PROJECT SYNOPSIS ON DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF STEERING PROPULSION TRICYCLE FOR HANDICAPS, Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN Mechanical Engineering (2020) BY Submitted by: Under the guidance of CollegeLogo College Name Affiliated to Dr, A.P..ABDUL KALAM TEC ICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW)ECLARATION I hereby deckre that the project report entited “Project Name" submitted is our original Work and the report has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, associate ship, fellowship orany otber similar tit, Signature: Namie:“CERTIFICATE ‘This is 10 certify that the project report entitled “Project Name" is the bona fide work carried out by stents of “College Name” during the year 2019 in partial filfllment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of B.Tech. The report has not formed the basis for the award previously of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title, Signature of the guide: Date:it gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude and heart fill thanks to all those who are helping me in complete this project. J want to thank to “guide name”, who bas always encouraged and help mein making this project. In addition to this, I am gratefil to other ficulties too who mide me in Fight direction and gave me their precious time and expert guidance whenever necessary through which I coukl achieve this extent At lost but not the least Iam feeling ghd to say about my family whose wishes are ahways with me, without which it was not possible fir me to reach this extent, Thope my work is praised and my efforts render fitful resuk THANK YOU Name:CONTENTS CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to handicap vehicle 1.2 History 1.3.1 Electric powered 1.3.2 Manual wheelchair propulsion 1.3.3 Geared 1,3.4 Power 1.4 Aim of proj 1.5 Working principle PROJECT DESIGN roject layout ign of various parts 1 Seat 2.2 Rear support .2.3 Front support 4 Rear axle Cranking offset flat 2.2.6 Steering ram 2.2.7 Steering actuator 2.2.8 Steering support 2.2.9 Steering column rod 2.2.10 Ball bearing house 2.2.11 Pulley and crank wheel 2.2.12 Caliper mechanism braking 2.2.13 Connecting rod and guide bush 2.2.14 Wheel 2.3 ConfigurationsCALCULATIONS 3.1 Mechanical advantage 3.2 The law of lever 3.3 Resistance to the motion of vehicle 3.4 Tractive effort 4.1 Advantages 4.2 Disadvantages 4.3 Applications EXPENDITUREUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSIO’ Introduction 1,1 Introduction to handicap vehicle ‘There are lot of technological advancement, in wheel chair propulsion other than mamal wheel turning. A normal wheel chair used for handicap: and the tricycle users for normal people use hand drive or propulsion or foot pedal propulsion, ‘The manual propulsion has become increasingly important because the population of propulsion of individuals using wheckhairs & growing and requires efficem mobilky 10 rmainiain a quailty of fie equivalent to the general population, Several attempts have been made at improving minal wheel chair propuion, such as changes in the wheels and tines, adding gears and designing alternative propubion systens. Still, experts and consumers generally agree that imovation in propulsion & still needed. Improved propulsion teclmologies will reduce physical fatigue and cffart maneuverability, Pain and upper extremity injury is common among munual wheel chair users, Shouklers rebited injuries have been shown to be present in up to 51% of mamml wheel chair users. In addition, the prevaen propulbion, users imust exert large forves in order to propel the chair forward, In addition, the of elbow, wrist and hand pain has been reported 10 be 16% , During wheel chair component of force that is directed in towards the hub does not contribute to forward motion but is nee sity in order wo provide fiction between the hand a (the push rim, There are wo populir types of propulsion assist devices on the market today, One is a maimual assist that uses gear rations to reduce the effort required to propel the vehicle and the other & @ power ‘assist that uses a battery powered motar to reduce the effirt, Mechanical advantage is a measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool, mechanical device or machine system Ideally the device preserves the input power and simply trades off forces against movement 10 obtain a desired ampli fon in the output fore. An ideal mechanism transmits power without adding to or subtracting fiom it, ‘This means that ideal mechanism does not inchwe a power source, and is frictionless ancl constructed from igi! bodies that do not deflect or wear 1.2 History“and a chikt's bed depicted in a fiieze on a Greek vase, both dating back to the 6th century, ‘The first records of wheeled seats being used for transporting the disabled date to three centuries later in China; the Chinese used their invented wheelbarrow to move people as well as heavy objects. A distinction between the wo finetions was not made for another several hundred years, when images of wheckd chairs made specifically to cary people begin to occur in Chinese art Later dates relate to Europeans wing this technology during the German Renaissance, ‘The invalid carriage or Bath Chair seems to date from around 1760. Harry Jennings and his disabled fiend Herbert Everest, both mechanical engineers, invented the first lieweight, steel colpsible wheekhair in 1933, Everest tue broken his back in a accident. oor Manual wheekhairs are those that requite human power to move them. Many manual wheelhairs can be filed for stomge or placement into a vehicle, although modem wheelchairs are just as likely to be rigid framed. Manual or selfspropelled wbeetchai lunge tear wheels, from 20-24 ineh Whee. ‘The user move $ (31-61 em)in average diameter, and re: the chair by pushing on the handrims, which are made of circular tubing attached to the outside of the large wheel, ‘The handrins have a dismoter that ix slightly less than that of the rear wheels, Skilled users can contro! speed and tuming and oflen Jeam to balance the chair on its rear wheels — do a wheel, The wheelie is not just for show a rider who can control the chair in this manner can climb and descend curbs and move ‘over small obstacles, Foot propukion of the wheelchair by the occupant is ako common for patients who have limited hand movement capabil ies or simply do not wish to use their hunds for propulsion, Foot propulsion ako allows patients to exercise their legs to increase blood flow and limit further disability. Onc-arm drive enables a user to guide and propel a wheelchair flom one side. Two handrims, ide of the chi, kel or right, On most models the outer, or smaller rim, is connected to the opposite wheel by a folding axl, When both hundrims are grasped together, the chair may be propelled forward or backward in a nai neither hankrim is moved independently, the chair wil tum left oF right in one smaller than the other, are located on oneforwards by using a lever that is pumped back and forth,[S! Some chairs are ao configured torlow the occupant to propel using one or both feet instead of using the rims. Attendant-propelled chairs (or transport wheelchairs) are designed to be propelled by an attendant using the handles, and thus the back wheels are rimless and offen smaller. These chairs are often used as ‘ta fer chairs’ to move patient when a better alerative is unavailible, possibly wit in a hospital, as @ temporary option, or in areas where a user's standard chair is univaiible, ‘These chairs are commonly seen in airports. Special aispkine aisles and transfor chairs are availble on most airlines, designed to fi narrow aitp transfor wheelehairusing passengers to and from their seats on the plane. Wh ise chairs are whecled platforms with specially mokled seating systems interface wilh them for users with a more taking from memory fowm_or forming a plastic mesh around it, ‘This s and attached to a wheelbase, complicated posture, A mokled seating syster cast of a person's best achievable seated position and then cither carving the shape id, invohes mat is then covered, trun Light weight and high cost aire related in the manual wh heavy, tubular sicel chairs with sling seats and litle adaptability dominate. Users may be airs market, At the low-cost end, temporarily disabled, or using such a chair ax a loaner, or simply unable to afford better Heavy unmodified manuil chairs are common as “oaners" at Inge ficilties such as aisports, anusement parks and shopping centers. Ina higher price range, and more monly used by persons with Kong-term disabilities, are major manutieturer lightweight chairs with more options, The high end of the market contains ultra-light models, extensive seating options and alltcrrain features, and so forth, Reelining wheelchairs have handbrake: controls attached to the push handles or posts supporting the backrest which, when pressed by the caregiver, allow the backrest to recline fiom is norm! upright position (at 90 degrees) to varying angles up to 180 degreesAND FABRICATION OF LOW COST TRICYCLE FOR USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION 1.3 Existing handicap vehicles 1,3,1E) jectric-powered An electric-powered wheelehair is a wheekhair that is maved via the means of an leet motor and navigational controls, usually a small joystick mounted on the artinest, rather than manual power. For users who cannot manage a manual joystick, head switches, chin-openited joysticks, sip-and-pulf or other specialist controls may allow independent operation of the Wheekkhair Other variants A Standing wheelchair is one that supports the user in a nearly standing position, They can be used as both a wheckhair and astanding_fiame, allowing the user to sit or stand in the Wheelehair as they wish. They offen go from sitting to standieg with a hydraulie_pump_or electric-powered assist. Some options are provided with a manual propel model and power Stand, while others have full power, til, recline and variations of power stand fimetionsUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION Fivaible asa rehabilitative medical device. The benefits of such device includes, but limited to: + Raises Independence + Raises Self Esteem © Heightens Social Status + Improved Quality of Lift nereased Pressure Relief Improved finctional to enable participation in ADL, ‘© Improved Circulation, Enhance independer and productivity + Inproved Respiration, Maintain vial organ eapacity, Reduce occurrence of UTI proved Flexibility, Maintain boner minoral densiyy, Improve passive range motion «Improved Ease of Transfer, Reduce abnormal musck: tone and spasticity, pressure sores Reduce the pressure sores, skeletal deformities, and psychological well being A buriairic_wheckhair is one designed to support linger weighs; most standard chairs are designed to support no more than 250 bs. (113 kg) on average. Pediuirke wheelchairs are another avaible subset of wheelchairs. Hemi wheelchairs have lower seats which are designed for easy foot propubion, The decreased seat height also allows then to be wed by chiklren and shorter ixlividuals, A knee scooter is a rebited device which may be substiuted for a wheekhair when an injury has occurred to only one Keg, below the knee, The patient rests the injured leg on the scooter, grasps the handkebars, and pushes th the uninjured ke. A power-assisted wheckhair is a recent development that uses the flame & seating of a typical manual chair while rephicing the standard rear wheels with wheels that have. smal battery-powered motors in the hubs. A floating rim design senses the pressure applied by the users push & activates the motors proportionately, This results in the convenience, small size & light-weight of a manual chuir while providing motorised assistance for rough/uneven terrain & steep slopes that woukl otherwise be difficult or impossible to navigate, especially by those with limited uppet-body fimetion. The ains of research were to compare and contrast any dillerences between this new jon and a traditional wheelchair and to apply these findings to the practicality of‘TION OF LOW COST TRICYCLE USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION eclchair use in terms of: Speed of propulsion- the distance covered in a set time meat meters per second (m/s), Energy expenditure how much energy i used by the body to Propel the required distance, measured in calories. Heart rate (HR) ~ measuring the body's cardive response is as an indicator of finess and training implications, measured in beats per minute (bpm), Blood pressure (BP) 10 gauige the body's hemodynamics changes; blood pressure changes are to be expected in exercise, but large changes can put the individual at risk, This is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), It was hypothesized that the new system Woukl allow fister, more efficient coverage of distance without any adverse affects on the user whit maintaining any potential cardiorespiratory (or fitness) training benefits Method: Advantages = Light = Compact feedback * Directly responsive to user force on push rims and provide most pre * Provides propubion options for users: push the tire, the rim, tire & rim, or one arm drive teclnology «Easily understood and adaptable * Mechanically. simple © Wide acceptance trom users © Least expensive © Rim can have several different types of coating (changes ook and feel) + Provides the wer amechinical advantage (through gearing or equivalent) © Provides less tiresome way of propelling # The wer can go faster and farther (in outdoor use) «Levers are ergonomically better for the user (less body stress induced by propulsion forces then for push rim) © The wser stays cleaner when using a lever system + Steering (for some individuals) can be easier Steering can be adapted to one arm drive ‘The system is not limited just to large wheelsUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION can have unlimited configurations (e.g. kver height, angle, shape, # User's strokes are up and down, improved bio-mechanically # Adds side to skle stability «Rolling resistance docsr't change © Simple © Cheap * Small # Requires only one arm to push chair © The user control everything through the ever, ‘This my helpful for some people. Disadvantages— © Does not have the clutch mechan «May not provide adequate feedback (orceitravel distance per stroke) as the user gets dard push rim For exampke, when the wer pushes the rim "4 eyck, the ‘wheel rotates through Y eyek, trom 1.3.2 Manual Wheelchair Propulsion 1, Problems with current propulsion systems Manual wheelchair propulsion has a major apact on social lie of the user as it determines 10 @ great extent the range of environments in which the User can move in, At the same time many hygicnic, saftty and security issues are rekited to manu! wheelchair propulsion. ‘There are several problems associated with the current propubion system ‘These are highlighted below. Most of these problems apply to all types of propubion systems being used today, though some of them may be specific to some propulsion system.USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION mmon environments that cause difficulty in propelling a wheelchair; © Soff services, (gravel, sand, grass) © Carpeting # Side walks that are uneven, © Wintry and wet conditions = Hills Note: These environments are especially difficult for persons having the wse of one upper li, B. Problems that people experience when propelling a manual wheelchair: © Backaches: Hand and finger blisters © Exhaustion # Shouikler, wrist, elbow pain, * Rotator cull disease, Carpal runnel syndrome, © Buming of the hands on the rims © Diny clothes, © Calluses on the hands: © Dirty hands + Perspiration © Over heating C. Safety issues when propelling a manual wheelchair: | Difficulty. in controling the chair when the user's hands slipUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSIO! Small sharp objects pack into the wheekthai’s tires and can cut the user's hands they are propelling the wheelchair # The wheelchair tends to unbalance rear-ward when propelled + The wheelchair is difficult to maintain bakince when the casters get caught in drains and potholes * User's hands ean be injured when braking with the wheelchairs whee!-ock # User's hardls can be injured when braking or stopping the whee! it © A wheelchair user's fot coukl drag on the ground without user knowing it and get injured © Controlling the manual wheelehair's speed up and down inclines oF rapid speed changes on bevel surfices isa safety issue. Faully brakes/Whee-lacks can cause the wheekhair to roll unexpectedly. Other Comments: If Hotrests become loose they can drag or catch against objects, © The lick of push handkes can contribute to head injury or whiplash: backawards, © Lack of whee wer tips or falls Visibility to motorists is a safety concem. © When personal items are hung from the back of the chir, they are dificult to reach, out of'sight and subje Disassembly and lifting of the manual wheelchair into the auto can be a difficult, 1,3,3 GEARED SYSTEMS 1, State of Technology A gearing system gies the user a mechanical advantage enabling persons with limited strength (e.g, eWlerly) t independently propel thensehes, Some gearing systems can accommodate standard hand rims, The abilty to selfpropel improves the cardiovascular strength of the user:USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSIO’ ns for Current Gear Systems: Have few gear ratios + Gear switching mechanisms are sometimes. sloppy © Some designs add to chair width © May not provide adequate feedback (fore / tmvel distance per stroke) as the user gets from standard push rim, For example, when the user pushes the rim 14 eyel, the wheel rotates through 4 eyele. With gearing, the user must somehow understand the force and distance associated with a% eycke push. © Adds weight to the wheel ir © User may be mechanically disadvantaged when traveling Jong distances due to mechaniea! Joss in the gearing system and added weight, * May require better hand and upper limb dexterity than standard push rim, + Users may not understam! the benefits (c.g. improved independence, health, ...) of geared systems © Wheelshair users have not generally accepted available geared hub systems, (Likely for some of the reasons listed above.) The Ideal Technology The ical geured technology. shoukls © Be retrofiteable to a wide range of manual wheelchairs. © Be able to utilize a ever interlice (in addition to or as an alternative toa —standardl pusherim) © Weigh 5-7 pounds or less, especially if built into the wheels © Should not bump up ultra-light chair weight to the standard chair weight category © Have fil safe mechanism that will restore 1:1 gearing ratio and allow operation as a standard! manual chair © The user shoukl beable to —lock outl the gearing mechanism to allow operation asa standard manual wheelchair © Not add to the rotational weight of the whee! © Not make noise, but provide audio feedback (similar to mountain bikes) when shifting pearsUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION change might be accomplished with pressure pads (possible mechanism) Gear change mechanism should have variety of mounting options Gear change mechanism should require low dexterity Changing gears should occur simultaneously for both wheels Gear system should not hinder independent movement of wheels Have a reverse gearing ratio similar to low gear forward, with adjustments Be ruggedly designed to allow hill ctimbi Be aknost invisible (in other words shoul perfectly blend! with wheekhair aesthetic) Be an accessory and not built into the chair and access to rugged terrain Switch easily fiom low gear to high gear System shoukl have linear geared system (continuous progressive gearing) [most ideal case] System shoukl have four gears but less ideal case) pear ratios starting at between 1:2 to 2:1 [acceptabke n stroke, User should be able to shi gears during. the propuii User should not ave to stop propelling the wheelchair in order to change gears Sense your need and automatically change gears while in motion [most ideal case} Have a shifling mechanism (e.g. lever) to change gears [acceptable but kess ideal ease] we should be manual (user selectable) rather than autormatic User should beable to change gears while in motion [less ideal Gear el Give the wer more distance per stroke than a standard manual wheelehair (useful for ‘active users wanting to eover distance more rapidly) Shouk! accommodate those with lesser energy levels as well as the highly active Requires less (hand) dexterity and ability (grip and upper body strength) than current manual! Wheekhair propubion systems Not afléct free wheeling Be integrated into the push rim and hub Accommodate high end (active, full strength) and low end (inact (gearing Have a stop feature Have automatic braking system minimal strength) users stem shoukl be universal in this respect)USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION Sense und slow the chair, assisting in stopping the chair once the user applies res (or diflerent pressures) to the rims (braking, system) Provide no more hazard to the hand than current propulsion methods © —Be int standard wheel with quick release © Work similar to the gearing system in a bicycle Be financed with HCFA 3, Barriers and Roadblocks kearing system * Should not affect quick relase wheels * Notaflect folding of the wheelchair © Should not increase the width of the chair 1.3.4 POWER ASSISTS 1, State of Technology Power assist systems are perceived to tum a manual wheelchair into a power wheelchair, It gives the user a choice of using a manual or power chair without transferring between the chairs, At the e time it is much cheaper than power chair. It reduces the physical strain on the user and extends the range of environments in which the wer can move (e.g uphill rougher terrain cie.), Power assis hair without s chairs abo help in stopping the whe grabbing onto wheel or wheel locks Limitations: (ptt nits saa haat hy ig vhs oi ty oem Whi ric he # The power assist increases overall maintenance * Power assists are not perceived to be reliable and are perceived to add to the overall likelihood of malfunctionUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION user may become —stuck! when venturing info environments that he or she normally not access with a —standard! manual wheelchair «Issues rebated to batteries, power source (size, weight, charging ctc) comes into picture © Power assists tend to be noisy and heavy © Current power assists don't fit across a wie range of chair models © Wheelchairs utilizing a power assist are hard to fold which impedes the portability of the chair Development of the Ideal Technology ‘The ideal power axsist. should © Weigh «maximum of five pounds © Run for adotlir a day Shou! cost $1000 or less Have speeds, which ranges from walking to a runing speed of up to 7 mph © Be safe, Itshouk! inchle power on/off switches that will enable/disable the system * Have vat bke mounting. capabilit e tke aMWC © Ifdevice fill, it shoukl opera # Have smart control that woukl autonmtically change specds/gears * Could be integra! (hub/axle design, inmer-tube, frame) orremovable fiom the clutir, It removable it should be done easily by the end user (not requiring special tool) © Be quist # Not be damaged by rapid changes in torque demands + Notbe damaged by impact shocks occurring at different speeds of use © Allow the user to set the —degree (gain) off the power assist © Benefit people with motor weakness, motor in-coondination, respiratory compromise, fiagility, paraplegia, shoulder problems, eklerly © Work in all environments, bad weather, good, indoors and out, on motor vehicles © Work over ramps and on uneven terrain * Have simple engineering design Be durable Need low maintenance, easily ckanedUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSIO’ in stopping Be unobtrusive and small in size, not adding to width of chair Be portable, easity installed or removed from the chair Be lightweight (be lifted easily bya person using one arm) Should not interiére with storing or transporting the manual wheelchair aikible (utilizes —off the shell Have a backup power source that should be readily, battery) Be able to run the chair eight hours continously Us Battery shoul recharge while iti being used (e.g going downhill) rechargeable, portable batteries Power assist should engige when needed (change of slape or surfice), perhaps utilize some —smart technology! to accomplish this While power assist is operating, it should sense the force applied to the push rim and assist accordingly. Have a manual overri Manual engagement and disengagement is —easyl Must be Must be retrofi-able to allmany manual wheekehair models il save and not inierfere with regular manu! whee ir operation. Use requires. sar cognitive and motor skills as standard manual Control interfice needs to be easily reached by user Chair shoukl be steered by force to the rins (sa s they ane steered now) System shoukl hive variabk: speed control so that speed can be adjusted to conditions Reliab, cost efficient to we, readily availible for purchase and affordable for people to buy System shoukl be capable of being financed by same finding sources that curently purchase manual wheekehairs System shoukl be cosmetically pleasing Should meet all [SO and ANSI standards and consumer acceptance testingUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSIO’ 3, Barriers and Roadblocks © Size should not interftre with fimetions of the manual wheelchair -can't extend beyond the overall width and length of chair © Five year life of power source © Device shoukl accommodate —eom Limitations: «Requires good hand grip Pushing the rim creates hygiene issues for the user Pushing rims have some safely issues # Requires use of both upper extremities ost bi © May not be the hanically efficient propulsion mec! + Can cause over-use of muscles © Larger wheels get in the way of user transtvrs its wheel size choice © Material of the rim becomes cold in the winter, which increase numbness: and affects artits # Shape and size of rim is not optimal for gripping and propelling + Some surfice coatings on the push rim affects the user's grip © Push rim materials break down over time LEVER SYSTEMS Limitations: © Low acceptance by users © Adds weight to the wheelchair © Limits the wheelchairs ability to be fekled it access to environments by making the chair higher and widerUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION ie transfers more difficult for the user Requires fill arm use in a push/pull effort © Aesthetically obtrusive * Awkward to use relative to standard push rim (for most users) © Not aesthetically pleasing © Hard to control the direction ie. ging ftom forward to backward motion Ifand vice versa) is dificult © Significantly increases the cost of the chair ONE ARM DRIVE SYSTEMS Limitations © Adds weight to the wheelchair © Gives the wheelehaie a wide wming radius © Past attempts to sell showed no market (one munufictuer reported sales of five units: year) © Adds signifi ant weight to wheelchair © The user has difficulty initiating movement @ The user needs to make adjustments. to change directions: fom backward motion to forward motion and vice versa One ky © Braking the chair while using the drive i ¢ 1 drives do not provide smooth, continuous movement elt * Body posture suflérs from use of one arm, (more toned in one place) © The user needs the use of a foot for steering © Chair tricking (steering) i difficultUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSIO’ 1.4 Aim ofthe project © To design and fabricate the three wheel base chair for the handicap people to be propelled by the link mechanism converting into cranking, using the advantage of evernge, * To design and fabricate the chair with proper balance and distribution oF mass and scting, batance and center of gravity and the steering column which is pivoted and el the link mechanism to erank the wheel sha for propelling, © To design and fabricate the steering column, the steering mechanism being operated and through links controling the from wheel to effect the proper steering as required and controlled by hand hekd steering wheel 1.5 Working Principle This is a single seater three wheeled vehicke with ffont wheels being steered by the steering coh, The steering column has the outer tube which & hinged at the base and the other side extension of the steering coluva is pulling and pushing the cranking mechanism of the rear wheel The internal rod of the steering column is hinged 1 the link mechanism to the front wheel to steer the wheel as the steering handle is being rotated which ib hell at the top the one of the rear wheel axle, The rear wheels are held side of the steering column, ‘The steering cohumn is hokling the steering rod wi bearings. The cranking mechanisny is on two diffrent axles. ‘The bearing housing of the rear axkes are welled to the frame, ‘The entire fame is made of steel square tbe , © The steering cohumm when pulled or pushed, the steering column pivoted at the base from a distance, This is termed as a kver that pivots on a fikruni attached 10 the fixed fame, The lever operates by applying force at the steering handle, at distance from the filerum or pivot, As the kver pivots on the fidkrum, points further from this pivot move fister than points elbser to the pivot, The power into and out of the lever must be the same, so Rorees applied 10 points Either from the pivot must be less than when applied to points. closer in © Ifa and b are distances fiom the fiderum to points A and B and let the force Fa applied ot A is the input and the force Ebapplied at B is the output, the ratio of the[CATION OF LOW COST TRICYCLE USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSI ‘yebeities of points A and B is given by a/b, so we have the ratio of the output the input foree, or mechanical advantage is given. by Where ~ a & b distances from pivot point MI & M2 masses Fab are forces * This is the kw of the lever which was proven by Archimedes using geometnic reasoning. It shows that if the distance a from the fulcrum to where the input force isUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSI ‘applied (point A) is greater than the distance b fiom filkrum to where the output is applied (point B), then the ever amplifies the input force ‘Using the above principle, we are the steering column as kver to get the mechanical advantage by using the pivot and use the smaller distance from the fulerum to conneet the crank fink of the wheel to propel the wheel to eftet the drive, * In our project we are getting MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE— 7ch apter 2 Project design. 2.1 project layout A) Side view B) Top view\BRICATION OF LOW COST TRICYCLE, USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSI C) side view D) top viewSRICATION OF LOW COST TRICYCLE USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSI F) rear wheelUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION 2.2 Designof various parts 2.2.1 Seat—This is made out of mild steel cokl rolled closed annealed square tube of size 20mm x 20mm cut for the lengths of 520mm---2nos, 460mm—4nos4 | Omm---2nes, all are cut and straightened by hammering and then corner ground for removing sham: comers and right angle is mide and then welled to each other 1 mike two number of rectangular frame of sive 520mm x 460mm and another frame of size 410mm x 460mm. Both are then ground for the comers and edges for sharp comers and then hinge bushes are welled as hinges to mike the seat rest and the back rest to support the tihing of the seat, 2.2.2 Rear support— This & made oul OFCRCA (cok! rolled and chesed anneal) steel square tube of size 20mm x 20mm cut for the length of 300mme*-2nos, 150mme« =I nos cand then flatened by han vering 4 then comer grinding is done apd then all three are joined, the base as 150nun and the vertical kegs as 300mm at bath the end of 150mm. This is then welded of the front support to make the main fame of the vehick,‘steel square tube of size 20mm x 20mm cut for the ength of 400mm---2nos, |20mm-- -2n0s, 130mm---2nos, 210mm----Inos and then flattened by hammering and then comer grinding is done and then all are joined, the base as 210mm and the vertical kegs as 130mm at both the end of 210mm, again 120mm lengths are joined at both the ends of 210mm and then vertical legs of 400mm are joined at both the ends as per the 1 sketch. This is then wekled to the rear support of the vehicle 2.2.4 Rearaxte~ this is mide out of C30 steel cut from the round material of 20mm, for length 35Smm-=-2nes and then tumed on lathe machine to make the diameter as 1Smm for the length of 320mm and step tured and threaded to suit the MIO standard: nil, [Lis ficed front the opposite side to mike the entire Jength as 3S0nm, Such two number of'axles are made for this project.thick being cut for the length of 70mm and flattened by hammering and then marked for the distance of 60mm from one end and then drilling for the hole diameter of 1Smm is done and then welled to the one rear axle. On the hole made, a round pin of diameter 15mm of length 25mm is wekled to create the offket cranking pin, q 2.2.6 Steering arme--- this i made out of steel flat of size 20mm x din thick being cut for the length of $00mm-s=2n0s and then flatened by hammering and then marked for the drill of Hoke size Sm at both the ends and then marked for the bending at 40mm distance at both the ends as per the sket Such two number of arms are made for this project, F 2.2.7 Steering actuator—---- this is made out of mikl steel flat being cut from the material of 25mm x Smm thick cut for the length of 150mm 2nos, 200mm--+ Inos, and then fluted by hammering and then joined together keeping 200mm as base and 150mm 15mm round bar of bength 35mm are taken and welled at both the ends as per the sketch. This is wekled wo the steering rod at the base, verticals at both the e1‘TION OF LOW COST TRICYC! USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSI Smeving ator ld aa sexe Li this is made out of miikl steel tbe of'size 40mm with 2.2.8 Steering support. finer diameter as 33mm cut for the Iength of 480mm ankl then ficed at both the fends to make the parallel and then this is welded to the bearing housings at both the ends to form the steering support. 2.2.9 Steering column red This is made out of C30 steel round bar of neter 25mm cut for the length of 875mm and then tumed on lathe machine 10 make the diameter as 20mm for the entire length of 870mm to suit the ball bearings of inner diameter 20mm. b— 870. mnUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSI 2.2.10 Ball bearing house 1 Ball bearing housing for 15mm inner diameter ball bearing------- Tho axle - a long axk, typically 20 mm (110 mm width), [they can be 9 mm (100.33 mm, width) in diameter for durability], onto which the fbrk/fiame chimps (found on most mountain. bike forks), Female axle - hollow center axle, typically 14, 17, or 20 mm in diameter made of chromoly and aluminum, with wo bolts thread into on either side, This design can be much stronger than traditional axles, which are commonly only 8 mm, 9mm, 9.5 mm, or 10mm in diameterUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSIO? ‘The fim is commonly a metal extrusion that is butted into itself to form a hoop, though may abo be a stucture of carbon fiber composite, and was historically made of wood, Some wheel tise both an aerodynamic carbon hoop bonded to an akminun rim on which 10 mount conventional bicycle tires. Metallic bicycle rims are now normally mide of ahminiuralloy. Rims designed for use with rim brikes provide a smooth parallel braking surfice, while rims meant for use with dise brakes or hub brikes sometimes lack this surliee, BICYCLE TYRE A bicyek tyres one which fits, on wheels ot abicyele, unicycle, tricyeke, quidmeyele, bicyck inter, or trailer bi used on wheelchairs ant hand cycles, especially for racing, Bicyek tires provide an important source of suspension, generate the generate the kngtudinal forces necessary for propulsion and braking They are the second oder detachable They my ako be al forees necessary for balancing and turing, and largest source, after air drag, of power consumption on a level road, The Pneumatic bieyele tire contributed to the popultrity and eventual domininee of the safety bievel Modem bicycle tires can be classified by several different criteria: ‘How they attach to the rim clincher or tubular, If and bow they hold air: tube, tubeless, or solid.USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSIO’ A bub is the center part of a bicycle wheel. It consists of an axle, bearings and a hub shell The hub shell typically hus two machined metal flanges to which spokes ean be attached, Hub: shells can be one-piece with press-in cartridge or fee bearings or, in the case of older designs, the flinges may be affixed to a separate hub shell. A tiib rotauibly engaged on a rear wheel axks of a multi-speed bieyeks, « cone disposed on each end of the rear wheel axle, a bearing rotatably engaged between one end of the body and one of the cones, a barrel formed integral on the other end of the body and extended outward toward the other cone, another bearing rotatably engaged between the barrel and the other cone, whereby, the bearings are rotatably engaged on the ends of the rear wheel axke such that the rear wheel axk is stably supported in place,USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION three main types are rim brakes, the caliper brake patented by Browett and Harrison in 1887, ‘This early version of caliper braking used a rubber block to contact the outside of the small The spoan brake, or plunger brake was probably the first type of bicycle brake and precedes the pneumatic tyre! Spoon brakes were used on penny firthings with solid rubber tyres in the 18005 and continued to be used aller the introduction of the peuntic-tyred safety bicycle. The spoon brake consists of a pad (oflen eather) or metal shoe (possibly rubber ficed), which is pressed onto the top of the front tyre, ‘These were almost abvays rod operated by a right-hand lever, In developing countries, a foot-operated form of the spoon brake sometimes is retrofitted to ok rod brake roadsters. It consists of a spring-loaded fap attached to the back of the fork crown, This is depressed against the front tyre by the rider's foot, itive to road Perhaps more so thin any other form of bicycle brake, the spoon brake is sen conditions and increases tyre wear dramatically. Though mide obsolete by the introduction of the duck brake, coaster brike, and rod brake, nm binkes ¢ontimed to be used in the West suppkmentally on adult bieyeles until theUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION three main types are rim brakes, the caliper brake patented by Browett and Harrison in 1887, ‘This early version of caliper braking used a rubber block to contact the outside of the small The spoon brake, or plunger brake was probably the first type of bicycle brake and precedes the pneumatic tyre.!®! Spoon brakes were used on penny farthings with solid rubber tyres in the 1800s and continued to be used aller the introduction of the pneuntic-tyred safety bicycle. The spoon brake consists of a pad (oflen eather) or metal shoe (possibly rubber ficed), which is pressed onto the top of the front tyre, ‘These were almost abvays rod operated by a right-hand lever, In developing countries, a foot-operated form of the spoon brake sometimes is retrofitted to oki rod brake roadsters. It consists of a spring-loaded flap attached to the back of the fork crown, This is depressed against the front tyre by the rider's foot, itive to road Perhaps more so thin any other form of bicycle brake, the spoon brake is sen conditions and increases tyre wear dramatically. Though mide obsolete by the introduction of the duck brake, coaster brike, and rod brake, nm binkes ¢ontimed to be used in the West suppkmentally on adult bieyeles until theUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION and on chiklren’s bicycles until the 1950s, In the developing work, they | manufictured until much more recently. 2.3 Configurations Two front wheel a Tadpole wred in California during the 1980s A configuration of two wheels in the ffont and one wheel at the back presents wo advantages it has improved aerodynamics, and that it readily enables small lightweight motareycke power plant and rear wheel to be used, ‘This approach was used by Messerschmitt kr200 and by the BMW Isetta, Alte as is common in four-wheeled cars can be used, with subsequent advantages for transversal ively, @ more conventional front-engine, from wheel drive yout stability (further front location of CG) and traction (two driven wheels instead of one), For the lowest wind resistance (which increases fuel efficiency), a teardrop shape is desirable, A teardrop is wide and round at the front, tapering at the back, ‘The three-wheel configuration ihe singh rear wheel allows the vehicle to taper at the back. This approach is used by the Apter? Series. It is also used byMyers Motors for both its singk passenger NmG and upcoming 2-passenger Duo, allows the two front wheel to create the wide round surfice of the vehicle,‘ABRICATION OF LOW COST TRICYCLE FO! USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION Having one wheel in front and two in the rear for power reduces the cost of the steering mechanism, but greatly decreases lateral stability when comering while braking, Lateral stability The disudvaniage of a thiee-Wwheel configuration is lateral instability - the ear wil tip over in a tum before it will slide. This can be pre d in 3 differem ways: - By p! the: ger of maissis mich closer 10 the ground. (This is easiest for electric three-wheekers that can lower th by plicing the heavy battery pack as low as possible) - By phicing the ccbser to plice with the 2 wheel, ~ By increasing the track width is to be center of center of the mass much wider than a similar four-wheel vehicle, Wheelchairs have been used for several hundred years by peopk: for whom walking is either difficuk or impossible and are propelled by cither the user, attendant or electrically, The inodem* self-propelled wheelhair was first seen in the late 19th century, but since then few Y have been made other than with the muterinls used in their manufacture and the bABRICATION OF LOW COST TRICYCLE USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION as remained essentially the same. The new propubion system was desig increase the ease, efficiency and speed of propulsion wing a lever system, A wheel chair isa chair with wheels that was invented in the early 5!" century. The device comes in variitions where it is propelled by motors or by the seated occupant tumign the tear Wheels by hand> offen there are handles behind the seat for someone eke to do the pushing Kinematic Measurement System An OPTOTRAK. 3020 3D_ motion analysis system (Norther Digital, Inc., Waterloo, Ontario, Camda) Was used to colkct position data of inftared-eritting diode markers placed! on the Wheekhair user's body, The markers were attached with double-sided sticky tabs to the bony landmarks on the arm most ateral part of the acromion process, lateral epicondyle, coleammon, third and fifth meta iphalangealjoints , and radial and ular styloids, Radial Styloid Lateral Epicondyle Qlecranon Ulnar Stytoid Hip y x Marker plicemem and global coordinate system axis representation. This system was configured to collet the reaktime movement paitems of the entire arm, head, and torso during propukion. Two cameras were positioned, facing each other, on either skle of the subjects to capture movement patiems bikers, A. synchronization puke thom the OPTOTRAK was used to trigger the start of kinetic and kinematic data collection. Kinematic data were collected at a 60 Hz sampling frequency and filtered with a 4th order Butterworth low-pass filer, zero lug, and a 7 Hz cutoff frequency,TION OF LOW COST TRICYCLE USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSI n it project with gear mechanism and lever propubion gives the wer a 1 “advantage enabling person with limited strength (e,weklerly) to independently propel themselves. Some gearing systems can accommodate standard hand rims. The ability to self propel improves the cardiovasculir strength of the user. Both arm drive systems (lever propulsion for both the hands), Adds weight to the wheel chair. Gives the wheel chin a wide tuming radius, The user has difficulty initiating movement, The user needs to make adjustments to change dircetions from backward motion te forward motion and viee versa. On kyer drives do not provide smooth, continuous movement, Braking the chair while using the drive is difficult, Chapter 3 calculations 3.1 Mechanical advantageUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION “Mechanical advantage is a measure of the force amplification achieved byt fool, mechanical device or a machine system, Ideally, the device preserves the input power and simply trades off forces against movement to obtain a desired amplification in the output fore. ‘The model for this i the nw of the lever. Machine components designed to manage forwes and moment in this way are ead meckanisns.an kleal mechanism transmits power without adding to or subtracting from it .this means the ideal mechanism does not include a ss and constructed rom rigid bodies that do not deflect or power source , and is wear, The performance of a real system rete 10 this Meal is expressed in terms of efficieney fietors that take into: account friction, deformation and wear, 3, | if ‘The lever is a moveable bar that pivots on a filerum attached to or positioned on or across a fixed paint the lever of fiom the ies by applying forces at different dist finan oF pivot ‘As the lever pivots on the filerum, points farther fiom this pivot move fister than points closer to the pivot, The power into and out of the lever must be the same, The power & the product of force and velocity, so forces applied to the poinis farther from the pivot must be less than when applied to points closer inUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION Ifa & b are distances fiom the fierum to the points A & B and the force Fi A is the input force and Fb cxerted at B is the output, the ratio of velocities of points A & Bis” given by a/b, so the ratio of output force to input force or mechanical advantage is given by ‘This isthe kw of the lever, which was proven by Archimedes using geometric reasoning It shows that if the distance _a* from the flukrum to where the input force is applied that A is greater than the distance _b* from filkrum to where the output force is applied that i B, then the lever amplifies the input force, If the distance from the fikerum to the input force is ess than ffom the fhikrum to ouput free, then the kever reduce the input force Archimedes has been famously attributed with the quotation “give me a place to stand and with lever! will move the whole world”, 3.3 Resistance to the motion of vehicle Resistance to the motion of vehicle consisting following 3 resistances 1) Aerodynamic resistance(Ra) 2) Rolling resistance (Rr) 3) Gradient resistance (Rg) When vehicle is moving on gradient Total resistance R= Ra+ Rr +Rg When vehicle is moving on flat level road then Rg =0 Total resistance = Ra + Rr 1) Aerodynamic resistance-Ra= KAV*2SRICATION OF LOW COST TRICYCLE USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSI K- co.eff. of aerodynamic resistance (k=0.023 for stream line vel A— frontal c/s area=20*20mm*2=0.0004 m*2 V- velocity ISkmV/hr=4.166m/sec Ra=0,.023*0.0004*4,166*2 =0.00016N z Rolling resistance Rr=Kr *W Kr- rolling resistance constant which depends on type of road surface and tyre(Kr= 0.0059 for good road &0.18 forsandy roads) W- weight of vehicle with driver = 100 kg= LO0ON Rr= 0.0059" 10005,9N for good road Rr=0.18"1000=180N forsandy road 3) Gradient resistance Rg= Wsino O= angle of grade (consider 25°) Rg= 1000*sin25 =422,92N Total resistance= R= Rat+Rr+Rg =0.00016+5.9+422.92 R= 428.82N (when vehicle is moving on Gradient) R=0,00016+5.9 R =5.90016N( when vehicle is moving on flat road)USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSI The force available at contact between rear wheel ,tyre and road surface is known as tractive effort .the ability of rear wheels to transmit this available tractive force without slipping is known as traction, Tractive effort = F= Twir r- radius of wheel ‘Twe torque available at wheel ayers re ena ae ae Far tons Mester If driver applies force of 1 Kg ic. 10 N we get the torque at the rear wheel of 10*0.7= 7 N =m ( because M.A= 7) Tw= 7N-m r= 350mm= 0.350m Tractive effort F=Tw/r =7/0 .35= 20N Comparing the calculations F>R then surplus foree is utilized for propelling the vehicle i, for pulling the vehicle or grade climbing.‘TION OF LOW COST TRICYCLE USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSION ipter 4 4.1 Advantages 1, Adding a power assist unit to a three wheel base chair will increase the weight and may offset the distribution of mass or balance and center of gravity possible making it more difficult for the user to propel when power assist is disengaged, the present innovation eliminates. all these and simplify the propulsion, 2. This unit can be used for handicap and normal people aba. 3, Individuals who have lower extremity weakness, paralysis, or amputation making ‘walking unsafe or diffu, pabents, can use this propubion which is easy to operate and will be not require more effort, is is inexpensive, portable unit, light weight and easy carried or shifled, ‘This becomes a best alternate to powered propulsion or hand push propulsion, which has good control with less energy expenditure, 6. Hore we are using the mechanical advantage of the lever using the fiksrum., which is amplifying the input to output, using less effort the required drive, 4.2 Dis-advantages 1. The propulsion lever will be swiveling even if you are not propelling it due to self momentum during the drive, to steer it will be difficult since our hands holding the steering wheel will also swivel which is not convenient for the user, 2, The direction change or actuation in the front or back his to be practiced by the user ly which cannot be controlled, it can be controlled by stopping and pushing in that direction and then propelling. since it will take the direction automatUSING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSIO’ . Ttean be used in the campus for the drive for the normal persons, to move within the campus in the smooth road, . Its best usefid for the small city drive for anybody inchuding. the handicap. . Ttean be used for materia! transportation without using fuel propulsion, . It can be used by the hand for the normal transport and even forthe self employed handicap persons for their daily livelihoodTION OF LOW COST TRICYCLE USING STEERING COLUMN PROPULSIO! Rs, 500 reeenee eS 200) -—imikd ste! tubukir section--- . Seat with back rest Front fork Froni wheel axke Wheel rim with tyre tube= Conneeting tod- 1 2 3 4, 5 6. Hinge bush for sca 7. 8, Steering column + 9, C30 ste sseneenmenets, 250 a=eRs, 500 “RS. 650 “Rs. 500 13, Cranking offset assembly: 14, Steering arm-~ 15, Steering actuator Rs, 300 Rs, 300 Rs, 500 Rs 450 16, Swering cohunn rod: 17, Steering support 18, Guile bus 19, Bearing housings for 15mm internal dis bearing-- 20, Bearing housing for 20mm intemal dia bearing---mild steeb=----4nos----—Rs 200. 21, Labour cost TOTAL COST -enesenvneenneesnnneeesom a-==-Rs 8300