FILAMER CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

College of Teacher Education

Accredited Level IV– ACSCU-ACI
Roxas Avenue, Roxas City, Capiz 5800

GE10 PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE

Lesson 2: Concepts of Culture

Kinds of Culture

MATERIAL CULTURE. Refers to the concrete and tangible things that man
creates and uses. This includes dwelling units, tools, weapons, clothing,
books, machine, artifacts relic, fossils etc.-things that man creates by
altering the natural environment.

NON-MATERIAL CULTURE. Refers to non-material things or intangible

objects which the person uses, follows, professes, or strives to conform. It
includes knowledge ,laws, lifestyles, techniques, ideas, customs,
behaviors, among others. This kind of culture is the area of sociological
study.

Non Material Culture

 BELIEFS
 These are man's perception about the reality of things and shared
ideas about how the environment operates. Man's evolution,
attitudes, values, ideology, and religion may influence man's belief.
 superstitious beliefs are not based on scientific evidences.
 KNOWLEDGE
 Knowledge is a body of facts and beliefs that people acquire and
accumulate over time. It consists of information about places,
events, and people. It binds or links individuals in a society.
 knowledge maybe natural, supernatural, technical and magical.
 NORMS
 These are guides or models of behavior which tell how people
should behave in a particular situations; what people ought or not
ought to do. They set limits by which individuals achieve their
goals.
 They regulate people's behavior in a given society; a societal
perception on how one is to act in a given situations-for example in
any sport, restaurant, church, recreational center, etc.
 Norms are usually in the form of rules, standards or prescriptions
and socially shared expectations.
 forms of norms
A. MORES. These are norms associated with strong ideas of right
and wrong. Mores are standards of conduct that are highly
respected and valued by the group and their fulfillment is felt to be
necessary and vital group welfare
B. FOLKWAYS. These are norms that are simply customary, normal,
habitual ways a group does things. These customary ways are
accumulated and become repetitive patterns of expected behavior,
which tends to become permanent traditions.

 SANCTIONS
 Sanctions are prescribed norms of conduct exposed by society to
an individual for him to conform to moral standards and accepts
those that are favorable to a group. Formal sanctions are
prescribed norms of conduct that are written guide for individuals
to conform with.
 Informal sanctions are those prescribed norms of conduct which
are transmitted by word of mouth from one person or group to
another.
 Whether formal or non-formal, sanctions always imposed rewards
to those who observe the norms of conduct and punish those
whose violate the norms of conduct.

 LANGUAGE
 Perhaps, the most defining characteristics of human being is the
ability to develop and use highly complex system of symbols like
language.
  VALUES
 They are shared ideas about desirable goals. They are the
person's ideas about worth and desirability or an abstract of what
is important and worthwhile.

Characteristics of Culture
 CULTURE IS LEARNED AND ACQUIRED
 Culture is not instinctive nor part or biological equipment of man. It
is acquired through the senses and experiences from the
neighbors, family, playmates, schools, churches, and other agents
of socialization.
 CULTURED IS SHARED AND TRANSMITTED
 To continuously preserve culture, it is best to share to other people
or to transmit it to the next generation, or else it will die a natural
death.
 CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE OR DYNAMIC
 Culture is always changing. New ideas, procedures, and
techniques are added, modified or discarded. People must be
prepared and ready to conform to these changes.
 CULTURE IS CUMULATIVE
 Certain features of culture have been retained today and they
modified and innovated to make them new and update.
 CULTURE IS IDEATIONAL
 Culture is ideal pattern of behavior which the members are
expected to follow. Thus, the members of society see society from
the standpoint of culture.
 CULTURE GRATIFIES HUMAN NEEDS
 Cultures continue to exist if it satisfies human needs biologically
and psychologically. An individual is likely to follow and observe
cultural techniques that satisfy his needs.
 CULTURAL IS SOCIAL
 Culture is a group product developed by many individuals
interacting in a group. The habits and knowledge of the members
in a group is shared by the other members.
 CULTURAL IS INTEGRATION
 By integration, it means that there is a tendency for individuals to
fully appreciate those elements in culture that are best for them
 and these are very often integrated in their personality and
become a part of their behavior.

Functions of Culture
 IT SERVES AS THE TRADEMARK OF THE PEOPLE IN A SOCIETY
 It serves as a distinguishing mark of one group of people to
another.
 IT GIVES MEANING TO MAN'S EXISTENCE
 There is no society that does not have a culture. Through culture,
the existence of the members of a society becomes more
meaningful and purposive
 CULTURE UNIFIES DIVERSE BEHAVIOR
 Each individual behavior that is brought into the society is unified
and coordinated with other individual's behavior.
 CULTURE PROVIDES SOCIAL SOLIDARITY
 It develops loyalty and devotion for a common national pride.
 CULTURE ESTABLISHES SOCIAL PERSONALITY
 Despite differences among individuals, there is only one social
personality that is produced in society.
 CULTURE PROVIDES SYSTEMATIC BEHAVIORAL PARTTERN
 Individuals are governed by culture. Each culture consists of one
norm as basis for all individuals to observe.
 CULTURE PREDICTS SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
 Since knowledge and ideas are internalized by the members of a
particular society, the culture of the members can be the basis of
predicting the behavior of the members in the society.
 CULTURE PROVIDES SOCIAL STRUCTURE CATEGORY
 The existing culture of the people in a certain society could be the
basis of judging the kind of social structure existing in the society.
Modes of Acquiring Culture
 IMITATION
 Children and adults alike have the tendency to imitate the values,
attitudes, language and all other things in their social environment.
 INDOCTRINATION OR SUGGESTION
 This may take the form of formal training or informal training.
Formally, the person learns from school. Informally, he may
 acquire those behaviors from listening or watching, reading,
attending training activities or through interaction
 CONDITIONING
 The values and attitudes of other people acquired through
conditioning. This conditioning can be reinforced through reward
and punishment.

Adaptation of Culture
 PARALLELISM
 The same culture may take place in two or more different places.
For example, the domestication of dogs, cats, pig and other
animals may have semblance in other places
 DIFFUSION
 This refers to those behavioral patterns that pass back and forth
from one culture to another. Examples are food and eating
practices, marriage and wedding ceremonies, burial ritual, feast
celebration.
 CONVERGENCE
 When two or more culture are fused or merged into one culture
making it different from the original culture.
 FISSION
 When people break away from their original culture and start
developing a different culture of their own

 ACCULTURATION
 Individuals incorporate the behavioral patterns of other culture into
their own either voluntary or by force.
 ASSIMILATION
 When the culture of a larger society is adopted by a smaller
society , that small society assumes some of culture of the larger
or host of society
 ACCOMODATION
 When the larger society and smaller society are able to respect
and tolerate each other's culture even if there is a prolonged
contact of each other's culture
Filipino Cultural Values (Positive or Acceptable Cultural Values and
Practices)
 "BALIKATAN" SYSTEM
 When an individual is confronted with a problem or difficulty,
everybody shares the burden of helping the person who is in need
of assistance
 Examples: sharing in the expenses during an emergency or times
of needs, pooling a common fund from which the members borrow
for their needs; giving reliefs in the form of cash or kind to a person
struck by calamities
 "BAYANIHAN" SYSTEM
 A certain task is effectively and Easily completed if everybody
shares his time, effort and money to expedite the completion of a
task.
 Example: Transferring the whole nipa hut to another place is done
by bayanihan way; digging a drainage canal by the barangay
people; cleaning the area for the putting up a basketball court
 "PAKIKISAMA" CONFORMITY
 This is a positive way of yielding to the groups's unanimous of
majority's decision so as to complete a task. Without it, there
would be disunity in the group. To get along well with the group,
even with some important commitment is "magaling makisama "
 SMOOTH INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP (SIR)
 This is value based on good relationship with people. SIR is
characterized by the use of go-between and euphemism. The use
"go-between" necessitates the hiring of a third party to act as a
"bridge" or referee to assuage a bruise, heal a "wound" in his
relations with people whose good will is important.
 Examples: act as middleman to an embarrassing request as a
loan, a complaint or to avoid "hiya" or a face-to-face confrontation.
 "PAKIKIRAMAY"
 This is sympathetic attitude to another person and it is emphasized
by the statement "di ka nag-iisa". This is often practiced among
friends, neighbors, distant relatives and among barrio mates and
town mates. In times of grief or distress or even the death of a
person, the bereaved family is extended a condolence by other
individuals.
 "COMPADRE OR COMADRE" SYSTEM
  The closeness of family ties is usually extended to ritual kinship to
include "ninong" and "ninang". These sponsors to a baptismal,
confirmation, or wedding ceremonies are usually prominent people
in the community.
 "UTANG NA LOOB" OR THE SENSE OF GRATITUDE.
 One aspect of this is in gif-giving, that is, when a gift is given, it is
"utang na loob" of the recipient.
 DESIRE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENT
 Every Filipino family wants to succeed and for the children to be
successful in their aspirations. Parents feel that education can bring
success to their children as if it is the only legacy they can give to
them
 HOSPITALITY VALUE
 This value is done by people welcoming visitors with warmth and
enthusiasm at home or by inviting them to visit their homes or
wherever circumstances warrant. Hospitality can promote goodwill
and cooperation
 FIESTA CELEBRATION
 Celebration can serve every important purposes. It strengthens
family loyalty and unity; it serves to acquire new friends and allies;
may heal individual's animosity and misunderstanding; may serve to
strengthen the power structure; may serve to display the affluence
of the host.
 On the other hand, fiesta celebration has negative effects when the
host incur so much debt that could hardly repay.
 FAMILISM OR CLOSE FAMILY RELATIONS
 A Filipino trait of giving highest importance to the family above other
things. A trait wherein family members should be taken care and
supported regardless of whether he/she did something wrong, a
family member must be given and should not be abandoned.
 This is sympathetic attitude to another person and it is emphasized
by the statement "di ka nag-iisa". This is often practiced among
friends, neighbors, distant relatives and among barrio mates and
town mates. In times of grief or distress or even the death of a
person, the bereaved family is extended a condolence by other
individuals.
 "COMPADRE OR COMADRE" SYSTEM
  The closeness of family ties is usually extended to ritual kinship to
include "ninong" and "ninang". These sponsors to a baptismal,
confirmation, or wedding ceremonies are usually prominent people
in the community.
 "UTANG NA LOOB" OR THE SENSE OF GRATITUDE.
 One aspect of this is in gif-giving, that is, when a gift is given, it is
"utang na loob" of the recipient.
 DESIRE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENT
 Every Filipino family wants to succeed and for the children to be
successful in their aspirations. Parents feel that education can bring
success to their children as if it is the only legacy they can give to
them
 HOSPITALITY VALUE
 This value is done by people welcoming visitors with warmth and
enthusiasm at home or by inviting them to visit their homes or
wherever circumstances warrant. Hospitality can promote goodwill
and cooperation
 FIESTA CELEBRATION
 Celebration can serve every important purposes. It strengthens
family loyalty and unity; it serves to acquire new friends and allies;
may heal individual's animosity and misunderstanding; may serve to
strengthen the power structure; may serve to display the affluence
of the host.
 On the other hand, fiesta celebration has negative effects when the
host incur so much debt that could hardly repay.
 FAMILISM OR CLOSE FAMILY RELATIONS
 A Filipino trait of giving highest importance to the family above other
things. A trait wherein family members should be taken care and
supported regardless of whether he/she did something wrong, a
family member must be given and should not be abandoned.
 FUN LOVING TRAIT
 A trait found in most Filipinos, a trait that makes them unique that
even in times of calamities and other challenges in life, they always
have something to be happy about , a reason to celebrate.
 COMPASSIONATE
 A Filipino trait of being sympathetic to other even if the person is a
stranger. An example of this is giving alms to the beggars. This is
 observed when we hear Filipinos saying,"kawawa naman or
nakakaawa naman"
 REGIONALISM
 A Filipino trait of giving more priority or preference in giving favors
to his proving mate before others.
 FRIENDLY
 A trait found in most of Filipinos. They are sincere, loyal, kind and
sociable people.
 FLEXIBLE OR MAGALING MAKIBAGAY
 The ability of Filipinos to " ride-on" or adjust to the norms of the
other group just to attain smooth harmonious relationship.
 RELIGIOUS
 Most Filipinos posses strong conformance of their religious belief
both in words and in deeds.
 RESPECT TO ELEDERS
 A Filipino trait of being courteous both in words and deeds to other
people.
 RESOURCEFULNESS
 A Filipino trait of being creative and resourceful. The ability to do
things that are next to impossible. Example is Fixing appliances that
look impossible to repair
 PATIENCE
 Filipinos are known for their tenancy and strong determination in
every undertaking.
REFERENCES:
Philippine Popular Culture | PDF | Value (Ethics) | Idea (scribd.com) , April
1, 2024