Chemistry Study Guide

Heat and Energy

Vocabulary
These are new terms that you are likely to see on the test. Briefly define each in your own words.

1. Potential Energy –

2. Kinetic Energy –

3. Endothermic Reaction –

4. Exothermic Reaction –

5. Heat –

6. Temperature –

7. Specific Heat Capacity –

8. System and Surroundings –

9. Enthalpy –

10. Enthalpy Diagram –

11. Thermochemical Equation -

Critical Thinking
Be able to read, analyze, and give complete answers to questions like these.

1. According to the Law of Conservation of Energy, during a chemical reaction, energy is neither created nor
destroyed. What happens to it?

2. Temperature is a measurement of the average __________________ of the molecules in a substance.

3. Classify each of these as an endothermic (EN) or exothermic (EX) reaction.

_____ A reaction that lowers the temperature of its surroundings.

_____ A reaction that raises the temperature of its surroundings.

 _____ 2H2(g)+O2(g) → 2H2O(l) ΔH = -285.8 kJ

_____ C(s)+2S(s) → CS2(l) ΔH = 92 kJ

_____ A chemical reaction with a negative enthalpy (-ΔH)

_____ A chemical reaction with a positive enthalpy (+ΔH)

4. Specific heat is defined as the amount of ____________ needed to raise one ____________ of a

substance by one _________________.

5. In the specific heat equation (Q = mcDT), what do each of the variables represent? What is the standard unit
of each variable?

6. In the phase change equation (Q = mDH) what do each of the variables represent?

7. Heat is applied to 50g of water (specific heat of 4.184 J/g°C) at 25°C. The temperature of the water increases
to 98°C. What was the total amount of heat energy that was applied?

8. If the same amount of heat energy calculated in the previous question was applied to 50g of sand (specific heat
of 0.29J/g°C) instead of water, how much would the temperature increase?

9. The graph to the right shows the change in potential energy during a chemical reaction.

a. How much potential energy is present in the reactants?

b. How much potential energy is present in

the products?

c. What is the change in enthalpy (DH) for

this reaction?

d. What is the activation energy?

e. Is this reaction endothermic or exothermic?

10. This graph represents the heating curve of water.

a. What state of matter is the water in from A-B?

 b. What state of matter is the water in from C-D?

c. What state of matter is the water in from E-F?

d. What phase change is occurring from B-C?

e. What phase change is occurring from D-E?

f. At which point in the graph will the water have the lowest amount of energy?

g. At what point on the graph will the water have the highest amount of energy?

h. 334 joules of energy per gram is needed to go from Point B to Point C. What is this called?

i. 2,259 joules of energy per gram is needed to go from Point D to Point E. What is this called?

11. If we start with 10g of ice at -5°C and heat it until we have liquid water at 45°C, how much heat energy will
be needed? The specific heat of ice is 2.03J/g°C and the specific heat of liquid water is 4.18J/g°C. ΔHfusion is
334 J/g.

12. If we took 5.0g of steam at 101°C and cooled it to liquid water at 90°C, how much heat energy will be
released? The specific heat of steam is 1.98 J/g°C. The specific heat of liquid water is 4.18 J/g°C.
ΔHvaporization is 2259 J/g.

13. You are given 50g of an unknown metal. You apply 6000J of energy to the metal, raising its temperature from
25°C to 955°C. What is the specific heat of the metal?

a. What is the identity of the metal?

Metal Specific Heat (J/g°C) Metal Specific Heat (J/g°C)

Magnesium 1.02 Silver 0.24
Aluminum 0.90 Tin 0.21
Potassium 0.75 Lead 0.16
Calcium 0.65 Gold 0.129

14. In lab, you heat 56.0g of a metal to 95°C. You then add that metal to 100g of water at a temperature of 23°C.
The final temperature of the two mixed together is 26.5°C. What is the specific heat of the metal?
15. A piece of magnesium weighing 0.8g is burned in the presence of oxygen, producing magnesium oxide. This
reaction releases 601.83kJ/mol of energy.

a. Exothermic or endothermic?

b. Write the ΔH with the correct sign.

c. Write the complete balanced reaction.

d. Solve for the energy released or absorbed.

16. Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce water and sodium chloride. This releases
59.4kJ/mol of energy. How much energy would be released by reacting 20.4g of sodium hydroxide with an
excess of HCl?

a. Exothermic or endothermic?

b. Write the ΔH with the correct sign.

c. Write the complete balanced reaction.

d. Solve for the energy released or absorbed.

17. Tin (IV) oxide can react with solid carbon to produce solid tin and carbon dioxide. This reaction absorbs
360.0kJ of energy. How much energy is absorbed by reacting 28.9g of carbon with an excess of tin oxide?

a. Exothermic or endothermic?

b. Write the ΔH with the correct sign.

c. Write the complete balanced reaction.

d. Solve for the energy released or absorbed.

 Review
HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) ⟶ NH4+(aq) + Cl−(aq)

1. The chemical reaction between HCl(aq) and NH3(aq) is represented above. A student combines equimolar amounts of
HCl(aq) and NH3(aq), both solutions initially at 24°C, in a coffee-cup calorimeter. The student observes that the mixture
reaches a temperature of 28°C. Based on the experimental results, which of the following can be concluded about the
reaction?
A. It is an endothermic process, because energy is released by the reaction and is gained by the reaction mixture.

B. It is an endothermic process, because energy is absorbed by the reaction and is lost from the reaction mixture.

C. It is an exothermic process, because energy is released by the reaction and is gained by the reaction mixture.

D. It is an exothermic process, because energy is absorbed by the reaction and is lost from the reaction mixture.

2. When pellets of NaOH(s) are added to a flask of water, it is observed that the temperature of the water increases as the pellets
dissolve. Which of the following claims about the observed dissolution of NaOH(s) in water is most accurate?
A. It is an endothermic process because heat energy is absorbed by the water as the NaOH(s) dissolves in it.

B. It is an endothermic process because heat energy is released by the water as the NaOH(s) dissolves in it.

C. It is an exothermic process because heat energy is absorbed by the water as the NaOH(s) dissolves in it.

D. It is an exothermic process because heat energy is released by the water as the NaOH(s) dissolves in it.

3. An advertisement for a commercial hand warmer claims that the hand warmer works because a chemical reaction in the hand
warmer draws out the body’s own natural heat, causing a warming effect. Which of the following states the accuracy of the
claim in the advertisement and best provides a correct scientific justification of the claim?
A. The advertisement’s claim is inaccurate because heat flowing from the hands to the warmer would only happen if the
chemical reaction was endothermic, which would cause the hands to feel colder.

B. The advertisement’s claim is inaccurate because heat flowing from the hands to the warmer would only happen if the
chemical reaction was exothermic, which would cause the hands to feel colder.

C. The advertisement’s claim is accurate because heat flowing from the hands to the warmer would only happen if the
chemical reaction was endothermic, which would cause the hands to feel warmer.

D. The advertisement’s claim is accurate because heat flowing from the hands to the warmer would only happen if the
chemical reaction was exothermic, which would cause the hands to feel warmer.

4. A student carefully drops a 9.0 g solid Zn pellet initially at 50.0 °C into an insulated cup containing 30.0 g of water at 27.8
°C. The student predicts that the temperature of the water will increase after the pellet is added. Which of the following
statements is the best justification for the student’s prediction?
A. The metallic bonds between Zn atoms will break when the Zn is exposed to the water molecules, releasing energy that
will be absorbed by the water molecules.

B. Collisions between the water molecules and the surface of the Zn pellet will result in the transfer of energy, increasing
the average kinetic energy of the water molecules.

C. The strength of the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules will increase when the Zn pellet is added, decreasing
the average kinetic energy of the water molecules.
 D. Collisions between Zn atoms in the solid will increase in frequency when the Zn is exposed to the water molecules,
resulting in the transfer of energy to the surroundings.

5. Two aqueous NaCl solutions of equal volume and concentration were kept in flasks and held at different temperatures. The
two solutions were combined in a larger flask. Based on this information, which of the following predictions is correct?
A. The average kinetic energy of the particles in the cooler solution will decrease as they collide with the particles from the
warmer solution.

B. The average kinetic energy of the particles in the cooler solution will increase as they collide with the particles from the
warmer solution.

C. The particles from the cooler solution and the particles from the warmer solution will reach thermal equilibrium through
collisions, at which time the average kinetic energy of the particles in the mixture will be lower than the average kinetic
energy that the particles had in the cooler solution.

D. The particles from the cooler solution and the particles from the warmer solution will reach thermal equilibrium through
collisions, at which time the average kinetic energy of the particles in the mixture will be higher than the average kinetic
energy that the particles had in the warmer solution.

6. The graph above shows the changes in temperature recorded for the 2.00 L of H2O surrounding a constant-volume container
in which a 1.00 g sample of benzoic acid was combusted. Assume that heat was not absorbed by the container or lost to the
surroundings, that the density of H2O is 1.00 g/mL, and that the specific heat capacity of H2O is about 4.2 J/g⋅°C.
Based on this information, estimate how much heat was released from the combustion of
the benzoic acid sample.

A. 0.013 kJ B. 25 kJ C. 180 kJ D. 210 kJ

Na2S2O3(aq) + 4 NaOCl(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) ⟶ 2 Na2SO4(aq) + 4 NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

7. The enthalpy change for the reaction represented by the chemical equation shown above is ΔH° = −1236 kJ/molrxn. When
2.00 mol of NaOCl(aq) reacts completely with an excess of Na2S2O3(aq) and of NaOH(aq), which of the following enthalpy
changes occurs?

A. 618 kJ of heat is absorbed. C. 618 kJ of heat is released.

B. 2470 kJ of heat is absorbed. D. 2470 kJ of heat is released

2 Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) ⟶ 2 Fe(s) + Al2O3(s) ΔH°= −850 kJ/molrxn

8. The chemical equation shown above represents the thermite reaction. What is the approximate amount of heat released when
108 g of Al(s) reacts with excess Fe2O3(s)?

A. 210 kJ B. 430 kJ C. 850 kJ D. 1700 kJ

2 CO(g) + C(g)→C3O2(g) ΔH° = 127.3kJ/molrxn

9. The equation shown above represents an endothermic reaction between CO(g) and C(g). What is the amount of heat absorbed
when 1.00 mol of CO(g) reacts with an excess C(g)?
A. 31.8 kJ B. 63.7 kJ C. 127.3 kJ D. 254.6 kJ

10. The formation of hydrogen chloride gas is represented by the chemical equation H2(g)+Cl2(g)→2HCl(g).
Based on the bond enthalpy data in the table above, what is the approximate enthalpy change for the
reaction?
A. −247 kJ/molrxn B. −185 kJ/molrxn C. +185 kJ/molrxn D. +247 kJ/molrxn
QUESTION 1

A student added a sample of NH4NO3(s) to water and measured the temperature over time. The data are shown in the
graph above.

(a) What is the value of ΔT that the student should use to calculate q?

(b) According to the graph, is the dissolution of NH4NO3(s) endothermic or exothermic? Explain.

QUESTION 2

CH4(g) gas reacts with F2(g) to produce CH3F(g) and HF(g).

a. A particulate representation of F2(g) is shown above its formula in the equation below. Using the key provided, draw
particulate representations of CH4(g) and the two product molecules of the reaction above their formulas in the
equation.

b. Use the bond enthalpies in the table below to calculate a numerical estimate of ΔH for the reaction.
c. The energy of the reactants is shown on the following energy diagram. On the right side of the energy diagram, draw
a horizontal line segment to indicate the energy of the products. Draw a vertical double-headed arrow (↕) on the
graph that corresponds to the value of ΔH for the reaction.

3. A 2.200 gram sample of quinone, C6H4O2, is burned in a calorimeter with 100.0 mL of water. The
temperature of the water increases from 23.44oC to 30.57oC. What is the heat of combustion per
gram, and per mole of quinone?

4. The reaction between methane and chlorine is

CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + H2(g)

a. Calculate the bond enthalpy for this reaction.

b. Draw and enthalpy diagram for this reaction.

 c. Using the bond enthalpy value, what amount of energy will be released if 5.00 g of methane is
reacted with excess chlorine?

2. How much heat (in kJ) is given out when 85.0 g of lead cools from 200.0 °C to 10.0 °C? (Cp of lead = 0.129 J/g °C).

3. If it takes 41.72 joules to heat a piece of gold weighing 18.69 g from 10.0 °C to 27.0 °C, what is the specific heat of the
gold?

4. Calculate the specific heat of a metal if a 55.0 g sample of an unknown metal at 99.0 °C causes a 1.7 °C temperature
rise when added to 225.0 g of water at 22.0 °C?

5. Determine the energy required to raise the temperature of 46.2 g of aluminum from 35.8 °C to 78.1 °C. Specific heat
capacity of aluminum is 0.089 J/g °C.

6. The value of ∆H0 for the reaction below is –482 kJ. Calculate the heat (kJ) released to the surroundings when
12.0 g of CO (g) reacts completely.
2 CO (g) + O2 (g) à 2 CO2 (g)

7. When 1.008 g of hydrogen reacts with chlorine in a calorimeter containing 500.00 g of water, the temperature rises
from 25.00 °C to 29.24 °C. Calculate DH for the process:
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ® 2HCl (g) DH =

8. An aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid react as follows.

Ca(OH)2 (aq) + HCl(aq) → CaCl2 (aq)+ H2O(l)

The data below is from an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of this reaction.

250.0 cm3 of a 0.500 mol dm–3 solution of Ca(OH)2 was mixed rapidly in a glass beaker with 250.0 cm3 of a 0.500 mol
–3
dm solution of HCl.

Initial temperature of each solution = 22°C

Final temperature of the mixture = 28.1°C

(a) State, with a reason, whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

–1
(b) Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction in kJ mol . Assume that the specific heat capacity of the
solution is the same as that of water.