American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

2020; 4(1): 1-9

[Link]
doi: 10.11648/[Link].20200401.11
ISSN: 2640-0480 (Print); ISSN: 2640-0502 (Online)

Design and Implementation of Solar Powered Automatic

Irrigation System
Iyere Sunday Fidelis1, *, Idim Aniebiet Idim1, 2
1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State,
Nigeria
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun-Warri, Delta State, Nigeria

Email address:
*
Corresponding author

To cite this article:

Iyere Sunday Fidelis, Idim Aniebiet Idim. Design and Implementation of Solar Powered Automatic Irrigation System. American Journal of
Electrical and Computer Engineering. Vol. 4, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1-9. doi: 10.11648/[Link].20200401.11

Received: May 11, 2020; Accepted: June 4, 2020; Published: June 20, 2020

Abstract: This research is geared towards employing modern technology to enhance agricultural productivity through local
and mechanized farming systems. The research work involves the construction of a device that controls water flow in an
irrigation system most especially, in areas where there is acute shortage of water supply or insufficient rainfall which may be
due to climate change resulting or causing draught and other environmental conditions. It is a device that is solar powered, as
an alternative source of power supply to the entire irrigation system. The solar power supply consist of two modules or panels,
a battery and charge regulator whose function is to control the battery charge and as well supply power to the load (motor) at
various weather and soil moisture conditions. The device was tested and it was (is) able to minimize electrical power
consumption, with a flow rate of water averaging at 20 liters per minute, due to the pump size and capacity. The humidity of
the soil is detected by the soil moisture sensor which determines the voltage levels at which the water pump switches on/off.
Also, there is an ultraviolet light sensor that enables the controller to switch off the pump during the period of higher intensity
of sunlight, owing to the fact that most crop plants are irritated by water when the sun is very hot. The water pump is a D. C
submersible type. An algorithm was designed for the smooth operation of the entire system.
Keywords: Automatic Irrigation, Control System, Water, Solar Power, Soil Sensor

may require a huge capital to invest in, on a large scale

1. Introduction farming which requires some engineering expertise to plan,
Irrigation is the artificial method of watering plants in design and implement its operation., An automatic irrigation
order to support their growth. Automatic irrigation system is system can also be defined as an irrigation system that is
an irrigation that supplies water to crop plants or other plants operated by a computerized controller and has been
on its own at some time intervals, depending on soil moisture engineered to function automatically with minimum manual
and weather condition without the farmer’s intervention. participation and little or no human intervention [3]. An
According to Beat Stauffer and Dorothee Spuhler (2019), an automatic irrigation system is capable of supplying the actual
automatic irrigation system refers to the operation of the amount of water to a vast area of land within a short period
system with minimum or no manual intervention apart from of time.
inspection and monitoring. Almost every system (drip,
sprinkler, surface) can be automated with the help of devices 2. Automatic Irrigation Systems
such as timers, sensors, computers and mechanical
appliances. It makes the irrigation process more efficient so Automatic irrigation systems are convenient, especially for
that operators can concentrate on other important farming those who travel often and cannot attend to their lawns or
activities to improve crop yield. Otherwise, a system like this gardens regularly [2]. If installed and programmed properly,
automatic irrigation systems can even save you money and
2 Iyere Sunday Fidelis and Idim Aniebiet Idim: Design and Implementation of Solar
Powered Automatic Irrigation System

help in water conservation. Dead lawn grass and plants need environmental parameters (such as soil moisture,
to be replaced, and that can be expensive. But the savings temperature, radiation, wind-speed, etc) as well as system
from automatic irrigation systems can go beyond that. parameters (pressure, flow, etc.) [4, 8].
Watering with a hose or an oscillator causes wastage of a
huge amount of water. Neither method targets plant roots 2.1.5. Real Time Feedback System
with any significant degree of precision. Automatic irrigation With this application irrigation is based on actual dynamic
systems can be programmed to discharge more precise demands of the plant itself; the plant root zone is effectively
amounts of water in a targeted area, which promotes water reflecting all environmental factors acting on the plant.
conservation. Operating within controlled parameters, the plant itself
determines the degree of irrigation required. Various sensors,
2.1. High Technology Automated Irrigation Systems tensiometers, relative humidity sensors, rain sensors,
temperature sensors etc. control the irrigation scheduling.
According to Beat Stauffer and Dorothee Spuhler (2019), These sensors provide feedback to the controller to control its
high technology automatic irrigation system is divided into operation [8, 14].
six categories, as described below.
2.1.6. Computer Based Irrigation Control Systems
2.1.1. Time Based System A computer-based control system consists of a
Irrigation time clock controllers, or timers, are an integral combination of hardware and software that acts as a
part of an automated irrigation system. A timer is an essential supervisor with the purpose of managing irrigation and other
tool to apply water in the necessary quantity at the right time. related practices such as fertigation and maintenance.
Timers can lead to an under- or over-irrigation if they are not Generally, the computer-based control systems used to
correctly programmed or the water quantity is calculated manage irrigation systems (e.g. drip irrigation systems) can
incorrectly (CARDENAS-LAILHACAR 2006). Time of be divided into two categories: interactive systems and fully
operation (irrigation time – hrs per day) is calculated automatic systems [8, 9, 13, 15]. Besides these high-tech
according to volume of water (water requirement - litres per solutions there are also effective methods without any energy
day) required and the average flow rate of water (application supply. Optimizing a system mechanically with the help of
rate – litres per hours). A timer starts and stops the irrigation gravity can automate an irrigation process Examples are the
process [8, 9]. systems described below [9, 14].
2.1.2. Volume Based System 2.2. Review of Past Literatures on Automatic Irrigation
The pre-set amount of water can be applied in the field System
segments by using automatic volume controlled metering
valves [8]. An example of volume based irrigation method is Automatic irrigation is needed in farmlands or fields
described in [17], where a pre-determined quantity of water which are divided into small portions known as irrigation
is programmed to be sprinkled across an area of land for a set blocks and they are irrigated in sequentially to discharge
interval of time. water from the source. Various types of automatic irrigation
techniques have been developed, with different approach on
2.1.3. Open Loop Systems operating the overall process of irrigation. Some of them
In an open loop system, the operator makes the decision on make use of surface irrigation, while others employ
the amount of water to be applied and the timing of the subsurface irrigation using two drip tapes. They are time
irrigation event. The controller is programmed based systems which comprises mostly irrigation time clock
correspondingly and the water is applied according to the controllers, or timers [18]. A timer is a device used to
desired schedule. Open loop control systems use either the switch water application in a specific volume over a
irrigation duration or a specified applied volume for control predetermined time interval. Timers can cause excess or
purposes. Open loop controllers normally come with a clock less volume of water to be dispensed during t irrigation if
that is used to start irrigation. Termination of the irrigation they are not correctly programmed or the water quantity is
can be based on a pre-set time or may be based on a specified calculated incorrectly. Time of operation is calculated
volume of water passing through a flow meter [4]. according to volume of water required and the average flow
2.1.4. Closed Loop Systems rate of water a timer starts and stops the irrigation process.
In closed loop systems, the operator develops a general Timers provide an automatic program for irrigation at
control strategy. Once the general strategy is defined, the random conditions, without implementing system display
control system takes over and makes detailed decisions on [18, 19]. Other methods of automated irrigation employs
when to apply water and how much water to apply. This type open loop feedback control system, where the operator
of system requires feedback from one or more sensors. decides the quantity of water to be pumped at a period of
Irrigation decisions are made and actions are carried out time depending on the portion or land area. During the
based on data from sensors. In this type of system, the irrigation process, the controller is programmed to supply
feedback and control of the system are done continuously. water with due respect to the operator’ desired plan. Open
Closed loop controllers require data acquisition of loop control systems can function in two ways. It may
 American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2020; 4(1): 1-9 3

either make use of irrigation duration or a specified applied 2.3. Electrical Power Source
water volume for control purposes. Open loop controllers
normally come with a clock that is used to start irrigation The electrical power required for the running of the D. C
and as mentioned earlier, the operator decides on the actual motor which drives the water pump is delivered by a stand-
time in programming it. The end of the irrigation process is alone solar power supply system in order to ensure that there is
determined by a pre-set time interval or may be based on a constant availability of electricity to operate the irrigation
specified volume of water flow [4, 18]. This information is process always. Electrical power supply from the convectional
programmed into the controller and the water is applied or traditional sources is a very big problem in Nigeria.
according to the desired schedule. The disadvantage of open Reference [16] describes that there is persistent scarcity or lack
loop automatic irrigation systems is that they do not of stable and uninterrupted power supply in some parts of the
respond automatically to changes in environmental world particularly in the developing countries, and this is
conditions. Also, they may require frequent resetting to posing a lot of limitations to the practice of irrigation in the
achieve high levels of irrigation efficiency [11, 18]. rural communities or villagers where electricity supply is not
frequent. Under this situation, alternative source of power such
2.2.1. Drip Irrigation Using Automated Systems as solar energy is employed to supply power to the water
Automatic irrigation controllers employed in drip methods pumps. In this type of irrigation system, a solar charge
are purely volume based systems, where a predetermined controller is used to regulate the charging of a battery bank for
quantity of water is supplied to various portions of the the storage of electrical energy produced by an array of solar
farmland with the help of automatic volume controlled panels. The battery in turn delivers the required D. C voltage to
metering valves. Previous researches have proved that operate the water pumps, which is used as water supply to the
volume control systems have more advantages over time entire farm land [3, 16]. Though, solar powered automatic
control systems [18, 19]. The quantity of water these systems irrigation system can operate under direct sunlight. But there is
supply is always the same whether power supply is available need to ensure that the process does not cause any damage or
or not but time controlled systems are still more popular due harm whatsoever to the plants, particularly crop plants. In this
to their cost-saving benefits. Volume based systems basically research, a photocell is incorporated in the sensing unit of the
involve the connection of volume meters to generate pulses control device so that water supply to plants can be interrupted
after discharging a specific amount of water and the in certain period of daylight when it is not necessary [6, 19].
controller measures these pulses in order to regulate the The solar powered automatic irrigation system implemented in
supply. Drip irrigation can also be achieved automatically by this research receives its power supply from the sun’s energy
a spreadsheet model that provides both water budgeting and through photovoltaic or solar modules. And this has reduced
forecasting for a vast area of land divided into plots. Such an the level of dependence on the convectional power supply. In
operation ensures that the whole farmland is watered every this system, solar energy is used to operate the irrigation pump.
day base on current demand by measuring the size of each This type of system optimizes the use of water by reducing
plot, as well as programming the amount of water required to water wastage. It is cheap and very easy to install, with no
irrigate every plot during an extended simulation and the trace of environment pollution [3, 5, 7].
prioritization of plots to be irrigated based on raw deficit and
net revenue [18, 20]. 3. Materials and Methods
2.2.2. Automated Irrigation System Based on Soil Moisture
Using Arduino
This is another form of an automatic irrigation or watering
system using Arduino microcontroller UNO R3
programming, in such a way that the D.C voltage supply to a
water pump motor is interrupted through the motor driver
module. A Soil sensor is connected to the A0 pin of the
Arduino board to sense the moisture content of the soil to be
irrigated. When the moisture content of the soil reduces in
value, the sensor detects a change in the humidity, thereby
sending a signal to the microcontroller so that the pump
(motor) can be activated [5, 23]. This concept can be used for
automatic plant watering system. The circuit comprises an
Arduino UNO board, a soil moisture sensor, a 5V motor
pump, a Motor driver L293D (IC1), motor driver IC to run
the water pump. The Arduino board can be powered by a 5V Figure 1. Block diagram of the system.
to 9V power supply which may either be a battery or a plug-
in adaptor or solar panel. The water pump is powered The system has three major parts; Moisture sensing part,
separately by a separate 5V to 9v [5]. control section and the output section. The soil humidity is
4 Iyere Sunday Fidelis and Idim Aniebiet Idim: Design and Implementation of Solar
Powered Automatic Irrigation System

detected by a resistance type sensor. The control unit was supply for micro controller circuits.
achieved using ATMega328 microcontroller. The output was
the unit used to control the irrigation system by switching it
on and off depending on the soil moisture contents. Two
stages of design were undertaken.
Thus the microcontroller is programmed using PROTUS
software. The function of the moisture sensor is to sense the
level of moisture in the soil. The motor/water pump supplies
water to the plants. The light intensity sensor detects the
intensity of the sunlight and decides whether or not to
activate the pump.
The ATMega328 microcontroller is employed to control
the motor. It is connected to the motor driver relay, and
the driver to the water pump. The motor is driven by
12volts. The moisture sensor measures the level of Figure 2. Block diagram of dc power supply of the system.
moisture in the soil and sends the signal to the
microcontroller if watering is required. The motor/water 3.1.2. Switching Unit
pump supplies water to the plants until the desired This unit consists of a transistors (BC109) operating as
moisture level is reached. a switch, relays and a DC motor. The moisture sensor
works using the principle of the relationship between
3.1. System Design and Analysis conductivity and moisture content of a medium. The
specifications are
3.1.1. Power Supply Operating voltage -5V
Every circuit runs on a different voltage, some circuits’ Type- Analog
runs on 5V, 9V and so on. But in this project we will be using Principle- change in conductivity in the presence of
5V and 12V if we are using an ATMEGA 16bit micro control moisture
then we need a 5V power supply because the operating Probe material- copper
voltage for ATMEGA 16 micro control is 5V. If we give The working of the relay for various test conditions is
voltage greater than 5V then our micro controller may get shown in table 1 below
damaged. For avoiding this we always use a 5V power
Table 1. Operation of relay for various soil moisture conditions.

Soil moisture Amplifier output Relay reference pin Water pump

S/ N Voltage range Q Relay 'NO' contact
condition voltage voltage operation
1 > 5V Excess wet 0 1 1 open OFF
< 5V & Optimally Wet 0 1 1 open OFF
2 > 3V Optimally Dry 1 0 0 closed ON
3 < 3V Dry 1 0 0 closed ON

3.2. Output Units

3.1.3. Sensing Unit
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and LED Display and Speaker
then converts it to a signal which can be read by the observer. According to our design model, if the water level is
Three copper conductors were used to form a sensing probe indicated by the red LED which means extremely low, the
connected to 5VDC supply, which is interfaced with the microcontroller will automatically start the pump according
microcontroller. The conductors are separated from each to the command of the UV light sensor and relay interface.
other, so that when they are inserted into the soil, there will The farmer will be confirmed by a continuous alarm from
be a change in voltage signal to the microcontroller due to the speaker. The pump will remain ON until the water level
the moisture condition of the soil. When the water fills the is indicated by the white LED bulbs. When the sensor
gap, there is a resistance between the probes and voltage senses the water level above 10cm, microcontroller will
signal passes to the microcontroller. make the pump to be switched OFF at the secure level, the
The resistance to flow of current between the sensor microcontroller will not operate. However when the soil
probes changes with soil moisture level and soil type. The moisture level goes down to mid-level, the sensor will send
current passing through the sensor probes (Iout) for different a signal to the microcontroller. After receiving the signal,
soils and different soil moisture levels was calculated as the microcontroller will send a message to the LED
shown below: interface seeking the decision of the farmer to start
pumping or not.
Iout (1) The choice of LEDs used was made according to ohms law
as follows.
 American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2020; 4(1): 1-9 5

.
R (2)
!

A resistor of 470" was selected and thus the current

through the transistor was limited to;
I=4.3V / 470" =9.12 mA

4. System Description and Testing

Figure 3. General overview of the system Appendix A.
Measuring soil moisture is very significant in agriculture
as it helps the farmer in handling the irrigation system. Soil
moisture sensor is responsible for resolving this problem.
The sensor measures the content of the water. Soil moisture
sensor works on the principle that conductivity changes with
the presence of water content in the soil. The output of the
sensor is high when the space between the three electrodes is
dry. The output voltage decreases as the moisture content
increases between the two electrodes. It is simple to use this
sensor. It was simply inserted into the soil to be irrigated and
tested and the volumetric water content of the soil is
indicated by the LED bulbs. When the soil moisture content
is low, the system automatically starts the irrigation process
Figure 4. Internal View of the Control unit.
until
What is generally agreed is that plants should not be
watered while in full sun. the notion that wet leaves on
sunny day causes scorch in plants was disproved nearly ten
years ago but there is no doubt that watering in full sun is
not water efficient as much of it will evaporate before
entering the soil. The light sensor was connected to the
microcontroller to control the times at which the system Figure 5. View of the Complete System.
could be activated depending on the amount of daylight. A
switch was also included to deactivate the light sensor in
case the farmer desires to irrigate the farm at some time
during the day.
The sprinklers were made by puncturing plastic bottles
with a needle. The holes were made with a needle so as to
increase the pressure of water flowing out of them thereby
increasing the radius covered by each point.. the solar
panels each measuring 18Volts and 100W were connected
in parallel maintaining their rated voltage but their
capacity was increased in order to charge the 100Ah
battery. The solar panel charges the battery through the
charge controller. The level of the battery is indicated by
the LED assigned to do so. The battery charging circuit in
the automatic control unit controls the charging operations.
When the battery voltage goes below 11.3VDC, the Figure 6. Internal View Of Automatic Control Unit.
charging operation automatically starts and when it gets to
14.4V the solar panel is automatically disengaged from A water reservoir of 120litres was used to test the
charging the battery. The battery supplies power to the automated irrigation action of the pump. The three probe
overall system. A voltage regulator reduces the voltage sensor was planted at a specified point where irrigation was
from the battery entering the control unit to 5V since most to take place. To implement the final bit of the automated
of the electronic components are damaged by voltage irrigation system an electric motor 12VDC was selected as
above 5V and 9V. The battery was charged using the solar the water pump. The first two units of the system i.e. sensing
panels to a voltage of 13.5Volts before it was connected to unit and the control unit (microcontroller) are powered by
the automatic control unit. 5VDC. To interface the two units a 5VDC relay (SLT73-5D-
1Z) was used as the isolation unit. The volume of water
required to irrigate the soil sample was observed and
6 Iyere Sunday Fidelis and Idim Aniebiet Idim: Design and Implementation of Solar
Powered Automatic Irrigation System

recorded against time. The microcontroller was connected to was conducted by irrigating an area with 120 litres of water.
the relay via an NPN transistor (2N4123). To protect the The battery charging operations was observed and result
transistor; while turning it on, a resistor was used. The recorded. Also the volume of water consumed before the
resistor limits the current flowing through the transistor. To moisture sensor disengages was monitored and recorded. The
protect the microcontroller from back e. m. f during time it takes for water to infiltrate the soil was noted and
switching a diode was connected across the relay. The test recorded.
4.1. Tests Results

Figure 7. System Flow Chart.

Table 2. Battery charging operation.

S/N Battery voltage (Volts) PV voltage (volts) Charging current (A) Time of test
1 12.96 17.52 2.97 8:00am
2 13.01 20.00 2.10 8:30am
3 13.56 20.13 1.32 9:00am
4 13.77 17.51 1.05 9:30am
5 14.12 19.20 0.78 10:00am
 American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2020; 4(1): 1-9 7

Table 3. Volume of Water Consumed, Load Current Drawn and Time Taken.

Volume of Water (litres) Time (mins) Battery Voltage (V) Load Current (A)
120 0 11.9 8.25
110 0.45 11.9 7.29
100 0.63 11.9 7.04
90 0.75 11.9 7.01
80 1.02 11.9 6.97
70 1.36 11.9 6.93
60 2.11 11.0 6.92
250 2.50 11.9 6.90
40 3.28 11.9 6.89
30 4.11 11.9 6.89
20 4.46 11.9 6.88
10 5.21 11.9 6.87

4.2. Result Analysis

Figure 8. Graph obtained from Battery charging operation.

Figure 9. Graph obtained from pumping operation.

8 Iyere Sunday Fidelis and Idim Aniebiet Idim: Design and Implementation of Solar
Powered Automatic Irrigation System

4.3. Soil Condition Analysis charge the battery that provide electrical energy to power the
water pump.
Water was added in the soils in steps and the sensor values Thus, the overall aim of developing a more efficient,
recorded as shown table 4 below. cheap and productive irrigation system capable of helping
Table 4. Sensor reading.
both small and large scale farmers to carry out their farming
practices and increase in farm produce, have been
Soil water Moisture actualized.
LED Light sensor Alarm
content (litres) sensor
0 RED OFF ON ON
50 YELLOW OFF ON ON
75 YELLOW OFF ON ON References
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