 m.
Soln. 𝑽𝑩𝑨 = 𝑽𝑩 + 𝑽𝑨 N, what is the acceleration experienced by each of them?.
𝑽𝑩𝑨 = (𝟑𝟔 + 𝟏𝟖)𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 = 𝟓𝟒 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝒎𝒔−𝟏 Soln. 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂
𝒅 𝟗𝟎
𝒕= = = 𝟔𝒔 𝑭 𝟓
𝑽𝑩𝑨 𝟏𝟓 For the object of mass 2.5 kg, 𝒂 = 𝒎 = 𝟐.𝟓 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒔−𝟐
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑭 𝟓
EX.P 2.36: A train was moving at the rate of 54 km h-1 when brakes were applied. For the object of mass 100 kg, 𝒂 = 𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒔−𝟐
It came to rest within a distance of 225 m. Calculate the retardation produced in ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
the train. = 3𝑡𝑖̂ + 5𝑡 2 𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ Find
EX.P 3.6: The position vector of a particle is given by 𝑟
𝟓
Soln. 𝒗 = 𝟎, 𝒖 = 𝟓𝟒 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 = 𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝒎𝒔−𝟏 , 𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝒎, 𝒂 = −𝒂 the direction in which the particle experiences net force?
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒔 ⃗
𝒅𝒓
Soln. ⃗ =
𝒗
𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂(𝟐𝟐𝟓) 𝒅𝒕
𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒎𝒔−𝟏
̂)
𝒅(𝟑𝒕𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒕𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝟕𝒌
⃗ =
𝒗 = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝟎𝒕𝒋̂
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 𝒅𝒕
⃗
𝒅𝒗
⃗ =
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎𝒋̂
தவற்றி என்பது உன் நிழல் தபால 𝒅𝒕
நீ அலத ததடிப்தபாக தவண்டியதில்லல Net force must also act along positive y direction
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
நீ தவளிச்சத்லத த ாக்கி
டக்கும் தபாது உன்னுடன் வரும்.
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 11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

⃗⃗⃗1
EX.P 3.10: A particle of mass 2 kg experiences two forces, 𝐹 = 5𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏
𝒂𝒚 = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒔−𝟐
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = 3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ . What is the acceleration of the particle? 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟐
and 𝐹 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Soln. UNIT 3. EXC.P 2: A spider of mass 50 g is hanging on a
⃗⃗𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 string of a cob web as shown in the figure. What is the
⃗ =
𝒂
𝒎 tension in the string?
⃗⃗ 𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑭
𝑭 ⃗⃗ 𝟏 + 𝑭
⃗⃗ 𝟐 = (𝟓𝒊̂ + 𝟖𝒋̂ + 𝟕𝒌 ̂ ) + (𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂ ) = 𝟖𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟏𝟎𝒌 ̂ Soln. 𝑻 = 𝒎𝒈
𝟖𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟏𝟎𝒌 ̂ −𝟑
⃗ =
𝒂 = 𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌 ̂ 𝑻 = 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟗. 𝟖
𝟐 𝑻 = 𝟒𝟗𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝑵
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EX.P 3.22: If a stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to a string executes uniform circular EX.P 4.1: A box is pulled with a force of 25 N to produce a displacement of 15 m.
motion with a speed of 2 m s-1 of radius 3 m, what is the magnitude of tensional If the angle between the force and displacement is 300, find the work done by the
force acting on the stone? force.
Soln. Soln. 𝑾 = 𝑭𝒅𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒎𝒗𝟐 √𝟑
𝑭𝑪𝑷 = 𝑾 = 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟓 × 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎° = 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟓 ×
𝒓 𝟐
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟐𝟐 𝑾 = 𝟑𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟔𝑱
𝑭𝑪𝑷 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝑵
𝟑 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EX.P 4.6: A variable force F = k x2 acts on a particle which is initially at rest.
EX.P 3.25: Consider a circular road of radius 20 meter banked at an angle of 15 Calculate the work done by the force during the displacement of the particle from
degree. With what speed a car has to move on the turn so that it will have safe x = 0 m to x = 4 m. (Assume the constant k =1 N m-2)
turn? Soln.,
Soln. 𝒗 = √𝒓𝒈 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒙𝒇
𝑾 = ∫ 𝑭(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒗 = √𝟐𝟎 × 𝟗. 𝟖 × 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟏𝟓° 𝒙𝒊
𝟒
𝒗 = √𝟐𝟎 × 𝟗. 𝟖 × 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝒎𝒔−𝟏 𝟔𝟒
𝑾 = 𝒌 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑵𝒎
𝟎 𝟑
The safe speed for the car on this road is 𝒗 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝒎𝒔−𝟏 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EX.P 4.7: Two objects of masses 2 kg and 4 kg are moving with the same
UNIT 3. EXC.P 1: A force of 50N act on the object of mass 20 momentum of 20 kg m s-1.
kg. shown in the figure. Calculate the acceleration of the (a) Will they have same kinetic energy? (b) Will they have same speed?
object in x and y directions. Soln.
Soln. 𝑷𝟐
(a) 𝑲𝑬 = 𝟐𝒎
𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝟓𝟎 × 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎°
𝒂𝒙 = = (𝟐𝟎)𝟐
𝒎 𝟐𝟎 𝑲𝑬𝟏 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑱
𝟐×𝟐
(𝟐𝟎)𝟐
𝟓𝟎 × √𝟑 𝑲𝑬𝟐 = = 𝟓𝟎𝑱
𝒂𝒙 = = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝒔−𝟐 𝟐×𝟒
𝟐𝟎 × 𝟐 𝑲𝑬𝟏 ≠ 𝑲𝑬𝟏 kinetic energy of both masses is not same
(b) 𝑷 = 𝒎𝒗 Two objects will not have same speed.
𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝟓𝟎 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎°
𝒂𝒚 = = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝒎 𝟐𝟎

50
 11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

EX.P 4.17: EX.P 5.8: A force of (4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) N is applied at a point whose position vector
Water in a bucket tied with rope is whirled around in a vertical circle of radius is (7𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂) m. Find the torque of force about the origin.
0.5 m. Calculate the minimum velocity at the lowest point so that the water does Soln.
not spill from it in the course of motion. (g = 10 ms-2) 𝐢̂ 𝐣̂ ̂
𝐤
Soln. ⃗ = 𝐫 × 𝐅 = |𝟕 𝟒 −𝟐|
𝛕
𝟒 −𝟑 𝟓
⃗ = 𝐢̂(𝟐𝟎 − 𝟔) − 𝐣̂(𝟑𝟓 + 𝟖) + 𝐤
𝛕 ̂ (−𝟐𝟏 − 𝟏𝟔)
Speed at the highest point 𝒗 = √𝒓𝒈 = √𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 = √𝟓 𝒎𝒔−𝟏
⃗𝛕 = 𝟏𝟒𝐢̂ + 𝟒𝟑𝐣̂ − 𝟑𝟕𝐤 ̂
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Speed at the lowest point 𝒗 = √𝟓𝒓𝒈 = √𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟓 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 EX.P 5.13: A cyclist while negotiating a circular path with speed 20 m s-1 is found
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
to bend an angle by 300 with vertical. What is the radius of the circular path?
EX.P 4.18: Calculate the energy consumed in electrical units when a 75 W fan is
(given, g = 10 m s-2)
used for 8 hours daily for one month (30 days). Soln.
Soln. Electrical Energy 𝐄 = 𝐏 × 𝐭
𝒗𝟐
𝐄 = 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟖 × 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐖𝐡 𝒓=
𝒈 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
𝐄 = 𝟏𝟖𝐤𝐖𝐡 = 𝟏𝟖 Units
𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎 × √𝟑
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 𝒓= =
𝟏𝟎 × 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟎° 𝟏𝟎
UNIT 4. EXC.P:1 Calculate the work done by a force of 30 N in lifting a load of 2kg
𝒓 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝟖𝒎
to a height of 10m (g = 10 m s-2) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Soln. 𝐖 = 𝐅𝐬 EX.P 5.20: Find the rotational kinetic energy of a ring of mass 9 kg and radius 3
𝐖 = 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐉 m rotating with 240 rpm about an axis passing through its centre and
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- perpendicular to its plane. (rpm is a unit of speed of rotation which means
EX.P: revolutions per minute).
Soln. Soln
𝑼 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉 𝟏
𝑲𝑬 = 𝑰𝝎𝟐
𝑼 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟓 𝟐
𝝅𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎
𝑼 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑱 𝑰 = 𝑴𝑹𝟐 = 𝟗 × 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟖𝟏𝒌𝒈𝒎𝟐
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 𝟏 𝟐𝟒𝟎 × 𝟐𝝅 𝟐
𝑲𝑬 = × 𝟖𝟏 × ( ) = 𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟐𝝅𝟐
EX.P 5.3:The position vectors of two point masses 10 kg and 5 kg are 𝟐 𝟔𝟎
̂) m and (𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌
(−𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌 ̂) m respectively. Locate the position of 𝑲𝑬 = 𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟐𝟎𝑱 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟗𝟐𝒌𝑱
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
centre of mass.
EX.P 5.21: A rolling wheel has velocity of its centre of mass as 5 m s-1. If its radius
Soln.
is 1.5 m and angular velocity is 3 rad s-1, then check whether it is in pure rolling
𝒎𝟏 𝒓⃗ 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒓 ⃗𝟐 or not
⃗𝒓 =
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 Soln.
𝟏𝟎(−𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌 ̂ ) + 𝟓(𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌 ̂)
⃗ =
𝒓 𝒗𝑹𝑶𝑻 = 𝑹𝝎
𝟏𝟎 + 𝟓 𝒗𝑹𝑶𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟑 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝒎𝒔−𝟏
(−𝟏𝟓𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝟎𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝟓𝒌 ̂) 𝒗𝑪𝑴 > 𝑹𝝎
⃗ =
𝒓
𝟏𝟓 It is not in pure rolling, but sliding.
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟑 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
⃗ = (−𝒊̂ +
𝒓 𝒋̂ + ̂) 𝒎
𝒌
𝟑 𝟑
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
51
 11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

UNIT 6. EXC.P 7: EX.P 7.4:

If the angular momentum of a planet is given by 𝐿⃗ = 5𝑡 2 𝑖̂ − 6𝑡𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ .What is the A metal cube of side 0.20 m is subjected to a shearing force of 4000 N. The top
torque experienced by the planet? Will the torque be in the same direction as that surface is displaced through 0.50 cm with respect to the bottom. Calculate the
of the angular momentum? shear modulus of elasticity of the metal.
Soln. Soln.
𝒅𝒓⃗ 𝐀 = 𝐋𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝒎𝟐
⃗ =
𝒗
𝒅𝒕 𝐅 𝐋
𝒅 ƞ𝑹 = ×
⃗ =
𝒗 (𝟓𝒕𝟐 𝒊̂ − 𝟔𝒕𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂) 𝐀 𝒙
𝒅𝒕
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎
⃗ = 𝟏𝟎𝒕𝒊̂ − 𝟔𝒋̂
𝒗 ƞ𝑹 = × = 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵𝒎−𝟐
𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓
Torque same direction of the angular momentum.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNIT 6. EXC.P 14: Suppose we go 200 km above and below the surface of the EX.P 7.6: A solid sphere has a radius of 1.5 cm and a mass of 0.038 kg. Calculate
Earth, what are the g values at these two points? In which case, is the value of g the specific gravity or relative density of the sphere .
small? Soln.
Soln. 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑
𝐕= 𝛑𝑹𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 × (𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 )
𝒉 𝟐 × 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟑 𝟑
𝒈𝒉 = 𝒈 (𝟏 − 𝟐 ) = 𝟗 (𝟏 − ) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝒈
𝑹𝒆 𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐕 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟑
𝒅 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝒈𝒅 = 𝒈 (𝟏 − ) = 𝟗 (𝟏 − ) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝒈 𝒎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟖
𝑹𝒆 𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝛒= = = 𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟎𝒌𝒈𝒎−𝟑
𝑽 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
200 km above g value low.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟎
EX.P 7.2: A wire 10 m long has a cross-sectional area 1.25 × 10 m2. It is subjected–4
The specific gravity of the sphere = = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟗
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
to a load of 5 kg. If Young’s modulus of the material is 4 × 1010 Nm–2, calculate the
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
elongation produced in the wire. Take g = 10 ms-2.
EX.P 7.7: Two pistons of a hydraulic lift have diameters of 60 cm and 5 cm. What
Soln.
𝐅 ∆𝐋 is the force exerted by the larger piston when 50 N is placed on the smaller
=𝐘 piston?
𝐀 𝐋
𝐅 𝐘 𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟎 Soln.
∆𝐋 = =
𝐀 𝐋 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝟓 𝟐
∆𝐋 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎 𝐀𝟏 = 𝛑 ( ) = 𝛑(𝟐. 𝟓)𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝟐
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 𝟔𝟎 𝟐
EX.P 7.3: A metallic cube of side 100 cm is subjected to a uniform force acting 𝐀𝟐 = 𝛑 ( ) = 𝛑(𝟑𝟎)𝟐 𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝟐
normal to the whole surface of the cube. The pressure is 106 pascal. If the volume 𝐀𝟐
𝐅𝟐 = × 𝐅𝟏
changes by 1.5 × 10–5 m3, calculate the bulk modulus of the material. 𝐀𝟏
𝑽
Soln. 𝐊 =𝐏 𝟑𝟎 𝟐
∆𝐕 𝐅𝟐 = ( ) × 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟎𝑵
𝟐. 𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝟔 ×× 𝟏
𝐊 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝑲 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝑵𝒎−𝟐 ஓடும் தபாது விழுந்து விடுதவாம் என்று
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- நிலனப்பவலன விட விழுந்தாலும், எழுந்து ஓடுதவாம்
என்று நிலனப்பவன் தவற்றி தபறுவான்
52
 11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

EX.P 7.10: EX.P 8.15:

Let 2.4 × 10−4 𝐽 of work is done to increase the area of a film of soap bubble from A gas expands from volume 1m3 to 2m3 at constant atmospheric pressure.
50 cm2 to 100 cm2. Calculate the value of surface tension of soap solution. (a) Calculate the work done by the gas. (b) Represent the work done in PV
Soln. diagram.
∆𝑨 = 𝐀𝟐 − 𝐀𝟏
Soln.
∆𝑨 = 𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎)𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟐
𝐖 𝑾 = 𝑷(𝑽𝒇 − 𝑽𝒊 )
𝐓=
∆𝐀
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 × (𝟐 − 𝟏) = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝒌𝑱
𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝐓= = 𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑵𝒎−𝟏 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
EX.P 8.21: 500 g of water is heated from 30°C to 60°C. Ignoring the slight
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
expansion of water, calculate the change in internal energy of the water? (specific
EX.P 7.14: In a normal adult, the average speed of the blood through the aorta heat of water 4184 J/kg.K)
(radius r = 0.8 cm) is 0.33 ms–1. From the aorta, the blood goes into major Soln. ∆𝐔 = 𝐐 = 𝐦𝐬∆𝐓
arteries, which are 30 in number, each of radius 0.4 cm. Calculate the speed of 𝐐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟒 × 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟕𝟔𝐤𝐉
the blood through the arteries. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Soln.
EX.P 8.24: During a cyclic process, a heat engine absorbs 500 J of heat from a hot
𝐚𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝒂𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ⟹ 𝝅𝐫𝟏 𝟐 𝒗𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝝅𝐫𝟐 𝟐 𝒗𝟐
reservoir, does work and ejects an amount of heat 300 J into the surroundings
𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝟐 (cold reservoir). Calculate the efficiency of the heat engine?
𝒗𝟐 = ( ) 𝒗𝟏
𝟑𝟎 𝒓𝟐 Soln.
𝟐 𝑸𝑳
𝟏 𝟎. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 ƞ=𝟏−
𝒗𝟐 = ( ) × 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝑸𝑯
𝟑𝟎 𝟎. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐
𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 ƞ=𝟏− = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟔
𝟓𝟎𝟎
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ƞ = 𝟎. 𝟒 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟒𝟎%
EX.P 8.12: A person does 30 kJ work on 2 kg of water by stirring using a paddle ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
wheel. While stirring, around 5 kcal of heat is released from water through its EX.P 8.25: A steam engine boiler is maintained at 250°C and water is converted
container to the surface and surroundings by thermal conduction and radiation. into steam. This steam is used to do work and heat is ejected to the surrounding
What is the change in internal energy of the system? air at temperature 300K. Calculate the maximum efficiency it can have?
Soln.
Soln.
𝑾 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑱, 𝑸 = 𝟓 × 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟒𝑱 = −𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟎𝑱 𝑻𝑳
ƞ=𝟏−
internal energy ∆𝑼 = 𝑸 − 𝑾 𝑻𝑯
∆𝑼 = −𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟎𝑱 − (−𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑱) 𝟑𝟎𝟎
ƞ=𝟏− = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕
𝟓𝟐𝟑
∆𝑼 = 𝟗𝟎𝟖𝟎𝑱
ƞ = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟒𝟑%
internal energy increases.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

EX.P 8.26: There are two Carnot engines A and B operating in two different EX.P 10.10:
temperature regions. For Engine A the temperatures of the two reservoirs are Consider two springs with force constants 1𝑁𝑚−1 and 2 N m−12𝑁𝑚−1
150°C and 100°C. For engine B the temperatures of the reservoirs are 350°C and connected in parallel. Calculate the effective spring constant (kp ) and comment
300°C. Which engine has lesser efficiency? on kp.
Soln.
Soln. 𝒌 𝑷 = 𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐
𝑻𝑳
ƞ=𝟏− 𝒌𝑷 = 𝟏 + 𝟐 = 𝟑𝑵𝒎−𝟏
𝑻𝑯 𝒌𝑷 > 𝒌𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒌𝑷 > 𝒌𝟐
𝟑𝟕𝟑 𝟒𝟐𝟑 − 𝟑𝟕𝟑 𝟓𝟎 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ƞ𝑨 = 𝟏 − = =
𝟒𝟐𝟑 𝟒𝟐𝟑 𝟒𝟐𝟑 EX.P 10.15: Write down the kinetic energy and total energy expressions in terms
ƞ𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟏𝟏% of linear momentum, For one-dimensional case.
𝟏
𝟓𝟕𝟑 𝟔𝟐𝟑 − 𝟓𝟕𝟑 𝟓𝟎 Soln. 𝑲𝑬 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝒙 𝟐
ƞ𝑩 = 𝟏 − = = 𝟏
𝟔𝟐𝟑 𝟔𝟐𝟑 𝟔𝟐𝟑 𝑲𝑬 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝒙 𝟐
𝟐𝒎
ƞ𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟖%
𝑷𝒙 𝟐
ƞ𝑨 > ƞ𝑩 𝑲𝑬 =
𝟐𝒎
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EX.P 10.16: Compute the position of an oscillating particle when its kinetic
EX.P 8.27: A refrigerator has COP of 3. How much work must be supplied to the
refrigerator in order to remove 200 J of heat from its interion? energy and potential energy are equal.
𝟏 𝟏
Soln. Soln. 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 (𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ) = 𝟐 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
𝑸𝑳 𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐
𝑪𝑶𝑷 = 𝜷 = 𝐀
𝑾 𝐱=±
√𝟐
𝑸𝑳 𝟐𝟎𝟎 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑾= =
𝑪𝑶𝑷 𝟑 EX.P 11.3: The average range of frequencies at which human beings can hear
𝑾 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝑱
sound waves varies from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Calculate the wavelength of the sound
wave in these limits. (Assume the speed of sound to be 340 m s-1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Soln.
EX.P 10.9 :Considertwo springs whose force constants are 1 N and 2 N m -1 m-1 𝝀𝟏 =
𝒗
=
𝟑𝟒𝟎
= 𝟏𝟕𝒎
𝒇𝟏 𝟐𝟎
which are connected in series. Calculate the effective spring constant (ks ) and 𝒗 𝟑𝟒𝟎
comment on ks .
𝝀𝟐 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝒎
𝒇𝟐 𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
Soln. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 EX.P 11.6: Calculate the velocity of the travelling pulse as shown in the figure
𝒌𝒔 =
𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 below. The linear mass density of pulse is 0.25 kg m–1. Further, compute the time
𝟏×𝟐 𝟐 taken by the travelling pulse to cover a distance of 30 cm on the string.
𝒌𝒔 = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝑵𝒎−𝟏
𝟏+𝟐 𝟑 Soln.
𝒌𝒔 < 𝒌𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒌𝒔 < 𝒌𝟐 𝑻 = 𝒎𝒈 = 𝟏. 𝟐 × 𝟗. 𝟖 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝑵

𝑻 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟔
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 𝒗=√ =√ = 𝟔. 𝟖 𝒎𝒔−𝟏
𝝁 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝒗 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐
𝒕= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝒔 = 𝟒𝟒𝒎𝒔
𝒕 𝟔. 𝟖
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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 11 PHYSICS 5 MARKS MATERIAL & IMPORTANT PROBELEMS K. IYYAPPAN GHSS, V. PAGANDAI, VILLUPURAM

EX.P 11.7: Calculate the speed of sound in a steel rod whose Young’s modulus 𝒇𝟏 =
𝒗
=
𝒗
=
𝟒𝟒𝟕. 𝟐
= 𝟐𝟕𝟗. 𝟓 𝑯𝒛
Y = 2 × 10 N m-2 and ρ = 7800 kg m–3.
11 𝝀𝟏 𝟐𝑳 𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟖
Soln. 𝒇𝟐 = 𝟐𝒇𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓𝟗𝑯𝒛
𝒀 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝒇𝟑 = 𝟑𝒇𝟏 = 𝟖𝟑𝟖. 𝟓𝑯𝒛
𝒗=√ =√ = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒔−𝟏
𝝆 𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝟒 = 𝟒𝒇𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟖𝑯𝒛
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EX.P 11.8: An increase in pressure of 100 kPa causes a certain volume of water EX.P 11.24: The sound level from a musical instrument playing is 50 dB. If three
to decrease by 0.005% of its original volume. (a) Calculate the bulk modulus of identical musical instruments are played together then compute the total
water? (b) Compute the speed of sound (compressional waves) in water?. intensity. Calculate the intensity of the sound from each instrument as the
Soln. threshold of hearing is 10–12 W m–2.
(a) Soln.
∆𝑷 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝑰𝟏
𝐊 =𝐕 = = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑷𝒂 ∆𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 [ ] = 𝟓𝟎𝒅𝑩
∆𝐕 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑰𝟎
𝐊 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐌𝐏𝐚
𝑰𝟏
(b) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 [ ] = 𝟓 𝒅𝑩
𝑰𝟎
𝑲 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑰𝟏
𝒗=√ =√ = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟒 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ⟹ 𝑰𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑰𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑾𝒎−𝟐
𝝆 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑰𝟎
three musical instruments are played
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EX.P 11.15: A mobile phone tower transmits a wave signal of frequency 900MHz.
𝑰𝑻 = 𝟑𝑰𝟏 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑾𝒎−𝟐
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calculate the length of the waves transmitted from the mobile phone tower

*வானவில் ததான்றும் தபாது வானம் அழகாகிறது

Soln.
𝒗 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝝀= = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝒎
𝒇 𝟗𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EX.P 11.20: Compute the distance between anti-node and neighbouring node. ம்பிக்லக ததான்றும் தபாது வாழ்க்லக அழகாகிறது. *
Soln.
𝟐𝐦 + 𝟏 𝛌 𝛌 𝛌
∆𝐱 𝐦 = ( ) −𝒎 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 தவற்றி தபற வாழ்த்துக்கள்
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EX.P 11.22: Consider a string in a guitar whose length is 80 cm and a mass of
0.32 g with tension 80 N is plucked. Compute the first four lowest frequencies K. IYYAPPAN M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.,
produced when it is plucked. PG TEACHER IN PHYSICS,
GHSS., V. PAGANDAI
Soln.
VILLUPURAM DISTRICT.,

𝒎 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 Cell No:9787543450

𝛍 = = = 𝟎. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝒈𝒎−𝟏
𝐋 𝟎. 𝟖
𝑻 𝟖𝟎
𝒗=√ =√ = 𝟒𝟒𝟕. 𝟐 𝒎𝒔−𝟏
𝝁 𝟎. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

55